2 DARING COSSACKS
Russian Rough Riders an Old and
Famous Body.
ONCE KNIGHTS OF FREEDOM.
In Former Times They Were Known
Entirely as Defenders of the Poor and
the Oppressed—Deadly as Marksmen
and Experts With the Sword.
•
The popular conception of the Rus
sian Cossack is a whiskered atrocity
who rides with the speed of the wind,
comes to do acts of pillage and of ra
pine and then goes back again into the
bosom of tbe tall grass from which be
came. By many he is supposed to be
long to a legendary tribe whose history
stretches back into the blackness of
tbe dark uges from which be has not
yet emerged.
No; tbe Cossack is in many respects
like the simple Russian peasant. In
others he is like the cowboy of the
western plains, whose home is as much
in the saddle as in his own village.
Far from being oppressors, the Cos
sacks were once known entirely as the
defenders of the poor and tbe wrong
ed. They belonged to an order of rus
tic chivalry, tbe Kazachestvo, the
Knights of Freedom.
The. name Kazak is of Tartar origin
and means "Freeman." It was applied
to men driven from the more settled
countries and who under the blue sky
rode without the trammel of tradition,
without the interference of kings, po
tentates and powers. There was a time
when nobles laid heavy hand upon the
subject and human life was held in
email account.
The thirteenth and the fourteenth
centuries saw the Cossacks developed
Into communities living in the neigh
borhood of the river Dnieper and rid
ing hither and thither to keep watch
and ward over the domain of the em
peror.
The cowboy guards of the great
southwest in this country, who arc
now disappearing from our American
life, are Cossacks in spirit. When they
become cavalrymen, Texas Rangers oi
rough riders they are American Cos
sacks.
There were some criminals among
the Cossacks, but once they had en
rolled In the Cossack legions they lef
behind them all their past. Some wen
exiles for political reasons, others had
been hunted for taking into their owi.
hands the avenging of wrongs. And
what avails a name after all? When
the officers of the state came inquiring
into the Cossack encampments for De
metri this and Ivau that nothing was
known of them at all, for the Cossacks
permitted men to divest themselves of
former titles and to begin the free life
with a new nomenclature. To them
the newcomer were "Big Nose," "Yel
low Buttons" or some other nicknamed
comrade.
While other persons paid taxes the
Cossack was subject to no such incon
venient levy. His share was paid by
the power of his sword and his pistols.
He insisted always that he was not to
be assessed, but that he should give
his military service when Russia re
quired it of him.
When the Cossack communities were
first formed they were inhabited only
by men. The Kazachestvo took vows
of celibacy. It was an order that lived
like anchorites and fought like demons.
As the ages have passed there have
been many changes. The Cossacks
have families and their own home life.
At first, however, young and daring
youths were sent out to ride with the
Cossacks, and there was no system ot
chivalry more punctilious than was thl°
government of the men of the steppes.
Offenses that involved violation ot
their vows or the ill treatment of the
weak and the oppressed were punished
with death. The sentences were quick
ly imposed and speedily executed
Cowboy justice and Cossack rule ar#
the same in principle.
The dress of the Cossack has become
more or less conventional as the years
have gone. We see him in the long
coat of brown or of green, with the
great lambskin cap on Lis head, with
strong belts containing cartridges about
bis waist. He shows the influence of
military training. • The Cossack of to
day is a model of elegance compared
with what he used to be. He seized
garments covered with gold lace, coats
of silks and sable and smeared them
with mire and tallow to show his su
preme disregard for tine trappings. He
Wore coarse garb, but in the care of
his weapons the Cossack has always
been punctilious.
His markmanship was deadly and
accurate, even when riding at full
speed, as that of the cowboys of the
western United States. The Cossacks
have been expert swordsmen for cen
turies. Their proficiency in arms came
from their environment. The steppes
in which they sought their livelihood
were covered with grass often so high
only the head and shoulders of the rid
ers appeared above the top of it. Game
was abundant in those thick tangles;
fruit could he obtained easily; the riv
ers teemed with fish. The wants of
the Cossacks were few and simple.
They could do with much or little. A
slice of horseflesh carried under the
saddle to keep it warm was a ration
fit to be called a luxury.—New York
Herald.
Shows It.
Knicker—Does your wife understand
the use of leftovers? Bocker—Yes; she
is constantly pointing out to me bow
she might have married them.—Judge
j Idleness is the beginning of all vices.
German Proverb.
——Jisit
Foimer Dictator ot Mexico
Now In New York
Photo by American Press Association.
VICTORIANO HUERTA.
JAPANESE ON MEXICAN SOIL
Naval Base Planted at Turtle Bay In
Lower California.
Los Angeles, Cal., April 15. —Japan
has established a complete naval base
in Turtle bay, Lower California. A
squadron under Admiral Nakayama
has mined the bay, which is Mexican
waters, and has landed several thou
sand men, with guns and ammunition
and established a fortified camp upon
Mexican soil.
This intelligence was brought by a
staff correspondent of the Los An
geles Times, who returned from a
secret trip of investigation. At the
same time San Francisco dispatches
explained why the Japanese were able
to establish themselves upon the
American continent without the news
leaking out.
The wrecking tug Sea Rover, which
recently was chartered by the Jap
anese government to salvage the
cruiser Asama, wliif:li several weeks
igo ran aground in Turtle bay, re
turned to San Francisco and report
ed the warship beyond salvage. She
made no mention of any Japanese
squadron.
The owners of the tug announced
that the wrecking boat was ordered
back to port by the Japanese, who
chartered her before she had come
within sight of Turtle bay, where the
Asama lay, and the crew was given
instructions to say that the Asama
was beyond saving.
The warships guarding the Asama
were the Chitose, Idzumo and Tokl
ffia. When the correspondent sought
to get close to these vessels and to
visit the Asama he said he was ar
rested and told by Lieutenant Toma
sada of the Idzumo that it was danger
ous to cruise about the bay and also
that visiting was discouraged.
COKE MAN KILLS HIMSELF
Fred C. Keighley of Uniontown, Pa.,
Uses Revolver.
Uniontown, Pa., April 15. —Fred C.
Keighley, aged fifty-eight, of East Fay
ette street, committed suicide by
shooting himself through the mouth
in a garage in the rear of his home.
Mr. Keighley was general superin
tendent of the Oliver & Snyder Steel
company's coke plants near Union
town. It is rumored that Mr. Keigh
ley was financially embarrassed be
cause of the failure on Jan. 18 of the
LHrst National bank of Uniontown,
ommonly known as J. V. Thompson's
bank.
About one year ago Mr. Keighley
opened a coal mine near Ligonier. It
.s said that he depended on the assist
ance of his daughter, Mrs. William A.
Hogg, of Uniontown, to conduct the
mine. Mrs. Hogg was a heavy loser
when the First National bank became
insolvent and it is reported was un
able to assist her father.
DUBLIN CHEERS WIMBORNE
New Lord Lieutenant Makes State
Entry Into Ireland.
Dublin, April 16.—Baron Wimborne,
who has succeeded Lord Aberdeen as
<ord lieutenant of Ireland, made his
state entry into Dublin and was given
a great welcome by all classes.
Baron Wimborne in recent years
has represented the Irish cause in the
house of ltt?ds. He took the interna
tional pol* cup back to England from
America.
Oldest Active Banker Dead at 9f.
Nor walk, 0., April 15.—John Gar
diner, aged ninety-nine, the oldest
active banker in the United States,
iied. He was president of the Nor
walk National bank, in which he be
came a clerk eighty-one years ago,
and until six months ago went daily to
business.
s■ % j
I In Wartime j
Now strikes the hour upon the clock.
The black sheep may rebuild the years; '
May lift the father's pride he broke.
And wipe away his mother's tears.
To him the mark for thrifty scorn,
God hath another chance to give;
Sets in his heart a flame newborn
By which his muddled soul may live.
This is the day cf the prodigal.
The decent people's shame and grief;
When he shall make amends for ail,
The way to glory's bloody and brief.
Clean from his baptism of blood,
New from the fire he springs again,
In shining armor, bright and good.
Beyond the wise home keeping men.
Somewhere tonight—no tears be shed!
With shaking hands they turn the sheet
To find his name among the dead-
Flower cf the army and the fleet.
They tell with proud and stricken face
Of his white boyhood far away—
Who talked of trouble or disgrace?
"Our splendid son is dead!" they say.
—Katharine Tynan In British Review.
SAYS BALLAST SHIFTING
CAUSED WRECK OF F-4.
Holland Pointed Out Danger, cut
Wasn't Heeded, Son Says.
John P. Holland, Jr., whose father
built, at the old Crescent shipyards in
Elizabeth. N. J., the first Holland sub
marine, says that if the government
had heeded his father ten years ago the
F-4 disaster in Honolulu harbor proba
bly would have been avoided. Mr. Hol
land assumes that shifting caused the
wreck of the F-4. Plans of construc
tion which would avoid this evil were
submitted by Mr. Holland to the gov
ernment
"In 1907 my father submitted to the
government a plan for a submarine
which embodied all his previous experi
ence with the underwater vessel. II
was ideal in every way," declared Mr.
Holland. "At that time he took occa
sion to point out some of the defects
in the construction of submarines and
to warn the government against a seri
ous catastrophe, such as occurred in
the case of the F-4.
"One of the chief defects pointed out
by my father at that time was the ar
rangement of the ballast tanks. Be
cause of the faulty position of the tanks
the boats would dive unexpectedly
when the center of gravity was sud
denly shifted. Should the boat he run
ning partly submerged with the tank
partially full, any movement in the
boat, such as the raising of the how
or stern on a wave, would cause the
water in the ballast tanks, in obedk.
ence to the laws of gravity, to shift for
ward or backward, upsetting the gravf*
ty of the boat. As a consequence the
boat would be rendered beyond the con
trol of the crew. Should the boat he
running submerged, with her ballast
tanks fifll, the same dive would he
i caused by shifting of the oil in the par
tially filled fuel tanks. This, beyond
doubt, accounted for the sudden dive
of the F-4.
"In order to overcome a situation of
this kind, my fattier had on his boat
an apparatus designed to expel the wa
ter from the ballast tanks in a few
| moments. Even if the boat were at a
; very great depth it would rise imrne
| diately to the surface. This idea was.
however, vetoed by submarine experts
of the government."
METEOR SEEN BY DAYLIGHT.
Shot Across Sky From West to East
Near Sundown.
The first meteor New York ever saw
by daylight visited the city at exactly
5:30 o'clock on March 30. Though not
, as brilliant as nocturnal fliers, it was
! beautiful and startling because of its
size, and as the twilight was descend
ing the train of the meteor shone, spar
kled, scintillated and glowed In the
I full pride of its mightiness. Its head
I was easily remindful of what a 42 cen
timeter shell should look like as it goes
flying through the air.
The meteor shot across the sky from
west to east as one saw it from the
financial district. It was visible for
about twenty degrees, and its train re
mained in sight for a couple of seconds
The head seemed about twenty times
the size of Venus. It was chiefly a
glowing white with a bluish gray bor
der. The train did not spread out like
that of a comet, but graduated to nar
rower proportions and evanesced into
atmospheric nothingness.
It looked to observers as if it were
too big to burn out before reaching the
earth. It shot through the sky at an
angle of about twelve degrees and was
about fifteen degrees above the earth
when its fascinating brilliancy disap
peared.
SHE'S WORLD'S BEST COW.
Freison Fayne Gives Eleven Tons of
Milk In Year.
The revised figures of an official test
of BGS days at the Finderne farm of the
Somerset Holstein Breeders' company
of Somerville, N. J., show that Freison
Fayne is the world's greatest cow. In
the year she gave 24,000 pounds of
milk, containing 1,116 pounds of but
ter.
The previous world's record for a
Holstein cow was J1.000 pounds of
milk and that of a Guernsey 24.004
pounds of milk. But the value of the
milk is based on its butter, and Frei
son Fayne has produced 105 pounds
more Matter thOD either of the previoi
world's record cows.
'£ PATRIOT
GENERAL HUERTA SALUTES AMERICA.
llf X ; |f
Li - if 11 i
1 f m
Photo by American Press Association.
Latest photograph of former Mexican dictator since his arrival in thif
country.
JAPANESE REPAIR KIAUCHAU BRIDGE.
Photo by American Press Association.
Pehsha river bridge. China, destroyed by the Germans. In course of repairs.
EARLIEST ACCOUNT OF FALL OF MAN.
Sumerian tablet telling of the creation, fall of man and the flood, written
about 2100 B. C. It is in the University of Pennsylvania museum, Philadelphia
%>T,rtuous Love.
"Do yer love me. *Erb?"
"Love yer, 'Liza! 1 should jest tbinll
I does Why. if yer ever gives me up
I'll murder yer! 1 can't say more'n
that can I?"— London Punch.
Very Moving.
Talk about moving things with a
derrick—the most powerful thine
known to move man is a woman*?
eyes.—Florida Times- Cnion.
The Drummer.
"I sometimes think," remarked the
regular patron, "that the snare drnm-
Bier should be the best musician in
the theater orchestra."
"He usually is," said the drummer.—
Chicago Tribune.
Ownership of the Air.
Our ancestors must have foreseen
the aeroplane or they would not have
embodied in the law the principle that
he who owns the land owns the col
umn of air above "usque ad coelum,"
or up to the skies. This can be traced
back as far as the reign of Edward 1.,
and ffom this time every authority to
the present court of appeal has em
phasized the right of every citizen not
only to be king of his own castle, but
of the sky above it.—London Chronicle.
There Ain't No Such Animile.
"Why don't you engage her as
cook?'
"She signed her letter of application,
Tour obedient servant.' " Philadel
phia Ledger.
ENGLISH LOSE
SHIP IN STRAIT
Submarine E-15 Sticks In mud
and Is Captured
VESSEL SUNK, SAY TURKS
General Von Hindcnburg May Be
Sent to Carpathians to Take Com
mand of Situation, Rome Reports.
French Are Making Strong Offen
sive Movement in Region of Al
sace and Lorraine.
London, April 19. —The E-15, one of
England's newest submarines, ran
aground in the mud oil lvepiiez point
in the Dardanelles. Of her crew of
thirty-one, which included three offi
cers, seven were lost. The remainder
were made prisoners by the Turks.
The former vice consul at Dardanelles
was one of the men rescued.
News ol the loss of tne E-15, which
was built last year and was one of
his majesty's most improved undersea
boats, was given out by the official
press bureau. She was attempting a
difficult reconnoissance of the mine
fieids in Kephez bay when her nose
ran into the mud. Apparently she was
not entirely submerged at the time,
for Turkish soldiers on shore were at
tracted by the calls of distress and
put out to the rescue of the crew.
There is no explanation, however,
of how seven men happened to lose
their lives. Apparently they wero
drowned, for there is nothing to indi
cate that there was an explosion. The
shallow water extends a good ways
from the shore in Kephez bay. The
place Is on the Persian shore, about
ten miles from the Aegean sea and.
only four miles below Kilid Bahr.
The pres bureau issued the follow
ing dispatch from Cairo:
"On April 16 there was a reconnois
sance by aeroplane from the Sues
canal to Elsirr, twenty miles south of
B1 Arish. Nine bombs were dropped
with effect. On the same day a
French cruiser, directed by a sea
plane, bombarded the Turkish camp
at El Arish. On the following day a
French cruder, also directed by a sea
plane, caused damage among Turkish
troops during a bombardment of ll\3
camp south of Gaza."
Turks Say Ship Was Sunk.
Constantinople (Via Berlin and Lon
don), April 19. —The war office issued
the following official statement:
"Tbe British submarine E-15 has
been sunk in the Dardanelles east of
Karanlik. Three officers and twenty
one men of the crew of thirty-one
were rescued by the Turks. Among
them was the former British vice con
sul at Dardanelles.
"On the afternoon of April 14 the
English battleship Majestic bombard
ed a land position near Gaba Tepeh
on Saros bay. The fire was returned
and the Majestic was forced to retire.
"On the following afternoon the Ma
jestic attacked our advanced batteries,
but was struck three times. The war
ship retired and was replaced by tho
British battleship Swiftsure, which
continued the bombardment without
reaulL
"On the nights between April 13 and
16 enemy torpedo boats tried to pene
trate the Dardanelles. They were
easily repulsed. German aviators
dropped bombs, which struck and ex
ploded on enemy coal steamers."
.
Von Hindenburg In Carpathians.
Bucharest (Via Rome), April 19.
Field Marshal von Hindenburg, the
German commander-in-chief in north
ern Poland and East Prussia and the
chief reliance of Germany in the east,
Is likely to be appointed commander
in-chief of the Austro-German forces
In the Carpathians, according to ru
mors current here.
The rumors had their origin in a
recent visit of Field Marshal von Hin
denburg to the Carpathian distrlc.,
where he conferred with Archduke
Frederick, the Austrian commander,
and his chief of staff, General Conrad
von Hostzendorf. While in the Car
pathians the German field marshal in
spected the positions now held by the
Austro-German forces.
French Active In Alsace.
Paris, April 19. —The activity of
French arms in Alsace and along the
border of Lorraine is gradually in
creasing into the proportions of a
strong general offensive which has as
its object the occupation of the lost
provinces. The German defense of
this region, as elsewhere, is stubborn,
but in the face of it the French forces
seem to be making slight headway.
Further progress has been made in
the region of Schnepfenreith Kopf,
the capture of which height whs an
nounced. The scene of this fighting
is about twenty-five miles southwest
of Colmar, a city on the Lauch river,
toward wbjch two, and possibly three,
offensive drives seem to be converg
ing.
Love Affair Ends In Murder.
Monessen, Pa., April 19.—Joe Dan
-1 tici, thirty four years old, of Third
street, was shot and instantly killed
here. The shooting resulted from
Dantici's alleged infatuation with
Mrs. Frank Matene, a pretty Italian
woman. The woman's husband is al
leged to have lain in wait for Denticl
and shot him three times, escaping tf
the hills back of Monessen.