MWISBURG BY 0. N. WORDEN & J. II. C. IIICKOK, Corresponding Editor. FRIT MARCH 3, 1S55, Valuatian and Taxables Of the several Cuuuties of Pennsylvania , from tbe Report of tbo Auditor General fwlSSl. Valuation. Taxio't. Ptiilaclclpliia Lancaster Aliegbeuy Buwks Montgomery Northampton l'raukiiu Schuylkill York Cumberland DaupUiu Washington Lehiga Delaware Lebanon Westmoreland Luzerne CKiOW Huntingdon 'urlliuuiberlaod Fayette Center Adanis BUir I.) coming Ene M.filln Beaver Bradford Mercer C'raford Lawrence Perry Columbia Butler Greene Somerset Juniata Susquehanna Indiana Armstrong Bedford Carbon Cliuton Montour Wayne Clarion Tioga Monroe Venango Cambria Warren Clearfield Jefferson Wyoming Fulton Potter Pike Elk M'Kcan Sullivan forest Total o,0(iu' 30,112 15.13S 17,403 0.-o-"),SlO 17,0b7,Ul2 17,519,013 13,953,772 12,49J,572 11,809,039 ll.53-J.3Sl 10,940.850 10,450,133 9,S90,3!sl) g,5U9,9G0 8,5-U,i9S 8.105.054 7.'958,-J72 6,771,5.7 6,053,530 5,447,!-44 5,34,9-9 5,lS3,8-5 5,0U,.76 4,749,306 4,670,089 4,301,187 4,358,916 4,351,475 4,104,954 4,078,992 3,913,003 3,424,5-27 3,174,995 3,113,003 3,1 12,983 2,974,324 2,957.802 2,912.788 2,8-7,826 2,715,486 2,690.475 2,470,4s7 2,338,857 2,243, 125 1,907,113 1,S04,427 1,611,190 1,737,327 1,647.193 1,591,216 1,376,811 1,371,345 1,330.551 1,249,182 1,035,8!0 927,454 797,800 746,097 730,075 622,425 691,546 451,006 145,339 7,929 U,U4D g ., 10 941 13J17 5,779 0,572 g'y-'Q 6 252 5,703 7,493 11,336 r'j? i ? (no oooj ti'-XH 9,056 5,119 4,795 5,438 7,078 5 479 3,391 7,075 6.999 7,071 5,323 4,128 3,118 2,981 6.3S6 5.603 5,770 3,251 4,847 5,084 3,057 3,884 3,554 2,345 2,280 1,709 1,528 M'0 1 C If q-'o 2jjj $531,731,301 553,236- In estimate Population, 0e taxable is sunnoscd to renresent five and a half supposed to repreacut Jiie ana a naif fl Da the Seasons Change ? We of:en hear opinions expressed as to the gradual increase or diminution nf cold or of hrat, in d.uerent parts of the globe we inhabit. A faithful comparison of countries by centur ies, would be the b?M of evidence. We have in our library an udd No. of the Edinburgh il g tzinc Cut Sept. 1787,which copies an arti cle on this subject, from a French publication, Journal dt F!iyiqur, which we transfer for the consideration of the readers of the Chronicle. ON the VARIATION IN Tempebatire ! of Climates at different Periods. ; It is a problem, still uudctermincd.whe-i ther our seasons are not now colder than they were in former times. j It would appear from tbe writings of the j ancients, that in tbeir day? the cold was much more intense than it is in ours. Di-! odorus Siculus speaks of the rivers in Gaul j 1 - 1 . as beine in eeneral so frozen in winter.and ; the ice so strong and thick, that not only 1 men and horses, but whole armies with ' their chariots and equipage could pass over ' them. The same author adds, that it is a custom iu those countries to cover the ice with straw to prevent people from falling. Caesar, when crossing from Languedoc to Auvergoe, was obliged to make for bis army a passage through the snow of the j Ceveones, which was then six feet deep, Dio Cassius says, that Trajan constructed bis famous bridge over tbe Danube to make the passage easy for bis troops when tbe river happened not to be froien. Virgil shows us, in several of his Gcorgics, that the winter was much more severe in Italy at that time than it is now, when be des cribes tbe precautions necessary to be taken for defending the flocks from the severity of the frost and snow. Ovid, banished to Tomos on the shore of the Euxine, says, that the sea freezes every winter j that the rains or the sun are not able to melt the ice; and that even in several places it continues frozen for two jean together ; that wine froze so troog'.y, that the liquor remained solid when the vessels were broken, and retained lowin, rates of increase for the five years celebrated Tournefort, in his Voyage to the , " f " ; ""- "uul" P, rr 1M sou in ! .auuers is naturaity poor ana f , d . frcm j and ving the top and bottom knocked out, and iowin, je 8 niiu . ,ljr a oWlng t0 the reslst;iUC8 of lue , LMe) LaportCf Leas Ul , Lowe M Cal- , tUe maxim is, "Without stall-fed cattle no ; hloaAetfan hm it CPuU otberwise ' the sides made ri-pinj-1, tie front, which Pcnnyhania. Union Couy. That part of the Danuba over which Trajan j opinion has been likewise main- j w 11 1 M ' T' T- CTVS" ! M1- if we assune ,1,e ' aUUlJ ' f Pop. in 1S55 8.W0.S08 .1,784 ' threw his bridge, doe. not frecre at this Yby'oiher learned men. In the PhU. JJZ ! ft." I ( V T ' V " "f ff in 1850 2,3ll,7o7 zu,U6o day ; tbe six feet of snow is no longer - . f Eu, in --" "-" -e ' ' ' "S "F. , of cftcf,n bushc,3 are abo to -,roduce as easny ir.m me sasn ; waica nwy ce a "TTTTT "TTr," in 'ue hat Csar must have J'" Nation that Mf N0"h' l"' I be T J' T "'o 't n,ucb "" a sn CJmn'n WinJW SaS:i "&C,ly 66 Increase i,3,ol2 5,, 01 wm L3nguC(oc t0 Auve Tbe "h. proves torn J packer, Powell R'tous. Butter, , arable acre in the kingdom. Speakmg of j Ae faas , 'dM , ,he top of the box.and that is well puttied Showing a gain of over 100,000 per year; rivers iu Fr3Dce it is (ruc limZZm Tsl nT'B S-1' .7 'h in the State, and over 1,100 per year in fff ;, nCf.r: i,n. in . 17nl lu ,he llioAeadcnij ot Scitn (Blalr) gBltk (pLlU-) Stwlej gtebley( , Be- Mf- McCul0Ch remarxs : "Corn . , . ... i To make the ttjOeJ.lU tlaced the county of Union. ! 1766. and 1768. when thev were frozen. ' . . ascer""uituilue j btewart, Sturdev.nt, Thorn, ttatcrhouse, ! (wheat), flax, hemp, and timber constitute ...'.:. ;j a . - vi...i.. ; Tour frame where the Ud is to stand. R. CORNELIUS. their bhape. Virgil draws a similar picture of the shores of the Danube,when he Bays that the frost penetrate! the ground to the depth of seven ells, and that the wines freeze so as that tbey may be cut with a batchct. If this should Lo thought a poe tical license, it may be supported by tbe testimony of other ancicut authors. When Commodus was on tbe banks of the Da uube, bis courtiers, who wished him to return to Ilomp, asked him if he would never cease to drink water hardened by the frost, and if he meant fur ever to re- 13,761 I mla m a country winch was doomed to 15,451 ' perpetual winter ? The same writer (Ile 10,803 ! rouian) says, in the History of Alexauder 9,410 j Severus, that the Ilhiue aud the Danube 15135 I afe Dav'Eab'e ' suu,IIlcri but that 'u b 'iSO ' ter tucse r'vers are 50 covered with ice, g v(7 that people pass them, on horseback ; and 10,584 , that those who would driuk of them do not carry pitchers, but hatchets to break the ; nipci ,,f irliii.li thpv carrv likf nn j , f " J -J - ! man "oues- Ie sa s ,00' ,ljat Aquileia ! au ils tieigliborhood was a cold couutry. j Pliny the younger, when describing bis couu'ry-bouso iu Tuscany, says, that the I - ., ..ij . j frus.v duri,.,, w;nter : so i that myrtles would not grow, nor olives, aD( otuer trees that require a mild air. The laurel, says be, resists tbe cold, and ; does not perish bere ofteucr tlan it does at j Home. This description is more applicable t0 Paris at present, than to modern Home, j or even to Tuscany. It may be objected, I that Pliny's countrv-seit was placed on an liuy's country-sett was placed on an elevated situation, the temperature of corn, which is no longer the case : that in which corresponded to that of a northern I Iceluud grain can not be brought to per climate. This house was near Tisernum, fection now, but that many circumstance now Citla di Cattello, near the Tiber, aud i shew that the ancient inhabitants cultivate in a til na It a ua v a It t m -tul f which was i t the foot of a hill, and that the erouud rose towards it with an imperceptible as cent. Thus, then, Tuscany and the envi rons of Rome do not seem to have differed in temperature from Paris at present; and the testimony of Pliny justifies that of Horace, who describes the streets of Rome in winter covered with frost and snow, and, what is still more extraordinary, he speaks of tbe rivers as frozen. Neither is Horace tbe only one who mentions the rivers of Home aud Italy in this condition. Juve nal, describing bis superstitious woman, represents her breaking the ice of tbe Ti ber to perform ber ablutions. These accounts of the cold in ancient times, shew it to have been much more ; severe than it is at present. The rivers and the Tiber, which are said to have been frozen, do not freeze now ; and the cold i thought long and rigorous at Rome when snow lies two days on the ground. Ovid ; talks of the severity of the climate andri- gorof thecoldof Tomos, as we talk at pres- ! ent cf the climate and cold of Petersburg. ' YetthetemperatureofToroosisequaltothat f H of the mildest provinces in i r ranee: ana t no it can not be said that armies with tbeir equipage attempted to cross them. We ought therefore to conclude, that the cold is less intense at present than it was eigh teen hundred years ago; and yet the follow- ing facts, which are not less certain, seem to contradict such a conclusion. History and traditions inform us. that in ancient times a degree of beat prevail- - . cd superior to that wc now feel. We find tnat several places in the northern parts f France ji-lded good wine, though now "bat they afford us is exceedingly bad. Such is the vine of Surrene, which the emperor Julian thought excellent. There re suuie cantons where we are certain that wiue was made, aud where now the vine is DOt cultivated, aa the grapes will not r,Pen- JiVen ,n Places wucrc n,UCQ w,ne produced iu the year 1561, there is j net tint tin;. annmifvli n nint tlii trranp. I l no Beat cnouCu 10 Clor tue 8raPM In the 16th century we find a great number of vine-yards established, tbe ground-rent of which was to be paid in wine, and tbe term of payment fixed at tbe feast of St. Michael, tbe 29th of Sep tember : now it is an immemorial custom to pay these rents in new wine, that is, in wine made in the month of October follow- ing, which is the ordinary season of the vintage. On this circumstance, which at first sight seems very surprising, it is to be observed that these establishments were antecedent to the reformation of the ca lendar by Pope Gregory, so tbat tbe 28 ih of September, Old Style, is the same with 8th of October in the New; and consquent ly we must consider tbe term of payment in these establishments as fixed at the 8th of October. But this explanation, which appears to go a good way towards tbe so lution of tbe difficulty, does not remove it entirely. I observe tbat those rent pay able at Michaelmas might be taken in wine of tbe first drawing of the vat, or in the tuns, at tbe pleasure of the lord : ac cordingly these conditions shew exactly, that the wine was in tbe tuns on the 8th of October, ot at leut if it was still in the ' ' rwroiatiief orin-ifi.in rtt Ihw aiin ' flfKI inU9 &hptt vat, it was in a condition to be drawn off; and thus the vintage must have been finish ed seven or eight days before,which is the shortest space they allow the wine to re main in the vat before drawing it off, and consequently that the vintage must Lave been concluded in the last days of Sep tember, New Style. Hut, as we cannot suppose that the grapes were gathered before they were ripe, we must conclude that the commencement of the vintage then was earlier than it is with us, which is generally from the 8th to the 20th of October, nor do we ever sec it begun before the 4th. It must follow, then, that the summers, two hundred years ago, were warmer than they arc at present; that the heat of climate diminishes ; and since the dimunitiuu is so sensible in two hun dred years, it must be very considerable in two thousand. ' Accordingly, we read in the 6th chapter of the Gospel by Luke, ...... G... n. ,!,, -,,llr..,t Uldb IfUl L'IUI V I . J t O , IlltJ -I " I " ' near a field of corn about Easter, that is, in the end of March, or at the latest in the j beginning of April, rubbed ihe ears of j corn in their hands, that tbey might cat ! the seed. It must then have been ripe at this time, but in our days it is not nearly so. Tbe Evangelist kucw Judca and can not be supposed to have made ao absurd an anacbrouism, if the corn bad not been generally ripe about that time. M. Bushing, in his Geography, says, that, according to ancient accounts, Green land in some places produced excellent ed corn, and that it was not till tbe 14th century that they desisted. Having thus examples that beat has di minished, in tbe cold, the temperate, and tbe warm climates, we have reason to j conclude that it universally and continual ly diminishes ; while on the other hand, from the instances mentioned above, we might conclude that cold diminishes like wise. Let us endeavor to reconcile these opposite conclusions. A learned Mathematician, the Abbe Bossut, of the Academy of Sciences, bas shown that, in the solution of the problems tin., t a irf1tnt r.f tl.A T.l:,nutk :f ie """"8 '" f -- r. .; . lnwanee for a small chance in thcr mean places, that the observations may quadrate with the tables. It has therefore been doubted, whether these slight alterations in the mean motion be owing sclely to slight errors in the calculation, or if they are to be attributed in part to the resist ance of a medium through which the pla- nets move. Tbe Abbe shows by observa- ! . . I . . T .- : ' ' ' astronomers al ow, s verv sensible : aud . ' . j he determines the length of the year, j which he imagines is insensibly diminish- j ing. He found it iu the year 1750 to j consist of 36o days, 5 hours, 4s' 40"; 1 but we find it Ionizer, when we consult ' . . r( 'thn n,,prl.,.inn, nf I C ' T 1 f ' ' lot s 0 o fn lt I :i II'. thf funs anoiree is IU or " . , . :. .l. ..m.. - ; i more auvauceu tuiu iu mc uucjuii . . , ,, ,, , ... . .l"v" "- -6 passim aua iiauey; auu lue epucu 01 tbe mean longitude of the sun, by bis calculation, gives the sun's place 11" more advanced than the tables of CasMui, 25" more than those of Flamstcad, and 36" more than those of llalley. After these remarks, we may perhaps pay some attention to those of Plutarch, or rather to those of the priests cf Jupiter Amnion, who affirmed that their lamp, which was ! never cxtnmuisucd. consumed less and less . tnerefore concluded, ' .... that the years grew gradually shorter. Whether this opinion of theirs was found ed on astronomical observation, or on the diminished consumption of tbeir oil, it still shows tbat a decrease of tbe solar year waa at tbat lime suspected. It is from this observation tbat I would account for a difference in the degree of beat and cold at different periods. Tbe earth being anciently at a greater distance from tbe sun, there was lesa "pecifio heat in the ancient winters, and hence the great cold of which old historians make mention. But as to tbe summer, in which for the same rcaron tbe beat ought at present to be specifically greater than formerly, and consequently ought to ripen the fruits of earth better; it must be considered, tbat maturity does not depend solely on the intensity of tbe beat, but also on it dura tion. Our year being abridged in ita length, makes tbe summers shorter, and therefore the heat does not last long enough now to ripen tbe grapes in those places that formerly produced them. An exchange says that the hst thing a man does is to repent This is ft mistake the. ll thing done is to jy the printer- fcmistmrg, Hoion Conntp, The Sunday Liquor Law. ANA CT to prevent the tale of intoxicating liquors on the firtt day "f vseek, eom- niimfy called Sunday. Sec. 1. Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the first day of April next, it shall not be lawful for any person or per sons to tell, trade or barter, in any spirit uous or malt liquors, wine or cider, on tbe first day of tbe week, commonly called Sunday, or for the keeper or keepers of any hotel, inn, tavern, ale-house, beer houso or other public house, knowingly to allow or permit any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider, to bo drauk on or within the premises or bouse occupied or kept by such keeper or keepers, bis, ber or tbeir agents or servants, on the said first day of the week. Sec. 2. That any person or persons violating the provisions of the foregoing section, shall for each and every offence, forfeit and pay the sum of fifty dollars, one half of which shall be paid to the prosecutor, and tbe other half to the guar diaus of the poor of tbe city or couuty in which such suit is brought, or in couutiet having no guardians of the poor, then to the overseers of tbe poor of tbe township, ward, or borough, iu which tbe offence was committed, to be recovered as debts of like amount are now by law recoverable in any action of debt brought ic tbe name of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as well Jed, That when any prosecutor is himself a witness on anr trial under tbe crovisions : wuuen uu uj inn uuu vui iiu.ihuui of this section, then tbe whole pena ly or , "i.u e . 0,8 "'J or i forfeiture Bhall be paid to tbe guardians or. overseen as aforesaid Sec. 3. That in addition to the civil nenaltiea imoosed by the last preceding section of this act, every person who shall violate the provisions ot that section, snail be taken and deemed to have committed a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction thereof, in any criminal court in this Corn- monwealth, be fined in any turn not less than ten dollars or more than one hundred j,. , .i.,, 4 ,k, MteiJLTZtoL tl TV;iSt!r?Z days nor more than sixty days, at the d - crction of tbe court ; and upon being twice j Jcrlin. nf the mart : and unon beinir twice convicted, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit any license be nay have for selling the afore- lid liquors. THE FINAL VOTI HOUSE. Teas. Messrs. Allcgood, Avery, Ba ker, Baldwin, Ball, Boal, Bowman, Cald- as for the use of tbe guardiaus of the poor, ! IFAif is the available Capacity of the F-ir- equal to the yield of thirty bushels of , my, s'uay wuica investigates toe lot- (or for tbe overseers of the poor of tbe i ""' Ld " e C to"J , wheat and eighty of corn per acre, provid- j j?-' lwonf o:!"',r qti..u . f fact : township ward, or borough, a. the case and H'imaH W ' ed the plants are properly fed How should . ltD '; . C jrn a.re OMI lownsuip, waru, or ooruugu, tuc uk Cooclodad from our LaL I r , .- -, .- , ! by fattening hngs, cattle, or sLecp. and all may be,) as for tbe peraon suing : Ptovi, - , .Bm , nor,ul..;0 of 335 I farlDer feed CuI P'aD,S l,S SOli wh,cl1 ' the solid and li,,i I manure f.rmcd by the well, Carlisle, Chamberlin, Christ, Clapp, , as Dear u DiaT he at the temperature of Clover, Criswell, Cummings, (Phila.) j the month of May. Cattle (neat) are fat Cummins,(Somerset,) Dougherty, Donald-, tcd ana S0H when two years old. Tie n t " 1' . i T rouSl, xra.iey, i, wj, fi-inner. Harrison. Herr. Uedirson. Ho - ' , 0 , - Wickeraham. Witmer. Strooe. Speaker I -3 'ATS.Messrs. Bush, Craig, Edinger, ) Wright, Yorks 6. Missing. Measrs. Barry, Fry, Linder- I o n.j. 01 c...i..i..i. it ! oa",ue' ou""' "tresser.Cr.wford.Fearon.Fletcher.Haiues, ! n ... m. n? j ! ,ODI"on Ree,e ttoss Fi ' j n U'-i 7;ol Tbe vote in the Senate had but 2 or 3 Nays but we have not tbe names. THE SEER. 1 JuHar s. wHimia. I hear the far-off voyager's horn, 1 hear the Yankee's trail. His foot on every mountain pass, Oa every stream his sail. He's whistline 'round St. Mary's Falls Upon his loaded train, He's leaving on the Pictured Rocks His fresh tcbacco stain. I hear the mattock in the mines. The axe-stroke in ihe dell. The clamor in the Indian lodge, The Jesuit's chapel-bell. I see the swarthy trappers come From Mississippi's spring'. And war-chiefs with their painted bows And crests of eagle wings. Behind the squaw's birchen canoe The steamer smokes and raves. And city lots are staked for sale Above old Indian graves. By forest lake and water fall I see the pedlar's show. The mighty mingling with the mean. The lofty with the low. I hear the tread of pioneers Of nations yet to be. The first low wash of waves where soon Shall roll a human sea. The rudiments of empire here Are plastic yet. and warm; The chaos of a mighty world Is rounding into form. Eaeh rude and jostling fragment soon Its fitting place shall find The raw materials of a 8tate, Its muscles and its mind. And, westering still, the star which leads The new world in iu train. Has tipped with fire the icy spears Of many a mountain chain 1 The snowy cones of Oregon Are kindled oa iu way, And California's golden sands . Oleam brighter in iu ray- CHRONICLE pcnnsglnania. f A vary a4 Baa la an almhou. waa aahed what He aa aotng now f lie r-piim, vL waituio. j "Only waiting" till the shadows Are a little Innser srown, Only waiting till the glimmer Of the day's last beam is flown. Till the liht of earth is faded from the heart once full of day. Till the stars of heaven are breaking Through the twilight soA and grey. "Only waiting" till the reapers Have the last sheaf gathered home, For ihe summer lime is faded And the autumn winds have Come ; Quickly, reapers ! gather quickly The last ripe hours of n y heart. For the bloom of life is withered. And I hasten to depart. "Only waiting" till the angels Opea wide the mystic gate. At whose feet I long have lingered. Weary, poor, and desolate ; Even now I hear their footsteps. And their voices far away. If ihey call me, I am waiting. Only waiting to obey. "Only waiting" till the shadows Are a little longer grown. Only waiting till ihe glimmer Of ihe day's last beam is flown ; Then from out the gathering darkness Hily. deathless stars shall rise. By whose tieht my soul hall gladly Tread its pathway to the skies. THE The Garden- FARM : Tbe Orchard. A View of American Agriculture. T?l niiitH aitutittfia nnvaisl r,Pr an. milB. With m nonnlation eauallv O r . ... . . ,, , . . . . dense, Virginia would contain twenty-two -- . c .u 4. i. i ji million seventy-five thousand two hundred .nu,. Be,Lriuu).bT the attention paid tosav- ingmanure.-,and with climate inferior to that of the Old Dominion." is able to . . ' .... f k r tt ch ,nd aIso ; gome graln It hl3 neartT thrce j four nurjdrcd tnd ,WCnty.two thousand five hundred and seventy-four hectares of laud. (!) Of this, one million seven hundred and ; geTenteen thousand three hundred and fifty-four are arable, and six hundred and ' ' ... . f0r,Jrn!De thUMnd 0 D; hUdr fift,-lW "e W00d frC,3'S- "I 1 aud meadows cover an area of four hundred . Mrt.D-.atl ,housand five hunJrcd and i gUa meaaows cover an area ui lour uuuurcu ...... . . ,. . ..a ' n,t.,' fc.M.M. vr.. U. ; j cuttjTato i .rta fonr hundred and twenty eight thousand two hundred and ninety one. In bis "Agricultural Survey of Flan- ders," Mr. Ratcl.ff says that the dairy- men keep their cow stables the year round . .. . . ' !W"8B """"" ' every year tor iourtcen years, waseigtit ni n;n.,f.il,f fhn,,nJ .n.l a hundred and seveuty-six. 1 ...uv . - - llm must imnorlanf materials of Ihe airri- cultural wealth of Belgium. The soil arti- fr:;utly enriched, produces commonly more j than double theqwxntity nf corn require,! i fa the consumption of in inhabitants, which ! - . , . . . ... computea at six minions or ueetoutres (e,ch two and three quarter bushels) per ' ...... . . annum." misgives an aggregate ot six- teen million five hundred thousand bushels of wheat. The six hundred and forty-nine thousand nine hundred and fifty-two heel ares (over one million five buudred thou sand acres) in woods and cultivated forests, yield a large profit in timber. The fact is tbe more worthy of note because of all tbe extravagant abuses of the bounties of Pro tidence in this country, reckless waste of timber is tbe least excusable. Timber is about as necessary as bread ; and it re quires a vastly longer time to grow a good oak than it does to fell one or grow a crop of corn. There are small forests of black locusts in this country which yield from twenty-five to fifty dollars worth of railroad ties per acre year, with no very expen sive culture. Tbe grand secret of Belgian farming lies in tbeir producing, keeping from loss, and good sense in applying ma nures. Of all civilised nations, wc pay least attention to appreciate the faet tbat tbe more fat cattle, fat hogs, or sheep he keeps, the more grain, tobacco, or eotton he can make on his farm. It is stated, on the above reliable authority, tbat tbe aver age for fourteen years of fat cattle sold in Belgium, was eight hundred and ninety eight thousand and twenty-six head a year. The essential object in making so much beef (not a little of which is consumed in London,) was the production of manure. The liquid excretions of a single cow Mil at two pounds (ten dollars) a year. Virginia sends to Massachusetts about a million bushels of corn per annum. If, in place of exporting this grain, it was fed to hogs and neat eattle and their meat ex ported, the manure derived from the grain consumed would give to the eon growers of that State five hundred thousand busb- i CHAPTER IV. i it is cnotigti to say tuat our climate is ; ELEVENTH YEAR $1.50 TER Yeak, ALWAYS IX AnVAI-'fE. ill now j harvest. By pursuing the RcTgian system ! a few years, tbe fertility of Virginia soi!s j is no grod reaon w'.iy t's cultivator of i would be three-fold greater t'uau it now is. American soil bouM not hi tlie most tbor Tbe State could then spare more breadstuff j ouglily educated business man in the world, and tobacco than it now dots without in- j Great improvements are attainable ; at.4 if jury to the land. A rich man can spend ( Congrrs and State Legislatures will ren more money from his lure income than a j dor a liaie assistance in the wny of e ! poor man spend from a small one, aud uot j lvcting, annually, reliable sHtistie, that become bankrupt. (2) we may g to the people with faLts as ! All business men occasionally take an i Cir".- the tru'h f which none can g-in-account uf stcck ; all manufacturers tati-: say, one Lundrcl pir c.-nt. can soon ta mate the value i f the raw material con- ad-Jed to lue productive industry of five sumrd iu the course of a year's oprration ; millions tf firm luborpra. T!,-re is aa but the manufacturers uf agricultural stap-1 undeveloped power cf production in Atne ks. The latter seem tj thiuk that uatme ; ricau s-ii! and muc'.i, :;n l above all ia forms sixty bushels of corn or thirty of Ainerit-aa miud, which our'ut no longer to wheat from uuthiuy. If this weretrue, all be n.-gicctcd. Although tiie scieuee of soilssbould bealike productive and iu mure liuunn progress is in its infancy, yet of no value. This is not the fact ; and the little that has been achieved within the the production of good manure u an in- last thirty years, and mainly by the study dispensable part of good husbandry. IIuucc of natural phenomena and the application the keeping of domestic animals can never t of the knowiedo fo a.qolr.-d to all the j be dispensed with to advantage, till the j porpne of civilid life, pruiis ft ten , human family reach a density of p-'pula- i fold larger harvest wheu suit-ace i-ball di i tion of about one pcrsnn to a half acre, After that, an auimal belonging to the ijmu hum- (man) will furnish all ucodi'u! fertilizer. Wiih all our pride, we should remember that we are but "dust." j To show the c ip.icity of arable land to ' proJuce breaJtu:Ts- a:iJ tuot atlemi't tu n-atu uici-Aircuic iiwiiia m uilu is uukuuwu, , nr. llftl n tin .(.l.tilin rf fi f r,.ijri . w 1 """""JU els per acre, so that the same will, in the . r , . course of a few years,grow crops five times t Ijr: ... ..... .... , ,, f f n; . , j fc . -,.e ! ""uoul going mro euen:.oi corn culture, which will be discussed under its plum o draw more aliment from the at apprnpriate head, it may be stated that, if mnsphcrc and the earth, thau they could all the stalks, blades, cobs, and corn in the couimaud without such aid. It is precise share of manure, or the stalks and cobs ly this function in what are called reno- rotted without beinr; consumed an 1 the corn eaten to furnish manure, be annually the j;oath tiat incrcaSL.s t-UQ natural pro ....... i -. -,, -it. . ... ... restored to me lami, u win increase rapiu- ' ly in rroauciiveness. Allowing one nusnei : five acres, the one fifth cf a bush - f P'd in the soil will receive the , .... ',,, f w, ,, . , , f' z "ei & Sftn Vheb , , . ,, . . ,,;: it ,, r, t ...t, , r feftn.Zers oer.veJ from fifteen bushels of i COrn 'D lbe P""0" Crp- At tU'4 "t0 " corn in me pre. ions crop. Ai iUls raU., is plain that the vital germ in each seed will have the benefit not only cf all the nutritive matter stored np in that particu- . lar seed. Lut what is contained in seventv- j fiv( Qthcr tfaat furmed tU ; Xo.Lingi3 m0fe olvious (ban that the aliment in a seed, whether of cot ton, wV.-at, or corn, nourishes tbe erm of the growing plant, more than it W0D!J ' After describing a franio fjr market gar -without such aid. ' doners, he proceeds : These more numerous aud more extend- to bring up his soil to the production of "-oni.ng ' or souiu-eas, me very large crops of corn. It i.- true that : P"1 ':e anJ uislk tl,e U4m1 aIt one l.uuJrod pounds of fool of any kiud ' ruUoJ tfau iUiiJt! of lho fl xme ,hen rc eaten by an animal yield generally ou!y ' move the frame an 1 dig cut this space about forty pounds of dry excretion!; near-1 ib"ut ogteen indie.. det-r ; this done, re ly sixty per cent, being discharged from ! llace ,he f,aiu. rl,ien immedi the system through, the lun-s by constant ' a!e,i' cJ8 of the lk- Ta F'0" respiration, aud a little by seusible or in-; curtf 80,ue stab'B L'b. ought to sensible perspiration. But so much as goes 1 be fresn from tbe sub:c ud P!ace U ucar into the atmosphere in this way.rain- and , ' a "P) Jou ari m;'k'ni5 l-d dews bring to the earth again ; and plants shaU tt,r9 f'rk-tuU icdl to j,ces, mixing seldom lack carbonic acid, bevond what : lue ll,nS !' thc short. Aud now begin good stable manure will supply. The atoms : ,0 raake tbc bed. ,aklt,S ne 1("'g nd the discharged from the system through the 1 6hort together, mix them well, and in kidneys cannot be disp-.-nsed with, no mat-' fc,ich a a' " ' s,jffr B lll,"r" P'-''"5 ter what animal eats the products cf the ! ia th b'!,"u lf ,he P!t let tlie Ui soil. ! rise in all parts together as uearly as pos- Viewed as a philosophical question, the . sible; that is to say, do no' put too much well established fact that one hundred iu one part at one t' me. Bi-.it the whole pouuds of the dung of birds often produce down with .the fork as j"u proceed, three hundred pounds of wheat and live When you Live shaken ca dung to t!io hundred of corn, is one of tbe most iutc-: thickness vf four or five inches, beat t..l resting in cature. Placeman aud his most rr.r again w-il, aud sj on till the unnuia urgent wants out of view, aud why should is about nine inches from tic top of th- one hundred pounds of gypsum ever aug- front of the box; now see that it is qtiito nient a crop of clover one thousand or two lcvi-I and put on the glass. The heat will thousand pounds ? This salt of lime coo- begin to rise by the next morning, and by tains but eighteen and a half pounds of coon of tbc second day it a ill le ready t pure iu?jhur, yet it enables clover plauta, receive the earth. to extract twice tbat amount of this mine-1 T,e earth aboulj be dry; not like Ju?t , ral from the earth, under favorable cir-' but net too wet, aud thjuid li rich aid cumstnuces, by extending their roots deep fn-sh, and the bed should be died up into tho sub-soil. How plants grow, and about six inches deep ith it ; put vu tbe art of feeding them as well as aniiuais, 1 jb. or saalus, aud let thcin rciaaiu un 2-1 are questions full of interest as matters of hours, thcu tako tLcm iff and flir tha scientific research, irrespective of any prac- i earth wcil with your bauds; for ujjaxa tical importance that attaches to agricul-; the only toult hereafter to be used ia tha ture. ! i,(..bed. All cultivated plants and all domestic The earth it to If level, not sloping like animals, not less than the soil, are suscep- j thc'glass- The glass is slc-ped to meet the tible of indefinite and very valuable tUu and turn off the wet. The earth improvement. Every advance of this kind , which was taken out of tbe pit should be Virtually increases the productive power of, hauled up round the outside of the frame, tbe earth and of manual labor. But tbe f 0 that no water may lie near it; and now most important improvement of all is to jour bed is ready for the seed, improve the farmer himself, tbat he may j Seed i the Ih'-Ud. Take off be able to read and understand the imniu- j the sashes or lights, and make little drills table laws of nature aud uniformly obey wih your finger from the back of the bed the same, a they exist iu the minora', vog. j xe 4th faob 0 VIIOLE NL'MRf-li, CCS. I tallo and animal kingdoms. u;4 profes- j sion in a most intellectual one, and thcr rcct the culture and ce ',mnr.y of every Few are aware bow ( farm it' the Republic. ( much honest b-ird work is worse than thrown away Ly its unwL-2 cipjuditure. 1 A hrctare is a little iesj than two and , i.:r ,.,.. r jt j 2 n, to extract gwrou crop, of : grain, tooacco, anu ct'i from a soil, w;ta the least injury and the greatest econo- . ! 1 L. 1. .t Jr.: 1 . auui.ion.i c. with the aid of the staUs and cobs well ,i .i .- ,. .;,k a. ... k.i.u nf . r.tt,l tlj. grew with the ten bushels of , c-rn, wlii tbH fert:l:r produce? I ' i,ave 1 in the tit that t rain of fir. DuSh,U my be rIed but under the m..t favorah.e cireumstancvs a gain of UctH, ig .ttainaUe. Manure enable. vating crops, such as clover an! grass at the North, reas. prass. rve. and barlev at ductiveness ot laud. tjover anu peas ; . .: ! . . e .. ti never create a panicic oi uew mailer, a iiev ! consume sun-ligbt and he,t, water, s.mo- ! P'-ric gases and minerals in the surface and sub-soil, to crgmize their riots, stems, 4 The rotting will feed cottont wheat er poUtoe plants in a direct and economical way. Deep and . tton, thorough tillage promotes the luxuriant growth of vegetation and the enriching of the soil, if its products be wisely husband el. Slaking Eot-Beds. Holmes' fymliuni Farmer give the fol lowing directions for forming a hot-Led. ! But suouI Toa isb a """" f'mr, )d a E'W strong box of the size required, ha- It: - J I " e. " t. . 1 : . - it . -1 1 I w. I:
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers