VOL. IX.--NO. 44.) ADVERTISEMENTS GREAT ATTRACTION. Y;FIHE Subscriber has just returned from it Philadelphia and Baltimore, with a fresh supply of SEASONABLE GOODS, coNstirmo IN PART OF BlaCki Blue, Brown and Green CLOTHS, Super Plain and Buckskin Cassimeres, Cassinette4, Blankets, White and Colored Flannels, Linseys, Canton Flannels, Eng• lish and French Merinoes, Plain and Fig ured Silks, Velvet and Sattin Vesiings, Ribbons, Merino Shawls. Blanket Shawls, Cahem°, Checks, Tickings, Cotton Yarn, Carpetting, Umbrellas, &c. &c. &c. WITH A rind. STOCK OF GROCERIES , All of which will be sold oil the best terms. Persons wishing to purchase Goode, will find it to their advantage to call and see. R. G. McCREARY. 41-41 January, 8, 1839. BARGAINS: BARGAINS: THE Subscriber having determined to change hie location an the Spring, in now selling off hie STOCK OF GOODS at prices which will "astonish the Natives." He invites the Public to call—and if they do wit get BARGAINS, it will not he his SAMUEL WITHEROW. Gettysburg, Nov. 27,1838. tf-35 Keltlewell, Wilson dr Hillard GROCERS & COMMISSION ERCI4 AN TS, Corner of Commerce and Pratt Streets, BALTIMORE, OFFER to the Country trade for Cash or prompt payment, the following GOODS : TO WIT: 50 bls. S. 11. Molasses 20 hhds %Vest India & N. Orleans ditto 200 bags Rio Coffee, (part strong scented) 100 " Laguira do. 100 " Havana do. 50 hhds. N. Orleans & Porto Rico Sugar 10 pipes and half pipes Champagne and Rochelle Brandy 5 " Gin 60 tierces Honey 200 boxes Raisins 100 quarto do. 150 eighth do. Fresh importation. 50 kegs do. TOGETHER WITH Cinnamon, Cloves, Pepper, Teas in chests, half chests and boxes, itc. Baltimore, Nov. 17, 1837. TO MY CREDITORS. TAKE . Notice that I have applied to the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Adams County, for the "benefit .of the Insolvent . laws of this Commonwealth, and that said Conti has appointed Monday the 2 , Rth of January inst, for the hear. ing of me and my creditors, at the Court house in the Borough of Gettysburg, when and where you may attend if you think proper.• DAVID ZIMMERMAN. i January 8, 1839. tc-4I NOTICE. A LL persons indebted to the Estate' of I'm-GEORGE HARTZEL, deceased, are hereby nottfied to call on the subscriber, ut his residence, in Menallen township, and make immediate payment, and those who have claims against said Estate, are re. quested to present them, property authen itcated for settlement. HENRY HA RTZEIL, Adm'r Of Geo. Hartzel, dec'd 81-89. Dec.2s, 1883. ;T;4 PILO lit 3) :01 Adjutant General's Office, HARRISBURG, January 1, 1'39. B y virtue of the authority vested in the Adjutant General, by the militia laws of this Commonwealth, it is hereby direct ed by him, with the consent and concur rence of the Governor - and Commander-in- Chief of Pennsylvania, that the system of instruction in military knowledge, and reg ulations for the Militia and Volunteers of the State of Pennsylvania, be, from and ••aller this date, that system which has been prepared and ariting,ed by Brevet Captain S. Cooper, (of the U. S. Army,) Aidde. camp and Assistnt.t Adjutant General; and is entitled "a concise system of instructions and Regulations for the Militia and Volun teers of the U. States," &c. All officers and non-commissioned offs cer ,s musicians and privates of the Militia or Volunteers of Ibis State, will therefore .hencefoith conform, in the performance of their military duties, to the regulations for their government prescribed in the above 'system, and all nod every other mode of instruction in military tactics, not consist ent with that above referred to, are hereby positively prohibited, for the instruction of the Militia and Volunteers (Willis State. Asa matter of course, all instructions of Volunteers or Militia will be given in the English language. WM; PI PER, Adi t Gen. of Pefinaylvania. 2m Jan. 15. GETTYSBURG STAR PRINTED BY GEORGE BERGNER, FOR ROBERT S. PAXTON, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. With sweetest nowersenrich'd, From various gardens culi'd with care." THE AMERICAN BOY. ..Fatl,er look upon that flag, How gracefully it flies; Those pretty stripes—they seem to be A rainbow in the skies." It is our country's flag, my son, And proudly drinks the light O'er ocean's wave! inforeign climes, A symbol of our might. ••Father—what fearful noise is that, Like thundering of the clouds?. Why do the people wave their hats, And rush along in crowds?" It is the voice of eunnonry, The glad shouts of the free, This is the day to memory dear— "Cis freedom's Jubilee. *4 wish that I was now a man, I'd fin• my cannon too; And cheer as loudly as the rest— Hut, Father, why don't you?" Fin getting old and weak—but still My heart is big with joy; I've witnessed many a day like this— about yo aloud, my boy. "Hurrah! for Freedom's Jubilee! God bless our native land : And may I live to hold the sword Of freedom to my hand!" Well done, my boy—grow up and love The land that gave you birth; A home where Freedom loves to dwell la paradise on earth, I HAVE NO INFLUENCE. What if the little ruin should ssy— •,So small a drop as I Can ne'er refresh those thirsty fields— VII tarry in the sky!" What if a shining beam of noon Should in its fountain stay, Deeause its feeble light alone Cannot create a day'!" Doth not math rain drop help to form The cool refreshing shower; And every ray of light to warm And beautify the dower. From the Phila. Spirit of the Timm. Courtship Extraordinary. Some day last week a German, from the interior of the State visited this city for the purpose of disposing of certain products of his farm, and supplying himself with the little luxuries which, even among our thrifty farmers, custom has rendered indis pensable. Having sold out his stock, and purchased most of the articles he desired, he stopped at Brolaskey's in Market street to look at some dry goods. The young la dies attending there (we believe there are several—and pretty ones too) were exceed• ingly attentive, uncommonly obliging, and fascinatingly agreeable—Captivated by the charms of one of the damsels, a Miss How— he soon explained to her his lonely situa tion—for he was a widower—and his anx ions desire for a smiling associate, in his domestic arrangements. "My good gal, 1 loikes you. Will you want to have as goot husband?" he inquir ed with as much tenderness as his uncouth pronunciation of our language would per. mit. "Yes I'll have yow,"lispetrthe pretty res pondent. "Shall you have me? Mein gott! When," he exclaimed with irrepressible agitation. "To night—at 8 o'clock I will accom pany you to a minister." Words cannot express hie delight at this announcement "But you must be prepa►ed," said the lady, with a look of winning softness. "You must dress yourself, and look handsome, as you really are." "Yaw—yaw—mein Gott! What luck," and he ran out of the store in a delirium of • joy. He put up his wagon. Went to a ton sor end was shaved and perfumed. From thence to a tailor, and supplied himself; without regard to cost, with a handsome suit of clothes dtc. &c. In fine, he expended - a large sum, and invited those of his acquain lances who were in the city at the time, in order to render his appearance, and the fes tivities of the occasion worthy of their par- ticular object. Night at length arrived. He flew on the wings of love to his charmer. She,was ready, and accompanied by his ac quaintauce and her assistant in the store, they proceeded`to consummate the ceremo ny. Every thing was propitioui. They stopped at the house of the Rev. Mr. Fur ness—he was not at home. Unfortunate occurrence? They proceeded to the resi dence of another reverend gentleman, and on their way, the bridegroom elect, request ed his affiance to speak for him, as he was entirely unacquainted with the language adopted to his business. She acquiesced. They entered the 'house. After waiting some minutes, the minister was announced. Some preliminary conversation took place —the ceremony suggested—when lo! it was discovered that the lady was missing! The fact is, it was a genuine hoax ! The TIIE GARLAND. emal EiIikIIPWIIVOMV. AND REPUBLICAN BANNER. 110 - FE.IRLESS .I.lrD FREE..DI aztOdumer moo trwmazDalr UdlOVPQraires 90 9 aOUOO company were astounded, and parted in al mood, far different from that in which they had been indulging. The countryman went to Mr. Brolaskey's store next day, and abused the young lady for trifling in such a flagrant manner, with the honest affections of an unsophisticated heart. COMFORTING TO BACHELORS. The New Orleans Sun contains the fol lowing seasonable article: Marrying because the weather is cold.— The Philadelphia Ledger advises bachelors to - get married because the winter is unou us. How does he know that they will be bettered by the change? There is no certain ty of getting a warm wife. We sleep com fortably enough though we sleep alone.— There is no such botheration with us as mar ried men have—such as your wife bawling out in the middle of the night when you are enjoying a sweet dream, "John! take away your elbow!" "James! lie further on the other side!— You'll have me out of bed." Joseph! you've kicked the kiver off." Henr)! get up you lazy dog. It's day break." "Richard! torn out and put on the teaket tle!" &c. &c. Nothing of this kind ever troubles us. There we lie in our little cot, which is just large enough for one, with its clean white sheet spread over our person tucked comfortably in about the sides, and our head raised to a dignified height,by hav ing our corduroys stuffed under the pillow. How comfortable! We wish we were there now, instead of here. When we go to bed we never have occasion to exclaim, with the virtuous, yet upbrading Roman—" We have lost a day!" On the contrary we stretch our weary body out to its full length, (we don't curl ourselves in bed,as vulgarians do,) and say, in a tone of sellsatisfaction, "Well, here lies a single gentleman, and an honest editor, type•sticker and devil, after a hard dal's work." We then say our prayers, turn over on our !ell side, and go to sleep. LAUGH WHEN YOU MUST. CONNUBIAL FELICITY. Mr. Slang used to say "try horses, my buys. Mr. Slang now invariably says, "our horses, our buys," or our farm. This substitution of our tor my, by Mr. Slang, was brought about thus: Mr. Slang had just married a second wife. On the day alter the wedding. Mr. Slang casually remarked, '1 now intend to enlarge my dairy.' • You mean our dairy, my dear,' replied Mrs. Slang. 'No,' quotb Mr. Slang, 'I say MY dat. 'Say ova dairy, Mr. Slang.' 'No, rar dairy.' 'Say ova dairy, say our,' screamed Mrs. Slang, seizing the poker. 'My dairy, MY dairy I' vociferated the husband. 'Our dairy, OUR dairy I' re-echoed the wife, emphasising each 'our' with a blow of the poker upon the back of the cringing spouse. Mr. Slang retreated under the bed clothes, Mr. Slang remained under several minutes waiting for a calm. At length his wife saw him thrusting his head out at the foot of the bed, much like a turtle lrom his 'What aro you looking for Mr. Slang ?' said she. 'l'm looking my dear,' snivelled he, 'to see if I can see anything of ova hat.' The struggle was over. It was our horses, our dairy, and on the next Sunday morning he very humbly asked her if he might not wear our clean linen breeches to church. MUSICAL BON 11101%-A gentleman at a musical party where the lady was very par ticular not to have the concord of sweet sounds interrupted, was freezing under the performance of a long concerted piece, and seeing that the fire was going nut, asked a friend in a whisper, "How he should stir the fire without interrupting the niusicr "Be- tween the bars," replied the friend. HUMAN 11APPINESS.-"I have lived," said the indefatigable Dr. Clarke, "to know that the great secret of human happiness is this: never suffer your energies to stagnate. The old adage of 'too many irons in the fire,' conveys an abominable falsehood; you can not have too many—poker, tongs, and all, keep them all going." Daily experience, we are bound to say, verifies the remarks of the learned doctor. A HINT. -A king of Prussia sent to a tribe of Betkiuins the Caliph Mustapha, a very celebrated physician, who inquired on his arrival how they lived. "We never eat till we are hungry, and then not to repletion," was the answer. "I may return, then," said the doctor, "I have no biunness here." CormuAL Love.--Sterne, who used his wife very ill, was one day talking to Garrick in a tine sentimental manner, in praise of conjugal love and fidelity. "The Inhband," said Sterne, "who behaves unkindly to his wife, deserves to have his house burned over his head." '"lf you think so," said Garrick. "1 hope.your house is insured " . NOT TO BE SNEEZED AT.—A young lady of Germantown, Pa.iendowed with great beauty, and worth a cool 830,00 u, has ad. vertised for a hutiband. We've a good wind to "talk Dutch" to her.V. I. Whig. CURE Foil SwaAIUNO!—An urrhinist public school, being greatly addicted to swearing,was ordered by the master to watch a mouse hole, with a pair of tongs, and not to speak or move till he caught a mouse.— Singularly enough, a mouse soon made its appearance, which the boy limed with the tongs, and, holding it aloft, triumphantly ex. claimed'at the top of his voice, •"by I've got him!" This caused a roar of laughter, in which the master could not resist joining. THE LAST A NECDOTE.-" Who's that are Mr. SCATTERING, that &ways gets a few votes at our town meetinsi" inquired an old lady, a few days since, of her spouse, as she was busily engaged in persuing a news paper. "I do not know," said he, "nor I never did, though the people have been try ing to elect him ever since I began to vote."—Dedham Patriot. The mayor of a diminutive city called to consult a legal friend with regard to the me thod of quelling riotous proceedings, which were g wmg ungovernable. " W hy," said the lawyer, "do you not appeal to the posse err:into:us?" Well, that's what I've thought of, but blast the fellow, 1 never knew where he lived I"—Dunstable Tele. SEVERE.—The Cincinnati News avers, that , a certain lady had a custom of saying to a favorite little dog, to make him follow her,,"Come along, sir." A would-be witty gentleman stepped up to her one day, end accosted her with, '•ls it me, madam, you palled 7" "Oh, no, sir," said the lady, with great composure, "it was another puppy I spoke to." "Ma'am, that is a very bad cough of yours." "Sir, 1 regret to say, it is the very best I have."—Boston Herald. Not so with us. We have had n variety on hand for a week—from the cough mod• crato up to the real earthquake.p. E Whig Sam Slick says, "though the men hold the reins, the women tell 'em which way to drive." If you let them drive, ten to one you don't ugit upset." ABSENCE Or MIND.-A doctor, on call ing upon a gentleman who had been some time ailing, put a fte into the patient's hand, and took the medicirm himself, which he had _prepared for the sick man; he was not made. sensible of his error till he found himself getting ill, and the patient getting better. V. 000n.—The Now York Sun snysc The very sparkle of a gratified wife's eye will go farther than a tun of anthracite—lt warms the HEART. A Vi'oarmAx.—"Patrick, 1 want some body to kill hogs; do you understand butch ering?" •.Faith,and it's me that can lend you a hand at the came; but it's a boss you'll want along wid me, for getting the fur of is the only part of the business I understand." FROM THE GOVERNOR To Me Senate and House of Representatives of the Cvmmonevealtli of Pennsylvania. [CONCLUDED.] Connected with the finances of the State, anothersubject of importance should receive your attention 8094,000 00 of the State per manent loan will fall due in 1839, and 8159, 000 00 in 1840. I have no hesitation in recommending that a sufficient amount of money to pay off these five per cent. loans when they become due, be borrowed from the Bank of the United States, at four per cent. and applied to that purpose in the mode described in the annual message of 1836. It would also appear to be advisable to offer to redeem such of the other five per cent. loans as shall become due within the next' few years, in the same manner. By adopt ing this expedient, the annual draft on the treasury will be lightened, without any in. crease of the principle debt. - It is- presumed that capitalists who hold mock in the five per cent loans about expir mg,will not he unwilling to dispose ofit now, for more permanent investment. The mon etary confusion and distress through which the country has been made to pass, by the experimentsof the general government,seem about subsiding,and confidence between man and man, and in public faith, and institutions is returning. This, then, will not be an un propitious moment for Pennsylvania to offer her creditors their money,that they may ap ply it permanently, in aid of some of the nu merous projects of improvement that are in contemplation, or only awaiting the meting of completion-. During the year just closed,a most health. ful change has been accomplished in our currency, and a correspondent improvement is how developing itself in all the various re. lotions and interests that depend op that credit and confidence which forms the true basis of th 5 circulating medium. The commence ment of tbe year saw the State covered with paper issues, in open violation of the plain -words and meaning of the law,but which the necessity of the case seemed to justify. They were taken, almost without reluctance, in all the dealings of the community, and no move was made towards inflicting the enacted pen alty ort those who emitted them. At the same time,the Woke had locked up the hard money of the State, to await, al nes , said, the moment when it might 1.0 ago!' paid out without danger of total withdrawal from us, and without risk of injury to the Mame lions or their debtors. These reasons tot the course pursued seemed sound, and the I people acquiesced. The end has verified them and justified the confidence reposed. Tho workings of this law of necessity— the law above all law—in the hands of an honest and intelligent community, were watched with intense interest. It was a glorious spectacle to behold a whole people, as one man, waiting calmly and patiently for the safe moment of disenthrtilling them selves; not vindiotively, one upon the other, but the whole, for the good of the whole— from the grinding and gratuitous infliction. It was a noble proof of the fitness of repub licans, fur self government, and was even enhanced by the fact that the people were laboring to abate the nuisance, not only un aided by, but in opposition to the ell - oils of those whom they bud placed at the head of the whole nation to guard their interests. The duty of the Executive of this State was plain. It was to encourage the people in their patient course of suffering, till the moment for effectual self-reliefshould arrive, and to sustain their monied institutions, so long as they seemed to act for no other ob ject Phan the common good. In this atti ludo, the rising of Congress announced that the people might once more take measures for their own relief, without danger of mita. chief or contraction from their public ser vants. A call was at once made on all to restore the safe empire of the law. It was nobly responded to, and has proved perfect. ly effectual. Never was there a more praiseworthy instance of moderation ex ' Mimed by any community, than by the citi zens of this State, at the time of the suspen mon of specie payments and during its con tinuance, nor of patriotic devotion to law and the public good, than that displayed by their mowed institutions in the resumption. The consequence is that our currency is now restored to its former soundness, and all dis trust has disappeared. Though I feel bound to bear this just tribute to acts that have been so fully sus tained by their result, yet I cannot conceal the opinion that some part of the difficulty arose from defects in the organization of the banks themselves. I shall not now oc cupy your time in recapitulating the rem& dies which these defects seem to indicate. That duty 1 attemptedfully to perform m the . hist annual message, to which you are res pectfully referred, with the remark that the changes then recommended are still deemed proper and requisite. In other respects the public concerns of the state have exhibited their usual order and prosperity, with the exception of a dis graceful riot in the city of Philadelphia on the 17th of May. The particulars of that outrage are too generally known to need repetition or com ment here. So flagrant, however, was it as in my opinion to call for the interference of the Executive to aid in the apprehension of the perpetrators. A proclamation of re. ward was accordingly issued. I hope this may be the last attempt, on the free soil of Pennsylvania, to molest a peaceful and or derly assembly of Citizens. *Those who counsel such violent proceedings, should bear in mind that if their opponents are in error, their cause will only acquire addition. al notoriety and permanence from any oppo sition which takes the appearance of op pression ; whereas, if its claim on public opinion be left wholly to, its merit, it will soon sink into oblivion, unless there be something in it really worthy of favor. Some ofthe sister states that border on the Canndas were, in early part of the year,the theatre of occurrences that at one time threatened to lead to unpleasant consequen ces. These Scenes have been recently re newed, but the character and true object of the persons engaged in them are now well understood, and scarcely any danger exists of collision between the British and United States governments. The chief feature that bears an appearance of importance in these proceedings, arises from the nature of the organization made use of. It has been com• niunicated to me from a source entitled to unlimited credit, that numerous Masonic lodges, embracing many thousands of sworn members, have been recently established in the frontier states, with the express object of attacking aid revolutionizing the adjoin ing British provinces. Those who know the perfect adaptation of sworn secret societies to such an object, and the reckless charac ter of many of the persons probably engaged in the enterprise, can credit the statement. It is to be hoped that no citizens of Penney I vania will be limed concerned in an under takieg so injurious to the rights of a friend ly nation, and in such direct contravention of every principle of international law. The fact, however, presents one more and a most convincing reason for the enactments of se vere and eactual laws against the adminis tration of extra judicial oaths. have frequently bronght this subject to the attention of the legislature. It is again presented with an ardent hope that the neces sary legislation may take plate, and that the stumbling block may at length be removed. In reviewing our own domestic history for the past year, many useful suggestions preea nt themselves. The Geolog ical survey authorized by the session of 15-6, is steadily advancing.— Fully one halfof the state has been traversed and examined, a constderable part of it with [WHOLE, NO: 4eo. all the minuteness requisite to a final report. I have hot been informed that further aid: will be necessary to complete this valuable and interesting undertaking. When brought too close much highly impurtant information *may with certainty be expected from the general report. The publication of the die. covories and results of the investigation thin fat has been very properly excluded from the annual cofnmunications to the legislature. It will require the whole term of the survey to enable the Geologist to give them that certainty and precision,which will Finn their most valuable feature, arid which can alone grow out of on repeated and continued ex► aminations, analyses, comparisons and in. Trines. The wisdom of this course will be fully admitted when the whole results shall be laid before the state. The bearing of the survey on the articles of coal and iron,and upon the large and vari ed interests connected with them,imparts its chief int3rest. For several years,herelofore, little importance was attached to the exact deductions of Geology, Minerology and Chemistry, as connected with these staple commodities , . This was the case more espe cially with regard to the former. Large tracts of coal land were known to exist, but little desire was manifested to ascertain with exactness their boundaries, or the relative qualities of the mineral. Those were the days of speculation in coal land,and the pro. jects of the.speculator nut unfrequently shun. tied the unerring decisions, of science. But they are pessed,and the days of actual oper ations in the mine have suceeeded. It is now for the interest of all to dispel illusion and to subject every project and every hope to the full light of science and truth, before capital is invested or labor expended. • The successful e4peritnerits that have been made at Kurthausund Fa rrandsvil le,to smelt iron with bituminous coal, and at Manayunk, Mauch Chunk and Easton, with anthracite, add now interest to this subject. Su perfect. ly satisfactorily have they proved,that large furnaces, in which anthracite coal alone is to be used as fuel,are now in progress of con. struction,at several points in the state. The successful union of stonecoul and iron ore, in the arts, is an event of decidedly greater moment to the prosperity of our state, than any that has occurred since the application of steam in aid of human labor. The trade in coal and iron will undoubted ly form the main business of the vast but yet only half accomplished system of Works in which the State is entbarked i and ihe chief hope Cfpaying offthe debt of their cost. The transporting of produce from the interior,arld merchandize from the sea-bnard, will, no doubt be great,and Pennsylvania will ahvaye p.3esess her due portion of it. But it is not necessary for her to desire its monopoly.— Her people, as citizens of the nation,are sat. isfied to see Sister states embark in the noble rivalry; and, while they aro convinced 'of the many advantages of their own routes, can rejoice to know there is room for the. full success of all. But when her coal and her iron descend from her mountain regions into New York and the vast Lake country, from the North Branch canal—aro discharg. ed at Brio and Cleveland, as Well as Pitts. burg and Beaver, from the same canal boat which loads at the Mine or iron works—am poured through the widened locks of the Union canal, and the completed Tide Water canal, as well as the Delaware and Schuyl. kill canals, upon the wharves of her own commercial Metropolis—the magnitude 'of the trade beyond that of the mere carrying of produce and merchandize, will then Only be fully appreciated. if to these channels of wealth, be added continunum rail roads from the Eastern to the Western Emporiums —travelled by at least one thousand busy passengers daily,and an uninterrupted water communication between the Delaware and Lake Erie, for the heavy trade, the cause which enables Pennsylvania to look,witliout fear or jealousy, on the works of other states, is apparent. In such view of the subject,the necessity for opening, widening, and deepening every channel,aud the policy of retaining the great leading avenues and outlets in the immediate ownership and control of the commonwealth become evident. Hence, the early enlarge ment of the Union canal to the size and capa• city of those of the state ' is a project of much interest to the public. Hence, also,, the ul- timate possession of the canal front Colurn. bia to the Maryland line s should never bo lost sight of as a measure indispensable to the perfection of the grand system. Tb? state now possesses the right to acquire this work at a time and price fixed in the law author. izing its construction, and ibe Legislature should be cautious not to grant any privi leges that may postpone the one, or add to the amount of the other. That all these desirable events can be ac complished, is as certain as that the time or their arrival will be pOstporied,by persisting in the same course of squandering the public resources, which has surrounded our condi tion, at the present moment / with so much difficulty A juiut resolution was adopted by the Le• gislatore on the 16th of lust April, making it the duty of the Secretary of the Common wealth, to obtain through the agency Glitter assessors of county tax, to collect genera t i statistical information relative to the agricul ture, manutitctures,cominereial and fuming operations of the state. The resolution be . ing adopted after the period when the asse• uteuts were actually commenced for county purposes,the queries iirected by ihe tresolu , win were, consequently, not issued Until cc;
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers