THE OBSERVER. =I IL F. 81.0.1:N, Editor •I'VRMB: $l6O pica num IN ADVANCE ERIE, PA., SATURDAY, DEC. 31, 1K59 A Smear Holm is Noon Ct.itsten.---Mr. M. R. Lowry, who lately represented the Republicans of Brie county in the prison Of the felon Brown, and who will soon rep resent the same party in its State Con vention, from whence he will doubtless be translated to the Republican Natiopal Convention at Chicago as the accredited tliattipion, chief-cook and bottle-holder of t ;en. Stew' CALI:ROA, is .very much put out and otherwise madvunhappy because, in the letter published last week to the Edi tor of this paper, Gov. WISE brands his -wpm/nit of certain conversations, he Lowry l professed to have had with that functionary. wt .4/4r. This sympathiser with minder and treason seems to think that no one has a right to 'question his ve racity, and hence a good part of a col umn and a half of what purports to be a reply to Gov. v'ise's charge of falsehood, is devoted to us. And the head and Iron) or our offending, is that we wrote to Gov. Wise, and Wise replied. In whining over this fact, he t Lowry ) says that he "once made us his enemy for life by loaning us a solvent note for $1,o00." What logical connection there can be between such a business transaction anti the fact that we wrote a letter to Gov. Wise on the 4th of becember, in regard to a public matter, to IN hall he replied ott the 10th of the same Month, we leave for such logicians as Mr. .M.B.Lowry to dise..over—we can't. But we beg to ttssurt. Mr. M. B. Lowry that his fi nancial 'statement is quite as devoid of truth to its introduction into a letter to Gov. NVISE is devoid of any logical connection with the question of his veracity. !dr. M. It. Lowry never loaned Ida "solvent note ro r 51,n00," or OW cents. The transaction be .loubtless refers to, wits simply ans.-- Nine Nearts azo he sold to the firm of Dur &,sloan, to use in their business, a note of S. .Jackson for $1,000.--the amount of which note the said tirnt of Durlin Sloan rciaid to Mr. M. 1.. Lowry long since, prin ciple and interest. and that, too,Lefore any rers.orial ,e,./4041/ difficulty ever occurred Letween that inilivillual and us. The firm of I turlin 1 :-.l4 , att °cased to exist four years ago; and it ~ins to t* it is rather late in the (la!' fin. Mr. Lowry to come forward and vtaint that, hee.au,e a firm of which we carte tnembor nine years ago bought, an article of value front him, therefore tor,the the only remain' metnlier of ttie tirm in the State, :ire unil,r such personal °litigations to hint that we ought not, as a newspaper editor, to criticise his public nets, or expose bi(b. for political preferment. lint Mr Lowry mistaken in another particular Ili* aosaunaption that we are his "enemy' seetus to imply that we have some person al hostility to him. The man was never more mistaken in his life. When he left the Democra.tic party for the I,)emoc . retie" party's good. he became our political op .: Patient. As such, we would be recreant to our party fealty if we did not take all le gitimate means to defeat him in his polit iml ambition, and expose his political ma noeurres. The letter to Gov, Wise, and the publication of his reply, was for that purpose, and for no other. It is not the first time we have tripped his beefs firm walk, hum nor wttt it be the last and in this political tournament if he can t,i)taai an advantsge, he is welcome, We shall neither cry, like a whipped school .nagger like a thim ble rigger on a race row-se. tr e minute pluck—not swagger ..—we respect talent and truth , but have no sort of patience with that species of low bred cock-pit mor ality which seeks to cover a retreat from a deliberately published statement of pre •telitled facts by an offer to bet." As to the ime4tion of veracity between him and kw. Wtsr. we are quite content to leave it will, the Republicans of Erie county, whose Representative he is. in their State conven tion, to decide.; for candidly we do not he iteVe there is one in five hundred that gives the least ere slit to his statement of the mo tive., which prompted him to visit liarre.r's Ferry, or his sayings and doings while there. risey kilow that if he had not thought that .lulln Itrown card in politics would prove as profitable as Sumner's broken head, t"fie old man might have rotted in cluirlesfon prison for all of him. And itetiee rt is that even his political constitu• ents, we are inclined to think, look upon hi• attempt to stake his veracity against that of such a man as Gov. Wist as they Hon/d upon a slatternly termigant flouting a .oiled diaper in the face of a well drestsed lady and offering to bet the "real estate" under her nails that her linen was the whitest. There, the horse is curried—put hiln in the smile'. DICMCWRATIC STATX rusvzarro'.—The Dem wrath: State Central Committee,heltl & meeting //, Philadelphia, on Tuesday of last week, And appoir teal Wednesday, the 29th of February, sr,o, as the time, and the city of Reading, as the place, for holding the next Democratic state t2onvention. We like this. The first and .nly Democratic State Convention ever held in that city, was the Convention of the 4th of June. lt(41, at 'hick the from Wit-Lust Bio 'sit vas nominated for Governor, and Oen. Brae CLu VER for Canal COMUIi3S)ODer, Pie were a view ber of that convention, and we have most lively recollection of the hospitality of the people of Reading. That ticket Wail elect ed I.y a 4 handsorne majority: *Vat may be re gard& as a favorable omen for the nominees of the next Residing Convention, Its delibers i ions will he looked forward to with more than ordinary interest, not only on account of the momentous political nnest ions that, from present indications, will enter into the campaign of oi, which the act of the convention will fair ly open : hut for the reason that a candidate for governor is to be chosen, delegates ap poittted to represent Pennsylvania in the charlesten Convention, and &ticket for Presi denim/ Electors nominated. It will be one of th e most important Conventions, both with re liect to uteri and measures, ever held in this '„upoonwealth and it should be the earnest prater of every sincere Democrat, that a Single ..te To the best tnterest of the Party, the gtate, onii the Nation, may govern its choice of men for the several positions named and that a -putt of moderation and harmony, bat at the , 111,Y time, of firmness and decision in the en titieiatititt of principles, may prevail in ail its pr.oeedingt. The success or failure of the Dettotcrsey of Pennsylvania, in the great eon t.,l Iti ISMIO, will depend, in no inconsiderable ,legree, upon the character and act* of the next date CuilVentiww. Tz • ANL TO TUR 2OINT.—The reply of finV, 4 ,4i•Kilvto Gov. Wiss, it relation to the II -r's Ferry ili,fficulty, has just made its appearance. It to terse and to the point, and withal so ly, that we cannot resist the temptation to give It a place in our columns. It will be recollected that Gov. Wisz wrote to Goy. Ricca* complain ing that the soil of Pennsylvania was made a rendezvous for the Brown desperadoes, and that tp this the Governor replied : PINKSTLTI6.I4I.I. ETACt:Titit, CUMIRRAL, liarVisburgh, Dec. I. Your letter of the :sth having beoi nos vent to Harrisonburg, Virginia, was not received until thin morning. of all the desrradoet to whew you refer, not a wan, so ar ea 1 dan learn, was a citizen of Penn sylvania ; nor was their rendzrous, which you say was "unobstructed by guard or oth erwise," in au state, but in .Ifaryland and Virginia. In relation to Ikon. Pennsylvania has done her duty. Virginia has no right to anticipate that ahe wilt not do so in the tuture. The information you have receiv ed in regard to a conspiracy to rescue John itrown will undoubtedly be found in the sequel. utterly and entirely without foun dation. so far as Pennsylvania is concerned. Nor will we permit any portion of our bor ders #4l elsewhere, to be made a depot. a rendesvous, or a refuge for "lawless despe radoes" from other States, who may beck to make war on our southern neighbors. When that contingency shall happen the constitutional and confederate duty of Pennsylvania shall be performed ; all circumstances she will take care to that her honor is fully vindicated. W. F. PAciLER To Ilia Eicellene) , the Governor of 'Virginia, Richmond, Va. A Stns.—The l iVaahinpon Globe say;: "It is stated that fifty gonipemen, including the American members of eimgretts, met in this city, on Monday treed:4; to take counsel iu regard to the state of political affairs. Sena• tor Crittenden presided. A committee of seven was appointed to confer with the Central Com a/Rum .1 the Whigs and Americans as to the practicability of organising a party on the platform of the Union and the Constitution and the execution of the laws. Severe! speech es were made." Neoax...kat ARYSITA.--Our readeri will Tee oiled* we published, some two months since, an account of the arrest, by officer Fxsotrsow, of three persons, named Martin, Snow end Mur pAy, charged with being criminally connected 'with the extensive robberies which hare trans pired in this and adjoining counties the past year; and that it was stated to he quite prob. able,that those threw comprised only a small portion of the gang, .which was believed To be very extensive, and 'containing many expert *aced professional thieves. We are glad to learn that there has been another haul made from the same prolific source, and that meas ures are being take ti to bring the whole pack to justice, Officer 'urgeson arrested five of this gang on Friday 'ttight last, and an exam ination was had before justice Cast°, upon various charges, with the following resnits • Com. ea. Thoe. J. Crosen, James Peck, Ed ward Snow and Lewis Sh'srp—ehsrgeti with the larceny of fifteen bags of barley, the property of E. U. Pinney, of Gl4esitt township. This grain was sold to Chas, 'Koehler. Defendants each held in default. of $2OO bail to answer Com. ri. Same—charged with the larceny of twelve bushels of cora, two bushels of wheat, a quantity of timothy , seed, and a quantity of oats, bags, itc., the property of James C. Rus sell, of Millereek township. Sold same to eCCRIett & Bro. at Vairrnount Mills. nap were recognises! by ?Sr. Russell. Defendents each held in default of $2OO bail to answer. Corn. vs. Edward Bnow, Lewis Sharp and Daniel. Murphy—charged with the larcc tarr.•,•,. • . t • .loc its ttperty o uon. James 31lles, of Girard township. berendAntg each held in default of .1„200 bail to answer at nest term of OAT( . Cont. ra, Seale—charged with In.retny of ten bushels t,f wheat, the property of C. Si t lll. Mill-rock township. Held 44 above to appear at next tertu of Court. Cum. r.. 4itut---charget.l with ate larceny a quantity of l i r heat. the property of John Shank, of Milieneek township Reid tv.flUswer as above Coin Slime—charged with the larceny of quantity of wheat, the prupeeti Kuyer, of Millcieek township. Held to answr as EltKtt. k's &wlr and Jimrphy, defendants to , tititrt ,v4re, are two of the tree arrested some t wo itiontliv since—Murphy having been released on his own recognisant*, at the late adjourned %MS% of tiourt, from ty.ttputity for Au gout)), Murphy is an old offender : he claims to he and 2tppar entty is, a tin peddler , he never owne:l ten dollirs worth of property in his li fe Was following his , profession" of tin-peddler, when engaged in stealing wool from dons lit rr, at l'iortb-East, and from Jewetts factory, last fall. Ws. trust he will be "fixed" this time. Snow is only seventeen or eighteen years old. sod is, without dout,t, the "sharp" one of the young, not withatanding his extreme youth, lie is evidently one of that class who think, the "world owes hinia living, and lie J.l IJULItId to have it"—and he has succeeded very well sutra in obtaining it. He thould he brought up with a abort. turn : reform-schools are inad equate in his case : sympathy shouldn't save him. This is the second "aril)" of this gang that has been ••cracked" in this vicinity. There is one of the same kind in Greene township, one near Girard, and one near North-Dug. between that place and Mina. We may expect soon to hear of another haul. The attempt to break jail on Saturday night last, which was so near ly successful, was by this gang, aided, no doubt, by confederates on the outside. -- 146 There it is again ! The Warren Ledyer has 'gone sad did it." Last week we went over to Warript with eliven respectable. sober, steady, respottsibie men ! We behaved ourself with becoming circumspection. We admired the town' We praised the girls: We kissed the babies complimented. the mothers, and— treated tbk fathers ! ,We conceived we had done our duty as a man sad a citizen—and yet the Warren Ledger has "gone and done it," thus: wk., Quite a crow,/ of Erians were again in our village yesterday, among them ii. F. iitiinx Esq., editor of the ()burner and Poet Master at Erie, who •honored our sarietuni with a brief visit. We tomtit/ hint a hale and companion able fellow, full of politics and fun, and de voted to the Administration of J'Antss &cm ix nit by the strangest of of office.— lie wears hie speocactie with becoming edito rial cravity,and look's to be—what he certainly in—the keenest and spiciest Editor in liorit Western Pennsylvania. &Hoot. Routes Buart.—We learn that a seised house in Wayne township, in this coun ty, insis burnt en Friday night of last week, together with 41 its °entente, The lire was undoubtedly the work of an incendiary barrel of ashes placed in the entry—en Incendiary, by the by, thactursts more buildings than he gets credit tor. *l., one lfzirax, was found dead one morning this week in Summit township. &oxen. He had been drinking—a moat effective temperance lecture. JIVES/DENT/8 MESSAGE. Fellow (7/izeitsio" tA, And flo“.se n J Repreaerebstires Our deep anti heart felt, gratitude is due to that Almighty Power whieh has bestowed upon tumult variedattil numerous biassings through out the past year. The general health of the country has been-excellent ; oar harvests have been ustuilly plentiful, and prosperity smiles throughout the land. Indeed. notwithstand ing our demerits, we have much reason to be lieve from the past events of our history, that we have enjoyed the special protection of Di vine Providence ever since our origin as a /lA ti ca. We bare been exposed to many threat ening and alarming difficulties in our progress but on each successive occasion the impending cloud has been dissipated at the tuoment it ap peared ready to burst upon our head, mad the danger to our institutions has passed away.— May we peer be under the Divine guidance and protection. Whilst it is the duty of the President, "from time to time to give to rengress information of be state of the Union," I ;hall not refer in de tail to the recent inkti anti bloody occurrences at Harper's Ferry. ;401, it to proper to ob serve that these events however cruel and bad in themselves, derive their chief importance from the apprehension that they tie but symp toms of au incorabta disease in thepublie mind, which, may break oust in still more dangerous outrages and terminate at last in an open war by the North to abolish slavery in the South. Whilst, for myself, I entertain no such appre hension, they ought to afford a solemn warn ing to us all to beware of the approaching danger. Our Union is a stake of! such inestimable 'tithe as to demand our constant and watchful vigilance for its preservation. la this view let 'me implore wy countrymen, North and South, to cultivate the ancient feelings of mu tual foreheseance and good will towards each other, and strive 10 allay the demon spirit of sectional hatred. and strife now alive in the land. This advice proceeds from the heart of an old public functionary whose services com menced in the last generation, among the wise and conservative statesmen of that day, now nearly all passed away, and whose first and dearest earthly wish is to leave his country tranquil, prosperous, united and powerful. We ought to reflect that in this age, and es pecially in this country, there is an incessant flux and reDux of public opinion. Questions.; which in their day assumed a moat threatening aspect, have now nearly gone from the mem ory of awn They are "volcanoes burnt out, and on the lava and ashes and squalid scoria of old eruptions grow the peaceful olive, the cheering vine, and the sustaining corm - - Such, in my opinion, will prove to be the few of the present sectional excitement, should those who wisely seek hl apply the remedy, continue always to confine theirlefforts within the pale of the Constitution. if this course he pursUed, the existingagita tion on the subject of domestic slavery, like everything human, will have its day and give place to other and less threatening cow:over sled- Public opinion in this country is all powerful, and when it reaches a dangerous ex cess u p o n any question, the good sense of the people will furnish the corrective end bring it hack within sate limits. Still, to hasten this viciulta molt, at the present crisis, we ought to remember that every rational creature must fte presumed to understand the eunse quencea of his own teachings. Those who an nounce abstract doctrines subversive of the constitution and the Union, must not tor -du.- prised t-bould their heat e d partisans advance one step further, Mid attempt by violence to carry these doctrines into practical effect. In this view of the subject it ought never to he forgotten that, however great may have been the political advantages resulting from the Union to every portion of our cutatuon country, these would all prove to be as noth ing should the time ever arrive when they can not he enjoyed without serious danger to the personal safety of' the people of fifteen mem bers of the confederacy. If the peace of the domestic fireside throughout these States should ever be invaded—if the mothers of families within this extensive region should not be able to return to test at night without Buttering dreadful apprehensions of what may be their ' own fate and that of their children before the morning—it would be vain to recount ID such a people the political benefits which result to them from the Union. Self-preservation is the firatbr ... ot jorrsi titt)rOln f irrheittlie suspended over the heads of the people, must become intolerable. But I indulge in no such gloomy forebodings. On the contrary, I firmly believe t4iat the events at Harper's Ferry, by causing the people to pause and retieet upon the possible peril of their cherishsd institutions, will be the IUPISLIS, under Providence. of allaying the existing ex citement, and preventing future outbreaks of A similar character They will resolve that the Constitution and Union shall nut be en dangered by rash COL/1144A5, knowing that Amid./ •.the silver chord licloosed or the gold en howl he broken * w at the fountain." human power could never reunite the scattered and boetile fragments. I cordially congratulate you upon the final settlement by the Supreme Court of the United Stites of the question of slavery in the terri tories, Which had presented an aspect so truly formidable at the commencement of tny admin istration The right has !wen established of every citizen to take his property of any kind, including slaves, into the common territories b e l o nging equally to all the states of the con federacy, and to have it protected there under the Federal ronstittition. Neither Congress nor a territorial legislature, nor any human power, hasstuy authority to annul or impair this vested right. The supreme judicial trib unal of the country, which is a co-ordinate branch of the government, has sanctioned and affirmed those principles of constitutional law, so manifestly just in thennselses,, and au calculated to promote peace and harmony 'among the states It is a striking proof of the sense of justice which is inherent in our people, that the prop erty in `43s ea has never been disturbed, to my knowledge, in any of the territories Even throughout the late troubles in Kansas there has nut been any tittetapt, as I sin credibly in formed, to interfere, in a single instance, with the right of the master (lad any smelt attempt been made, the judiciary would doubtless have afforded an adequate remedy. should they fail to du so hereafter, it will then he time enough to strengthen their hands by further legislation. Hall it been decided that either Congress or the territorial legislature possess the power to annul or impair the right to property in slave., the evil would he intoler able. In the latter event, there would he a etrug gle for a majority of the members of the legis lature at each successive election, and the sa cred rights of property held under the Federal Com•rttution wouiel depend for the time being on the result. The agitation would thus be rendered incessant, whilst the territorial con dition remainell. and its baneful influenCe would keep alive a dangerous excitemet among the people of the several States. Thus bait the statue of a territory, during the intermediate period front its first settlement until it shall become a State, been irrevocably filed by the final decision of the Supreme tort. Fortunate has this been for the pros perity of the territories, as well as the tran quility of the States. Now, emigrants from the North and the South, the East and the West, will meet in the territories tin a common Platform, having brought with them that spe cies of property best adapted, in their own opinion, to promote their welfare. From na tural causes the slavery question will in each case soon virtually settle itself: and before the territory is prepared for tulmission as a State into the Union this decision, one way or the other, will have been a foregone conclusion.— Meanwhile the settlement of the new territory will proceed without serious interruption, and its procrese and prosperity will not he en dangered or retartc.l ny vi lent political stn - gins Hlien in the prOgrom of events the itthnb ant! , of any "territory shall have reach e d the number required to form a State, they will then proceed, in a regular manner, and in the exereiso of the rights of popular sovereignty, to form a constitution preparatory to admission into the Union. After this him b e en don e , t o employ the larrage of the Ranstus and Ne braska act, they —shall be t•ealred into the Union with or without slavery, as their con stitution may prescribe at the tittle of their ad ntission." This sound principle het happily been recognised in some form or other, by an almost fingininlOWl vutc of both houses of the last eungret s. Nil lawful means at my command have been employed and shall continue to he employed, IA execute the /awe against the African Care trade Atter most careful and rigorous eum instion of Mir musts and a thorough inveetiga tion of the subject, we have not been able to discover that sing u st:es have been Imported into the United except the cargo by the Wanderer, susettberinit)setween three and four hundred. Thoseisigaged this unlawful en terprise have beewstWironsly prosecuted ; hut not with a tasch ammo se their Willie* hale deserved. A lumber of them are still under proseentiotu , Our liletory proves that the Fathers of the Republic, in adversee of all other nations, con demned the African slave trade. Is was, not- withstanding, deemed expedient by the framers of the Constitution to deprive Congress of the power to prolabit "the migration or importa tion of such persons scatty of the luau* now existing Awn think proper to adroit" "Erior to the year one thousand eight hundred - and eight." It will be seen that this restriction on the power of Congress was confined to such States only as might think proper to admit the im portation of 'slaves. 11 did not extend to other States or to the trade carried ott abroad. Ac oortlingly, we find that so early as the 2.2 d. March, 1704, Congress passed en sot impoeiog severe penalties and punishments upon cititens awl residents of the United States who should engage in this trade between foreign nations. The provisions of this act. were extended and enforced by the act of hub of May, IWO. Again; The States themselves had a clear right to were the eonetitutional privilege in tended for their benefit, and by their own laws prohibit this trade et any time they thought proper previods to 1808. Several of them exercised this right before that period, and among them some containing the greatest number of slaves. This gave to Congress the immediate porter to sot in regard to all such States, because they themselves bad removed the constitutional barrier. Congress accord ingly passed an act on the 214th of Fedruary, 1808, to "prevent the importation of certap persons into certain States where, by the laws thereof, their admission is prohibited. - In this manner the importation of African slaves ititii the United States was, to a great extent, prohibited some years in advance of 1808, As the year of 1808 approached, Congress determined not to suffer this trade to exist even for a single day after they bad the power to abolish it. On the 24 of March, 1807, they passed au act to take elfect "from and after the let of January, 1808," prohibiting the impor tation of African eaves into the United States. This was followed by subsequent acts of a t+im liar to which I need not specially refer. Such were the princtplee and such the practice of our ancestors more than fifty years ago in regard to the African slave trade. It did not ►ccur to the revered patriots who bad been delegate% to the convention, and af terwards became members of Congress. that in passing these laws they had violated the con stitution which they had framed with so much care and deliberation They supposed that to prohibit Congress. in express terms, from ex ercising a specified power before an apponted day, necessarily involved the right to exercise .his power after that day had arrived. If this were not the case, the framers of the omoitution bad expended amen 2abor in vie Had they' imagined that Congress wohol pos sess ne (power to prohibit this trade either be fore or after Intei, they wottld not have taken so much care to protect the States against the exercise of this power before that period. Nay More, they Would not have attached such vast importance to the provision as to have exelud ded it front the possibility of future repeal or amendment, to which other portions of the 'constitution were exposed. It would, Own, have been wholly uuttece-sary to engraft on the fifth article of the cons' it ut tun, prescribing the mode of its own future amendment, the pro viso, "that no amentlauent which tuay be prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect" the provis ion in the Constitution securing to the states the right to admit the importation of African 1 slaves previous to that period. According to the adverse construction, the clause itself on which so much care and dis cussion litul been employed by the manners of the convention, was an absolute nullity from the beginning, and all that has since been dove under it a mere usurpation. It was well and wise to confer this power on Congress: because, had it been lett to the states, its efficient exercise would have been impossible. In that event any one state could effectually continue the trade not only for itself but for all the other slave states. though never so much .. .tuktetttheitr wi11,....en4.301 Min the limits of Any one state, iu accord ance with its laws cannot practically be ex cluded from any other state where slavery exists. And even if all the states bed separ ately passed laws prohibiting the importation of shaven, these laws would have failed of effect for want of a naval force to rapture the slavers and to guard the coasts Such a force no state can employ in time of peace without the con ,tent of Congress. These acts of congress, it is bettered, hare, with very rare and insigniticitto exceptions. accompliskte+l their purpose. For a period of more than half a century there has been no perceptible addition to the number of our do mestic slaves During this period their ad vancement in civilization has far surpassed that of any other portion of the African race The light and the blessings oft hristianity have been extended to them, and both their moral a nd physical condition has been greatly im proved Drupes the trade anti it would he difficult to determine whether the effect would he more deleterious on the interests of the master or on those of the native-born slave Of the evils of the toaster, the one most to be dreaded would be the introduction of will, heathen. and igno rant barbarians among the sober, orderly. and quiet shires, whose ancestors have been on the soil for several generations. This might tend to barbarize, demoralize, and exasperate the whole mass, tints prodace the most deplorable consequences, The effect upon the existing slave would, if possible. be still more deplorable At present he is treated with kindness and humanity. lye is well fed, well clothed, and not overworked. His condition is comparatively better than that oh the coolies which modern nations of high civilization have employed as a substitute for African slaves. Both the philanthropy and self-interest of Olt twister hare combined to produce this humane result. But let this trade be re-opened, and what will be the effect • The same, to a cunsitiersble extent, as on a neigh boring islandr-dibe only spot now on earth where the Aft lean slave trade in openly toler ated: and this in defiance of solemn treaties with a power abundantly able at any moment to enforce their execution. There the master, intent upon present gain, extorts from the slave as much labor as his physical powers are capable of enduring— knowing that, when death comes to his relief, his place can be supplied at a price reduced to ' the lowest point by the competition of rival African slave-traders. Should this ever he the case in our country—which I do not deem 1 possible—the present useful character of the domestic institution, wherein those too old and too young to work are provided for with care and humanity, and those capable of labor are not overtasked, would undergo an unfor tunate change. The feeling of reciprocal de pendence and attachment which now exists between master and slave would be converted into mutual distrust and hostility. But we are obliged as a Christian and mor al nation to consider what would be the effect upon unhappy Africa itself if we should re open the slave trade. This would give the trade an impulse and extension which it has never had even in its palmiest days. The nu merous victims required to supply it would convert the whole slave coast into a perfect Pandemonium, for which this country would be responsible in the eyes both of God and Man. Its petty tribes would then be constant ly engaged in predatory wars against each ether for the purpose of seizing slaves to sup ply the American market. All hopes of AM MO civilization would thus be ended. On the other hand, when' a market for Afri •en slaves shall no longer be furnished in Cuba, -ad thus all the world be closed against this trade, we may then indulge a reasonable hope for gradual improvement of Africa. The chief motive of war among the tribes will cease whenever there Is Ao longer any demand for slaves. 'T . resources of that fertile but initler able eoue v might then be developed by the hand of industry and Odd subjects for legiti mate foreign and domestic commerce. In this manner Christianity and civilisation may grad ually penetrate the existing gloom. The wisdom of the eouree punnued by the government toward China has been vindicated by the event. Whilst we sustain a neutral po sition in the war waged by Great Britain and France against the Chines* empire, our late minister, tit obedience to his instructions. ju diciously co-operated with the Ministers of those powers In all peacefitiMeasnres to secure by a treaty the just concessions demanded by the interests of foreign commerce. The result is that satisfactory treaties have been conclud ed with Minn by the respective minister not the United States, Brest Britain, France, and Russia. Our "treaty, or general convention of peace' salsify and commerce," with that m ph* was concluded at Tientsin on the 14th of Jitne, 1848, and was ratified by the President by and with the advice endowment of the Sett- Mc, on the 2lat December following. On the 16th December, 1464, John E. Ward, a distinguished eitisen of Georgia, was duly comtnissioned as envoy extraordinary and 'nict itate(' plenipotentiary to China, ilia left the United States for the place of his destination on the 6th of February, 1469, bearing with him .the ratified copy of this treaty, and arrived at Shanghai on the Lltith of May, From thence he proceeded to Pekin on the Itlth June, but did not arrive in that city until the Tith 3nly. According to the terms of the treaty the rati6- eittions were to he exchanged on or before the 14th June, 1849. This was rendered impoesi tde by reasons and esents beyond his control, not necessary to decal ; but still it is due to the Chinese authorities at Shanghai to stale that they always assured him no advantage should I,e taken of the delay. an 1, pledge has been faithfully redeemed. 4/n the errii al of Air ;Card tat Pekin tie re queeted an audience of the Emperor to preeent his letter of credence. This he did Dot obtain, to consequence of his very proper refusal to submit ui the humiliating ceremonies required I by the eti q uette of this strange people to ap proaching their sovereign. Neverthele.B the interviews on this question were conducted in the most friendly spirit and with all due regard to his personal feelings and tho honor of his conntry. When a presentation to bit Majesty was found to be impossible, the letter of cred de4ce wax received.with peculiar honors by ii.weiliang, "the Emperor's prime minister and the liattond man in the empire to the Emperor himself." The ratifications of the treaty were afterwards, on the 16th of August, exchanged in proper form at Peitaang. Ax the exchange did not take place until after the day prescribed by the treaty, it is deemed proper, before' its publication. spin to submit it to the Senate. It is but simple justice to the l'itineae an thoities to observe, that, throughout the whole 1 transaction, they acted in good faith and lin a friendly spirit towards the United ' States. It is true this ha. been dune after their own peculiar fashion : but we ought to regard with a lenient eye the ancient customs of an empire dating back fur thousands of years, au - far as this may be consistent with our national honor. The conduct of our minis er on the uccason hasreceived uty entire appro bation. Iu order to entry out the Apirit of this trea ty, anti to give it full effect tt bacante Iteers mtitry to conclude tw.,:=uppirwtutal conven tion.,--the one for the n)eni and ~ t iti4 factitin of the elaints uf our cuiteu4, nod the other to fix the tariff - or/ Mt port. , afill exp,rts. and to regulate the Iminsit ilotie. awl trade our IneChnlii. With fitl nn. /1114 , h/t% ti+fActorily perfiqued Irt "sir Lqt, Theme couvvitti.ais hour dale at Shnu g Lui ~,„ t h e sil t of Nocetht4er. Ilaving ha-en con sidere.l in the liglit of i.iroling- tigr.-ettleut. %tiloliditiry 1.) theprin e tph , I re.rt:y. and t” earried. into eieetiti..tt W Lh ut dehiy. they Jv not provide for rill," ALrtilai ~t• change of rati6c:4 t 1,,t0 by the cantracriog par.- ties, This Iral not , h.einc.l noce“ , :try by Ihe nese. whl. are already pr.,e,e.Sing rn g".”1 to satisfy the claims 01 our e.tizeilN. awl. it ry hoped, to carry nut the toltvr provt.tllllo4 of the convention ,, , SID). 1 tip , r4ght rt W proper to .111,Init them to the Senate. t,y whiet i they P were ratified on the 3tl id' March. I' , • , '• Th e rotated copies, however, did not reach Shang hai until niter 1-he depart ore of ttctl"tltiv.ter ft, Pekin. and-these convelithat.couhl not, there /are, h e exchanged at the :sante time with the principle Trent y No ,111111 a is Vlnert 3inf , l theywill be ratified and exeliatigedby the chi nese government. should tarn be thought advis,- able:but, under the cireutinlanee. presentesl. I shall Cou , ider then; hiliditig engagements from their ilate 441 b u ilt :111.1 en. Use them t o he published as such fur the information and guidance of our merchants trading p air OW Chinese empire. It affords zne touch sati , fttei;.,n to inform rio that all our difficulties with the republic of f l raguay have been satisfactorily adjusted. 11 happily did act 'become nt-cr-snry t.. em pl o y the force for this purpose %bleb Congress had placed at my c,°lum".'l-I,..".°4,etrutbtetit;)?iititt4W. iti C resident of !hat rrprblic, in a friendly spirit, Acceded promptly to the just and re.i.aaJn able demands of the gut eminent of the I. nited States. Our contuussiither arrived at Assump tion, the capital of the republic, tin the January, owl left .1 . ;114 of Fehintry, having, in three a eeks ably and accomplished the ohjects st,,ission Th e w i nc h h e has )1e14,1 will kw Hu/rte./- lately subuil.teil to the Senate in the tiew that the tll. l p l oirtiett , 01 other (butt peaceful 1110005 ritteht het otne ti,cespa,ry to obtain sals.fs, (km In,m Par.iguay, a strong natal force was itotwenti aied i n t h e wa . he r s ',raw La Plata 1.. await contingencies. while our coin itii-,ioner aseetided the river to Apsuniption ne Navy Devirtmetil is et\tt (fed t,, gees( crt. , itt for he pr.tt,t,ttie.,, and economy pith which tl.ls expediti o n Wits littPti out anal C{4tilitte(e.t. It , ottststy{ of nineteen armed vessels, 'great mot tarry - lug 2ttft guns attit,'LlO9 men, all tinder coni mand of the veteran and gailatit Shithrick. The entire expenses of do. expedition hove been defrays., I WI I of tie ordlnaryappropri ation for the moot sorvice, etccjit the sum of 2).9,10n, applfed to the purchase id seven of the steamers, cQnstitutlng it part uu.ter the authority or the naval appropria t i on n e t of the 311 of March last It Is is:quit...l that these steamers are worth more than their cost, and they are now itselully and n , Inds employ e d in the naval service. The appearance pt ,1!:11 ge ti force, titled out in such a prompt manner, In the tar .I 'tan! wa ters (if the LA Vlata. and the admirable eon duct of the offteerr Anil melt etttphoye,i in it, have had a happy effect to favor 'ow ry throughout all (ha( rentnte port ion of ;lie world. Our ratations with the great empires or Prance and Russian. as well as with all other 'governments utt the cuntitient or E0r0 1 ,.. uuleaa we may except that of Spain, Itnplaily continue to he of the ueeit erientifl character In my last annual message 1 presented a statement of the tinsati,factory condition o f our relations with Spain, and I regret to .ay that this trips not materially unproved Wutt. out special reterence to other elaitat, even the "Cuban claims, - the payment of which has been ably urged by takr tniui.cers, and in which more than i hundred of our citizens a re ly interested, remain unsatisfied. notwithstand ing b o th their justice and their iituount 1 t..31;nt,- 84,3 sii had been recognized and ileertainett by the Spanish government itself, again recount - nen , / that AD appropria tion be made "to Ise paid to the ..:parish government for the purpose of distribution among the claimants in the Ainistead case." In common With Mt) Or lily itretie cox43ors, I entertain no tloupt that this lit required by our treaty- with Spain of the irth October, 1539, The Eallure to dis charge this obligation has been employed by the cabinet of 31:ulral as a reason against the settlement of Otis 1 need not repeat the argument, which 1 urged in my last to - mould Sues-sage ID favor of the ammisition of Cuba by fair purcha,e. My opinion , in that massage remained kin changeil. I. therefore. ag tin invite the serious attention of f '. , tigress to this im portant subject. Without a recognition of Chili poles . on their part. it wit( be almo,t inapossiblosto institute 11 ego( lzit ions with any reasonable prospect of success. until a recent period there W:1.0. giWHI VCASATII to believe that I should b.. able to announce to you on de pi, occasion that our &abilities ss Britain, arising out of the ('lay ton . 1 Boliver treaty. had been finally adjusted in a man ner alike 'honorable and satisfactory to both parties. Froinmause. however, which the British govet /linen t had ten anticipated, they have not yet completed treaty arrange. meats with the republics of Honduras and Nicaragua, in pursuance of the tinderdan ding between the two governments. It is, nevertheless, confidently expected that this good work will ere long be accomplished. Whilst indulging the hope that noother subject remained which could disturb the good understanding between the two coun tries, the question arising out of the the adverse claims of the parties to the Island of San Juan, under the Oregon treaty of the Irdh of Jurie, IS-16, suddenly assumed I a threatening prominence, in order to prevent unfortunate collisions on that re mote frontier, the late Secretary of State', on the 17th July, 1t.365, addressed a letter ' to Mr. Crampton, the British minister a Washington, contmunicating to him a copy of the- instructions ninth he (Mr. Marcy) had given.on the l4th July, tot;or, st ee ,. ns , of Warhi ngton territory, having a special reference to an "apprehended conflict be tween our citizens and the British subjects on the Island of San Juan." To prevent this, the governor was instruc ted "that the officers ofthe territoryshouhl abstain from all acts on, the disputed gr o unds which are calculated to provoke any con flicts, so far as it can be done without im plying the coneession to the authorities of qreat Britain of an exclusive right over the premises. The title ought to be settled be fore either party should attempt to exclude the other by force, or exercise complete and exclusive sovereign rights within the fairly dispute limits." In acknowledging the receipt on the Hex t day of Mr. Mercy's note, the British min-1 inter expressed his entire concurrence "in the propriety of the course recommended to the goyernor of Washington Territory by your [Mr. Marcy'sl instructions to that officer," and stating that he bad "lost no time to transmitting a copy of . that docu inont to the governor general 'of British North .tmersea" and had "earnestly rec ommended to his Excelleucy to take such measures as t , / him may appear best cal culatetho secure, on the part of the Brit ish local authorities and the inhabitants of the neighborhood of the Jule in question, the exercise of the same spirit of forbear ance which is ineulcatell by you [Mr „litany) on theau thori ties and citizens of the U toited States." . _ _ . Thus matCers remained upon the faith of this arrangement until the 9th July last, when General Harney paid a visit to the Island. He found upon it twenty-five Ameriosn residents with their families, and also an establishment of the nuchion's Bay Company fur the purpose of raising sheep. A short time before his arrivelone of these residents had shot an snit: al be longing to the company, while trespassing upon his premises, for which, however, he offerd to pay twice its value: but that was refused, Soon after `• the chief factor of the c o mpany at Victoria, Mr. Dallas, son-in lass, of ;overnor Douglas. came to the Island in the British sloop of war Satellite, and threatened to take the American (Mr. Cutler) by force to Victoria, to answer for the trespass lie had committed. The American seized his rifle and told Mr, Chilies deny such attempt was made he would kill hint on the spot. The utfair then end ed." L'nder these circumstances, the Ameri can settlers presented a petition to the re-in-rah -throbgh the C. inspector of eitstom+. Unlike.. to place a force uisitt the i-land to protect them iyow, tips indi :um Wt•i/ CO: the oppressive interferance of t h e authorities of the II t/{61./1/ Bay Co. at Victoria with their rights as American .no• immediately I*.te pulliityl to tiii• pennon, and ordered Capt. (co.i E. Pickett, !ith in. -to establish his entilt.im on Bellevue. or St Juan island, oi l 4. ma• stittahle visitein near the harbor at the -4 q1ti1t•.1,44 . )"11 <9O,A .111 ity . .. 'fills ur der ea., obeyed, and a military iset Coati I . stahli , lit ., I at the place designa ted, Tl, atteraard4•4 moreased, -44 that 14‘„ the hot return the Illiate 1it4141- I,c , (41 ttas4p. 1.1 4 ,41 1 on the Islam' amount...l ut the aggregate L.) col men. Nvi tt ls t , I dc, not deem it 1,11,14. r Olt the present - 4w( aston to gn (tint her into the sub ject. and discu-s the weight winch ought to be attaelesl to the 'tat. thirst of the Bri tish Colonial authorities, ....westing the ac curtiev of the ivloch the I.oneral acted, it was .11i.• kiln that 1 should thus present oivit Cori-suing the of ler 'apt. Pi-lo it I.. t inte clear hi- .it, t eet was tt, 1.1 e -1-011( (tic on 1 itiloll.l% el Nand from exet ., .i-ing i-diction et) or American r4.:1414•11f- on the island ut t-.an well a- to protect tilt ut against the incur-ions .0 the Indians Match excitement prevailed for tt 1111.1 e 1U I kit region. and serioust.lutiger of collision between it," ,„„,„; ,i,orc.nendesl -11,15 DI ili,h had a large uuvel to r ei• t o t he yi tuts. and It 1,, hut an act of sample ju+- tiee to the admiral on that. , tatinn (44 state that he di+cieetl) Mrols.1"• Io commit any 10,-tile act, hitt;lletertinned 1 , 4 rutty Igh.• whole .tilair nits goverrunetiL and await their instruction,. Tins HI the niatter m tit) r.pth:uri .1. wand- .ert,,it- at t , •IiI7011. it 11" , .(Cbi hate beet gleat c.tlnuilty tOr Isith 'Elite - in-, had inei be. it pvrcipibited title 5.'14 et Ilo.A.ltt• 1). 1101.11 the (4ltt-i41,4.11 01 title to ti. V.- hipl, but 4, 4 .•1ety colt."-ruing v./LAG C0Wi1 . .4011. 41.1111 - Ig Intervening pe rmit whale the tAO governments might he eruplop.si in settling 'be-question to which nt thew it belolig,. For till- reason lama lip)) SC.llt I - it I I ~u I ho• r; I h nt :" : 41 . . last t,) WA-limp° territory to take itunic.tiate command of the I'. s. forces on the Paeltn• el )1/..i , .110a) 4 1 be deem this ne cessary The wain object of his mission to Carry out the spirit of the precauti onary arrangements between the islo,tie t .. of State and tile Brat-11 Minister, and thus I.) preserve the peace, and prevent CCNOL , IOtI between the British an.l American author ities itending the negotiations tiotween the two government-. Entertaining no don). of the validity of out title. i need scatssely add that, in any (.4 eat. Aim-tic-an citizens are to be pia. ed nit 116/otlllg, at it'a.it as favorable as that of British subjects, it being underst.yed that k.apt. Pickett's company should remain en the island. It is proper to observe that, oemsidering the distance front the scene of action, and in ignorance of %%hat might have transpired on the spot before the General's arrival, it wa+ neeessary to leave touch to hii iliseretion. and I ant happy to state the event hits proven that this discre tion could 11.0 have been intrusted to more competent band-. (len. Scott has reeent ly returned from his mission, having sue. ee44 , fttlly accomplished its objects, and there is no longer any good reason to ap prehend a collision between the threes of the two countries during the pendency of the existing negotiations. I regret to inform you that there has been Ao improvement in theaffiairs of Mexi co since my last annual message, and i am again obliged to ask the earnest attention of Congress to the unhappy condition of that republic. The costituent Congre&s of 31exico which adjourned on the rth of Feb. 1537, adopt ed a constitution and provided for a popu lar election. This took - place in the follow ing July, and Gen. 'omonfort was chosen President, almost without opposition. At the same time a new i'ongress was chosen, whose first session commenced on the itlth of sept. 124.57. By the comititution of 1t1.57 the Presidential term was to begin on the Ist of liee, and continue four years. On that day llen. Cowonfort appeared before the assembled Congress in Mexico, took the oath to support the new Constitution. and wax <MIT inaugurated as President.— ‘Vithin a month afterwards he had been driven from the capitol, and a military re bellion had assig,ntsi the supreme power of the republic to lien. Zureitga. The consti tution provided that in the absence of the President lits.otlice should devolve upon the rhief ,instice of the Supreme and t ten, Competitor' having left the country, this functionary. lien Juarez pro ceeded to form, at.tluanajusto, a constitu tional government. 'Before this was offi cially known, however, at the capital the government of Zuloaga had been reeogni 4ed by the entire diplomatic corps, inclu ding the minister of the U.S. as the d'efee to government of xtt.x.,,. The constitutional President, neverthe less, maintained his position with firmness and was soon estaltlished with his eai binet at Vera I 'nu. Meanwhile the gov ernment of Zuloaga was earnestly restisted in many parts of the republic, and even in the capitol, a portion of the army having pronounced against it, its }unctions were declared terminated, and an assembly of ; citizens was invited for theohoieeof a new President. This assembly elected lien. Mirawon, but that officer repudiated the plan under which he was chosen, anti Zu luaga was thus restored to his previous po sition. Li assumed it however, only to withdraw from it, and Miraine) become by his appointment, • Subetitiate," oontinufw with 0, 1 :2, '- the heed of the insurgent p ar! , •• i n my last annual msema g e sated to Congress the '':• which the late minister of th e (- pendetl his official relations s tat , „ .t. , • trill government and withdrew ft country. ft was impossible friendly intercourse with a g(A.,., like that at the capitM, under ped authority wrongs were cor tf ,u,,„,., "•' rnitted, s hut never redressed o f f ,, been an established governmpnt, x - power extending by the core.e u ty pie over the whole of Mexic., hostilities against it would hale justifiable, and intleeU nevessitr; country was a prey to (evil hoped that-the succesd of the al president might lead to a thin=injurious to the U.. - cess e so probable that in employed a reliable agent t, and report to me the actual pmspecta of the contending at,,,, In eq uen as of this report, and from tion which reached inefrom favorable to the prospects of 111,! tional cause, 3 felt justsfied tie spi„,. a new Minister to ellexsce. ~" •race the earnest suitable opportur...-- restoring our diplomatic relations vt e , republic. For this purpose a distuir,,,,. citizen of /ifaryland was selected. wt, ceeded on his mission on the mh <,t AL, last, with discretionary authority 1,, nice the government of Presi&.nt on his arrival in Mexico he shou:u ;, entitled to such recognition, accr , i t; the establish ed practice of the I: .Nu;; On the 7th of April following, Mr IL presented his credentials to PrestdeatAw., having no hesitation "in pronouncing tic eminent of Juarez to be the only existing p eminent of the Itepublic.' fie was egsq, L. , received by the authorities at Vera they have ever place manifested the most &:a; ty disposition towards the United States happily, however, the constautional meat baa not been able to establish its poi. over the whole republic It is supported large majority of the people and the States, there are import ant parts of the country it can enforce no obedience. General hlinitnon maintain s himself s: capital; and in some of the distant pruv, zt , there are military go'rernors who ps,}• apect to the decrees of either governrsetc the meantime the excesses which always iv- upon civil war, especially in Mexico, are scantly recurring Outrages of tLe u,r•r scriptiou are committed both upon pe1,,,a.„, property There is scareely any form , i;r. : .— whlcts has nut been mitered by our (.titars Mexico during the haat few yearn Re been nominally at peace with that republic so far as the interests of our commerce , r our citizens who hare visited the count:rt. . merchants, shipmasters, or in other Nur,. are concerned, we might as welt have beet wo.r • Life hat been insecure, property übpr and trade impuettible except st a n.l : which prudent turn cannot tie expected t, Ituportunt come:tete. involving (urge rityr. t entered into by the central guirenz... base been sot at detianco by the local g ••- inentii Peaceful Ao,encan residents iug their rightful puseeesiots, have been . detil, expelled the cowidry, is deben treaties, and by the were force of k rt,. 7 ., power. Even .he course of justice La. 2 . been tonfe from control, and &recent 4c4-1.,.. Nlirarnow permits the inn•rsentitat of g , . e •~ meat in %II roils where either part. •e a eiguer. 'Vessels of the United State. hat , . P.. 1) without l aw ,and a c0n , :1...r ivho protested agaiwit such .eiture Leen hued awl itupris.t.tneil tor „ • tho authorities. Military cent .1 13 have Leen 'levied in violatio n t part ; co e le of right, anti the An• e re, t , sisted the lawless demand h 3. h„,11,..,. perty torea.ly taken awes, Ininself baniahed. Front a ‘‘. 1 ,tf., 1 ..; thorny in different par ts of 11,, •,.n)r.. tnnritt duties win L a d been j „ 0 , 1 ( ,),,,s• h. i e 1444.11 Oka. I , .1 4.1 e. ;team 41),% 4 •4tbr, !Ante. Large number- ne ~u ; citizens 11. m co is.. arreste.l and unpr. e died eahoutlan% .71 .it examination ur snj opportunity hearing. atel even when released cult ntlitiuned deer liberty 'atter mu , 1. tr , rilzg Mid itkiurt arid %swum( am lin 1 - ikrit"ttOle_l3Bl.-. massacre,.:t r_dt, and 1111;v•stwelatet , without Mai in a , well its the seizure and murder .•t • -nek Americans who had taken the house of an Amer:ewe upon the the United :.:Latee. was (ioneress at its last session. Niti„rders of a -till more atrcs ter have been tionamitted in the I,•rL hew of Mexico, uyer the authorit M moil's government, during the preser.. year. .`sorzfe Of these were on/y worthy o .t barhariotes age, anti, if they bad net tees` clearly proven, would hare seemed imp ) ,- sible in a country which claims to be e:rti ize4l. Of this description was the bruil• massacre in A tiril last, by order ot turn Mar quez, of three American physicLfus, who were setzed in the hOetitttai at Titetdiaji whelp at tendieg up en the sick and the Li% ing of both partio-• and without t r ill without (-rum , were hurried away to spee.f, execution. Little less -hocking was the recent fine. of Ortnond Chase. who was shot in in To on the 7th of August by order of the same :Nfexiean general. not only without* trial, but without any conjecture by ha friends of the cause of hi arrest lie a represented as a young tnah of good char acter and intelligence. whq had made via merous friends in '('epic by the courage anti htunenity which he had displayed en several trying occasions, and his death was as unexpectied as it was shocking to the whole community. Other outrages might be enumeraled - , but these are sufficient to illustrate the wretched state of the coup try and the unprotected condition of the persons and property of our citizens in Mexico. In all these cases our Ministers have , been constant and faithful in their demands for redress, but both they and this govern ment; which they have succeasively repre sented, have been wholly powerless to make their demands effective. Their testimony in this respect, and in refercnee to the only remedy which, in their judgment, would meet the exigency, has been both uniform and emphatic. •'Nothing but a manifests don of the power of the government of tie- United States, (wrote our late minister in 1e36) and of its purpose to punish these wrongs, will avail. I assure you that the universal belief here is that there is troth ing to be apprehended from the :Orem nient of the United States, and that local MexieSua officials can commit thesei out rages Upon American citizens with a bseline impunity." -I hope the President" (wrote our ,res ent minister in August last) "will-teel au thorized to ask from Congress the power Inn enter Mexico with the military force. el the United States, at the call of the con stitutiOnal authorities, in order to protect the citizens and the treaty rights of the Unless such a power conferred upon him, neither the one or tine other !viii be respected in the existing state atarchy anti disorder, and the outrage ,,..ply perpetrated will never be chastised and, ati l assured you iu my No. 23, all these events must increase until every ve-- tige of order anti government disappeer• from the eountry." I have been rsbuel antly led to the smile opinion, and, in jtie tice to my countrymen it ho have suffered wrongs trout Mexico, and who may still suffer diem, I feel hound to announce the conclusion to 'ongress. The case presented, however, is not merely a ease of individual claims, alth, , our just claims against Mexico have r ea ch sel a very large amount. Nor is it merely the case of protection to the lives anti prop erty of the few Americans who may still remain in Mexico, although the life a nni property of every American citizen ought to be sacredly protected in every quartei of the world, /3ut it is A question which relates to the future as well as to the pre eta and the past, and which involves, di reedy at least, the whole subject of ow duty to Mexico as a neighboring state
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