f•=f-1-4
VOLUME XX..
MM!
WAHINGTON'S
TO THE
1
PEOPLE OF THE UNITEDSTATES.
FRIENDB AND .13A147107441018
The pettxl foe a net* tilentiOn of 'a
citizen to administer the executive gov
ertiMitaliPite!ritittiti
not far distant; and the time actually
arrived when your thettglitl i musti be
enwhisztd-ijt tfeinggatinetfie l porson Who
is to be , elothed witlythat important
trust, it appears to me proper, especially
as lit map. condacei to ' , a morend
etprezifiorf 'the 'public voice, thin -I
should now apprise you of the resole
tioduialhaei fertiedf•l6 l ritEOlitiel
considered Mo'cnethe Aar. ot fhose
out of whtm a ohoioe is to be made
I beg t zoli,,st i tikspyo, ( 4me x do
me the tustme,,,totle assi.. that ;
this
resolution has not been taken without
a "riot. te:aallith9 conaidemtions
appertelningtothe.relition,whiclebinds
a dutiful citizen to his country; and
that, in wipli4Awiiiix, hurler, of ser
vice which'lllWw.e. ; ht . Xer,,,:sUmktion
might imply, I am influenced by no
dimunition in—
terests no& fluency of. grateful respect
for your past kindness ; but am sup
ported by a foil iconviction that the step
m compatible with both. •
The acceptance of. and continu
ance hitherto in the effieetolithiedi your
suffrages have twice called me; have
been a uniform sacrifice of inclination
tcs4he , opiniorrof and to a *Ter
ence for what appeared to be your
I cotantly v hek;ll that l ..4 l lvoul d l lieve
beet ,. utiffeiildmr. iibeiponr . 64.. con
sistently with motives which I was not
at liberty 40 thsregard, to return to tkat •
retirement from which I have been re-
Inotantly,,,drffrk • The streugth,of my
inclination to do this, previous to the
last election, had even led to the prep
aration of an address to declare it
.tp
your; reflection onsthe thtin
perplexed and critical posture of our
affairs with- foreign , nations, and the
unanimois . advice of persons entitled
to zny, , 00nftdonoe, impelled me to aban
don the idea..
I r,j 'Ace that the state of your con
cerns, external as well as internal, no
longer ren dens the pursuit of inclination
incompstible with the sentim6bt - of duty
;=1 riety; and am persnadcd,whatever
partiality--may' be retained for my ser
vices;:thWin thed present eireamigin
" o f 0111 11 4 1 1124 71.Y °1 i will flat disap
prove m y detenpmation to retire.
The impressions with which I 'fir.t
undertook dw r ardnous trust, were ex
plttined on ia. proper occaeicn. In
the discharge of this trust, I will only
sat that I have, with good intentions
isontribined towards the organisat . ip9
and adMinistration f the , government,
the best exertions of ;which a very
fallible jtiffitUeilt Vas ei i pible. Not
unconscious itr the outset, toPthe,inferi
ority of my qualifications, experience
in my owtiAtacitierheps-etilitnore in
the. eyes .of others, has - strengthened
the - motives to diffidence of yiyself;,mid
_day the,. increasing we ight of
y • ea
.me , more and m6re,
t Asa elutdo - 1 retirement is as lae.!
oeemni Olikstf,a,a "it 10/ weicozite.
SaYstettfritar anyuirettinstances have
EatiA value my `aerVidez,'
tike re 'temporary, r have the eoe
aoylidiOte, thi4While .ohoice
antillindence invite me to quit the'
political scene, patriotism doeituot
bid it,
In lookitigl forivard -tte-the moment
• whiottlittildinifitit to4briiiitiateltha ea
reer of my public-life, my feelings do
not permit me to suspend the lietlte
kDOK(lll4l3lot. ;If . %hal' debt of grati
tutWiihttiti t 'owe to my bekovp.4, vPun-,
try for the manylionorait has conferred
upwrignel still more for the steadfast
confidence with which it haitillitoportedg
me ; and for the Bppoittinitab I have
thence maktLeti,of manifesting my invio
lable atilichment, by eery**, ' .
.:
and persevering,,timagh inuttettulness 1
uncquakwtifft*/-Atl?~Lif benefits have
rewia , ttAiiiPeountry from tket,)Ae,r t - i
vices, let it alwass, he :. remembers 'to
your praise ' , and as an instructive ex.
amplelmente annals, that under circum
stances in which
tbq paailcitikitad '
in fiver dkeNoii**Sint to mis
lai; 6nuiltt - apps ees sometimes du
ltztechs&klist.
.. fo_ne otten flia
iffilliti nefifiAddlifiltinr
fregnentlyil NW °Etna eeithflll cmunte•
mooed the 82_4-4 of criticism—the
constancy of Ycl/F4I9PPR# - iigi the • a ,
nodal prop of the efforts, and a
anteconficdtatplawby Attain dicey. were
effectitd u twfotikile getrtfilmot T eAtbi
a t ILICA f 44. 11 . liew . it wit h me to
iii n
vi, taii4:sfro4 &akas% '.;
unceasintectist Vat #III•VACIA)Vz 92,13 E
tinll;49.3rAttl44liVoii , est tOle6i of.ritil
ben e --"' 4yot t iiiiiiti9., broth= :
t e ll - Vonuthrw rP ll 3 eit •?' 1 4 :
work 'Etryitii r iiiibtoiaY` b asdredly
maintairnsipahat its. administration, in
evericAepartment may.bsetautped with .
'IWINa 4# , lvittuit -thiit,lin Al'. i .-:
Watt Sil'llilkol4,'4; 0410 , zr ~.
under the Auspices_ of liberty, mite- . -
medittettipleterabyiticeiraftil,a4itia. Z t
ration and„
„prudent, mg of t. t '
blenll 1 0 1 1 MNPIFe. P-tlier j he
glory' o re commending it t' t i at
*ul t . 49.-Asiticti4 and the adoption
of.every-wationarhieh is yet a stranger
to it -- . if. 4tr A U ..1 -,, : I : - ,1
1 1 1 1 0 ,80*104 1 .9ughNto *PP) a 1
a :: - aatiioattiasi i'for t your widfare r oato , _I
apps nos e
re.nitou o nor n-, :, ‘ 4l • , ,, i iiiir
11 .4 . 44144 . 011344 DA on an occasion it 3
thairt li ttiftilrer itiroifolir sot i; '
contiainforwon, and to recommend
jar frequent review, some sentiments
~pve
J 142 • A arts :
_
a.
• .I'l
.00
.
a, f 1
A 4' El a
EreriEl
!...4i) • •
t.
! • ,Taa . F . • '
• ' • . Et
e›.
7 o il ;El" r i
.. .1 7:1 IF(
•
J, A
A, • ,
„A.
•
t • r • ~
•
, r
/ I
which are theyeenit of. rmuph reflection,
of no inconsiderable observation, and
Which appear' to me all important to
the permanency of your felicity as a
'. apeople. These will be afforded to you
vOth the more freedom as you can only
see in them the disinterested warnings
pf a parting friend, who oan possibly
Ihre no personal motive to bias his
counsel. Nor cati4 tirget; at an -en;
ytmragement to it, your indulgent re-'
option of my sentiments. on a former
and.: hot. dissitoi kir: °Maio*. . .
, Interwoven x as is the loge of liberty
With every ligament of your hearts,
tro rees,qtaelidatioß 91 tape is neoes
ceary, to forti4 , or confirm the attach.
meat.
The unity of government which eon
stitutes you one people, is also now
`dear to you. It is justly so, for it is
r main pillar in the edifice of your real
independence; the support of your
tranquility at home; your peace abroad;
rif your safety; of your prosperity; of
that very liberty which you so highly
rize. But as it is easy to foresee, that,
from .different causes and from differ
entocinarltrs, Munk; painssavill le taken',,,
Many artifices employed, to weaken in
your minds the conviction of this truth ;
ds thhi - iS - the point in leur:political
Itprtress '
against whioh the batteries of
internal and- external enemies will be
most constantly, and actively (though
:often covertly and insidiously) directed.,
it is of infinite monietit that you should
properly estimate the immense value
`rif your national_ union to your collect.
iVe awl individual : happiness : that,yort
should cherish a,cordial, habitual, and
'immovable! attaeliment't6 it ' ; accustom
ing yourselves. to think and speak of
it as of the palladium of your- : political
safety and prosperity • watching for
its preservation with jealous anxiety ;
diktientenanoing whatever mayHuggest
even a spliaciAn 4at
,it i plut t ,ip any
event, be abandoned ; and indignantly
Frowning be,
t}ie first daining of every
atteurpt to tdienate any portion pf our
4cruntry from the rest, or to enfeeble the
Snared Lim' which now link together the .
Various farts.
Mir this you have every , inducement
of syni'Pathy)ttridAterent. titixena by
birth, or choice, of a common country,
that country , has a rightto concentrate
,
TV/ 4 0 3 .0 6 t 8 -5 qr*grke"' 4-41100 , 4'
Can, which belongs to you in your na
tional capacity, must always exalt the
just ,p#de of; patriotism morn than any
appellation derived from local discrim
inations. With slight shades of dif
ferenoe,'yott have the same religion,
Manners, habits and political princi
pled; you have, in a common cause,
fought and triumphed together; the
independence and liberty you possess,
are the.work of jointcounoils and joint
efforts, of common dangers, sufferings
and successes
But these considerations, however
powerfully they address themselves to
your sensibility, are greatly outweighed
by those which apply more immedi
ately to your interest Here, every
portion of our country finds the most
Commanding motives• for care j
• :rding and iireserVirrg the union of
The NORTH, in an unrestrained in
• rcoutse with the SouTE,.protected by
the *soul taws
. of, a gommou govern
tnenvfilid4 ial the—prOduatim3skif the
latter, great additional resources of
roaratithe• aria ocentrierohil enterprise,
and prePiaus materials of manufacturing
kraStry 'fflhe ,filattrnt4n,theCianie-in
fercourfia,,,benatting. by the agleiroyi o
seesits - agriculture' gib
end its 'commerce expand. Turning
partly.initil itsiown ishandels seanien
Of the , NertH; it finds its partiouhr
pavigation' .invigorated; and ,while it :
'3ontrik . ultplja. different ways to'nourish
andadnorease the general mass of the
rational navigation, it looks forward to
r ' - prciteetien of a maritime strength,
. which itself is equally adapted. The
'ear, 'in " like Intel-Somme with' 'the
" radready find_s 4 and' in the pro.
.ressiymitnprontment of - interior oom-
orqjcp
,tiop , by land , and water, will
, dr& kifil itinfe fine 8 'valitable yea for
he commodities which it brings from
broad. or manufactures at home. The
"&n , derives from the EAST supplies
eefOrfc,to its growth and comfort—
, d w h a t
is PW4app - ifealltreafer den - -
•. . enoe, it must-of necessity owe the
- 6 : tditipidik UP indilipanikmytet 044
• { ,for, 'io nil , .0 0 4r* igk, to' the
Weightrinfinenee and the future mari
iiiiiikii- lAA WOW 104ittit its Othe
irectr o yarioted - by an iviissbluble dom
.. y.,er iii:Cak4ne - iiaita2i * f.Ain3e
, toc4litgarctiriatioy , *e. WEST, can,
lihispesientiaTedvantageyWheth •
liiNit . Nit" tient% SepsititiMilkOb c ,'
r ficafs 2 64ll 3 iland unnatural
onnech any °reign power must
e intrrntigiarAidns
Wilikvilinne , everrpart,of our conn
-47 thus feels an imikEihate and liartie
alio interest in union, all the pa
"mimed cannot fail to find in the
niteelislefff tante
:religree4VbggrAtOrNEM
prionably greater mounty
_from ex
ternal taiigeVaittiefiiiiffiebitliiteriiyg•
tion of thisnlitiOnefforigehitions
and what is of inestimable value, they
mast tive from union an emunption
from those broth and wars between
themselvea,Jah* : ao - #42cfp- • - ,i,, 0 fillet
beighbonng countrie ,s not tie. ~_ ther
by ttglittathb`tikratbStitYsibiali-OtiSiii
own rivelakipaalollamoighadudEeient
to produo .k. • . 'oh apoek foreign
ellianoei,"' U , la ... enfi,'Ad "Tatiliguel ,
would ad .. - ..„ .. --hijtioragenee,
like ;; ' L . s r, a 09 thApesveity of
thßra T-, 1 .., :.'?. t ity-mtkumbemtfi,
w Fle)Y4 .4 ..,.. . :: !' - , t
CA,
. 1 , : .,6 - Af ,„t! ,'. ; •
~ i .. , „.
a t . e:s
ar A nt
Wadi 'f• - ''''' 4 fia .
ity-,,,,4 , ,A,, t 4,1 ~ '
is,
. - Ott
prop
u a pop ycrar h. v" ,
end that the by, of the wt. ought
• - s't H, SAT I R DAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 22,..' 1862.
to endear to yon . the preierration cf the
otheT. •
These orsiderations speak a persua
siver langwyge to every reflecting and
virtuous-mind, and- exhibit the condo
tuu:teie cof the union - as a - prinifery object
of ikatzlotio desire; Is them a doubt
whethe a common government can
embrace so large a sphere ? -tat expel,
rienoe solve it. To listen to Mere sPere
lation :in. snob a case were criminal.
We and authorized to hope thlf a proper
organization of the whole, with the
auxiliary agency of governments for
the respective subdivisions, , ivill afford
a happy issue to th e expertittent. It
is well worth a fair and full:experiment
With suotrpoweTfutand obvious motives
to union, -affecting all= pares of our
country, while elperienoe shall not have
demonstrated its inipracticability, there
will always be reason to distrust the
patriotism of those who, in any quar
ter,-may endeavor to weaken its bands.
In contemplating the causes which
may disturb our union, it occurs as •
matter of . sextons concert), that any
ground should have been fuiaished for ,
characterizing parties by geographical
discriminations—NOßTH ERN and
SOUTLIERN-ATLANTIC and WESTERN;
whence detrigt,:aing men may endeavor
to excite a belief that there is a real
difference of local interests and views
One of the expedients of party W.:ac
quire influence within particular dis
tricts is to misrepresent the opinion,
and lima of other districts. Yon cannot
ahisld yourselves too pinch against the
jealousies and heart-burnings which .
spring from these misrepresentations:
they tend to render alien to each other
those who ought to be bound together
by ftaternal affection. The inhabitants
of our western country have lately had
a useful lesson on this head; they have
?seen, in the negotiation by the Exe
cutive, and in the unanimous ratifies.
Lion by the Senate of the treaty with
Spain, and in the universal satisfaotion
at that event throughout the Uri
,ted.States,it decisive proof • how vai
fbur4ed. were the suspicions propagated
among' fhetri, of a policy itske`tie'ril got
ernmetig and in the . Atlantic) States un
114endly to their interests in regard to
the Mississippi. They have been wit
nesses to the formation of two treaties,
that with Great Britain, and that with
Spain, which 'Secure to them everything
they could desire, in respect to our
foreign' relations,• 'towards contirmiag
their prosperity. Will it not be their
wisdom to rely for the preservation of
these advantages on the tmion by which
they were procured ? Will they not
henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if
such there are, who would sever them
from their brethreu, and connect them
with aliens.
To the efficacy and permanency of
your union, a government for the whole
is indispensable. No alliance, however
strict, between the parts, can be an
adequats sulistitute; they must inevita
bly eipetieniie the infractions and in-
irruptions which all alliances, in all
time have experienced. Sensible of
this momentous With, you have im
proved upon your first essay, by the
adoption of a constitution of govern
ment, better calculated thtin your for
mer, foran intimate union, and for the
efficacious management of your com
mon cOncerns. This government, the
offspring : of our own choice, uninfluenc
ed and unawed, adopted upon full in
vestigation and. mature deliberation
completely free in it's principles, in 'the:
distribution of its were, unitin: Se
curity with energy,
within itself a provision for its own
amendment, las a just claim to your
confidence an support. Respect for
its Authority, con.ipliance with its laws/'
acyieecencein its.meastres ire duties,
enjoined by the fundamental maxims of
trnelillertY. - !fhb basis of our political
systems is ‘the rig'bt of the people to
make and to' alter their constitutions of
government. But the Constitution,
wide& at any time exists, till ohanged
6.114 vatplitit and authentic ,ent,of the
wholef i people, is sawed', .obligat°37'
upon ' a 'The 'very idea' 'of We power
and the , • risitt,Of the people to establish
government; presupposes tlie' duty of
every in dual to obey the the estab
lished g.6vttnnient.
All obstructions to the execution of
:the laws, all combinations and associa
tions, under whatever plausible charac
ter, with the real design to direct,oon
trol,
counteract,-or awe the regular de
liberation and action of the constituted
Authorities, are destructive to this fun
damental principle, and of fatal tenden-
4. They serve to organise faction, to
give it an artificial and extraordinary
force, to put in the place of the dele
gated will of the nation the will of a
party, often a small but artful and en-
terprising minority of the community;
and, according to the alternate triumphs
..of different parties, to make the public)
administration - the dirt& of the ill-
concerted aud incongru - ons projects of
factionk rather than ditt:brgan of ~emir
sistent and „wholesome . plans, digested
by nnukuPait ruA 4 4l3, and modified, by
analliticrests:
However , 'combinations- asetoeht
dons of the above description may now
and then answer popular en6 i they are
likely, in the coarse of t ime and
- -
things, to beeom: tn =t s engines, by
wtdch - otttuxim anthimprin
cipled men, e 'enabled to stlvert
the fidifetbf the 13boptel'-and•to nettip
for themselves the reins of government;
desturyingwiterwards the very engines
which have lifted them to unjust
domildog.
Towards the_ ireiervation of your
government- and.-
lour sent,happiqatbrielpr
414 Jrn 4 71 W OW - 'Waif atiOatititeit
oP t ens *Us nine ,
wt l,- t with we but also that y
spirit of inn
upon its principles, kewever specious
the pretext. One n;lethasi of assault
nay be to effect, brthe_ forms of the
of the Constitution alterations which
wtll impair the energy of-Alie system,
and thus to undermitie what cannot be
directly overthrown.jri all the changes
to wEic - rfaimay be inviTea;rein
at time and habit are at least, as ne
ceakary.to fix-the ivy, chactqmu d opy
ernments, as of other Iniman insbitii
=lions • thbt expel-fel:lob ii - the - Surest
standard by Which to test - the real ten
dency-of tho existing-Constitution of a
country; the facility e j,bi - d,iariges, upon
the credit of mere Hypothesis and opin
ion, exposes to .per&tiliCctiringe from
the, endless variety tYpothesis and
opinion: and remember, especially, that
for the efficient management of your
common interests itt,a qountry to en
tensive as ours, a:government of as
much vigor, as is esistent with the
perfect security of aerty is indispen
sable. Liberty itself Will find in snob
11 government, with powers property dis.
tributed and adjusteil ' _its surest guar
dian. It ls, in_ deed ; than a
name, where 'the, ,gOVeininent is too
feebfis withstandithe enterprises of
faction, to confine mai; member of the
society within the ltialia prescribed by
the laws, and to Waintain all in the se
cure and tranquil enjoyment of the
rights of person and property.
I have already intimated to you the
danger of parties in the State, with
particular referenoe;to the founding of
Them on geographical discriminations.
•Let me now take a more comprehensive
view, and warn yori,Tri the most solemn
manner, against the baneful effects of
the spirit of party generally.
This spirit, unftrianately, is insepar
able from our nature L having its root in
the strongest passions of the human
mind. It exists under different shapes
in all governments, more or less edified,
controlled or repressed ; but in those
of the popular form, it is seen in its
greatest rankness, and is truly their
'worst enemy.
) The alternate dowination of one fac
tion over another, 'sharpened by the
spirit of revenge norturai to party di*
sension, which in ~ d ifferent ages and
countries, has perpetroted the most
horrid enortuitiea,ds itself a frightful
despotism. Bat tie leads at length
to a more formal d permanent des
potism. The diairders and miseries
which result, gradually incline the
minds of men to seek security and re
pose in the absolute power of an indi
oiduali-and,:seotteiVr later, the ohief of
some prevailing faction, more able or
more fortunate than his competitors,
turns this disposition to the purposra of
his own elevation, on the ruins of pub- '
lie liberty.
Without looking forward to an ex
tremity of this kind (which, neterthe
less, ought Aotitct he entirely out of
sight,) the common and continual mis
chief of the spirit of party are suffi.
cient to make it the interest and duty
of a wise people to discourage and re
strain it.
It serves always to distract the pub.
lie councils, and enfeeble the public
administration. It agitates the com
munity with ill-founded jealousies and
false alarms; kindles the animosity of
one part against another; foments occa
sionally riot and insurrection. It opens
the door to foreign influence and cor
ruption, which finds a facilitated access
to the government itself, through the
channels of party passions. Thus, the
policy and the will of one country
"lital to the policy and will of
another
There is an opinion that parties in
free countries are usefhl checks upon
the administration of the goverment,
and serve > to,lieep alive
>_ the spirit of
laberty. This, within certain limits, is
probablytrue; and in iovernments of a
monarchical edit, patriotism may look
with indulgence, if not with favor,
upon the spirt ; of party. • Bq in those
of the popularieharacter,in-tiodinnhenkfi
purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
.encoursge4l /I;pm.theiP t PAO* tent.
"itiency, it is certain there wi'l always be
enough of that spirit for every salutary
purpose. And there being constant
danger:of excess, the effprt ought to
be, by force of public opinion, to miti
gote and assuage it. A fire not to be'
qnefilihedi it dhniiiidit a MniformOvigt,
lance to prevent its bursting into a
flame, lest, instead of warming, it should
oonstimii.
It is important, likewise, that the
habits oPtliiirEnk in a free Wauntry
should inspire caution in those intrusted
withitpadministalttioni ; tocoutioa tOenit i •
selves With respective oonstite
tional spheres,avoidieg,, in the atomise
of the ppwero of one 4 PPlgne!4, 0 en'
oroach ittain abother. aptrit 'of
enoroachmetit' 00 00 ,140lido0 th&
powers of all , thwdepartments in one ?
and thipArgraate, whatever the feta l.
of governbent, a real despotaiii. A.
i tto rege o Wif that love of Bow ;Ad ,
'pronenaaaTto-nbnee it whyb..peaclami o .. l
at ii'a4'hinian head,' suiWatt to
satittfilo fll f , th e truth of this_ pogiihn. .
The necesaity of reciprocal abaski, in:
the axe ;Of political Row_,._ortiqt
viding anal 'touting it intoacturearit
deptrita4l, and constituting
guardian' p yhe public weshigaiam, i n .
vasions brthe others, has been evinced
by' elperixpents, ancient ,sad Iguidekn.
some of thern* our oWn=atountry and
under our own eyes. To •Oteramrthem
moat= be as necessary
th em .• „ U , in the opinion of thapeop*,
th,diriatii4ution. or mindification of the
, ouot i t o t h mo i powers, be in any par. J.. ' l ' s•-1 -corrected by an
stroyed. The precedent *net always
greatly overbalance, is permanent evil,
any partial or transient benefit which
the use can at anytime yield
Of all the dispositiqns tied habits
which leadto politioarfirptipetiti, fertg
ion and morality are indispensable, sup t ,
porta. In vain= =would that man claim
the tribute of patriotism, who should
labor to pubvert - these great Xhfsrs bf
human happiness, theie firmest , props of
the duties of .men and citizens.., The
mere politician, equally with, the pious
man, ought to respect and cherish them.
A volume could nit trace all their con
nections with private and public felici
ty. Let it simply be asked, where is
the security for -property, for reputa
tion, for life, if the sense of religious
obligation desert the oaths which are the
instrauklits of invesiization maths
of justice? , And. let.its, with ottutiou,
indulge the supposition that morality
can be maintained without religion.—
Whatever may bd conceded to the in
fluence of refined edu&itiqn on minds of
peculiar structure, reason and experi
ence both forbid us to expect that na
tional morality can prevail in exclusion
of religious principles.
It is substantially true that virtue or
morality is a necessary spring of popu.
lar government. The rule indeed ex
tends, with more or less force, to every
species of free government. Who, that
is a sincere friend to it, .01111 look with,
indifference rayon attempts to shake the
foundation of the fabric?
Promote then; m an objei# of primary
importance, in institutions for the gen- .
eras diffusion of knowledge. In propor.
tion es the structure of a government
gives force to public opinion, it is es.
sential that public opinion should be
enlightened.
As a very important source of strength
and security, cherish public credit.—
One method of preserving it is to use
it as sparingly as possible, avoiding oc
casions of expense by cultivating peace,
bat remembering also, that timely die.
bursements, to prepare for danger, fre
quently prevent much greater disburse
ments to r epel it; avoiding, likewise, the
°emulation of debt, not only, by shun.
ning occasions of expense,- but by vig
orous exertions, in time of'peace; e
discharge the debts which tuaavoidahle
wars may have occasioned, not ungen.
ronsly throwing upon posterity the
burden whioh we ourselves ought to
bear. The execution of these maxims
belongs
~to your, representatives, but it
is necessary that public opinion should
co-operate. To facilitate to them the
performance of their duty, it is essential
that you should practically bear in
mind, that towards the payment of
debts there must be revenue; that to
have revenue there must be taxes; that
no taxes can be devised, which are not
more or less inconvenient and unpleas
ant; that the intrinsic embarrassment
inseparable from the selection of the
proper objects (which is always a choice
of difficulties,) ought to be a decisive
motive for a candid construction of the
conduct of the government in making
it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in
the measures for obtaining revenue,
which the public exigencies may at any
time dictate.
Observe good faith -and justice to•
ward all nations ; cultivate peace and
harmony with all. Religion and more
ality enjoin this conduot,,and can it be
that good policy does not equally en
join it ? kwill be worthy of a free,
enlightened and, at no distant period,
a great nation, to give to toankind the
magnanimous and too novel example of
a people always guided by an exalted
justice and benevolence, Who can
douLt.fhat, in the course of time end
things, the fruiti.of .scab e-pfah'wtnrid ,
richly repay any temporary , advautages
which might be lost by a steady adhere
enoe to it; can it be that Providence
has not connected the permanent folio
ity of A nation with its virtue ? The
experiment; at least, is recommended
by every sentiment which ennoblesitn-
man nature. Alas 1, is it rendered in r.
possible by its vines?
Tn the' eitiouticin of such a plan;
nothing is mora essential ,than that per
manent, inveterate antipathies against
partittatai nations ; and passionate at
m/Aimate for 'Others, should be attain%
ded ; and tb in,pliee of them, join
and amiessblefeertoge towards alishould
be cultivate& _ The nation which in,-
dulges towards another an habitue! haw
trCa or an habitual fondneaa, in Colo
degree a slave. It is a slava - to 'its an,.
immity or to its affeotion,eithei of which
is sufficient to lead it astray from its
duty and its interest. Antipathy in
one nation spinet another, 'disposes
each mote *0 11 1 to Affer, innnlo and
iojuq, to.lay, bolo 0f,a14 ht mimes
umbrage, andAh Lariglity 4rif
'tractable when aecidental or -trifling ea.
liasions of dispute occur. EfeMce fre.
quont colllisions, obatinate, envenomed
and. bloody oonteatswo Jr* Legit%
prompted by 1114wid .and resentment,.
sometimes impels to war the govern-
of poligy. imernOtent,'" some
d nAMd7* -
PeTt. e g.
whet;,, reasonwq • ll 4: .'•otatir
times; it makes the animoeit, of the'
nation tratorvient to projeota.of hoota- -
ith IMMO:W.I)Y pride, .'0 4 1009 1 4` sad
other - sinister and pernicious .motives.
TW:peaos often, sometimes 'porliii*
the iibeTry, of nations, too beort.tho
: '
viol.. ,
flotlitowiee 1 psooiansto' 1144411kett,
of one v another predawn: ik
varlet- nathr for' itof
A- .he illunion•
_ ....
. .
._...
Z.
--,-4 -1• , ... , :.--- - i , ..
- . ' 2 ' - '"*- I .4i'-'-Y - 44 z:; . -1,-•'-'',o
i ~•f , ~., - ,lsf. , : :41114-fiis.l.,- .1 = •-•4-A
Y =rtr, .. 4- 4 p i'Vr::.sl. , --.-
I. Li"' 1.,.-- -, i,5-
- :49 1 • I it , e 4 r,'
' --1.. -, ' • ...?,.... 1 1. !- , 7 - 77 '<l' f-i-ek. ,
fl - , - ;'. l i.f. , -
- ~, .._.-.._ _.,.-.....,-- :., ~ ., , ,;-- - .4
inducement or justifidation. It leads In offering to yaw' nlyfteuttougrTtgi.:,f,k;7!
also!to concessions, to the favorite tea- these ctittitliilaohanzZoldiunk**o44rAff --24 - 53- `...
tion, of pri_vitrges denied t.) others, . friend,l-ditre nottitope iltitroi k m iiiWtr - -.',..'-'''
which is apt doubly to injure the nation the strong
making the oonces.icnyi by Imnecessari. wish; .that , lbeffio; l3 ool,o7 4 the," -i . 2 4
.2.P .
ly parting with istitlligbt to have been ottrrenkafAhwi'Pliellb?Phtlairt ' :s' , ! :- .l sL it ) .
re awed, and by , ereititig Icalb r ill- n ltion.fronlntringigte i19u72,-, ..o-2,;1. -.-Vi
w I, , anewdispositiontoretaliatelmthe lids hitherto marked tildeifitilyAtitittog io. %
pa t
pasties frost-A.45110m equal privileges are titans; but,lLl may,es4:llatif***-7 ~, - '-' ''''. *
....
withheld, and ,it gives .to ..ambitOPso thaktheWunir Agi p*ticitbvidliiiip - ''l : h:'
Corrupted, or deluded citizens, 309,fit Plrtial benefit, stafitilaiiimaftiinal.o
,c 1 4 : 1:1: -- . 1 '.A .. .,.Z•
vote themselven j to the - fgorite nation, that,they,may now stin‘Oltka..ottPlif,,Ar., . ..l'.o.
faCility to or siiqrifice Ike iihi l ast moderotst the tgritif — lin . -.- • , Th - ''''
..!--,,,,:::'.5'
• ~ u• , i , ,- ,-! - -- •:,.... - 4. - igl
of their own„gottntry, - :w4hipt,,,, I Inn? against the miss '' e ' ..' f7 '4 , " `' a i,44..; . ...... - 4 - I'.
sometimes even with popular i ty, girth% intrigues , toxuari(,,, , againit . t h e is,, ....,.- i , 5„ st .
with the appearance of a, virtuona sense . titres of pretonde4,plitiiiitiSigilar ,i'9l 7.%.
of. obligation, a commendable deference will lie _n NI ie c criampneti fort ~ , : .- r b .411' ..:ki.,':-im
for public opinion ,
or a laudable zeal for tulle for your w elfare by 'iviiielPtliir -02 ''''. - -' - ': - .6 . -4'
pttblic good, the base or foolish codi. haveldWdietafeili ''" ; ' '''‘' ,3 ;'-4 -,, , 0 4: , iiii -,•k 4 ±...,
plumes of ambition, corruption, or in- How far, in' th&disthi4gatfltaAirgrib 1 - 7. - ,Z-gr':::
fatuation. - ' • cial'fitities:,llaVezlieed gli , -*112 :1 1t.4414,
. .
„.As4Yemies, to_ foreign influence in principles whiahlavekbeet _ - -,. : .: 7 ,,, v e
innumerable sways; t each attachments the . public records ancLothepae***l . ol.,- .
are pattionlarly alarming to the truly of "my-conduct mast g yty 'mid independent patriot.. -the world. , To myself, tbfkass,
"How many opportunities 'do thertdford •my owg censcienckia,fiA i i,,,-;;; '- - 427: - .-.•05,..
to tamper . with titiniesticActiOntylo least,.belitived fuytteiT 14
.),p,,,jolif. ;7'l -, - ~- ; - ,i wAtli,
practice the art or seduction, to mislead them.
, i , a
,_,, v. , ~..E t' i : j. .. , ,,-* -I'. : -4- , ,:
public opinion,.M, influence or awe the .ln relatic4 to qie aki i i,o 3 / 1 " DI lt ij.gii:
public councils 1 • Such an attach ment in Eu rope, My p:rootainatioit* ' 1 : • ''' i';,-'-:.'44'Pklar:PL
of a email or weak . , towards a Land of A t pril, 179; aillig=;f: , t...—i:...;;:-::,-*.,..
~.---, -,. -i . 0 , -141- - 6 '.:1
powerful nation, dooms the , -former. ta. stfaticined by . ye a ,gt. T . ._ „ :.. , 7„.,., ,14 3,,
1-., the satellite of the littti'
44,01:1et the insidiois wiles of fsrplin
influence, (I conjure you to believe mc,,,
fellow-citizens,) the jealousy, of a free
people ought to be "constantly awake;
since histotry and' experience prove that
fokeign influence is onn''tif the' moat
baneful foes of republican government' :
lint that jeidonsy, to be useful, , melt be
impartial, else it becomes the instrument
of' the very influence to be avoided, in
stead of a defense• against it. Emits
sive partiality for one foreign nation,
and excessive dislike for another, •sntinte•
those whom they actuate ! to see danger'
only on one aide, and sevveto veil; and
even second, the arta._ of influence on
the other. Ittailipatriottotlionmy re
sitit the intrigues of the favorite, are
liable to become suspected and odious;
•whilnits tools and dupes usurp the' ap
please and corifideece of the people, to
surrender their in tereits.
The great rule of conduit fair 'us; in
regard to foreign nation/4 isinextencling
ottr t•tannieTchil relations I to hat 4 with
theni as little political connection att
possible: So far we have already
formed engagements, let them beful
filled with perfect good faith. Here
let us atop.
Europe has a set of primaryinterests,
which to us have none, or a very re
nidtb-16huloci: '`Eferice;*ihrrintut ha
engtga'' , frequent controversies, the
causes of which are essentially foreign
to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it
must be unwise in us to implicate our
selves, by urtifioiel ties, in the ordinary
vieissaitudes of her politics, or the or
dinary combinations and collisions of
her friendships or enmities. •
Our detached and distant situation,
invites and enables ns to punme a difs
fment course. If we remain one inur.
pie under sot efficient, Overrn*, the,
perloclis not far off . when ;we may , ftlefy
material injury from external annoy,
once : when we may take moth an- esti
' tude as will cane' the neutrality we may
at any time resolve upon, to be scenpo
timely respected ; when belligerent reof
tians,linder the impossibility of making
reaquisitions upon us, will . not lightly
hum' the giving us Prultion; when
,
Ise may choose , peace or, war, as cittrin- ,
Wrest, guided by justice shell C ounse l
' ; Why foregntha advantage of so pea
cellar a sitnationt J Wiyiquit our own,
to stand upon a foreign ground? Why,
by interweaving our, destiny with that
of any i parka. 4 1 6 0 Pe, entangle olf
Lpasoe
_and
,kr9sperity in 11; 444 of
1 .
EuroPiiiii amb i tion, nw l, alal ,-8
humor di caprice`? '
It is Our . trie Rolle ie Steer Ass* - iif
permanent , alliances: with 1, any portion
''of the foreign world; so far, fll mean, as
we are now at liberty to dwit;foitistme
' me not underatoocratrospabtauf:putron.
hong infidelity to exi'atbig elf ? •- .•elitii6
I hold the maxim itelese " . .liiiable to
public alert to. private ‘;, 1 -i- kit bon ,
itety',lol*ayethe'bitstpeliek at
it;it: iiitArP? ;t thtati.,, to
beAlbeervod.ur I, ._Ok PuOutillCilmn-,
Aut t lump otpiliker, A is iitmeoesaary,
.atidluisdii' betuturipe-to extend them.
Taithigearefelintys to keep eurvelves
altittitiible'oatibliidEmeits, tni-Wreepect.
ledoOlyeliwttiie we mityltafely
tfuet tol, tO4i9Pw. 1111 .4tftfl f 9 ,4' . # . 4t*
*Qum, mocrgewiete, 'a. 9'.' f,, ; , , r
Harmony and a liberalintensouravi with
all nations i are - rommenetrdedby policy,
. .... - iltantLinteseit-u4hretwiimtour
commercial policy, should bold Ilit equal
had. imfmlittlluottlumithensockins lip;
kimattinf -eznAusive tfooM Pr.PrehT,Quig.
Awigultrg_tle stu nt ( course 914P111";
diffmiing . latdi Ye '1 07 3 411/4 .. Ogle
ineihs' tile_ :4trellifi. IP! IS o ', lll arter 1 4
iOrtmigittauitffifttett.
..*M4frowithiNti3
era fra disposaleull Gram 404#p-trad -
a eta& coarse,' rte ilefine , that rights of
~ t r merchants, itni'Utaeriatilelliii goat ,
- uutifital effort, them, ootiientionat
rtilatiriitt s r tht ). 0 1t- 1 1a".11*:
ant oironmetancet and iallOrOgitkithig
Ing PePolt, 'gut itiiiitkar3, itita r litdik
tote. from time La time, , abadorted:cor
varied, as .I.M nee andlair n tancea
shall die •Wft• constantly
nn .
view that it ' ill'W,liit iiitikriakiiin tO
Hlook ' for dirrlurk.l44.lll n2
Sher; that thiV4iii*.iitoult. iiitioton
slit*. ithsietidoitelos lotitevewt , law
pt under that enaraoter; tie .
ouch acceptanse,44- mar-ple— it
thelhouiStinly of haves
lento nominal. t -
ing Impeached vi
,1 giving more "
~ ".....- •
EZ=E2
,
addliy that of riatilteffietian'
both •Ratales donttevai - 41ifklonittesar
-
that teek ettWieur*bniallrliO3miniedin-- - -A';
met , uninfluenced by 'AM --tatalaPtaPto 14 - " , -f !
deter at divert -19c. fro - r.5 ,,, 5. , lAntte. 1 '
6 After deliberate> 4 , l lPiektullArti
the aid, of the beet li,ghte-xmAtcy
I waR wan akttlafiiii 411 404 ilrktkie,1
-antler all thu:iiirotuiiilancw&Reamw
bad a right toiale,,,tieittrarill."
duty and intereeti” .
sition. Saving.'
as tar aa should
maintain it with
ance and Simms
The *outdate
the rightlotold
necessary- on Mir
will only observ(
understanding of
so fir from beinL
belligerent powm
admitted by all. . 1 ,,,,,., e , t -,,,A,
~, ,-` r :: i ..
The duty of holding a gemit* ; , .t.,.4 -I:
duet maybe inferred, wothout ser --1t:4...e
more, from the- , obligatien.whichy wag -` , ll
ni p roi
and htunaqity impose:v.4)6oe* ustinhitot -,: - - - =',.'..:"..."„ i 9.
in eases in ' which it is free triatft,.leklu 7, - 'l'E- . -
maintain inviolate' the i .'"ielglion,or '--,P,::'
peace and amity towards.,erluvostila, - - ;' . 4:1;
The inducements et ineeritdr t v-,A,, ,-,....„
serving that conduct ; will-. ' 1
furred to your own refiectiog*ajiw- 1)-
-psibitfee - "x'Witteitief iir*Oliteliifttsiko-t,.
motive has been to emiemertitiet- i- ,_
time to our eoutitl s , to settle Ai instailie - ' 4 '
its yet recent institutio ns, " ,'. ikili&: 1',;...: 4 .,: , J
gm% without interrupti , ''.., ' *T O4- ~; '''.
gree of-etrength and4Sob .. 'r - , _4 ‘l .
is necessary to give itiAtriiiiije peak
.47 - Ve . ,1.1
ing, the command otititatirt to ::':-. ''.-;
-Though in. ewing ,tbcitsaittentiw- - ...1.
of my administration, we?, ' ' i - ' f 4 ' 7 ".3
of intentieeil errers.lM l / 4 4,gtit_ . - z ,.1.4
WO Boost* af 01 -Y.deficA ut .. 3 •;Tr' ;''
It poobable that I mq:4W° 5t.,49 1 " - .Ak
..4) , ' .
many errors. Whiteverthi tua t f ,,, 4 7
I fervently lieseech the Almiiii ' - "": , 1c.
avert or mitigate thetitei l Atr - "Is i.. '-;.,.
4 L iti
they may tend. I liiiill tidier - rime W l4 i
Me the hope' that any -
..emousif*.
__lir/Win. I
cease to vitfir them.? w ith'
_fitis
and that, after forty-11m yalThetAilljk - li ' 4- 1
life, dedicated to its aetticelitaWitkwa,4ts
_":,'
upright seal, the faults of -intelept#4,. o :',
abilitiee wi ll bficoettimtt*.l. ftbil**4.pm V..,.:-, - 4 - `
Zia MD& D l u t t A K K u kb et i l *A l ßN4A l ,ol, ''::.! --:
'of rest- , „
~,
Relying en its ?metes Plikt i ll i rii ~,,.?
Oar , hings t and actu ated ' - -.,.. 4§fir
vent love toiviAPif, tilitili iietertt*.al -,
to a mark whavikittiatili , k ', • , 4 .,. : .. els,
4 =ustPi3k7'"
of himself snit hie piriiiinatiV , - , '
eral generations, I antitipsteWith ' "'".'''''
- . , tion that vetrstatatii ' ,„„
s ,
manse „ ;.,' )
the sweet ea
i l ligiOdsi , ri ; 4111144Rift ',7:
benign influence ustri -,i•
fifsi gwirginnePt-- -
-
ject °fray heart, led A.
as Iteust, of tour mulateLeb.
an d A mgen: 7 , 1 ,a 3 ., s.ta
GEOROBIYABIIiIIinIX
Unix mn ear* ltiell*,4o.
• ro' .4 , . •. ' ,-.--,` --- , "i.,-,Y,,, , -J- 4 .‘,
I v ,- -, ,---.., 6 " i -43 ' 31 4.0 41 0.:':*1t i
3 • ',t fil• - ' '' • -'''',lt .: 41
_O4OV ,
1 Ili
- ' 2.
- '-''''..., -- - ::.;•: - . 14 - ,;;:
:' :I -&- 10,11-444;ki, X jpa il lFZ.! - - 4 .ai• -• ' o..
i -
5 • . . .. 1 ib. l . - . „ : „-- tbAT...0"...;, - ii4ozia , lkit-' , : i1-7. , s;
(corner ElecOnd,"Pitti4"V&`:,.
- , e-1 . ...-' , 7:-arti . '4l - Art;',..
- ,luflawri.a. ' 11 . 1 .4-4.l.tilAtir,
„„,,. -- - 444 jkillgo4lilii-51 , .?.644:::A4-
, i t h - ,,, ,---,-,:,-,-.,,,,,,
N wvA, Parlor, mak , .. ~,. ...r
i. . . .. •• ~., .- , 7 7 ..-....5.:-.. - :... 7. 1 - 2e4=s , F . :.
.. ' • alliteilikialOidairajiti,j4:lSsW : :
- ~: : • .'• -.: .."...: r.-•,'',"i;- 1.- _) .4.:---„:iZ,-..
si, 4.00 , ii."*. =.oolm. tkjot4tgpvtiVo4
el. . • .7 , - .....- - .:- , -..4.:t . , - -
,Jl ... l . 4o. . 3l P 4l4l 4 l 4tAggfilatiOngosa .-- --:•••
s • - . - . 4 ..,..,-,...,;.:2
, , 3 1UROCA t ' b ANIAt: .: --
. - 411;72:.'• . i .-, • , -':
i ; +I'LL-Cal,' kid ':i Li.L.lti"zia 3 2 .04.-e4- -''."3•W; - .: ..-It.• . :.:' -. .z'" l .
tani'lnedie of *Wen barn? .. :•- , - i." •.,.. :- '.-....i 1 : - .. 5,
ta r =nig t Z us. nr .' :•Ili -•
• ••. , ...:,.',4 •-iI,F.-.L4' ,
' -•.-v4.45,-,-...2A
Re - 0? • isrteisining —L' . .!*l-#4. 1 :40
• , PARLOR AIIIMOUt /
-."-. , ' - ' , . 4 ""4
, .., •-„,..,,,,,,,,, ; .•„,,,,,,, z ,-„, :; ". : „,
'••• • :aslisaiikicaitiouidarkilwraapiiiigeig- f':.t.,W,l- -
oaredtotw s path!. _ ,
,i-'''','Sie,s.'isWiWii.:,
li tgleda.., ....,i. . ~, ,, ..i•—:. - ! - ..; X, . ~`! ;! --, Vii*,
'Ritifflen — lliin and - inn ,L l 4 .' '.' .': ir,... lia - - , •--, , ,'X1.r.....
' geiPit • f J S ' Oti q W . 4gle lS r tdO . .t*iy:i'"''lg'' - .itl.te#4ia':E'W',.' .-
'i i iff'= al la t re n "SEPlNSl.. l4 S rll legtAti ' ' .
- IAIVIES - iftti4ON
-411 'st 'oollllor
~1~'noF•.~ v
. Y
- AY4e
------ - ? - -... - ,:f
- , 1 ‘r! - 4 :MUM -:--6-•