STREET IN CAVITE, SHOWING GENERAL AGUINALDO'B HEADQUARTERS.
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The latest from Manila is that Aguin
aldo, the insurgent leader, has issued
a memorial addressed to all the foreigu
Powers reciting the fact that the Filip
inos have formed a Government under
the Constitution adopted on June 23.
He adds that "the Filipino forces
u
A TYPICAL PHILIPPINE INSI'BOENT.
have since carried on a ompaign of
liberty, taken forty provinces, aud have
reduced Munila. They have 9000
prisoners."
Peace aud tranquillity prevail in tho
conquered provinces, and there is no
resistance to Aguinaldo's authority.
The campaign, the # memorial says, was
conducted with due regard to the rules
of civilizod warfare.
He asks for the recognition of the
independence of the Philippine l<e
pilblic, or, failing in that, to grant the
Filipiuos belligerent rights. The
United States are not mentioned iu
the memorial.
Senor Don Emilio Aguiualdo y Faury
—there was a time not long ago when
he left off both the front and rear ends
of that name—is a very clever young
man. He has read the story of a young
man from Corsica, who made consider
able history at the other end of the
century. Far be it from any carping
critic to suggest that he eudeavors to
imitate that master of artillery. But
there are certain marked traits which
tho two men have in common, even to
the desire to wear gold collars. They
say he is twenty-seven years old, and
he looks it. It is a noticeable fact
that all the leaders of the Filipiuos
are young; thai is the result of the
conditions which make the background
of the revolutions, which make, iu fact,
the leaders themselves.
In the days when young Aguiualdo
was neither Senor nor Don, but just
MSim V | a/':• .;' -.
OUTER TRENCH OP THE INSURGENTS BEFORE MALA.TE.
plain Emilio, he was servaut boy for a
■Jesuit priest, and there lay the begin
nings of his fortune, for this Jesuit,
true to the traditions and teachings of
his order, gave the boy the founda
tion of the educatiou which by its de
velopment has given him the mastery
ovsr his people. The native wit got
the tools with which to work, aud
bouudless ambition drove it on until
achievement is assuming proportions
beyond the wildest dream of boyhood
servant days. He left the priest and
studied medicine. He went to Hong
Kong and saw something of other peo
ples aud of other intellects than de
generate Spanish or Undeveloped
Filipino.
Iu this growth to manhood and this
struggle for education young Aguiu
aldo found personal experience of the
amazing blindness of the masters of
the islands. The rule of the Spanish
in the Philippines is almost beyond
belief. Nevertheless, the testimouy is
convincing. The nation which delib
erately does all iu its power to retard
the progress of learning, to prevent'
the education of its people, has small
claim to civilization. In these islands
it was practically a crime for a Fili
pino to achieve any education. If he
came to the notice of the authorities it
was more than probable that, if he
were not disposed of more effectively,
lie would be exiled. Aguiualdo suf
fered this punishment for his ambi
tion, and now he is taking revenge.
His friends, his relatives, suffered
similarly, and now strive with him for
vengeance on the Spaniard.
The Filipinos are stoical in endur
ance, one benefit of three centurie i of
Spanish oppression aud misrule.
They can endure aud be still, endure
physical pain and sufl'ering, with the
outward indifference of a red Indian.
They have the patience of Pambe Se
rang, limitless courage of the fighting
sort, aud ambition, in the case of their
leaders, that knows neither metes not
bounds. In manners they are polite
aud agreeable, and intercourse with
European civilization has given some
of their leaders a distinguishing
polish. They affect the hauteur and
the reserve of their old Spanish rulers,
aud thereby attach to themselves tha
COMPARATIVE SIZES OF AMERICAN SOL
DIER AND PHILIPPINE INSURGENT.
dignity of position. The people are
simple, open-hearted, hospitable,
with an unshaken faith in the wis
dom, the ability and the truth of their
leaders. Especially is this true of
Aguiualdo. By whatever means he
acquired his hold on the Filipinos,
his word now is law with them.
Personally, says the Manila cor
respondent of the New York Sun, I
believe him to be only a great adven
turer, like that man at the other eud
of the century whom he imitates iu
his small way. His ambition is as
boundless as Napoleon's, but he has
less with which to work. His courage
is limitless, and is of the dashing
type which has given him the ascen
dency over his people which he now
holds. The humblest peasant speaks
of Don Emilio as a "terrible fighter."
He has surrounded himself with
brave, clever men, most of whom are
apparently thoroughly patriotio.
They are devoted entirely to Aguinal
do because they believe that that way
I its the best chance of success.
I CIR CONDUCTORS. |
5 Their Employment In Kailway Ser- H
jj vice Extending In Thil Country. X
09000000000000000000000000
Women are a success as street-car
conductors in Chillioothe, Ohio.
Since they were engaged one month
ago by the Electric Street Kailway
Company the receipts of the corpora
tion have increased thirty per cent.
The women were employed originally
as a measure of economy. It was
found that the system of having every
person put his own fare in the box re
sulted in the missing of a great many
fares. On the other hand, it would
cost too much to hire two men for each
car. It was then that the superin
tendent hit upon the idea of employ
ing women as conductors, to whom
only half as much was paid as would
have been paid to men. The girls are
good looking and members of emi
nently respectable families. They
are paid $4 per week, and enjoy their
WOMEN IN A NEW FIELD— CHILLICOTHE'B STREET-CAII CONDUCTORS.
work, while the superintendent says
that they do it well.
Lately a sort of epidemic for em
ploying women in the transportation
service of the country has broken out.
It's not a local epidemic, so it's goiug
to be difficult to quarantine it, though
many of the trades unionists have
been trying their best to stamp it out.
There's not likely to be more success
ful than usual, however.
The epidemic seems to have started
last winter at Middletown, Conn.,
where a woman got employment as a
motormau on a street car. The no
toriety the line got as a result was
discouraging, so the pioneer was dis
charged, but the notion that women
would make first-class conductors if
not grip manipulators in small towns
struck more one street railroad
manager.
Out in Viucenues, Ind., a month or
so ago the local street railway com
pany, in a tit of economy, decided to
discharge its men conductors and em
ploy women. Fifty women applied
for the job and five were put to work
at $5 a week.
The superintendent of the Electric
Railway, Light and Power Company,
of Chillicothe, W. J. Myers, has written
an optimistic letter to the Electrical
Engineer on the subject:
"We conld not afford to employ
men, and we could not see why wom
en would not make as good conduc
tors as men. We keep them on duty
teu hours a day and pay them 84 per
week, and they are proving them
selves in every way competent and
efficient. We are very particular in
selecting them, and had no trouble iu
getting good applications and a great
many more than we are able to em
ploy. It gives us a very clean ser
vice, and we thiuk that this will be a
new field for the employment of
ladies."
Madison, lad., has caught the epi
demic, too, but somehow its citizens
seem to have been inoculated against
it. The families of the men who
been thrown out of work by the new
women conductors have been making
a big fuss about it, and the citizens
declare they will walk before they will
patronize cars conducted by women.
The steam railroads are falling into
line. It is four or five years now
since a vigorous howl went up because
the Brooklyn Elevated decided to em
ploy women ticket ageuts. A few
months ago the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad put women in charge of
eighteen of its offices. Time and again
it has been rumored that the New
York Elevated and the New York Cen
tral Railroad would substitute women
in its stations all along the line. Al
ready there are more women employed
in the Central's offices than on any
other road.
But after all these are not the
pioneers in a new field. As a matter
of fact we are away behind the rest of
the world iu the employment of wo
men in the railway service. England
hires a few, while iu France women
railroaders are common.
Betrayed by s Clock.
The forester who permitted two
photographers to enter the death
chamber shortly after Prince Bis
marck's death was instantly discharged,
without pension. His indiscretion and
that of the two photographers was be
trayed by the late Prince's clock,
which figured in the photograph, and
pointed at '2.15. The culprits had
effected an entrance into the death
chamber through the window opening
sut upon the park, and Prince Herbert
Bismarck has instituted proceedings
against them for the criminal offense
of "disturbing family peace."—Liver
pool Post.
Amateur photographers in Russia
are obliged to secure licenses.
CANADA'S NEW RULtRS.
The Appointment of the Karl and Conn,
test of Minto Hailed With Satisfaction.
The appointment of the Earl of
Minto as Governor-General to succeed
the Earl of Aberdeen is hailed with
satisfaction throughout Canada. It
is generally believed that no more
fitting appointment could have been
made by the home Government. Lord
Minto will not assume his official du
ties under the disadvantage of being
a stranger, for he is widely known
throughout the provinces. It might
be truthfully said t> jt he is already a
popular man, audi sure to fall heir
to the general good with which all
Canadians feel for the Earl of Aber
deen.
The arrival of the Earl and his
charming wife, the Countess of Minto,
is sure to strengthen the regard now
eutertaiued for them. They will be
the handsomest couple ever occupying
Rideau Hall, the Dominion palace at
Ottawa, and fully capable of maintain
ing the social prestige of their high
position.
The new Governor-General's full
name is Gilbert John Elliot-Murray
Kyuynmound-Elliot, and he is the
fourth Earl of Miuto. He was born
in 1845, and succeeded his father as
fourth Earl in 1891. He was formerly
a lieutenant in the Scots Guards, was
attached to the Turkish army in the
Eusso-Turkisli war iu 1877, serving
in Afghanistan in 1879, was a volun
teer iu the Egyptian campaign in
1882, and commanded the South of
Scotland Volunteers, with the rank of
colonel. He took an active part in the
Canadiau rebellion in 1885, when he
was Military Secretary to the Govern-
THE K Alt T, AND COUNTESS OK MINTO.
or-Geueral of Canada. This positiou
he held from 1883 to 1886. In 1883
the Earl married Mary Caroline,
daughter of General the Hon. Charles
Grey. 111 politics he is a Liberal.
Queer Ways of the "fovltei."
In an article 011 the "Covites" of
the Cumberland Mountains, published
>. the Ladies's Home Journal, Sarah
Barnwell Elliott says:"The people
are usually squatters on small lots of
uncleared mountain land, which is ex
tremely shallow and poor. They usu
ally live iu log or slab houses—some
times 'chinked' and sometimes not;
sometimes with floors, and sometimes
without—eking out an existence by
peddling either the nuts and fruits of
the wilderness, or their poor 'gyarden
truck.' They are very keen at a bar
gain, even when they have 110 idea of
the proper value of the thing iu hand,
aud though they are very hospitable
when you come to their houses, and
will give you anything they have in
the way of food, they will never give
you anything that they have brought to
Bell. They may give it to your cook,
or to your next-door neighbor, or they
may throw it away just outside your
gate, but you haviug declined to pay
their price they will not give it to
you—at least, not that special ar
ticle."
The Bookkeeper*® YUion.
"The figures stared him in the face.*
One of the first effects of the busi
ness boom which is bound to follow
the restoration of peace will be a pro
digious demand from Spain's lost isl
ands for Americau bathtubs.
I PARI AND GARDEN.!
wyrwwwwww'www
The Use of Fodder Shredder*.
Fodder shredders have been fonnd
equal to cutters in preparing ensilage
for the silo. According to the ex
perience of those who have used shred
ders for the purpose mentioned the
ensilage is finer and a larger quantity
can be packed in the silo. It also
keeps well aud is more highly relished
by stock.
Full Pl*».
The only pig that will attain size
enough to safely pass the winter is
one that is born six or seven months
bofore cold weather is expected. We
have raised pigs in the fail aud that too
when we had ths advantage of a base
ment barn to provide warm quarters
for them. Yet the growth during the
winter, notwithstanding good feed,
was never satisfactory. There is too
little sunlight diving the winter
months, and if the pig is kept warm
without sunlight it is usually at the
expense of poor ventilation. Without
good air no animal can maintain good
digestion or remain healthy.
What Chaff In Good For.
All kinds of grain have chaff sur
rounding the kernels. In its wild
state this chaff serves a very impor
tant use, as it absorbs the moisture
that would otherwise swell the grain
and cause its premature generation.
After long cultivation this use seems
le«s necessary aud there is less pro
fusion of chaff and husk. It is quite
possible that all our Indian corn orig
inally came from that curious wild
variety in which each grain on the
ear had its separate husk. Wherever
there are severe droughts duriug the
time the graift is fonniug there will
be less development of chaff and husk.
With our self-binding grain harvest
ers, grain is now often put into stack
or mow before it has dried out as ft'
should do. The husk in such case
serves an important use, as the straw
will often rot under the band where it
is tightly compressed, while the head
with still damper grain is preserved
from injury by the loose chaff with
which it is surrounded, aud which
very rapidly dries not only itself but
the grain in contact with it. Barley,
which is most apt to be injured by
rains, has a better supply of chaff aud
awns to keep its head open to air than
has any other grain.
Sewatje UK AfTectlnc Food.
Investigations, it is declared, show
that animals fed on sewage farms are,
under certain conditions, liable to
have their Hesh and secretions changed
by the herbs aud grasses,produced bv
the sewage, upon which they feed.
Thus if the sewage on a given farm
be so managed that no more of it be
put i'lto the soil than any given crop
can'adequately deal with.it is asserted
that the crop will, under these con
ditions, be sweet and natural,and that
the cattle or other animals fed on it
will also be of that character. On the
other hand, if the soil be gorged to
repletion with sewage, then the crops
will be surcharged with sewage ele
ments, and unlit for food —the meat
and milk of animals derived from such
crops will also be like the crops, alike
unpleasant to the taste and dangerous
to the health. These hospital state
ments are proved by well-known facts;
that is, if a cow is fed 011 turnips, her
milk will within twenty-four hours
taste like them, the intensity of the
flavor being according to the quantity
of turnips taken; in the case of hens
and their eggs, a like result follows,
for, if fed on decaying matter, which
they always eat greedily, both their
eggs and flesh will be disa? eeuble
aud unwholesome eating. Ducks,too,
are still more objectionable in iliese
respects.—New York Tribune.
Alighting Hoard*.
Not only iu winter is the lighting
board of great importance, but iu sum
mer as well.
Every convenience about the en
trances <>f hives should be afforded the
bee*, and this is of equal importance
the year round. The entrance to the
hive of itself should necessarily be
small iu winter and for this reason the
surroundings should be inoro favor
able-
A good broad board, well cleated at
each end to keep it straight, should
rest 011 the ground at one end, and
slope to the entrauce to the hive at
the other.
This does not apply to well kept
apiaries, as other conveniences used
are better,but as farm bees are usually
kept.
The up-to-date apiarist makes a
nice little mound of earth to set the
hive on and places the bottom boaul
directly on the same, and banks up in
front with sand, gravel or sawdust on
a level with the entrance or bottom
board, and neither a spear of grass
nor a weed is allowed to grow near
the hives. It is ninch better to have
hives set directly on the ground, but
if the ground is allowed to grow up
with grass and weods until the bees
are totally shut out of the hive, then
the old rule of benches two or three
feet high would probably be better.—
Farm, Field and Fireside.
<;ra**es for Permanent Pastures.
In order to obtain the greatest
amount of profit from grasses, selec
tions of seed should be made that on
ordinary soils will give the heaviest
crops of hav, the thickest anil most
nourishing pasture, aud last for the
longest time without renewing. The
tendeucy of the average farmor is to
pin his faith too closely t,o timothy
and clover, or to timothy alone, or
with some other one grass, and afl a
result he is forced to bu content with
a yield of one or two tons of hay per
acre. The best results are usually
obtained from a mixture of several
grasses as putin proper proportions
by reliable seedmen.
One of the finest mixtures for a
fairly productive soil consists of or
chard grass, English rye grass, meadr
ow foxtail, Italian rye grass, sweet
scented vernal, Bhode Island bentand
red top. This mixture is sown in the
full at the rate of three bushels per
acre, more on poor land, and in the
spring a mixture of clover is sown
over the field broadcast at the rate of
ten pounds to the acre.
The hay crops from this sowing
frequently amount to more than three
times that from timothy and clover or
other two-grass mixtures,leaving ufter
cutting a pasture of value until late
in the fall. Another point in favor
of a mixture of several grasses is tho
long life of the meadow. If cared for
by occasional fertilizing such a mead
ow will scarcely need renewing under
tan or a dozen years.
Drying Win nt for Sped.
After every damp harvest as the
present has been in most localities,
the grain goes into the barn with it*
straw not so thoroughly dry as it
should be. There is also considerable
dampness in the grain itself, and this
will probably cause heating of the
graiu in the mow. With spring grain
this does not matter much for the
graiu will be pretty sure to dry out
when freezing cold weuther comes.
But whenevor winter graiu is grown
ths seed for next harvest has to be
selected from the present year's crop,
and this often means the prematura
threshing of the wiutar grain and us
ing it while still damp as seed.
To this fact is probably to be at
tributed the common belief among
farmers that old wheat and rye are
better for seed than new. In the old
grain the freezing of winter and the
subsequent thawing has made the
seed nearly wholly free of moisture.
Yet all these experiences are not ab
solutely necessary. If the graiu is
thoroughly dried in the fall that it is
grown, it is not only as fit but more
fit for seed than it is aft r being dried
out by winter freezing wherein its
germinating powers are more apt to
be iujurod than they are by being
thoroughly dried out the previous
fail.
We have heretofore advised the
greatest care in drying seed grain for
fall sowing. But it is far better, we
believe to thoroughly dry the seed
even by artificial means. We have
over and over again dried seed graiu
in fruit evaporfors such as are used
for drying ap )e , and always with
the best result. .1 a large proportion
grown of tho seed that was sown. We
believe that it is best to dry all grain
used as seed by the heat of fire. It
may be by braiding the seed corn and
hanging it beside the chimney, so as
to secure the heat of the kitchen fire.
! But however it is dried, the seed that
has fire heat to dry it is sure to pro
duce the most vigorous growth and
the largest crop of grain. —American
I ultivator.
Soil ICxliniiAtloii.
In Bulletin 94 of the New York
state agricultural experiment station
attention is called to the dangers of a
continued free use of farmyard man
ures. Beferring especially to cereal
crops, the bulletin shows that such
manures are deficient in po!ash and
phosphoric acid, aud that when used
continuously for a considerable period
they will hasten soil exhaustion.
It is undoubtedly true that all soils
receive more or less accessions of am
monia from the atmosphere, through
rainfall aud the action of leguminous
plants of various kinds, but potash
and phosphoric acid cannot possibly
be obtained by such means. Conse
quently, while the supply of ammonia
may be obtained within reasonable
limits the mineral fertilizers suffer a
rapid depletion and crops begin to
fall off.
Farmyard manure tends to exhaust
the phosphoric acid and potash of the
soil, simply because it contains less
mineral fertilizer than ammonia in
proportion to the needs of the crop.
The effect on the soil is a kind of
stimulation, for the supplies of phos
phoric acid aud potash naturally ex
isting in the soil are drawn upon to
make up the balance. While tho
amount for any one year may not bo
large, after years of cropping the loss
becomes serious.
Even in those cases where no man
ures were used at all the same result
is reached. A very considerable
quantity of ammonia reaches the soil
every year through the aid of legumes,
while every pound of mineral fertil
izers taken off in crops is just so much
dead loss to the soil. This is shown
very clearly by the fact that the sim
ple application of phosphoric acid and
potash w ill very frequently give heavy
crops. The large fertilizer manufac
turers of the east make up their mix
tures from actual farm tests, and it is
a striking fact that the ammonia in
such goods is very low as compared
with the phosphoric acid and potash.
If farmyard manure is used, or if 110
manure at all is used, dress Ilia fields
with phosphoric acid and potash.
When these fail it is time to look after
a further ammonia supply. It is not
wise to ran the soil down to the verge
of exhaustion by using tho most ex
j ensive ingredient of fertilizers. For
potash, potash salts are all that can
bo desired, and ordinary bone pro
ducts will supply the needful phos
phoric acid. Cereal farmers will find
that the normal fertility of their soils
may be maintained for many years
yet, l>y the simple application of the
mineral fertilizers.
ICare Self-Potmen* lon.
Drowning Man —Help! Helpl
Bescner (yelling to amateur photog
rapher on bauk) Wait a second. I've
nearly reached him. • • • Nnr7J
—Chicago Tribune.