IM 113 III IM lirl
THE BLESSINGS OF GOTEBSHI5T, LIKE THE DETTS OF HXATES, SHOULD BE DI5TSIBPTEO ALIKE UPOIT THE HIQH AND THE LOW, THE EICH ASD THE POOR.
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.i;s ..r the Pest Oili-e Department, of the
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- a -'oress- l to him. renders the Postmaster
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PRESIDENT'S HESS AGE.
Yi LI 0 A-ClTI.TE.VS OF TIIE SENATE A N I IIt;F.
V.: ?r:rsFNTAT!Vts: Having in c -r.ver.f d
; an extraordinary ca?tn as authorize! by
O-ustitv.ti
. r lir.arv
n.
y-ur attention is n ot called t
ikl.t'o:
:. At the be
;.:.'S cf the rrci.-t rresidci.t"a! t.--rm. fur
L..r..Ls f.go. the fi;n:tl..:.3 f t'.io Fedmd G ;vero-.'-at
were f und t be generally sif-pc-ad-d witli
:: the several Stare of South Carolina, Georgia.
Alabama, Mississippi. I."i.-iana and Florida,
t- vceptinr only those r f the Post Ofa ;e Depart
ment. Within these States the f -rts. arenal.
d.H-ks. vards, cist -m houses and the like, includ
ing the cicvcAlo ai.d s.atiotiary .r'-prty ;u r.r.d
a':..ut them, had l.-en sv:z'..l and ha 1 Veen in
hostility to this rovernm
, exer
. :..v
T rt- Picket,?. Tayl-.r and Jf-Sl-rs- n. r.n a-.d rear
f" F! r" la ?--.at, and Fort S in ter, in C aile-t
htrhor. South Carolina. The f.Tts tiitis seized
i i-1 :-vvt :r. in improved conditions, ne'.v t n s
r i ! 1. en biti't. an 1 armed f.rce- had Vkh n reran -i..t-d
& id were ' r i7iiz:n j, all avowedly with the
-r...'h--stile pnrp p. The forts rema!:i;::S in the
--i-a f the Fulcra! Goverr.mnt a a: A rear
t S:at-'s w?re either beseid r jivnl by
.:li'.:.v r-r-piriti a. and esrcia'lv F rt S i
T-r .v.-. ;i-irly s irro'jcJei by well pr-..vt: I u'-s-
batu-ries, with guns ejnal in quality to the
u.t --f its own. and outnumbering the latter as
f::.:;;s tti. to one. A dispr 'portior.a'e h ire of
t"..e Federal mask-.ts and rill's hid
r.ieaow
-- '. n-.,i. .1..- thou St !( r.n i f.a : ! -r.
- t le use-.! agiiast the government. Ao
cirru'ati ns ef the public revenue lying within
then; had been st-iz-o l for the same obj.-;t. The
r.a.y v. as s -attc-rel ia distant teas, leaving a very
sir...'.! part r.f it within the immediate reach of
i g -ve-rnrueat. Oiiicers of the Federal army
l navy had lesi'gried in great numbers, and of
r..--se re-si zni tig a large proportion had taken up
a -.5 agv.ist the government. Sir.iultaneously
aad in connection with all this, tho purpose to
sever the Federal Union was openly avowed, in
ax.rdance with this purpose, an ordinance had
hvn adopted in each of th'ose States declaring
the States respectively to be separated from the
National Unkn. A formula for instituting a
ii.bir.ed g verumcnt of these States had been
t r-.mulgate-l, and this illegal organization, in
the character of Confederate States, was invok-h-g
re-eognition, aid and intervention from for
eign powers. Finding this condition of things,
r.d Lelk" ing it to be the imperative duty upon
the incoming Executive to prevent, if possible,
the consummation of such attempt to destroy the
Federal Union, a choice of means to that end
became indispensable. This choice was made,
v.d w as declared in the Inaugural Address.
T..e policy chosen leaked to the exhaustion of
a.l peaceful measures before a resort to any
stronger ones. It sought only to hold the public
places and property not already wresteel from
the Government, and to collect the revenue, rely
ing for the rest on time, discussion and the ballot
box. It promised a continuance of the mails at
Government's exp-ense to the very people who
were resisting the Government, and it gave re
peated p!edoes against any ellsturbance to any of
the people of any of their rights, of all that which
a President might c onstitutionally and justifiably
do in such a case. Everything was forborne,
without which it was believed possible to keep
the government on foot. On the fifth ot March,
the present incumbent's first full day in office, a
letter of Major Anderson, commanding at Fort
Surater, written on the 28th of February, and
received at the War Department on the 4th of
March, w-as by that department placed in his
hands; this letter expressed the professional
cP'.nion of the writer that re-icforcemeuts could
tot be thrown into that Fort within the time for
L: rehef, rendered necessary by the limited sup-t-i
of prvvisk'D, and witi a view of hcliing
possession of the same, with a force of less than
20,000 good and well disciplined men. This
opinion was concurred in by all the officers of his
command, and their memoranda on the subject
were made enclosures of Major Anderson's letter.
The w hole was immediately laid before Lieuten
ant General Scott, who at once concurred with
laj. Anderson in opinion. On reflection, howev
er, he took full time, consulting with other offi
cers both of the army and the navy, and at the
end of four days came reluctantly, but decidedly,
to the same conclusion as before. He also stated
at the same time that there was not a sufficient
force then at the control of the Govrmment, or
could be raised and brought to the ground within
the time when the provisions in the Fort would
be exhausted. In a purely mlitary point of view
this reduced the duty of the Administration, in
this case, to look to the mere matter of getting
the garrison safely out of the Fort. It was be
lieved, however, that to so abandon that posi
tion, under th circumstances, would be utterly
rniuous, ami the necessity uuder which it was to
be done would not be fully understood ; that by
many it ould be construed as-a part of volunta-
ry policy; that at home it would discourage the the people haa c;i sen a urge majority oi pn-iess- rauaui oo ueuru-u me iramers ei i:.e n.sia i.:e-ui ( mi i a t''uu-.:.o ia ie j-.iivicai sense ei t:.e i k ao.i:.ji.n su.i. a -tri.'.oi , ur. wen u
friends e'f the Union, embolden its adversaries, i el Union men. Sxn after the fall of Sumter, j intended that, in every case, the danger should term ? Would it le far wron; to define it ? A i hr. m dcer.m of what j nciple it is he
and go far to insure to the latter a recognition ' many members of that majority w.-nt over to the run. its court until Gm gross could. te calle.1 to- political community without a rr.Utieal superior. ' 'v."J'j erVl ltJtitutTw"'. -"1 t- be
- i - - . r r
aoroao : tnat, in lact, it wouiJ be our national , oncmai uisunicin muieriiy, auj iui iuuu auo gcmvi, ilc x-ujuww u " "'oi .-"sot " v.-. iV iu- ij iw cui ca-! tri.i. iiia5 ir.tcn ivl ti ".ve s. ii.ulIi el z.-l to u.e
destruction con.-ummated. This cculd not be al- i tesl an ordinance for withdrawing the State from
lowel. Starvafi. n was not yet upon the garri- the Union. Whether this change was wrought
son, and ere it would be reached, Fort Pickens by tluir great approval of the assault upon Sum
mi'ht be re-inforeed. This last would be a clear tor, or the great resentment at the Government's
indication cf policy, and would better enable the ; resi.-tanee to the r.ssault, is not definitely known,
country to accept the evacuation of Fort Sumter ! although the- submitted the ordinance fir ratifi
a a military necessity. An order was at once cation to a vote of the people, to be taken on a
directed to be sent for the landing of the tr.ns . dav then somewhat more than a month distant.
from the steamship Prklyn into Fort Pickens. ; The Convention and the Legislature, which was nary and so long-continued, as to leal some . can on.y uo so against law, Ly rc-votut:on. T-.e
This order cculd'not go by land, but must take also ;n session at the same time and place, with j foreign nations to shape- their actions a if the? Lnion, and not their.selve?, sej armed, jTccure d
the longer and slower route by sea. The first re- j leading men cf the State not mcmlers of cither, supiose.l the early destruction cf our National ; their indsrvlence, a:.d their liUrty by co-quest
turn news from the order was received but one j immediately commenced acting as if the State; Union was probable. While this, on discovery, i or purchase. TLe Unk-n gave each of them wLat
week befoie the fill of Fvrt Sumter. The news i were already out of the Union. The v rushed gave the Exeeutive s, me concern, he is now hap- j ever in lepenuence aud liberty it had ; the Unkr.
itself was that the ctH.ers commaa.Iing the Sa- i military preparations vigorously forward, all over ! py to say that the sovereignty and rights of the
bine, to which vessel the troeps had leei trans- the State: they seizeel the United States Armory United States aie now everywhere practically
ferre-d from the Br.. klyn, acting upon sr-me ! at Harper's Ferry, and the Navy Yard at G.s- respected by foreign powers, and a gen.-r.ii syra
qKctsi armktiee of the 1 ite administration, and of p..rt, near Noifo'.k; they rccelve.1, perhaps invi- ; pathy with the country is manifested through -it
the existence cf wt.k-h the present administration, te-d into their State large bodies of troops, with ! the won!.
up to the time the order was dispatched had enly ' th-ir war like appointments, from the s: called ! The reports f the Secretary of tl e Treasury,
t.-o vague and uniertaTn rum-.rs to fix attentkn,
ref-iscl to land the trocr;.
To now re inf. re ,
F. rt rkke-Ls btf.-re a crisis woul I Le reached at
Fort Sun.ter w.is imp--.ssib'.e, rendered s j by the
near haustk-n of provi.-i.ns in t'ne latter nan.ed
Fort. In precaution against snob a conjecture,
the Government had, a fe-w days before, com
menced preparing an expedition, as well adapted
as might le, to relieve F -rt Sumter, which expe
dition was intended to be ultimately used or not
according to circumstances. Ti.e strongest an
ticipate 1 case for u-ing. it was now pre-scnted
ar.d it was r 'Solved to si; lit frward, as had
I eon intended in this contingency. It was also
resolve-1 to no tify the Governor of South Carolina
that he m;i:ht expect an attempt would be made
to provision that Fort, and if the attempt should
not be resiste-d there we v.h! be no effort to throw an arming of those States to prevent the Union
in men. arm; "r arr.rnur.ith'n without further nc- ; forces passing one way or the disunion the ether,
tic--, or h; ease f an attack upon the Fo-rt. This ' over thi-ir soil. This would le disuiaon ror.ip'e
. tice was ace r-linnlv n.ive-n. whereupon the; f.it , ted i ficruratively steakinir, it would be the build
ras aftT 'ked aid bombar Iel to its fail, without
even av.alting the airha! .f th. previ- iis expe ii-
It is l:.t.
h.ot tc asccu.t upo'U
1.1
the reduction e-f Fort S'lmter was in no sec?e a
matter -f self defuse rn the part of the ass.dl-
ants. Thev well knew that the irarrison in the
lol C COUHl UV IiO p'lSSIUlilly cOIllIIiiC ao;iessiOil
ur-on t! em." Thev knew thev were exnresslv no- I
r i ....n 1 -i::. ,.:,..
tifiv.1 that th,- crivit - of bread to the few brave '
and hun-ry men rf tie -arris -n was all which
,1 1 ,.r tv.t ,,A..n a,t,mr.tft1 Mk, I
i
thems-lvc-s, by restricting so much, should pro- j
Vi v 1 - i . It' T I I r C I.e V. i 1 i , ;S t riJ ei IlLilC liL i
.i . i .1 .1 : . c . , 4- i
! in be-fore stated, to time, discussion and the b;d-
1 ot b x. for a final adjstment, and they assailed
and reduced the fort for precisely the reverse ob
ject, to drive out the visible authority of the
Federal Union, and thus force it to an immediate
dissolution. That this war was their object the
Exeeutive well understood. And having said to
them ia the inaugural address you can have no
conflict without being yourselves the aggressors
he t'ok pains not only to keep this declaration
good, but also keep the case so free from the
power of ingenious sophistry as that the world
should not be able to misunderstand it. By the
affair at Fort Sumter, with its surrounding cir
cumstances, that point was reached then, and
thereby the assailants of the Government began
the conflict of arms without a gun in sight or in
expectancy to return their fire, save only the few
in the fort, sent to that harbor years before for
their own protection, and still ready to give that
protection. In whatever was lawful in this act,
discarding all else, they Lave forced upon the
country the distinct issue immediate dissolution
or blood and this issue embraces more than the
fate of these United States ; it presents to the
w hole family of man, the questions whether a
Constitutional Republic or Democracy, a govern
ment of the people by the same people can or
cannot maintain its territorial integrity against
its own domestic foes. It presents the question,
whether discontented individuals, too few in num
bers to confrol administrations according to or
ganic law in any case, can always, upon the pre
tences made in this case or on any other pretence
or arbitrarily without any pretence, break up
their government and thus practically put an
end to free governments upon the earth. It forces
us to ask, is there in all republics this interest
end fatal weakness ? Must a Government ofa
necessity be too strong for the liberties of its own
jteople, nr too weak to maintain its own exist
ence ? So viewing the issue, no choice was left
de-:red to kee p tie arrisou ia the fort not to Unicn xind while very many wLo have favored j their government if the government itself w ill do ; large sums, m t..e a-cru.ur, I betteve st hua- ers and outies . -t u.e I c-cc-ra. Government reia
asil them, but to merely maintain visible pos- it are doubtless loyal, it is, nevertheless, very in- ! its part only indigently well It might seem rU o, the aU.nal . t. tl, f-ft
session, and thus to preserve the Union from ac- j jurious in effect. Ilecurnng to the action of the j at first thought to be of little difference weedier , cu. ,u,.lX ,.r ph,..;; making any ret-rn 1 Invg iral Ad iress. He desires to preserve the
tual an d immediate dissolution, trusting, as here- i Government, it may be stated that at first a call ; the present movement at the South be called se- j The nation is now ia debt for money applied to Government that it may be administered for all
but to call out the war power of the Government,
and so to resist force employed fur its destruction,
by f jrce for its preservation. The call was made,
and the response of the country was most grati
fying, surpassing in unanimity and spirit the
most sanguine expectation. Yet none of the
States commonly called Slave States, except
Delaware, gave a regiment through regular State
organization. A few regiments hare been organ
ized within seme others of those States by indi
vidual enterprise, and received into the govern
ment service. Of course the seceded States, so
called, and to which T,exas had been joined about t
the time of the inauguration", gave no troops to
the cause of the LVion. TLe border-states, so
called, weie not uniform in their action, some of
them being alniot fur the L'uion, while in others.
as Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Ar- ;
kansas, the Union sentiment was nearly repressed j
aul silenced. The course taken iu Virginia was ;
the most remarkable, perhaps the most importaut. J
A convention, elected by, the j eople of that j
State, to cons
isider this very question of disrupting
Union, was in session at the Capitol
the Federal
of Virginia when Fort Sumter "fell
To this bi-nly
seceded States; they formally entered ir.to a
treaty e f temporary alliance and co-operation .
with the s cal'ei Confe-lerate States, and sent .
menders of their Congress to Montgomery; and .
finally they ppnuitted the insurrectionary gov- t
.t to be transferred to their capital at !
Iiiehmond.
Ti.e peu le of Virginia have thus all -wed this
ir'a-.t in-urreotion to make its nest within hT
borders, and this government has no choice kft
but to deal with it where it finds it : and it has
the kss regret as the 1-yal citizens have in due ef men is alout one tenth of those ef pre.per ages
f -rrn claimed its protection. Those loyal citizens ' within the regions where apparently all are wil
th is government is b -mid to recognize and pro ling to engage, and the sum is boss than a twe-nfy-
tt-e-t, as K'r.g Virginia. In the b-. rder St.-.t' s, so
cill-. l, in fact the mid. He State, there ere those
w!
favor a policy of armed neutrality that is,
inj of an impassable wall along the line of sepa-
.n -i..t vfrf mf mkHp n imnas.sit1.Trt o. 1
lor
under the guise of neutrality, it would tie
the liands of the Union men and freely pass sup- i
plies from among them to the insui reactionists,
which it could net d as an open er.emr. At a
... i- : ..j ..o. ,Ti ,.-.:. to , ti.o l. -m, u :
- . .
S . 1 re O , I L. nuuiu aieo an .ie iivuui.vu i..i.. )
of secession, except only what proceeds from the '
external blockade. It would do for the disun- ,
ionists that which of all things they most elc-sire ;
fee,l them well and irive them disunion without 1
-
a struggle oi their own. it recognizes no n-ie.iiy
i i I .rt - i tn inn nn r.i , iiit:nn t.i n.nnrotn trirt
LJ L IiO e-umu l.VH, e-iy...w.e. .............. ...w
was made for 7-3,000 mi'.itia, and rapidly follow-
ing this, a proclamation was issued lor clewing ' understock the difference. At the beginning they
the ports of the insurrectionary districts, by pro- j knew they could never raise their treason to any
eeedings iu the nature ofa blockade. So far all , respectable magnitude by any name which im
was believed to be strictly legal. j plies violation of law ; they knew their people
At this point the insurrectionist? announced ; possesseid as much of moral sense, as much cf
their purpose to enter upon the practice ef priva- ' devotion to law and order, and as much pride iu
teerini- Other calls were made for volunteers to
serve three vears unless sooner discharged, and
also, for large additions to the regular army aud ' otic people. They knew they could make no ad
naw. There measure, whether legal or no., ! vanccment, directly in the teeth of these strong
were ventured upon under what apt eared to be
Socn after the first call for militia, it wasconsid-
ered a duty to authorize the commanding Gener
al, in proper cases, according to this discretion, to
suspend the privilege of the writ cf habeas corjius,
or in other words, to arrest and detain, without
resort to the ordinary processes and forms of law,
such individuals as he might deem dangerous to
the public safety. This authority has purposely
be-ec exercised but very sparingly. Nevertheless
the legality and propriety of what has been done
under it are questional, and the attention of the
country has been called to the propeition that
one who is sworn to U ke care that the laws be
faithfully executed should not him3elf violate
therm Of course som j consideration was given
to the questions of power and propriety bo-fore
this matter was acted upon. The whole of the
laws which were required to be faithfully execut
ed were being resisted and failing of execution in
nearly one-third of the States. Must they be al
lowed to finally fail c f execution, even had it been
perfectly clear that ly the use of the means neces
sary to their execution some single law made in
such extreme tenderness of the citizens' liberality
that practically, it relieves more of the guilty
than of the innocent, should to a very limited
a popular demand and a public necessity, trusting j menctd by an insidious debauching ol the pubac promise to remain, loe secesieis insi-t that ear -.e' end ! the trtiarantj mention'-.:. i.en an
then as now, that Congress would readily ratify mind; thev invented an ingenious s phisrn, which, j Constitution admits ef secession. Ti-ey have end i, lawtu! a :d bh.gatory, the n.d:rpasal!e
them. It is bcl,eve,l that nothing has Undone! if concedeil, was followed by perfectly logical , t'T ' Ti!.
bevond the constitutional competency of Congress. ' steps, through all the incidents to the complete : ,.ir,vi,,r rrt,vn--! rh;' t nfiioTi as thev i nive fund the dutv ef euu loving the war pow-
extent be violated ? To state the question more
directly, are all the laws but one to go unexecu
ted and the government itself go to pieces least
that one be violated. Even in such a case would
not the oEcial oath be broken if the government
should be overthrown when it was believed that
disregarding the single law would tend to pre
serve it. But it was not believed that this ques
tion wa-i presented. It was not believed that
any law was violated. The provision of the Con
stitution, that the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus -.aall not be suspended, unless when, in
cases orbellion or invasion, the public safety
may require it, is equivalent to such a provision
that such privilege may be suspended when, in
cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety
does reqnire it. It was decided that we have a
case of rebellion, and that the public safety dees
require the qualified suspension of the privilege
of the writ which was authorized to be made.
Now it is insisted that Congress and not the
Executi-e, is vested with this power ; but the
C'UstitTition itself is silent as to which or who is j
to exere' the power, and as the provision was j
plainly made for a dangerous emergency,
it
prevented, as was inlendel in this case by the i
rebellion. No more extended argument is now
, cc i - o 1. ti 1. I
' 1 OI:
bly be presented by the Attorney General. j
Whether there shall be any legislation upon the ;
subject, and if any, what, is subniittd entirely j
to the better judgment (f Cjngress. The f.-ri-ear- ;
ance of this Government hal been so extraordi-
War and the Navy will give the information in
detail, deemed necessary and convenient !-rvour
deliberation and action, while tne f.xecutive and
all the Departments will tUnd ready to supply
omissioris cr to communicate new Ucts coi.sider
ed important fjr yeu to know. It is now recem-
neuded that vuo give the legal means f..r making
his contest a short aad decisive .,ue; that r,u
, , , ,
lace at the Control of the government for the
nei.
t
r
work at least four hundred thousand men an :
four hundred millions of dollars. That number
third part of the money value owned by the nuii
who seem ready to devote the whole. A debt of
six hundred millions cf now is a less sum per
head than was the debt of our Involution when
we came out of that struggle, aod the money
value in the country now bears even a greater
proportion to what it was then than does the
jopulatkn. Surely each man has as strong a
motive now to preserve e ur iinertics as eao a mau
had then to establish them.
A ri 'ht re-sult at this t;me vill be worth more
to the world than ten times the money. Th
evidence reaching us trom the country .eaves no
. .. . .
- .1 1 f T . . .1
.foni.t. t i.it i ip materia; icr ine woriv is aouuu.uu.
and that it needs only the hand of legislation to
give ,t legal sanction and the I.an 1 ot the txecu-
tive to give it practical shape and efhekney. One
of the greatest perplexiries cf the government is
r, - - e . i
vo avoiu receivii;i uT9 tue,,
i r.rnrii !. I tor. in a w oru. me iirinc li 1 sa e
. . . . , , .
cession or rtbelion. The movers, however, well
; reverence for the history and government of their
commou country, as any other civnized or ratn
, and noble sentiments. Accordingly, thc-y com-
destruction cf the Union
i lie & 'I'uisiu use i is, iuai- au v o-.a.e. ci ine
T- - - .,, ln
Lnion nay, consistently with the national Cm-
rn. t: :. .ir : . ' c.,.. , r e.
stitution and therefore lawfully and peacefully.
withdraw from the Uniou without the consent of
the Union or of any other State. The little dis
k v .. i . i . ; - . -e : i
'
ly for a just cause, because they themselves are to
i hal iiii: miiiih fti i t ' itL .s ( i ivti ti:i
be the sole judges of its justice, is too thin to merit
anv n .tirp. With reU Hion th-is tiiT.ir riati,1.
they have leec drugring the public mind of;
xe,T r T.Z I
lueu see l.ciu tor more inau euiriy years, uuiii ai
length they
willingness
ment, the day
Lave enacted
Stats out of
brought
sophism
currency from thia assumption that there is some
omntpoieni ana sacrea supremacy pertaining vt
a State, to each State of our Federal Uniou. Our
States have neither more nor less powei than
that reserved to them in the Union by the Con
stitution, no cne of thera ever having been a
- a a i l . . .
Slate out of the Union. TLe original ones pao-
have brought many good men to pilte t!..,t pre-e i ely thesv.uea.t.it sp ad of U-ii..i i aa-1 suit a tt:-t n- to.si i.c- pc -p el ....cen
to take up arms against the govern- called driving the one ,-ut. it would be exa.Uy ! fid.d t . rrm i.e f'
- t . . . i i . ... . :..j..!i ... m.Oo, i , ,,.,1- n.,T I., o- It.! I..C C!.'H-.0( ow o
after some assemblage of noen i la lu!l virW tf L:,
the farcical pretence of taking their , ...i,' .f'r ,i , u.i, ,. nriV, ih-y nreat r-sp n-o-uity. ...t tar do: c w aat le
the Union, who could have len arc a wakrit"v. may nuhttaliv do. TLce poli- h:d deem-ei his duy. You will now. aeyordrt.g
to no such thing the day before. TLU titUas are ubtle and profound on the right e f j to your own yi .g men t o yt ur. lie :arHy
derives much, perhaps the whole of Us UJ !lr.KTV,X I accVrel with' Lis. as will all faithfulciti-
sed into the Uu'ou even before they east effthtir
Brtish o.Jonia! dependence, and the new oces
mM, t, i- - v i r v
eacn came inV the Lmou directly from a condi- 1
tion of independence, except Texas, and tven
lexas, in its temporary independence was LCTer i
designated a State. The new or.es cnlv took the
while tnat name was first adopted for the old ones, ,
in anil by the colonies which were declaml to be !
free and independent States. But even then the j
obWt i laird v was not to declare their In depend- !
ence of one another, or of the Union, but directly
the coutrary, as their mutual pledge and mutual
action before, and the lime afterwards, abundant
ly shown bv the express pli -htingcf faith by each .
and ail of the oHIclJ thirteen in the
it ariiLias oi ; -
confederation two years later, t:.at the Union ,
T til ...
snail oe jerpetuai. is com. iusive. Having nevt-r i
been States either ia substance or in name outside
of the Union, whence this magical oinnip:te::ce ;
cf State rights asserting a claim of power to law- '
fully destroy tLe Lnlon itself? Much is said
al-out t
even is
the vertigty of the States, bet the word :
i.i r ii.s vi l i.'U, I-or, i.s
is I'hcved, in acv of the State Coi.stituti n-.
ever was a s?vereignty, and even Texas gave up
the character en coming ir.to the Uli.ti, hywhi.h
-.ft a. L-, . r-.i 1 i p. :., ; - n r f i t
-
S. ar.d the laws and treaties of the Unite! State,
made in pursuance of the C.-nstituti-.n, to be for
her the supreme law cf the land. The S'.atc-s
have their status h the Union, an ! they havenj
e ther legal sta:us. If they break fr-.-m this thtv
is older than any e f the States, and, in fact, it
cic-ated them as St.-.tes. Originally s-me depen-
lent c. Ion.es mi
ti.e:
Uni.n, and. ia turn, the
Union threw e.
their 1J eiew-ndence for them.
a..-! ma ic tnciii Mates, sucn as the-v are. Not
.1
one ef them e ver had a State C "..stituti.r.. inde
pendent of the Union.
O:' course it is nt forgotten that all the nca
Stat? framed their Constitutions before they en
te.-ed the Union, nevertheless depen la-iit upen
and preparatory to coming into the Union. Un-
! questionably the States have the powers and right
, reserved to theia in and by the National Cnstltu-
tl- n. But among these surely are not inc. lu Jed
,, . ,, , ...
u.l coiie'eivab.e powers, however mischievous or
ue trueuve ; Lut. at most, such oi.iV as are known i the hist man. So far a kuowu they Lave suc
in the world at the time as rr overnme'ntal powers, i cessfullv re-sist-ovl the tri.it :r -us eii- rts ef those
and certainly a power to destroy the govern
lue-nt iticli had never been known as govern
mental, tnereiy a-:min:str;ti e power, inis
re-
lative matter of National power and State rih
as a piia-'p!e, is no
tVnn t!, T.r'r.-ir.l.i . T
generality and locality.
Whatever c-oncerus the
; whole should be c r-fi led ta
whole, to
! General Government, while whaterer concerns
edy t'n-- State shoild be left ex.ludvely to
t;.--' S:a:-'. Tiiis is a':i tlie-rj is of eri"iiial prin
ciples about it, whether the National Const i-
tu.ioa ia aca.ong uu
has applied tue pnacip.e wuu exact accuracy is i
not t- be q-iostine !. We ar also bound by j
without
I
q ie-sion ; w nat is now :
cmouwo.. is ii
position that sec- ssiou is Cea-
i . . ..
1....,.... . ....... ..1. ..I I
- s.s. -v. i.u i..c v. ousiii iuh :: ui:i at a oeai e-
!
f il. It is u-'t contended that there is auyexpres
- iaw i -r it an: ti ming snu. 1 ever oe implied as
; law which lea Is t o uaj-t-t .;r absurd conse.r:e rices,
I cha . wuu money the countries
, out oi w..ieii several oi i..es-e sta'.es were I ormei.
j h yd tii lt t;tt.v sKl-i ..() cir trithout Lave,
i . i n ,i: t r.-t i ,.ir r . ,-. i. ,n ni 1 i rr-
i,i......t.-..fc.v.... .i.l-i lull el
the bene it of these ao-cade-i seceded States in
coinn.oi. v.ith the rest. Is it just cither that
ere
.o t
u :
,i
or that rc-maming
pay the wk.de ? Fart ef the prosC.-.t :at-
lonai .'.ct-t w as contricteJ to pa I. e o.i d-.-ets e-i
Texas. Is it i'lst that she shall leave and pay 1
no part of this herself? Again if one State may
scee-.e so may un-
her. and w hen all shall Lave
j seceded there
t one h ft to pay the debts,
' t-. -; ,1U10 tu creditors ? Did we Uotifv
them of this s.ie vi-.'-.v t f e-ur.-. w hen w e b rro
e-l this uio:iey ? If we : -w recognize this d-x"
trii.e bv allowing th" soce-ders to go in
peace, it
i is ditticu't t see what we can do if others chose
1 to ,,m,r t extort terms upn
I insist if exists n; ours.
It thev have discarded.
! tl ...... 1 t,:, nr:n,.m'ii if nio .t r: it
' ll,e c o . ,...... .1. ...... -. . ..e..
: le in ours. If thev have retailed bv their own
t . c ... " i -v .n,.i i.
i..it,v.rl!.'t!..n n! .iIIN t tiV hon- 1
t;.,",,,i....T-,i-a-v,.. fr...i m,
eti" ii.it f t
another when-
, ever th y shall find it the easiest way cfsctibn
tx -deb s er arfecting any ether elfish or ui jc:
i - e ,
i - . . .... . i
Ti;e priticipe itself is enc f u sintcegraii.-n,
i i,;;.o .... .vt rronent ran Tv.ssibK en-
5 dire. If ail ii;e- St;es save one shoal I assert
the p ov r to drive that - n ' . ;.; ..f ti e I l.i :i, it
's pre-tm'- tne who..- ...-. p.
one- .,Py tl e power, rod -
.Lticrun would
. ..mKt m;M t; inle.' It
! . .. . , . l . 1 . : . . ' 1 1-
the m :. ittst cutrf-e uin-n State rights. i;nt scr- it ; mm n ..- ' . .,.... c.
' may be well questioned wneainer luere . --o i c-i v. . - ..i. . 4- i-..,
a majority of lcrrallv qualified vtter of any State-, j and having thi eh-tn -tr rse. v,n:,l:t
except South Carolina. in favor of disunion. ! guile and with, lit yur-. bt ro- our
The-e is much reas-a to believe that tr.e Lnion trust m tn! and go foiard . .. ;.t a-, and
men are the major it ii man v if not in every cth- w'ah mar.lv ht-art.
er onf the s.cal!ed wla States; the contrary :gn-ei AFw.AHAM LaCC-.
Iraanot Uea demoitrad in any cne of theai. I Washing.. s C:xr, July Sth. liil
VOL. 8 XO. 32
It is vtuturedto aIrui this even of Virginia an
T r.nosee, f.T the remit (f tn elect:on held i
miiitaiv camps, where the baronets are ad on
, ,,' '...:. . , c-aP,.,.i-
c-neii-.rc-d
. . .
i tunoLstrav.ng poTular sonu
n election all the lare class who
tuer.t : at trich
are at nee for the Urdon and against coercion,
woul l be oxrvci t vote a-a:nt te Uii n. It
fnj institut:o L s wL:c L Vtf vaj. y Lave develvjd
ti.e powers and ir.j rjve! the c nditior.s of our
i 'e people, beyc. n J any tsarrj.le in the w. rid.
01 u"is wo u nv .LiV a f:nt-n? ani Aa inipres.iv-
illustration in the fact that to lr2 lh army aA
the Government has now on foot was nevtr be
fore known ; without a s- ldicr in :t but who has
taken his place there tf.his.ca free choice.
'ut m tan t!.-s tnere are rr.any smgle regi-
I l: .t L. I- . V U.VU.i V , a.iu a'.-nxi y I
pr
i s, and what evrr tl-e. whether n-tfi.1
-r e.
known in the world, and there is
e.v lie frrm which there could net be so-
;,V,'rj i ,.,'T,"
erLrxn r.t i:si
3 ii :l
t.
a .o:ntt, a, feriiaps a
v c.-mp'
tei.t to auminter the
N .r do I sv.v this i net true
.-u in the uny cf his late fned, tew rdver-
sar-f :a tL s c" rt1 ? 1 ut 14 :1 l5 50 ?:ucL lcr
ferrt i such bentf:ts on them and us, shotdd nt
Le Ir ken up. WLevtr in anv taction ri-rr.-s
There are s ne f .re.l.a i
.wit;gs ( r. this sul y et.-
Our adversaries hve- a-l.-jted s-. me de-c'.arati r.
el
-atpe::l.ice, in wn;
im-iKe the gxa eld
or. M-m,.-! iv .it r: -rs-in. i.L-v emit the wor.U
c:ta.,.j t.,.--- "Lv ? TLcy Lave
: a-I j t-.d a temporary enstitutiou, in the j ream
j Lie s-i vl.i..h. ui.I.ke'ur g.d el: cze, s'grl by
j Washington, they o;-.:.t. "we th? pex j. !;,' &L.d
' sul s:i-ute, 'nre the tiej.utie of the s-vcrcirn
W
i v
Wl.v this
deii'-i-iate piessli g t i.t of view the ri.-Ltsef men,
and the anli.oii'y of the e. tle 1 This j essen
tially a people's c.-ntest en ti.e side of the Union.
I: is a struggle f - r n.ii-taining in the wrld
ti.it f rci and tV-l-stanee ef tne Government,
whose leadinz e-l iect is to ek-vate the condition
ef men, to lilt urt.r.ihd weighta from all .-hcnlders,
to clear the path -f lar.diide pursuit f.r
to
a::"or 1 all an unfett
1 strt and a cha:
ce m tne
race .4 :ne. l:e.n::g tj tne partiai ana tempo
rary del -art ".re fr .:ii necessity. l"h.s ;j thek-ad-
.1
:"et 't the c ,-ve m ect, for whe se cxister.co
we Contend.
I am most happy tj believe that
the l lain people understand, ana appreciate this.
It is worthy fn to, that in this the Government";
hour of trial, large numbers of those in the .iTy
aul navy who have It-en fiv-re-d with the t llct-s,
have resignrd an I rovc-d false to the hand which
,1 painj-
'd them, n t ore Common seicaer er
r is known to have eicserted his
coimon
Great hvnr is due to tL s4-errer w-ho remained
true, vksi lie the exanir le of tLC'.r tie ae her. us
! aswiaU"' r Vt't.t"-. .'iTil wV '
, imiortant fact ot ah is the ti'.tn.moUs firmness
: cf tj,e coium-.-n sc.! Hers and cc-rr.m-.-i: sailo.rs, t
w hee C'.-:ii!iulo oni an i.l ui i.u-.icu.n e.ieyeil
as abso'.-.te law. This is the- patriotic instinct e f
i i i. .a -. . . i . - . . . i i
plain i"e
le. Thev nn lorst.in-
v. i
-out an ar-
-un.cut. tnat tne etestrovmg e-l the government
which v i-js ii a h- by Washington Licans no od
to them. Our jopid cr g-:-vt rnnient has eftta
Uea called r a experiment. Two p -int, in it
e-ur people have already retried tne successful
estal iishing and the sr.ctcs-ful adrnir:iste;Ing cf it.
One still remains its successful maintenance
agai: st a formidable internal attempt to over
throw it. It is i:ow tor them to demon? trate te
th e v. -. rid that th- se who can fairly carry an
election can a!) suppress a rebclli-n : that bal
lots are the riihtf'.l and peaceful successors cf
bullets, and th-: when ballets have fairly and
. -!.- .7... i 1 .1 tl .-r.. 1 , 1 V..- :o. . -
C :.- 1IUL i 'L.i.i '.'01' o.. l;. Vie e.. ew .'.ivvtJS-
ful eleti- us. Suoh will be a great lessor, of pgace,
teach-r; men that what they cannot take by m
i e'e-ctiou neither can they take it by a war rteach-
.. r i . v.... i,.-. .- . . .
..r..:!TTl'l l 1 l t;:' I:i.ll31..L kV..T
: -. - -- - ..
i Le.t there be x me une.s:r.e-s m the mi:
candid men as to w hat is t o be the Co urse c
ds cf
G-'-vernme-ot towan:
u States, after
j the rel Hi -n h.ill hive 1 e
: Executive de-rins it pr -per to
e-eu surrre-s-ed. the
say tuat it will be
1 pr.r; se then, es e-ver
: t-e
u: :ed
? 1 r- t.o,
! C- ntltuti-.n ar. 1 the law.-, nnl thct he pr-lably
. -.it ,-,ctOn.' i rt t
- V...I llJ.L il.' i.-i-.tvu. i. ' . -i i
e pow-
as it was a ln.inh-t-.red by the men wno maue it.
; L-.sal eit'z-us everywhaTC have the r".Lt to
; claim this .t tnc-ir Government, and tie
. Governv.:t has t o right to withhold or neglect
, it.
It is not l erevive i tnat
n giving it mere is
at-v i -.: r; -.. a. ar v ccno-;c.-t
c-r any sul-nrgatic-a
in "any just sense ef those terms.
i Yhe CoustiU.t n pr vi .-s, ano.
all the States
have
accep'
the pr oislon that the United
t.'s s1 uu -irahiie u everv .i.tre in tnis
I'n'.on, a lie u' '.k.-.n f rni ef Government; but
if a Sh-re i. av law felly go not of the Union,
hav;n-t
ne so, it may also elrscard the I.epub-
I Kan
f m. ef G vernment, so that to j re-vent
, r in defence . f ti e Gov. r-n.ent 1 roe..
UJoU hi
ilffi.
t II.. . l.-.t tv" ..-m loc-io -i .-..ut. o iner
e- ... ..-.. , .
i existence of the Government. o c -rr: promise
. ....f.1.;'J in this ca-e be a cure.
t i I Uidlt, r-iri - -
not that con i ron es are not lten pr por,
lut tl at r.o r J dor government can long sur
vive a iiiarkit ef precedent that th wk , carry
an e'ection e..a oniy save the gov, rumor.! iron
! lmme i;a:e .e
r,.it.t Vv wl.k
-iriicti -n
1
r tip tne mam
the t e ie ra e
t ! C t :e t ;-!!.
J The
i ie ti
in st ;vc- and
-e t: -ir owi. c
t their si-rvants
! can s.ihio
: ions,
t 1 1 r..
As a i
r? al- eirici a . t! e Ilxemtiee
d-ed that ti.ese institutie-r.s l nil pet
i reus, who have U-e-n o'lstu.-be-l n tfir ricbts
' . i ... rt i n
which they will it c ii - out all moisptnsacle mesas rore used to
ii .lp r.e!. ra i.n (I tli hirt