LEWIS
J3Y 0. N. WOKDEN & J. R. CORNELIUS.
II. C. IIICKOK, Corresponding EniTon.
""IFdiv, ipmi. 27, IK.V.J
BAjtonal Correspondence of Lewisbnrg Chronicle.
State Convention.
IIarkisw.ro, April 15, 1 51 55.
Tho Slate Convention of County Super
intendents of the Common School, met
in the Supreme Court room iu the State
Capitol, on Wednesday last, the 11th
inst., at 12 o'clock, noou. The at
tendance was quite large, some forty -one
County Superintendents, among whom, I
noticed, the superintendent of your coun
ty, was ptcscut. An eloquent nd for
cible opening address was delivered by Mr.
Cl-rtin, State Superiutcudeut. The com
mittee appointed at an informal meeting
in the morning, reported the following as
the permanent officers of tho Couvcotbn:
President TlloMAS NICUOLSO.V, of
Beaver county.
Vice l'residenfs-IJev. XT Si. A. Good,
Berks county, ltev. W.M. J. GlBSO.v, of
Centre county.
Secretaries E. M. Co.KLl.o,Montour
county, John Ku or., Lebanou county.
An Executive Committee was then ap
pointed to prepare business for the Con
vention. Committees were also appoiuted
to invite tho Legislature and the Gover
nor to be preseut at the session? cf the
Convention,aud to invite Dr. MTlixtock,
of tho Senate, Chairman of the Committee
on Education, to make an address before
the Convention. Ths Convcution then
tdjourncd to meet in the Hall of the House
of JAcprescntatives, and it was ordered that
verbal reports should be heard from Coun
ty Superintendents, of their operations iu
their several eouuties, until the Executive
Committee should report and other busi
ness would bo prepared for transaction.
In the evening, the Convention met in
the Senate Chatubir. Professor Hart de
livered a lecture and explained the archi
tectural construction of the Philadelphia
High School. The verbal reports of Su
perintendents were aio continued.
The Executive Committee reported the
following items of business,4"U which Com
mittees were respectively appointed :
1. What have been the effects, thus far,
of the County Superintendency on public
feeling in regard to education, on Direc
tors, on Tearhera aud on Schools J
2. By what means can the local super
vision of Schools be most iuiproved.whelh
cr by paying the present number of direc
tors for the time necessarily occupied ic
the discharge of their official duties ; by
reducing their number and paying them,
Or by the eppoiutment by them of a De
puty Superintendent with a reasonable
Compensation for visiting the schools In
accordance with their instructions?
3. Would the adaption of a uniform
series cf text bojks in each county, be in
accordance with the existinj; Common
School Law ; be promotive of the true ob-!
iects of the Common School System of!
Education, or conducive to tho efficiency
of the schools?
4. Should provisional certificates con
tinue to be issued, if so under what cir
cumstances and for what time?
5. For what reasons should Teachers
Certificates be annulled, and in what man
ner, and how should the annulment Le
made known?
6. Bhould Stato Certificates be issued to
Teachers ; what degree of qualification
and experience should be possessed to ob
tain them, and in what manner, aud by
whom should they be examined?
The Committees appointed on these sub
jects made able and interesting reports,
which became the subjects of discussion
during the sessions of the Convention.
The Committee on Provisional Certificates
reported favorably to their continuance for
the present with a scale of gradations.
The report on the second item, was dis
cussed at some length. It was generally
Conceded that Directors ought to have some
compensation for their services ; that on
account of the time spent and the expen
ses necessarily incurred by directors in
attending to the discharge of their offi
cial duties, especially in districts in the
country, it would be nothing more
than right that they should receive some
reasonable remuneration for tho time and
Services thus rendered for the general good.
The report was finally recommitted to the
Committee with the request to report
again at the next meeting of the Conven
tion. On Thursday evening addresses wore de
livered by Gov. Polwck, Dr. M'Clhi
?ock, of the Senate, Col. Cubtix, Super
intendent, and also by the Deputy Su
perintendent, and at 11 o'clock, P. M.,
the Convention adjourned to meet at the
eall of the State Superintendent, which it
h understood will be at Reading, in Sep
tember next.
Sat fa Ltvlibunj Chronicle.
Mr. Editor : 1 am pleased to learn
from 'S. II. F." that the sore disease,
Hatrr.il
.ivu U . IU1UAD UMO
long been epidemic, especially in our cities,
1. r . ...
uow vi umacr type man it was twenty
7ars ago. In this opinion I fully agree
.th "S. II. F." The war of the Ilevo
I'Hi&n, and that of 1812, woold of course
leave fame e inspiration of reeling ; but,
i'Jf'y, men if tense wont Vtt the suns cf
a qua ter of a century "go down upon
their wrath." And as "S. II. F." and 1 is
afflicted "community" are gettiug bctter,I
have no prescription to make. llowbcit,
'S. II- F.t" like many another ins.mo pa
tient, fancies himself the doctor, and
prescribes Lobelia to bis disinterested
ledical adviser. Such hallucinations are
very common with sick people ; and for
tunately, very harmless.
Ou the Cuban question, I would say
wHh all seriousness, that if our govern
ment could purchxse the island for a fair
price, and if iu the treaty of purchase,
there could be inserted a judicious article
providing for tho emancipation of all the
slaves, I would have no objection to such
peaceful, lawful acquisition of the inland.
But are those who are now clamoring for
the acquisition of Cuba, friendly to the
cause of emancipation ? Do they not
rather wish to obtain the island io order
to prevent emancipation ? Look at the
character of the leading Filibusters, and
then judge. Read the late famous Mani
festo from Ostend, and then decide.
Without doubt, slavery under Spanish
rule is as fatal to its victims as slavery
under American rulo ; aud perhaps more
so. But under such an administration as
our present one, thcro would be far less
hope for emancipation than there would
be under the government of Spain, con
trolled as Spain must over be by British
influence and British policy. Let slavery
be abolished, under tho Banner of Eng
laud, rather than made perpetual under
the Stars aud Stripes ; aud if any land
must iucur the guilt aud the 6bamc of
perpetuating human bondage, let not
that laud be ours 1 1 Is not the plague
spot on the face of our fair Republic al
ready large enough ? Are not their lli'jh
.Wanmsscs the Slave Oligarchy, already
sufficiently arrogant and overbearing ?
Mu:t more blood, and more treasure
be expended to insure the utter insignifi
cance of Frcdtem, aJ f 'he North ?
"S. II. &" intimates that "Sam" goes
in strongly for acquiring Cuba. Now 1
claim no authority to ? peak for Sam ; but
I have heard that Sam is a strong, keen,
active young fellow, who intensely bates
oppression, and Popery, and foreipn influ
ence ; but according to ' S. II. 1'." Sam
is likely to fare as badly as a certain girl
I once heard of. She (the girl aforesaid)
had declared loudly aud on all occasions,
... i - .i l : ,.. ,.l.i I
auu a luoueuuu iiiin-s vei, .u cue Huut
never marry a red-headed man, aud that
she would never marry an Irishman, and
that she would never marry a weaver.
But, alas, for her 1 "Manifest Dcstiuy"
got hold of her one day, and tho next
morning she awoke to Cud herself the
lawful wedded wife of a red headed Irish
weaver 1 1 All three objects of her utter
detestation, wrapped, blended, twisted into
one thrust into her bosom, tied to her
for life, to torture her loathing heart for !
ever, and to tinge the current of her Mood ;
through the long flow of couutiess genera
tions. '
Even so, according to "S. II. F.," Sam j
must swallow the enormous dose of spite-j
ful hostile foreign Popery which is the ;
main characteristic of the Cuban popula- j
tion ; and this dose is to be sweetened by
the delectable reflection that ho thus per-1
petuatcs the meanest, foulest system ofj
oppression that ever cursed the earth, or
insulted the majesty of Heaven.
tf I were as young, as active, and as
powerful as I take Sam to be, I would
horse-whip any man who should dare thus
to traduce mycharacter.
Anglo American.
TIIK LIFE-GAUGE.
Thev err who measure life by years,
With false or thoneMleiS lonpue ;
Sume hearts grow old before their lime ;
Others are always young !
'Tis not the number of the lines
On life's laM-fillinj pa-re.
'Tis not the fulse's acl.ied throbs,
Which constitute our age.
Some souls are serfs among the free.
While others nobly strive ;
They stand just where their fathers's stood,
Dead, even while they live!
Others, all spirit, heart and sense
Theirs the mysterious power
To live, in thrills of joy or woe,
A twelvemonth in an hour !
Seize, then, the minutes as they piss
The woof of life is thought .'
Warm up the colors, let them glow,
By fire or fancy fraught 1
Live to some purpose make thy life
A gift of use to thee
joy, a good, a golden hope,
A heavenly argnsy! Abbt Ai.uk.
High Prices. The indications are
that the present high prices for bread
stuffs will soon deeliue. They aro already
drooping in New York ; and it is expect
ed that they will materially decline on
the opening of the Erie Canal, which is to
take place on the 10th of May. We ad
vise all holders of grain or dour to cell
without delay. The present prices are
high enough to meet the grasping hanker
of a miser ; and any ono who is not satis
fied with them will not merit much sym
pathy if they hold on and take lower ones.
InJrpendent Whig.
Three Southern towns have been near
ly destroyed by Are within a short time
past, vis : Grenada in Mississippi, Gaines
ville, in Alabama, and Sandersville, iu
Georgia
BURG
rihijs at
A POEM,
IklicerctI Irorf t-V hurnutm Literary FocUfy nf Lewuburg
I niwiity March 3, Ui5.
A He for iniTi ! Law hn h tillt'f iVM.
For tmw men? intuitu- that lit Ml tni'Lt yield,
Ami it It In- uitixl, (.thru grJcii ot UimJ.J
dig in dMrkii-', whi-u tic uuirjit have In!
S iqiv iH'bltT Hpht-re, Mvi Ml liiruvlf a tuuuf,
l..kv Or. Ut-rsi'lit il, io a !nha Irwin.
A in! U. at -utli id called to die m won,
Kr tliii.k it rut.nt, till lie lirut aHst-tl (tis noon.
A Iilm ! ni.1.1 tl, that it 'hottt J eVr I f y.ti i,
i titit jcr:iy IijUh l!ti.Ft.m on a hollow I;. -ad.
May litis lafc .:. U- lr-li rr coii.-'tru. J,
Kr t natty wine. Tti r-t. umi Wfll n I'm J;
Mny i'si-Ii nrrr -.'iUi nl is uow Uun,
Hy N,uri J l r nth I wafi- J F&fWy tm.
HtMVrn lure tli- m on, till laml ami climr afar
hliall !c thv glitnm'ri. vt i!njirCvi-io'nt n'ar,
I'll) uiftital iK'Wer, with ninny a 'i'-ar bought cpotl,
iha!I crtwn aiuliton for a lile of toil.
-r thin great t-nl tin- iit int-n live prayed;
r tin. tfri-ait Mid Mcn-ti HTf m:di;
fr' r thin nnt end ihey mt from jvar to year;
Kr tlii ilium-, .Ufjimis are hr.
-..ur yennt am. t ti ifoiiHr of tlii bund
Ki-ieiTi-d ltd rij-nrt ftxim it author' baud;
Four yar n,'. a tuau of hoary hairs,
C'alh'j it F.ucpi&n, thr nam'' it U-ar.
Fnrth tht n tan nuJ. aud nrriauiriit th come
'ill. rry xbrxMMi, a mighty tiling at hutne,
W ' tti-u w. r- ilrivcn l' that t-nintnon rars
To niukr aivanruifitt with the KWt-llii; age,
FT fu-J of tuli.on. tli.-md of ri-Jf ;
If f.i-liifti di, 'twTf h.-tter man had tiJ.
Four Tfarn njn, tiin "Ututf r mt.
For eathriuz du-, cvincnl -fItuil pter:
Four yi-nr' havf iafs-J, and tho' tht-y ni uiayMem
A v;i;ue and -uipty w a it hit' dri'itm,
V.'t. when w make f:om thin h-nit rund of dayfl,
Our hartado t-iiU tut lottier nrtr of raiao.
ithin our hall, our nam e iw brhold,
Trai--d o'it in mas-;i- dviraftfM of g,wl,
F:t ti Vi, in omtly wurk o !.
And chairs on pivot", ornament Hip plaiNi;
Our t.r of txM'tt, 1 al.-o fiailly IaU,
In now itiPreain at a raytd rat" ;
Ix: h rw are (r whii h w m .y wifrty fr'rt,
And loid.lt ii )( hoHK wbifh i ttrth may roIU.
Ah, here h youth, all rit: fr futun- ysra,
T" hrar- liV ntoroi-. ri'irar(IIK." f it tfttrs ;
As .-ilishcl arrows frnni thf full N-iit ht.w,
llmh shall lh-y iwtr. and plilt.-r a they go,
Fr no Fti-p;au wnul 1 :Uim at will
An honon-d riatiou. that he rtuitd not fill;
H or ask for f.u. like him nf n-.Rst-d s-nsef
Vhow it.,rts wit o-tMo hi lfti- ni-,
V h'-m rtn, al-n, ha tationil iu thii van
A i uIHuc huml ii-, f.-r a rI man;
Ah n-i! 'tis n-A n itui.h a, and f If will wait,
Ttil lindf-w il' nt rankn him with tht prat.
A pik firt utriKes wlit-re winifr htoiifii r laid,
S j-twr mut Fjrinir, fr-ui !tui:tU IfiritiiiMi uiude.
Faint nvn- ourrff rt-. h-n uum-m-d ly youth,
In i-ur tirft !' w- trxri o-uid ttc tin- trulli,
Y.-t, a1 th windi that fr-m tin .-phr cpriukf,
Incrt-a m "itT, arid U-inrtlVn .tut th- wing,
Jiw!! t.. th storm, and wi'ti n.-iJt bliiSt
L'n-hiMtU thnr thund-r. anl lit ir liclituiDgs cat,
duib- ."wrs oi riir-' Ku;i:is rrr-tw,
Sal.- h.nv-t at--, and hiiJt. thrartb brlow.
Th wt-ri'l baJJ firfif. th.t hari a nam to lire,
That always ak, hut n-v.r d-iirn to ten;
Tlu-v iir think th:it hr who win mn-l fight,
Toil hnr l hy "1 Vv n,l l1"'' I"tm at n:t(ht ;
Hut flunk Hint eirth alone rfeiuarxlft a T'aft
tt him iiom t"i has (i-thi-d to hf mirt;
Thtr-M hare none; -ath in lui p!ar i tnutid,
And th it crc.tt wh-l f rnterpriw gfv rouud.
To-day it mov-'s and I-1 it still inotp on,
Tiil laurfl wreath aihl holy crowns ar won :
Till frmn lik.- h.ills, id frutn th (Wan' shore,
The world aH tsr-ft an ofit(.r uno m.re.
1 i.'-n if a thi"-f, to whom the pnwr i LM-n,
T- thrash 1W1 s urates, ami ravage nil hut ht-aren;
h-, eTtr warring in if-tori''U strif-,
In eTr ott-alinic fracuientu of our hfj.
Ati. vl old Tim-, that took th propheta hence,
fMll'cfts hi fiTln at tr world- expeno;
Hithin hit hand the awful tritlent clows
That rru-hes hopts with iinpxp'd Muwr;
Thrive, like tin- stnn, wlirn faithful "ti'e8 aiood
K-Qi-nth the flerr, sm'ins mount "f Uo-1,
llai this, our club, by licit ob I urate hand.
j:e. n ru lely (tit, and scattL-nd o'er the laud,
lint mark, as f tney. o'er a Ta.it etpans)
f we.-t.Tn worl-1. tt:rrif, cn:ne willi a clsnc),
'MM-t rattling hammern, and th dm of art.
It p,mfn tin-re to greet a kindied heart;
Ttn-rc. )y the twinklimr t the midnight oil,
OiT nbstrtife theories the voune may toil,
Ta-ie. swiltly WMktnf fnin obhrfourt night
A 11 hall, a e.ttlrtn, s urt e - f holy lii;ht.
Perppui'lest s'ntry lah-riHl here to lind
1 he part component of a mighty ntlnd.
U-t fri-a r n; he hohj- a a''r-. trut ;
Let other.- t ii till rlaim-t I" mother dust
Ai Xi'iii's watelimau, or in State af;r.
Wield p.-m pewer, or thunder at th bar:
bene ure our broUiers. dri)hl and tutor Thero,
To shine as aev'nvntn in a brighter wpVre.
Mark fney now, an harnewd wiih Die mn,
IlKif round the cloe. with lihtninp nped hath ran,
hen lol a fouttall from lt owti bright stranl
1 beard to echo in a foreign land :
i', i-iKf-ieed of gems from Wisdom ' rh"'icrnt fltor,
A H.' K9i a nrrapes the eastern world for nlora.
O ni y we ail thuiearnetUly he brought
To a-ek the a-me. of unfettered th'juuht.
Ilearen hbM Kuepians in heart andntorsi
Till si j: Us haTeoaased, aud wants are wants tioiwnre-
KlfcllAN.
PoliUcal Influence of Aliens.
Our largo cities are crowdoJ with a
large foreign bora vote. New York, Bos
ton, rhilailt'lpbia, Cincinnati, Baltimore-,
?t. Louis, New Orleans, anl oilier large
cities, of;cn decide the political contests io
the several States iu which tbey are loca
tedoften hold the balance of political
power. In almost all of these large towns
this foreign vote, banded togethcr,controIh
the muuicipal suffrage. Therefore, in all
closely contested elections, f reign born
voters not only exert a powerful nnd im
portant influence on tlie local result?, but
also on State elections. The following sta
tistics will serve to illustrate these remarks:
Natives. Foreisnerj.
Baltimore,
(hicaso,
Cincinnati,
Net Orleans,
N'.-w York,
Albany,
Detroit,
Miltratikic,
Louisville,
Philadelphia,
St. Louis,
Newark, Ji. J.
130.481
P.918
I3.fi!)3
50,470
277,75'J
3!.lfi2
11. OS 5
7,11
25,07!)
2H6.316
35.6S9
26 .SOI
35,4 SS
46,tifi7
15.033
S4.54 1
4S,(101
235,733
16.591
3,927
12,782
12,401
121.099
3S.397
12,322
8,088
Mobile,
The Detroit Atlvrrtirrt on this subject,
remarks, tliat no one who considers the
matter for an instant can fail to sec the
political power which is in tho hands of
aliens in the United States. Were they
scattered throughout the land in country
towns, they would bo shorn of their influ
ence ; but, by collecting together in large
cities, arid moving as en cnit, they wield
a power that is mighty, and which may, if
unchecked, elect in tho future, as it has
done in the past, Presidents nnd Gover
nors. Are the fears, then, which are en
tertained, respecting foreign influence,
groundless ? No ; on the contrary, there
is the strongest foundation for them. Ali
ens have taught Americans a good lesson.
If immigrants already in the country band
together as one body, and by concentrat
ing together in large cities, control toe
votes of States, it is certaiuly time to check
the growing evil beforo it gets beyond our
control. Tho movement is on foot, and
has gained a strong' foothold, which will
wrest the political power of the country from
the hands of foreign-born ertixcns. Ame
ricans will rulo America. Fhilad. Sun.
Gen. Houston, is something of a wag as
Well a a 5exican fighter. In speaking of
the chaotic state of political parties on a
recent occasion, be remarked that the
whigs were like sheep without the shep
herd, and the democrats like a eVp herd
without shwp
fcurislmrfl, Union (Honntn,
Kewp your Childrenemloyed.
Idleness and want of some regular em
ployment, often pave tie way to the gates
of her whose guosta are ia the depths of
perdition. The idle are ge nerally disso
lute. It is an bid maxim, as true as it isH
old, and not all too simple aud undignified
for those who would Le too wise to Lear,
that
"PrUii find. Rome tnisfh'f rtill,
Fur idle bands to do."
Parents can iu no way bo easily and in
fallibly rear their Bons to be profligates,
and inmates of brothels and proficients id
all kinds of vice, as by teaching them not
to work, and permitting tbeiu to com
mand their own time. Let the parent but
regard labor as dishonorable; let him teach
his son that gentility consists of leisure
and amusement ; let him furnish Lini no
absorbing business for cither bend oi
hands ; let him choose his own compani
ons, and spend his time without question
where he pleases : let him pass his even
ings away from the parental fireside, and
especially let him Lave a supply of money
to demonstrate his respectability and dis
play bis generosity, and command the va
rious sensual indulgence that solicit his
scnscs,and with almost infallible certainty
such a course will securo the prostitution
of his virtue, and send Lira forth a beggar
of all respect, and all peace, and all hopes,
into the miduight darkness of eternity.
The California Condor.
The high mountains of California arc
frequented by a species of condor, which,
although somewhat inferior in izc to the
condor of the Andes, is probably the larg.
est bird to be found within the confinra of
the Golden State. A full grown Califor
nia condor measures upward of thirteen
feet from tip to the tip of its wings, and
when in its favorite element, the air, is as
graceful and majestic as any bird in the
world. They tnnke their homes upon the
edges of lofty rocks, or in the old deserted
nests of bawns and eagles, npon tho tipper
branches of lofty tres. Their eggs are each
about twelve ounces in weight, and are
said to be excellent eating. The barrels
of the Jwing feathers of the condor are !
about four inches long and three-eights ofj
an inch in diameter, and arc ised by the
inhabitants of Northern Mexico to keep
gold dust in.
The Nebraska Legislature, which ad
journed on the ICth ultimo, enacted a
general system of laws chiefly borrowed
from Iowa ; provided for an efficient orga
nization of counties ; passed a good school
law providing for free schools for all ; pas
sed a stringent prohibitory liquor law ;
chartered three universities ; incorporated
a medical society, and provided for taking
a new census the ensuing fall, by the mar
shal, from which a new apportionment of
representatives is to be made by tho Go
vernor. TIIK FAItM :
The Ourdrn Tlie Ortharal.
Written for the Lewiaburg Chronicle.
How to make the Gardsn Patch
profitable.
This can hardly be done, to the fullest
extent, at once. Taking ground of the
quality which wo ordinarily find, it will
take some time, mt?re than & ycaf, to
bring it into the condition most desirable
for the purposes of gardening. But with
the principles clearly in mind, on which
success depends, wc may do something
towards it at once, and bo continually
bringing our practice towards perfection.
These principles must be obvious on a
little reflection.
Tho garden is a veritable manufactory.
The materials therefore, out of which veg
etables aro made, m ust be furnished it.
Plants do not come of course, even though
their seeds be put into the ground, as
every body knows. The Great Creator
himself does not here "mako something
out of nothing" but it may not have
been equally considered by all that the
most perfectly barren saud or pounded
rock, may have such additions made to it
as to render it capable of sustaining an
abendant vegetable growth.
The plants which we wish to bring for
ward in our gardens must havo the cle
menU supplied out of which they are to
be built up in such abundance and ia such
position as they severally require. These
elements are contained, partly in the
ground iuelf, and partly in the air we
breathe, from which they are washed out
and carried down to the roots of plac(s.
But to make those more useful plants
which we cultivate flourish luxuriantly,we
can not in onr climate and soil, depend on
the slowly elaborated nourishment thus
derived, by which the vegetable kingdom
Las gradually been stocked. We are offered
mostly from the results of former vegcta
tion, such profusion of material, in a sol
Able stato, that onr plants may not even
have to look around, so to speak, fof food,
but only to take it and grow and come to
maturity, within the few thort weeks or
month, which tbey Lave for perfecting a
crop. Hence the necessity for abundant
loatrufing. But not dung merely, what
ever can enter into tho composition of a
plant is manure. And whatever Las re
sulted direetly or indirectly from vegeta
m mj ejn'ribute it ?nin Thns
CHROf
pennsnloanio.
our soil is rich, if at all, from tho effects
of former growth. All decaying veg!a-
blcs, all that is made from the consuinp-
tion of vegetables, or flesh, blood, bone,
hair, skin, feather?, ie., all animal excre-
ments, are the material of new plants,and
if carefully husbanded to this end, our
land instead of becoming impoverished,
would be continually growing more fur
tile. Let any family save t'ao waste of
what flesh, grain and vegetables tbey con
sume and thry have the m Meruit fur grow
inn at murh more. Different plants require,
indeed, different kiuds of manure, a truth
into the particulars of which we can not
now enter, only remarking that if we give
all that which is good lor the best, we
can not make any serious mistake.
But this manure must not only be in
the ground, it must be in the piece rhere : ing the land as with it, and therefore, why
the plant wants it. This is not near tho j should such a practice be longer tolerated
surface, but mainly at a considerable by American farmers. The Chinese, who
depth. Many of our vegetables we culti-1 are noted fur the superiority of their Agri
vate entirely for the root, which ohviously J culture, have not found it difficult to keep
ought to Lave a chance to become long I up the fertility of their soil by annually
and large, as it can not unless the ground ! growing heavy crops, without giving it any
is mellow. Some go deeper than ethers, rest. In the best cultivated portions of
but there are none, perhaps which do not i England farms and even whole parishes
naturally go below the depth to which we ! are in great abundance in which the yield
are in the habit of digging. And when of wheat, extending over a long period of
the roots are encouraged to descend for j years has equalled forty bushels per acre,
the manure, they reach a region of perpet- j and during the whole course of cropping a
ual moisture which renders them indepen-' naked fallow has not been made. Indeed,
dent of the drought of our hot summers 1 the enlightened and scientific portion of
a point of no slight importance. Thus '
market gardeners find it necessary to ;
loosen their ground two or three spits
deep, and fill it with manure, to make it
produce in the manner described by Cob
bet in our extract last week. On these
two points, deep digging and heavy ma
or three spits ;
nuring, their results as compared with
those of ordinary agriculture, maiuly dc-
pend. We seo it stated in a late number : cure this objcet.and at the same time Kccp
of the London Quarterly llcvicw, that the j ing in ruiud the climate, the soil, high
gardeners about "the Wen" carry Lack a ' price of labor, scarcity of capital tc be em
load of manure from the city for every 1 ployed in agriculture as compared with
one of vceetables which thev brinj: in.and j Great Britain and some portions of the
that they apply this nianurr, (meaning we
suppose, a one horse cart load to every 30
square feet of ground,') le;-), JU 36?, lhan
six feet square.
Of the practicability of raising several
crops siinultzneously, as mentioned by
Cobbit. we must speak egain. For tho
present wo only ask our readers to try
once laud well pulverized and manured j of our very best farmers, with whom on
to the depth of two feet, and gee if it does i many tt'aer points of husbandry we pcr
not exceed iu produce six rods dug sis j foct!y agree,acd the contributions of whose
inches deep.
Bastard Fallows.
The system of making summer fallows,
by allowing land to lay a whole year in a
naked and unproductive state, for the pur
pose of preparing it for autumn wheat, is
extensively practiced in all the wheat grow
ing districts of the United States. The
process of making naked fallows, when tbe
loss of a whole year's rent of laud cr in
terest on the value thereof is taken into
account, under the most favornblc circum-
stances is expensive, and may in most ca-
. 1, .lism.i.sed with, without in the most
triflino. d..,rree detracting from the annual
productiveness of the soil. If this propo-
sition can be sustained in practUc, by the
entire mass of the wheat growers of our
.i .1.. . !.,,i
couuirj, lueu luajr mo u.t.-vyu.,.
i nns nf h urone have connuence in oeitip
. .. : ...
able at all times to get a supply of bread-
stuffs from America,
Naked fallow", are expensive and useless,
and that a much more profitable system of
m:.nnrrina land fop wheat can be adonted.
nr nrir.i'nn birh nrn ra:ninr pround.
c
and are believed by many of the most cn-
i: l. i e .i.: nnnr Ti.
great bulk of the farmers, however, Lave
not given the subject much consideration,
nor do they yet understand the Lest and
cheapest method of keeping up the fertil
ity of their soil, anil at the sime time in
creasing iu annual products without sub
jecting their land, in periods of four or
five years, and in some instances much
more frequently, to the old fashioned and
extravagant practice of summer fallows.
With a view of promoting the interests of
agriculture, an attempt will be made by
the writer, to minutely discuss the subject
In all iU bearings, during the succeeding
six or eight numbers of the Farmer.
The ordinary practice of taaking fal
lows cost at least eight dollars per acre ;
in this calculation is included the rent of
land a twelve month, and the plowing and
harrowing required to bring tho laud into
a clean state of culture. The expense of
manuring, draining, laying the ground in
to ridges, and seed, ic, would be tbe same
in ono case as the other, and therefore on
the score cf expenditure or economy need
not be included in the calculation. Iu the
term bastard fallows may be included the
various modes of preparing land for fall
wheat by which tho loss of a whole sum
mer or crop is not required to effect that
object. It Las already been shown that if
land be strmmer fallowed, a direct charge
of about eight dollars per acre must be put
against the wheat crop, and as will be pre
sently proved to tho satisfaction of every
reflective mind, without affordi&g an equi
valent return for such a extravagant out
lay. The system proposed to be practiced
will be based upon the soundest principles'
of economy, nor will it require a large ca
pital to carry if oot throughout tb rafl-
TWELFTH YEAR
$1.50 per Year,
j ous ramifications of.a well managed arable
j farm. One of the most important features
j of the system is this : the greea or other
I crop grown upon the land with a view of
preparing it for fall wheat will be of such
a d(.scr:ption,nl grown npon such a scale,
! that in most cases tae proceeds thereof
will pay the rent of land and the entire
expense of managing both the summer and
winter crops thus leaving the latter clear
profit to the cultivator. The average yield
of alitat, extending over a period of ten
or fifteen years,on the best managed wheat
j farms in this country docs not exceed thirty
bushels per acre. Now, it is quite certain
that even when this bigh average is ob
tained by superior cultivation an4 by the
aid of naked fallows, quite as groat a yield
of wheat nay had without summer fallow-
the farmers of Great Britain have long
i , ...
since exploded the gem.-barbarous prw-;
tice of makiu! naked tallows, ana tacrc
appears to be no valid reasons, why a si
milar view of this important question
should not be favorably received by the
wheat growing farmers of America. To
enlighten public opiuion regarding the va-
rious systems of cultivation adapted to se-
continent of Europe, and ctber prominent
features that have an influence to a greater ; and probably disease. The disease pro
or less decree Upon the character of Arae-1 dueed from the f..reg"ing peculiar State of
rican Agriculture, re the real grounds
that have induced the writer to take a bold
stand in discussing this somewhat intricate
rubject, which in many of its features will
bo found opposed to the practice of many
pens we shall be pleased to receive, on
this or other subjects, whether their opi
nions and practice correspond with ours or
not. Without further prefatory remarks,
we shall briefly at this time take up the
subject in a tangible point of view, and in
our nevt risumc it in several of its prao
rfcal bearings.
INDIAN CORN.
The maize plant may be profitably cul
tivated in nearly every portion of this great
Republic. In the most northern sections,
, where it is grown as a preparative crop lor
I fall wheat, an early variety should be se-
... . c
i lected, and by liberally manuring the land,
j and clean culture, it may be pushed for-
ward to full maturity by the first week iu
September, after which it should be cut
; nn and drawn oil. and the land rloweanu
, -i -
1 f. j.t,.. T!,. ..Uiilliir. tho
' f"- "t ijl j t 0
bills of corn in rows about four feet apart
both ways, and by passing me sieei wmu
cultivator twice iu each direction between
those rows, the land will be in as good a
' condition for fa.l wheat as it it tad been
! summer fallowed. Besides, tho manure
, . .. t i r .1 :t!
' applied to tt.e lano. lor me coru crop m
' have cassed through its various stages of
fermentation, and the juices Lavicg been
partially absorbed or citra-tcd in giving
strength and vigor to the maize plant!,
there is but little apprehension on the
score cf having a fallen or rusted crop, as
would probably have been the case had the
manure been applied to the land whilst
being summer fallowed. This iufljence
however operates only on soils where there
is a great depth of decayed vegetable mat
ter on the surface, and where a strong and
luxuriant growth of straw is produced
without extraordinary means being used
to secure that result. There are but few
soils on which unfermented barn-yard ma
nure can be applied immediately before
the sowing of wheat, without doing more
or less injury to that crop. On soils where
this is not the case, it will be found that
human or vegetable mold forms a very
small proportion of their ingredients, and
doubtless on soils of this kind, cru Jo and
unferniented barnyard manure may be
applied without producing the foregoing
results. In those cases where vegetable
deposits form a small proportion of the a
live soil, unferi.jented barn yard manure,
buried in the soil to a depth of six or nine
inches with the plow, will aid materially
in bringing into action soeh inert proper
ties as Will promote a vigorous growth of
plants and vegetables. Manure thus ap
plied Las a powerful mechanical action on
siils, and the beneficial or prejudicial in
Caence produced, may be attributed as
much to this agency as to that of afford
ing a direct supply of food for their sus-
tenatree.
Tbe mechanical action of manures on
Is, of course grMtly depend npon tW
I"
0 IE
6
WHOLE KU-MBEE, 57C.
always in Advance.
tbey are intended to act. Tbi. fact should
be duly considered in connection with th
manuring of the land for the wheat crop1.
The wheat plant is dtcidei'y the isosl
precarious to cultivate, of the cereal plaottt,
aud hence a greater degree of judgment
should be employed by those who engage
extensively in its cultivation. In northern,
Europe, the heat cf summer is less severe)
than in the same degree of latitude on this
continent, and conseq lently a much Ioog t
period is given the wheat crop to mature
and ripen, and hence the Crease known,
among us by theapel'ationof nut'a scarce
ly known in the best wheat growing dis
tricts of Europe. It is well kctiwn by all
wheat growers, that cool dry weather dur
ing the month of July, and up to the pe
riod of whc.it harvest or from the time
that the wheat plants come into eir, uo'.il
they arrive to full maturity Is moat fa
vorable for an abundant harvest of wheat
Such weather has to:' the opposite influ
ence with Indian Corn and most of tha
other cereal plants. The eau:e of this
somewhat strange phenomenon, may be
tolerably correctly reconciled by eianr.n
ing the peculiar habits and constitution of
the wheat plant. A minute enquiry into)
this matter, will probdb'.y be made in dis
cussing another branch of this subject
and in the mean time the fact should be
remembered, that the plants of wheat have
strong roots, which strike to a great depth
into the ground, and send forth an abun-
l
uuntsuppiyoi iooa mrougu ine lap vesseaj
wuicu ihjjm timer a ueauuy or aicaij
growth, just ic ratio with iu Quality and
adaptation for this class of plants.
Warm humid weather is the most favor
able for a vigorous growth, just in ratiii
with its quality and adaptation for thia
class of plants. Warm humid weather ia
the most favorable fr a vigorous growth
of plants, and vegetables when weathef
of this kind prevails to a considerable ex
tent, between the periods that the wheat
crop conies into ear and ripens, the conse
quence will be a strong growth of strawj
the atmosphere would be either mildew or
rust. The latter, by far tbe most preva
lent cn this continent, is mainly engend
ered by too great a flow of juices or food
through the sap vessels of the wheat plants.
The cuter covering of the straw being of
very weak structure, when tho sap vessel
become overcharged with food, rupture
aud premature decay immediately follows.
The State of the atmosphere and climato
doubtless has much to do in effecting thii
work,but tbe soil also has a great iufluenscj
in preventing or promoting thi3 disease.
It is for tliis reason that Indian Corn may
be profitably grown as a preparative crop
for eithbr fall or spring wheat
The manure applied to the soil for th
com crop, will have undergone a thorough
state of fermentation during the process oi
cultivation, and as the maize plant requi
res a different quality of food io briug it
forward to maturity than is required by
j the wheat platt, tbe latter will be more-
apt to be free from disease, if sown afier a
j well calculated crop of Indian Corn, than
j it the land Eat Deen summer u.ioweu
: nurooseiv lor mat crop. Aciover or
ti
-
mothy sod well plowed, and liberally ma
nured, is the best possible state that th
soil can be in for Indian Corn. If tba
hills be planted in rows four feet apart
both ways, there will be no difficulty ia
cultivating this crop entirely with thi
horse cultivator, and shovel plow. By tho
'. r .t .!. I
iree use oi u. ... pHw ...
may be made as clean as if it bad been
summer fallowed, and besides the profit of
the corn erop will pay the who'.o expense
incurred in the cultivation and manag
mcnt of the wheat crop.
An acre of Indian Com mauaged in tba
ir.anner proposed, will yield in an average
of cases upwards of 40 bushels of market
able grain per acre. This at the lowest
calculation is rorth 0 cents per bushel,
as an article of export, which, in addition,
to the corn stalk f r winter provender for
horned cattle, would give a rlet profit of
twelve dollars per acre. When it ia in
tended to sow wheat after corn, the latter
crop should in all cases be harvested ani
drawn off the ground, a short time befora
the crop is thoroughly rip, by which
means more time will be given to prepare
the land for the wheat crop, and the fod
der will also ba much mire valuable than
if allowed to get dead ripe before Ljin
Larvested. When the proper soason ar
rives for the practical operation on the
farm,suited for tbe cultivation of the maiiei
plant, full directions will be given, for the
proper performauco of the business id all
iU details.
In our next issue, the cultivation of the)
clover plant as a preparative erop for fall
rhetrt will probably receive attention!
at our bands. Genesee Farmer.
Early Veoftables at the Sotnif.
The Charleston Courier of Monday last,
gaya : We saw on Saturday, on efia gent
leman's farm, over fifty bushels of floe1
peas that will ba ready to be picked ia '
day or two.
Tlioso swindling nd demoralising eon-'
trivance. Ud lotteries; are near