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DRY MASH HOPPERS AND
HOW TO BUILD THEM
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PRACTICAL DESIGNS FOR FEED HOPPERS
They Must Be Accessible,
Sanitary, Convenient, Non-
Wasteful and Serviceable
For Best Results the Mash
Must Not Be Allowed to
Form a Compact Mass
BY ROBERT ARMSTRONG
Expert Poultrymaii and Writer
Almost every progressive poultry
man agrees that the use of dry mash
is tlio most generally satisfactory
method of feeding chickens, from the
two-day-old chick to the mature fowl.
The dry mash is usually kept before
the birds nt all times consequently it Is
essential to keep the feed clean and
sweet, easily accessible to the fowls and
in receptacles that are, convenient for
the attendant to replenish. A number
of practical designs for feed
are described in this article witu in
structions on how to build them.
Successful, experienced poultrymen
have long since realized the import
ance of feeding their flocks a balanced
bodily requirements. No one grain
is a complete ration, and even if such
a grain were to be had, it would be
unwise to feed it exclusively because'
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it would tire the appetite. A chick
en's taste craves vurieiy the same
as the human appetite, and if suf
ficient variety is not supplied the fowl's
appetite becomes jaded and it fails
to eat in large enough quantities to
maintain a high state of productive
ness.
When-planning a system of poultry
feeding two other factors must be
given car "ul consideration: First, the
cost of the ration, and second, the
amount of labor involved in placing
it before the birds. It is conceivable
that a ration might be adopted
that would gtve an unusually heavy
egg production, but costing so much,
either in the value of the food itself
or the labor of feeding it, that the
resulting profit would be insignificantly
small. In other words a complicated
! system of feeding requires so much
! labor that few birds can be cared for
jby one man. Therefore, as a commer
cial proposition, it is quite obvious that
the net profit per man is equaly as im
portant as the profit per hen.
Dry Mnsli a Big Saving'
Dry mash, a mixture ol' various
ration, which is to say, a food supply
composed of various ingredients, care
fully proportioned to meet the fowl's
ground grains and by-prodypts, is
the most economical feed, not alone
from the feed-bill standpoint, but in
the labor involved in placing it be
fore the flocks. And it also saves con
siderable wear and tear on the fowl's
digestive systems. In the absence of
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teeth the hen was given a gizsard for
the exigness purpose of grinding solid
food, yet it is generally considered to
be more economical to "have a part
of the grinding done by power mill
stones. A heavy egg yield is an in
tensive process; hence it must be.as
sisted in every way possible.
Still another virtue of the dry mash
is the positive assurance that the
ftiwls are eating a properly balanced
ration providing, oi course, that the
mash is so compounded. Where whole
or broken grain is fed exclusively, or
in large Quantities supplemented by
a little' mash feed, it is highly probable
that some hens will eat an excess of
corn, others wheat, and others oats.
Thug the error of this method is ap
parent. In dry mash feeding the hen
lias little or no selection, neither can
she be robbed of certain elements by
her more voracious companions. She
eats precisely what the attendant has
prescribed for her—a properly propor
tioned compound of protein, carbo
hydrates and mineral substances re
quired to preserve health and stimulate
egg production.
Principles of Slash Hoppers
In feeding dry foods to poultry of
any age, especially a dry mash mlx
ure, success depends in a great meas
ure on the receptacles used. There
must he a constant supply, easily ac
cessible to the birds, conveniently re
plenished by the attendant, adequate
storage space, so as to obviate the ne
cessity for refilling, and the contents
must be kept dry, clean, sweet and
appetizing at all times. Furthermore,
the receptacles or hoppers in which
the mash is stfcred and fed, must be
non-wasteful and of such simplicity
that they are easily cleaned and ser
viceable. If the hoppers are to be
placed outdoors they must be proof
against wind and rain, and if rats
and mi"e abound the hoppers must
be fitted with some means of closing
\hein against these pests at night.
Next to keeping the contents clean,
the most important feature about- a
mash hopper, and one that is frequent
ly overlooked, is some provision to
prevent the mash from going "flat"—
that Is, compressed into a solid, com
pact mass, either by its own weight
or by that of a her.vy grid, such as
is frequently Installed to prevent
waste. The mash must be light and
l laky or it will not be relished by the
fowls. Chickens will eat a mash that
is compressed, of course, just as we
humans when put to necessity will eat
distusteful or poorly cooked food, but
they will not eat it in large, enough
quantities to meet the demands of
heavy egg production.
In the three types of mash hoppers
illustrated in the accompanying dla
grnins. all of which may be said to be
automatic, in their action, they have
been designed with th* view to stor
ing liberal quantities of mash, and at
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the same time distributing it. in a
light, flaky condition. To accomplish
this it will be noted that the method
of distribution is from tho bottom, and
the greater part of the weight of the
mash above is supported by the V
shaped sides of the storage compart
ments. In Fig. 1 the mash is stored
in compartmentA"; it passes through
the opening "B," into a space on either
[side designated as "C" whence it is
eaten by the fowls. Only a small quan
tity of the mash accumulates in "C,"
consequently it is bound to be light
and flaky, since there is no weight
on it from above. The mash stored
In "A" will not fall through the open
ing "B" except as it is needed.
Fig. 1 is an outdoor type of hop
per as will be seen by the wide water
tight cover, which extends far enough
on all sides to prevent the entrance
of driving rains. It also nas a plat
form for the birds to stand upon, which
keeps it off the damp ground. The
same type may be used Indoors in which
case It Is npt necessary to build the
platform nor the projecting cover.
Fig. 2 Is a side elevation of the hop
per showing the slatted sides through
which the fowls eat. A quarter-round
moulding is fastened on the inside of
the slats to keep the birds from hook
ing the mash outside and wasting it.
They are quite sure to do this unless
prevented, and in tho course of a year's
time this apparently trivial waste will
amount to many dollars,
j With the exception of the bottom
I platform which is built of inch matched
j boards nailed across two pieces of 2
by 3-inch stuff, and the framing of the
cover, which is by 2-inch battens,
1 the entire hopper is constructed of
j inch or by 6-lnch siding, pre
| ferably white pine or similar light
material and dressed on one side. Fig.
; a indicates the method of stiffening
] and securing the cover, which is laid
lon the top of the hopper or hinged
;to it. To make the cover water-tight
a sheet of paper is laid over the sid
ing and this is covered with canvas
and later painted to preserve It. Al
though there is no limitations as to
the dimensions, the writer has found
it convenient to build the body fifteen
Inches wide, eighteen Indies deep and
six feet long. This type has been in
use many years and always rendered
the greatest satisfaction.
Math Hoppers Far Chicks
The designs for hoppers shown in
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 are intended for indoor
use for chicks, although they may be
easily modified for larger fowls and
for outdoors. In Fig. 4 the weight
of the mash is taken up by the Inverted
V-shaped bottom "A," and In the type
shown In Fig. 5 It Is held by the slop
ing front of the hppper. In both types
Fine form and feath*ra make flne
fowls, but the real secret In carry-
In* otl blue ribbons at the show
rooms Is In having the specimens
properly groomed and trained.
Many a splendid bird has failed to
be placed, either because It was soil
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wild and tried to pull down the cage
In the judge's presence. Next week's
article describes how to prepare
blrdß for exhibition, and It will be
of value to both veteran and ama
teur.
the mash falls and passes through the i
narrow opening at "B," where it' is
eaten by the chicks. The lip "C" tends
to prevent any waste by scratching,
and consists of a light mouUdlng or
strip nailed to the bottom of ; the
flange.
These hoppers may be built any size
desired, and any length, and the most
satisfactory material Is %-lnch lum
ber. The design in Fig. 4 is for use
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in the center of a room, while the
j typo shown In Fig. 5 is intended to be
I placed against a wall, where It may be
secured in some way. The lids are
hinged as shown, and they are made i
slanting to discourage roosting on
them.
'The feeding apron on these hoppers
is kept as low as possible for very
young chicks. After the chicks are
feathered, it is advisable to raise the
hopper to any desired height, the higher
the better, to prevent litter or dirt be
ing scratched into them.
Metal hoppers are somewhat mora
desirable because they are easier to
keep clean than wooden troughs, but
they are also more expensive and more
troublesome to,make. The same de
signs, however," may be worked out
with galvanized sheet Iron or roofing
tin.
11