Huntingdon journal. (Huntingdon, Pa.) 1843-1859, September 21, 1847, Image 2

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    THE JOURNAL.
liantingtlon, Tuesday, September 21, 1847
IV HIG NOMINATIONS.
FOR GOVERNOR:
GEN. JAMES IRVIN,
OF CENTRE COUNTY.
•
rOR CANAL COMMISSIONER:
JOSEPHW.PNTTON,
OF CUMBERIL.RND COU.V7'Y.
Whig County Ticket.
SENATOR:
ALEXANDER KING, of Bedford Co.
ASSEMBLY :
19AVID BLAIR, of Huntingdon.
SHERIFF :
JOHN G. STE WART, of Huntingdon.
TREASURER :
ISAAC NEFF, of West.
commrsstoNEn :
JOSHUA GREENLAND, of Cass.
AUDITOR :
JAMES GILLAM, of Barree.
lE7' SEE FOURTH PAGE,
Are you Assessed?
Every voter should see that his name
is on the Assessor's list. See to this in
time.
0:7-A number of articles prepared for
this week's paper, have been crowded
out.
0 - New Goods at the "CHEAP COR
HER," of the best quality and very low•
est prices. See advertisement.
D.-There has been a slight decline
in the Flour and Grain market since our
last.
O There has been a foreign arrival,
bringing eleven days later news from
Europe, since our last. No news of
importance by it, save accounts'of nu
merous heavy failures and a further de
cline in the grain market.
The Circus.
Gen. Welsh's National Circus will
perform in this place on Friday next.
This company is acknowledged to he
one of the best in the country. The cel
ebrated Dan Rice, so popular in Phila
delphia and elsewhere, will enliven the
perforMances by his wit and humor.
The lovers of amusement may therefore
expect a rich treat on Friday afternoon
and evening next.
The War News.
The details of the great battles near
the City of Mexico, will be found on our
first page. Additional particulars have
been received since, which will be found
in another column. It will be seen that
Gen. Scott, the old s scar-covered vete
ran, has received another slight wound,
but the hope is expressed that it is by no
means serious. The slaughter on both
sides has been very great. Whether it
will result in a treaty of peace is yet un
certain.
THE SONS or TEMPERANCE had a cele
bration at Birmingham on Thursday last.
About 100 members of the Order walk
ed in procession. A handsome Bible
was presented on the occasion, to the
Birmingham Division by the Ladies of
the place. We were not present, but
learn that every thing passed off in the
most satisfactory manner.
ri . JOHN WALKER, Esq., Ex-President
of the Hollidaysburg Bank, has been
nominated as the Locofoco candidate for
State Senate in this District. Resolu
tions were passed at the Conference in
favor of Gso. M. DALLAS, and opposed
to the "favorite son," James Buchanan.
The resolutions were reported by Major
John P. Anderson.
[E?.. A follow who once succeeded in early ' Can the Globe explain this mat
getting a seat in the Legislature by vie-Ito 1 And at the same time tell us by
what new rule a candidate is declared
kiting his solemn pledges of honor to the
voters, and who is now playing tool for ; nominated without receiving a majoity
Sbunk and Jesse occupies three' of all the votes cast !
columns of the last "Neutral" Messen- I ID-We have cheering intelligence
ger in directing the blackguard concoc- I from all parts of the State. The glori
tions of his fevered brain at us. Another I ous work of Revolution and Reform is
. progressing finely. If the Whigs do
drunken Loafer, without any cause,
abused us on the street on the afternoon their duty, IRVIN AND PATTON will
b
of the same day the Messenger was pub- be elected by overwhelming majorities,
lished! We decline any controversy and the State redeemed from the wither
with either of these fellows, and there-
ing influence of Locofocoism.
fore turn them over to the tender mer- Col. ALEX. MCCLUNG, one of the
heroes of Alonterey, is a candidate for
cies of the " .1 1 / a n with the Poker," who Congress from one of the Districts in
is in hot pursuit of both. Mississippi, and, it is said, will be elect
ed. He was appointed U. S. Marshal
by Gen. Harrison, and held the office
all the while Mr. Webster was Secreta
ry of State--but left it, we think, when
Tyler ratted.
J 7. When Loeofocos talk about "aid
and comfort," just lot our Whig friends
cyik them " WHO PASSED SANTA
ANNA INTO MEXICO I"
" A Tale of the 'Neutral' Ground."
Almost every body has read Cooper's
"Spy, or the Talc of the Neutral Ground."
Those that have will remember that the
Cow Boys or Skinners, kept themselves
out of the reach of the law and halter
by occupying it, while •as opportunity
should oiler for plunder they assailed
and annoyed the American Army. We
cannot tell the whole tale now, but we
wish our readers would remember it.—
.And by the way, speaking of Neutral
ground—can you see anything? We ask
the Whigs and Antimasons of Hunting
, don county, to read a communication in
another column signed "linother Old
4ntimason ;," and after they have read
it, we ask them—Can you see anything?
Can't you see that while the .Messenger
men have endeavored to kindle a fire in
your ranks, they will not publish a word
furnished them by a real Whig and Anti
mason? Whatever will disorganize
your ranks and aid Locofocoism, find a
place in this neutral sheet, but not one
word can be given to their readers on
the other side. Can't you see its motive)
Why did they not publish this comma,
nication, handed to them by one of their
subscribers I We called them Pirates;
we take that back. It requires courage
as well as utter abandonment of moral
principle, to make a Pirate. Cowards
don't do for that business. Wreckers is
a better name for them : they hold out
false lights, hoping that our good ship
may be wrecked and they can gather up
the plunder ! Pirates live by blood, not
deceit. And we ask further can you see
any thing personal in his communica
tion 2 We cannot—every allusion is
political—not one personal. The key
to the whole matter is, it might have
been of use to the whig party and its
organization ; and the Shank, Division
clique, that oversees that sheet, will
permit nothing to go to the public
through its columns, adverse to that
faction. " Uncle .illek" is too smart for
that.
Whigs ! Arouse !
WHIGS OF OLD HUNTINGDON!
It is now but three weeks till the Elec
tion ! Are you preparing for the work"!
Are you making the necessary arrange
ments to get out your votes Are you
talking to your neighbors, and rousing
them to the importance of the contest 'I
If not, neglect it no longer ! The time
for ACTION has come. There is no
time to be lost. Our brethren in other
States have led the way to Victory !
Shall we supinely refuse to follow ?
Arouse to the work, Whigs ! Remem
ber that a full vote will ensure a WHIG
VICTORY, and that the other counties
of the State look to old Huntingdon to
do her whole duty for IRVIN and RE
FORM. Let nothing, then, deter you
from duty. If there should be a single
name on the Whig Ticket that you would
rather had been off, do not allow that to
cause you to forget your principles.—
To work then, friends of laviN ! and let
us make a united effort to make old
Huntingdon the Banner County.
The Locofoco Ticket.
In answer to our charges that there
was unfairness and trickery used by the
wire-workers here, in forming the Lo
cofoco County Ticket; that Dr. Gem
mill had been declared duly nominated
when he did not receive a majority of
the votes ! and that Col. Haselett had re
ceived two more votes in the Conven
tion than the report in the Globe gives
him—the Globe publishes a letter from
Col. Haselett, stating that he is sat
isfied with the action of the Convention.
Why, neighbor, we never asserted,either
privately or publicly, that the Colonel
was dissatisfied ! But we do assert that
many of his friends are, and that our at
tention was called to the fact that he re
ceived more votes than the report gives
him, by a member of the Democratic
Union County.
An immense lavux and Parrots meet
ing was held in New Berlin, Union coun
ty, on the 14th instant. Gen. Inviis,
Hon. Jas. PoLLocx, and Hon. Jas. Coor-
Ell, were present and addressed the
meeting. In speaking of Gen. • IrVin's
speech, the Union Star says Gen.
Irvin spoke about an hour in a most ef
fective style. He drew a comparison
between the Tariffs of 1842 and 1846,
and showed that while under the form
er,.the_industry of the country revived
and prosperity abounded : under the lat
ter ruin and destruction to the business
and labor of our country must sooner or
later follow. He said it might take a
year or more to produce this result, but
come at last it must. He said if a man
had a farm in fine order, the fences good,
the ground well limed and manure(' and
in a high state of cultivation, and would
place upon it a bad farmer, it might be
several years before the ground would
wear out, the fences become bad and
the whole farm get out of order under
his mismanagement; but that such
would eventually be the case, no one can
doubt. So it was under the Tariff. Un
der the Tariff of 1842 the industry of
the country revived, abundance and
plenty were everywhere visible and the
condition of the country was most pros
perous. And, (as in the case of the
farm) it would take some time before
the-Tariff of 1846 would destroy the
industry and prosperity which had been
produced by the Tariff of 1842. Gen.
Irvin also spoke of the charge made by
the opposition that he had voted to tax
tea and coffee and showed conclusively
lby the Journals of the House that it was
false."
Old Union will roll up at least 1400
majority for Irvin & Patton.
Catching at Strawy
We learn that secret agents from
Washington have been sent into Penn
sylvania trying to secure for Mr. Shunk
the vote of the Native ✓lmerican Party
Truly, "drowning men will catch at
straws." But a short time since and
the Locofoco presses boldly charged the
Whigs with favoring the "one idea" of
Nativeism, and now to save the old of
fice holder, Shunk, from too ovef‘vhelm
ing a defeat, they are willing to turn in
with Nativeistn, or any other ism. It
will be of no avail, however. The Peo
ple have made up their minds that Polk
must be rebuked; and the best opportu
nity that now offers, is the defeat of his
friend and apologist, Francis R. Shunk.
And no CORRUPT BARGAIN that political
Tricksters may get up, can turn from
its purpose the Popular Mind.
[la. As our neighbor has published
Col. Haslett's letter as an evidence of
" union and harmony" in the Locofoco
party, suppose he would, by way of a
clincher on this point, give to his read
ers the correspondence which took place
between the ✓lfalicious Mischief-maker,'
and Dr. Gemmill. As the letter of the
latter has been read on the corners of
our streets by the former, it is due to
the Doctor and the public that the whole
correspondence should be published.—
But perhaps our neighbor of the Globe
would not like to see his candidate for
the Legislature, who is a respectable
man, published as being in correspon
dence with a fellow so recently convict
ed in the Quarter Sessions.
Who Can Answer?
Why did David R. Porter dismiss
Francis R. Shuck from the office of Se
cretary of State 1 Can our neighbor of
the Globe answer this question 1 Our
friend of the Pa. Intelligencer says if the
true reason was "known, it would be
found that Mr. Shuck was one of the
"incapables" so frequently alluded to in
the " Union."
GEN. SCOTT.—When Gen. Scott pass
ed through New Orleans on his way to
the seat of war, ho remarked that it was
his intention to be in the city of Mexico
on the Ist of September. His remark
was, " I shall dictate peace to them in
their Capitol, on the lst of September,
1847." The brave old soldier certainly
came very close, if he did not redeem
his' promise.
Independence of EditorB,
The Philadelphia Times & Keystone
recently contained the following signifi
cant paragraph:
" Now is the time for every man to
think and act independently for himself
—to spurn all dictation--to advocate that
Democracy which goes in for " the
greatest good of the greatest number,"
and presumes all men capable of judg
ing what is best calculated to aid them
in the enjoyment of life, liberty and the
pursit of happiness."
Irhigs: Read This. [For the Huntingdon Journal.]
Ma. CLARK :—I send you the enclosed The Broad Top Railroad.
communication. Last week I sent it to The Governor is evidently not-satis
the "Messenger" because I wanted it to fled with his own objections to the leg
be read by those who saw the ones 1 itimate and declared provisions of the
call attention to. It was not published Bill, for he incorporates a privilege, not
no noticed, so I went for it, and they intended or desired, Merely for the sake
told me it was lost. (If I liad not kept , combatting it—he lays aside the robes
a copy I should have been sorry they of office and plays the political mounte
had lost it) but that the reason why they , bank—he sets up a man of straw for the
had not put it in was because it was too pleasure and . triumph of beating him
personal. I was then told if I would ' down- •
put my name to it they would print it. By the second section of the Bill "the
As they did not ask that until the paper ' company have the right to hold, either
was printed for that week and I had not 1 by purchase or lease, not exceeding five
seen the names to the other articles, Ii thousand acres of- coal land within the
thought I could understand their con• I counties of Huntingdon and Bedford."
duct. Now I want you to put it in your By the lot section of the Bill the Com
paper ; for I want the people to see how puny arc incorporated "for the purpose
things are conducted by the other party of constructing a Railroad as hereafter
and the neutral paper : . is provided, and also for the purpose of
conarauNscummoN. mining Coal, and for tranacting the usu
[
REJECTED BY TIER MESSENGER.] al business of Companies engaged in
I have seen in your paper several coo- mining trans orting and selling coal
munications, which arc intended to call and the other Products of coal lands."
' Yet from ower P privileges s and so clear
upon the Antimasons of our county, and
1y
invite them to the enquiry, whether it is defined asthese, n company incorrfor
ated expresslytoconstruct a Railroad
consistent for them to vote for a man
who belongs to the order of Odd Fel- ' other
and mine andmarket al,
o and for u
lows. Until I saw those articles I • n ll p l u e r a p s o e s
with the privilege e of hold. °
thought you would not insert political'or purchase not exceeding
five lg thousand acresof coal land, and no -
communications of any kind as your .
paper is neutral in politics. Bet I sup- ! (except alot not
other kind exceeding
pose you consider that you are not re- five acres in a place for depots for coal,)
sponsible for any thing but your edito- ! the Governor in his veto is pleased to
call this Company " a farming associa- .
rials, and are willing that both sides tion o Because 5000 acres of coal land
should be heard. The evident tendencye held by the Company, the Gov
of can ' b
those articles is to excite prejudice
.
ernor would fain make the impression
and stir up strife in the ranks of that
istrations of Polk $- Skunk; and from 'ace
party which is now opposing the admin- :
that they can and will engage in farm-
me operations, to excite alarm and pre-
some things I have seen and know I among ' the honest farmers. - Is
feel convinced that the Loco Focos of j this fair and honest 'I is not such shnl- !
this county so consider them, and the low and sillytricks of the demagogue
are now trying to keep the fire up so
Y beneath the station and hare t rof the
that they can get into power by it. It Governor of our Commonwealth eee l If
Governor Shunk had valid and honest
is now for the purpose of calling the sbjections to the - Bill let him state them:
attention of the Whigs and Antimasons if lie had
none, let him sign it—but for
to this systematic effort to get up
a the honor of the post he fills, spare us
quarrel among them so that the Loco
from humbug in State papers.
Feces can profit by it. and perhaps elect •
a Sheriff to ride three years to oreak About thirty miles of Railroad will
them down, that I want to mention a few be necessary to reach the main body of
facts for them to consider. the coal field of Broad Top Mountain.
It now seems to be admitted on nll To make any thing like a permanent road
hands that the Locofocos are the only with single track, of cast rail, will cost
persons busy in keeping up this fight. •at least $15,000 per mile; consequently
If they can convince the Antimasons it will require $450,000 to metre the
that they cannot consistently vote for the thirty miles of road—leaving $50,-
Stewart they hope to have a Sheriff elect- 000 of n balance of stock to purchase
ed to help them. I ask every honest , coal land with. Where is this amount
Antimason in the county if he cannot of money to come from—where can you
see these Loco Foco leaders busy in ! find subscribers for half a million of dot
abusing Odd Fellows'! Who are thellers of stock in a rail road from the Bo
most busy at it in your town 'I Who !rough of Huntingdon to Stonerstown 1,
takes the most pains to ask " Will you, Can the capitalists of Huntingdon take
a consistent .Intimason vote for Stewart! it—Can the farmers along the route of
One of their principal leaders, he who, ! the road take it—Can the citizens of
while in the Legislature divided our Broad Top or Bedford county take it'?
county, thinking to make this a Loco • No. If you wait till either of these or
Foco county, is now among the busiest. all of them united subscribe for so large
He goes to a Loco Foco Odd Fellow, if an amount of rail-road stock, it will be
he happens to be a personal friend of some time before the cars come in from
Broad Top. To the eastern cities must
Stewart, and says, "if you vote for
Stewart you will destroy the Order." He .we look for capital to build the road—
goes to a Whig Odd Fellow and says, , Philadelphia, New York or Boston must
you want to convince the world that furnish subscribers for the stock. The
"if .
you Odd Fellows are under no obligation, Central Railroad has given the Philadel
to vote for each other, vote against Stew. phians as much rail-road stock as they
) art. He goes to an Antimason and says, will want for some time. The New
York and Erie and the Hudson River
"as honest a man as you cannot of course
vote for Stewart." Thus is be end Railroads have given the capitalists of
such as him, trying to defeat us and the City of New York as much of this
I kind of stock as they think will likely
keep Shunk and Polk in power.
I say look to it Antimasons. That prove profitable ; and the Yankees of
party have ever opposed you—they arc Boston arc too- calculating to subscribe
your unflinching enemies in every thing , for stock in a rail-road so far from home,
—they despise an Antimason more than , unless some other inducement is held
they do any thing else, but they want to ' out than the doubtful dividends from the
use you now, then laugh at and abuse road. The stock then of the road, sim
you as usual. ply as rail-road stock, without any privi •
I think as little as ever of masonry, lege connected with it over any other
and as little of Odd Fellows ; but I stock of the same kind, in the market will
think less of and fear more a full blood- . find no purchasers, and the project must
ed Loco Foco,_ and for my part they shall fail. To prevent this failure, and to make
not use my knife to cut a stick to beat the stock of this road at once command
my-brains out. Antimasons! remember the attention of capitalists, the Company
what I tell you, you can regulate an are authorized to engage in the mining'
Odd Fellow in the Whig ranks easier arid sellingof coal—this is to be the pro
than you can the Loco Focoo if they get , fitable part of the business of the Compa
in power, if you stick to your organize- ny, and this will secure the speedy sale
tion ; but if you let them mislead you ,of the Rail-road shares. Within the
they will soon rule you with Loco Focos last year the Hollidaysburg end Ben
who are Odd Fellows to boot. nington Railroad and Mining Company
ANOTHER OLD ANTIMASON. has been formed and the stock taken in
Franklin tp. Sept. 7, 1847. . , Boston, and the Company is now about
No Go GENTS.—The Federal Locofo- commencing operutions. It was the
privilege to mine and sell the Allegheny
co presses have hit on a new plan and coal that induced the Bostonians to sub
most demurely deny that Polk provided . scribe for the stock of that Company,
his friend Santa Anna with a Pass to and not any prospect of rail-road divi
return to Mexico and butcher our sof- lends. And so it will be in relation to
the Huntingdon and Broad Top road.
diers. This is almost as bad as calling With the privilege of mining and selling
" Old Rough and Ready" a Locofoco. coal, the stock would have been sold
VERMONT ELECTION.—The Boston At
las gives the returns for Governor, from
116 towns, from which it appears that
there has been no choice, from the num
ber of candidates in-the field. The elec
tion will therefore devolve upon the
Legislature, which being Whig, will re
sult in the election of the Whig candi
date.
Declination I
UNION TowNsmr, Sep. 20, 184'7.
Mu. CLAnN—Last week I handed you
a Card announcing myself as a..candi
date for Sheriff. On reflecting upon
the matter, I have come to the conclu
sion that if I should run I might only
take votes ftom the Whig condidate and
thus aid the election of Mr. Crownover,
the Locofoco candidate--therefore I an
nounce to my Whig and Antimasonic
friends that I have withdrawn, and will
support the WHOLE Wine TICKET, and
hope all my friends will do the same.
Yours, &c. WM. SMITH.
and the route surveyed before this time
if Gov. Shunk had not vetoed the bill—
without this privilege the stock would
be like the stock of the rail-road from
Chambersburg to Huntingdon, unsold
and unsaleable. To enable the Compa
ny then, to engage in the Coal business,
they are authorized to hold by purchase
or lease, five thousand acres of land in
Huntingdon and Bedford counties. It is
well known to those who have had any
thing to do with the coal lands of Broad
Top, that to get a single vein or pit of
coal you must purchase one or two loin
dred acres of land—hence the necessity
of permitting the Company to hold five
thousand acres, out of which they will
not perhaps have more titan two hun.
' dred acres of coal land, the balance be
ing in most cases thin, rough land of lit
tle value for any purpose. But of this
simple and harmless provision of the
Bill the Governor has conjured up a bug
bear at which he affects to be horrified.
Being about as well acquainted with the
face of the country in Huntingdon mad
Bedford counties as he is with the land
in the moon, the Governor is either Elm
pie. enough to believe that this Company
might engage in farming the spurs of
the Broad Top mountain ns a profitable
business, or he is wicked enough to en
deavor to start and circulate the idea
that they wished to engage in farming,
when lie knew and believed the contra
ry. To any one in the least acquainted
with the Broad Top region of country
in Huntingdon and Bedford counties,
the idea put forth by the Governor, of a
Company engaging to farm 'there five
thousand acres of hind is so supremely
ludicrous that whenever it is mentioned
it is laughed at, and the Governor's bug
bear is not half so much dreaded as his
veto.
Just eleven months previous to writ
ing this veto message, Gov. Shunk had
approved and signed en act to incorpor
ate the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
By the 2d section of that act the said
Company are authorized to purchase,
receive, have, hold, use and enjoy, to
them and their successors, lands, tene
ments and hereditaments, engines, &c 1 ,
goods, chattels and estate real and per
sone! ,of whatever kind or quality soever:"
and by the I Ith section of the same act
the breadth of the route, or the land to
be occupied by said Company is limited
to four rods in width, except for certain
purposes. Now from Harrisburg to
Pittsburg, say 250 miles, four rods in
width will make 2000 acres of land
which this Company may take and hold
of what kind or quality soever, that is,
of
the best land in the Commonwealth if
it suits them. And so far as the declar
ed object and powers of their charter go,
the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
have as much right, and are just as like
ly to engage in (arming these 2000 acres
of land as the Broad Top Railroad and
Coal Company have or are likely to farm
the 5000 acres of coal land they are au
thorized to hold. There is nothing said
about farming in the charter of either of
them, and we have as good a right to
charge the Company he incorporated with
a design to farm the good farm land they
can hold, as the Governor has to charge
the Company he vetoed with a design to
farm the poor coal land they were au
thorized to hold. The one Company
take and hold the necessary quantity of
land to engage in the coal business, the
other as much land as is necessary to
make their rail-road. Yet this Penn
sylvania Railroad Company, with a cap
ital of ten millions of dollars, with a
real estate of 2000 acres, without any
individual liability of the stockholders,
winding like some huge serpent through
the heart of your Commonwealth, spar
ing nothing in its way save your dwel
, hugs, your churches and the graves of
your friends, is approved and signed by
Gov. Shunk, while your petty little
Company of only half a million, and with
a better object in view, and one which
can no more be carried out by private
enterprize than the former, receives his
Veto !
On the Ist April, 1846, Gov. Shunk
siened n Bill authorizing the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad Company to enter
our State at Willis' Creek, in Bedford
county, and make their road thence to
Pittsburg, a distance of some 125 miles,.
and to hold and occupy, to farm if you
please, according to the Governor's idea
of things, four rods in width by 125
miles in ength, equal to 1000 acres of .
land, in Pennsylvania. This foreign;.,
mammoth corporation, without any indi.
vidual liability clause, receives Gov.
Shunk's approval, but the little Broad
Top concern he is constrained to veto:
He strains at a gnat, and swallows the
j camel. Yours &c.
Plain Questions,
WALKER TOWNSHIP, Sept. 20, '4.7.
Ms. CLARK.—As Matthew Crownover
is now before the People of Huntingdon
county for an important office, I propose
asking him a few plain questions, which
I hope to see answered.
1. Did you not in 1811 declare that
Henry Clay was a murderer and a Gam
bler, and that therefore no moral maa
should vote for him
2. Did you not in 1815 support A.
Gwin, Esq., for the Legislature, both by
your vote and influence, when you knew
him to be favorable to the Division of
Huntingdon county
3. Did you not sign a Petition asking
the Division of Htintingdon county
4. Will not Alex. Gwin, Esq., be your
Attorney, should you be elected to the
office of Sheriff
5. Did you not in 1844 circulate the
" Independent Whig," knowing it to
contain Slanderous matter against
Whigs, who were private citizens.
6. Have you not promised to givo
your Printing to the Huntingdon Mes
senger as a consideration to the Publish:
ers for violating their neutrality, and ta
king part in favor of your election 1
7. Are Sou not now an advocate of
the policy and measures of the Admin
istrations of Polk and Shunk 1
If you cannot publicly answer the
above interrogatories in the negative you
will receive no Whig votes in _
WALKER.
The celebrated and heavy house
of Prime, Ward, & Co., private bank
ers, of New York, stopped payment a
few days ago. It created quite a sen
sation in the money circles. The cause
is attributed to their dealings with a
heavy house in London that has failed.