R. W. WEAVER EDITOR. ...if. .... . - Ulnomsburg, I'hursduy, Dec. 5, 1850. THE SHINS OP THE TIMES. > Almost every paper which wo open con tains alarming accounts of lawlessness and outrage upon li fe ami property. Wo e' ron icle iho paragraphs of crime until the brain .grows tlizzy, and heart siok"s at the sad -recital which the pen must make. There is then too a morbid, sickly sym pathy for criminals, which is dangerously prevalent. We say dangerous, because no man can feel gratified at tho want- 11 perse cution of his fellow, and only desires to see the law vindicated so that lawlessness may not be all prevalent that there may be some protection to life and property—and that there may be some shield against the mail fevets of hasty prejudice, passion und clam or. We 100 hare our sympathies—all men have the Godlike virtue of Pity—but be it sympathy for unfortuna a honesty, and not for the profligate and reckless man whose character is all "blotched over with crime, • his lace branded with shame and sin, and his name blackened with infamy. It is said ' that good angels provide for the wants ol the de.-lituie, and minister to the sick chtl- dree of the Great All Path er, but if he who is All-Merciful ordained the punishment of ■ wrong and stamped his branding curse upon the first offemlet, shall we set, the eternal law of Justice at defiance I In cities lawlessness becomes prevalent becau-e so many criminals escape punish ment; either from want of evidence, or dw* ushuhaf defects in the prosecution There the morbid sentimentality runs to the extreme, and creeps steal.ltily into the jury box to suy that instead of no reasonable doubt of guilt, there shatt be no possibility of the ptisoners innocence, before lhy convict. The imagination is exercised to conjure up and conceive a possibi ity of innocence, and this is called a legal, reason Ms doubt, to ac quit. We have seen men pity a rich criminal from the depth of their hearts who would not have given a crust of bread to a ragged starving beggar. We have seen women smile upon the depraved debauchee, who would sicken from >ure modesty at the sight of his ruined victim. And we have known ' the priest to anathematize lawlessness and vice, and then turn to encourage the chief, of the excommunicated sinners. VVe have seen hundreds pity the profligate who a bttsad the blessings of educoiiou and tram pled upon the gifts of refinement, where suspicion alone condemned the man of twutnfauu put'ny, ma m TSiifci none to sympathise or save. Such, alas, is Abe frailly of man's nnture. Calleitdor of t rtme for the Week- THEIT AT BERWICK.— On Tuesday of lat week John Adams was arrested at Berwick upon a charge of stealing some 580 from David Snyder of that place. Adaros was committed to jail by Esquire Davis. The hocused is a returned Mexican sol dier, who for some years had been a fore man in a shoe shop at Dauville ami there sustained a good character. Lately, howev er, lie disa reed with his wife, separuted from her, and went upon a bender, lie says be has been more sinned against than sin uing, that he has been worse robbed than any body else, thai he has been robbed of the proceeds of his Und warrant, and that Jhis misses being more frail than fair would ' like to see him aviliter mo'tuns. THB LIUHT STREET ROBDEKV —General M'Dowell fields t hat the scamps who robned his store on Inst Wednesday night carried oir more plunder than he at first supposed, per haps 01,000 in valuo. The store was enter ed by boring out a large hole in the street door through which the bar could be reach ed and raised by lite hand. The rogues se lected their goods, taking all the cloths, silks, velvets and vestings, except one piece of cheap cotton velvet, which it seems they thought would not pay freight and first cost. On last Monday two men wore arrested in the western corner of this county upon a charge of having been concerned in the rob bery. It appears that some two weeks ago they rented tin old building near Hau.-e's tavern, and here were found n large stock of goods supposed to have been stolen ; a par col ol ready-made clolhitlg among other things. These goods do not all belong to .<£Um. McDowell. The persons arrested were taken betore Esquire Foster a-td held to bail in 04000 each for their appearance at court, v e are told that on Monday night after the arrest, suspicious characters were seen gatlt •ring into that vicinity from the four quar ters of the earth. ANOTHER AT BEUWK-K.— Two Dutchman tarried over tnaht last work at a uhlio house in Berwick, and in tha morning or e found himself robbed of 810. He charged the act upon his companion. at In the Quar'er Sessions of Dauphin County, Joseph Millekin a young man of 10 yeura of age was last week fomtd guilty .of burning the large State Bridge at Dun scan's Island. Tha only positive evidence in the case was the testimony of an aecom phee who turned State's Evidence. JkllAtuicAse.—Four rascally looking, fel lows were last week Died at Philadelphia for lately robbing the mail at Grey's ferry. made by the conn ' , *fl ft. oneof them-sras that On the nigh' 1^ too drunk to have participated in (IslttJ Metes Senators. Since the national government was organ ized. the Western part of Pennsylvania, has had 8 Senators, whose terms of inaumbifney altogether years. The in the mean time whose united terms of iiicumbeucv number 48 years. The Eastern part of the State has had 5 Senators, and their added terms of incum bency make 25 years This region of the State has one fifth the total population of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia city had 5 of these Senators. Northern Pennsylvania has had one Sena tor who served six years. The Havre de Grnce bans Case. Baltimore Nov. 87.—The Grand Jury ol Harford Co.ty- have presented the following persons for embezzeling funds of the Harm do Grace Bank: Moses Y Beech, NY., charged with embez zling SIO,OOO Henry Beach of N. Y., " " 10,000 J Hollister, of Buffalo, " '' 10,000 John Puller of Bnfiulo, " " 10,000 Nathaniel Jenkins of Milan, of Ohio, 10.000 John P Guy, of Milan, Ohio, " " 10,000 Ezra Collins, of Havre de Grace " 10,000 Governor Thomas will immediately issue his requisition for the persons thus indicted. j THE CLOSE or LAST WEEK'S COURT —The case of Donaldson vs Grove was concluded on Thursday noon, and tho jury returned a verdict tor the defendant for $3057. A writ of gio warranto was granted ttpor. Treasurer Levers to snow hy what authority he holds and exercises the office of Treasu r rof Columbia county while he is a resi dent of Montour. The writ is to be return able to January Term. Court adjourned on Thursday noon. The January term is ordered fir one week. SARTAIN'S MAGAZINE, for January, 1851, is OR our table, and a beautiful number it is Deservedly this Magazine ranks among the first of our visitors. In tegard to embellish ments, it is certainly (he very first. Sartain's reputation as an artist would be a sufficient guarantee for that excellence. And in liter ary character it is prominent among the best of its compeers. Tho present num ber contains just the reading to brighten and instruct the winter firesi-le. This is the time to subscribe, at the commencement of anew year and volume I Tt GODEV'S Lxnr's BOOK for January, 18- 51, has already been received. This num ber contains 72 pages, 32 engravings and original matter from 3.9 contributors. Tne principal platrs are the "Constant," '-The four Eras ot J.ife," "The four Seasons" and 'The double Fashion Plate," and are from original designs. The Book makes a hand, some twgtrurfnglftrrtfm ffew rsor. vr Hot DEN'S MAUAZINK for December I has been received, and contains a variety of interesting matter. This work is only one dollar, per annum. Address, Fowler & Deiiz, 109, Nassau street, N. Y. ttfc "Celio, or New York Above and Un iter Ground," is a new work written by G. C Foster, and pub'isheil by Devvitt & Deveti port. The author in this work delineates faithfully, and with murke.l ability the vuri ous grades of society, as they exist in that great metropolis. FIRE —On Tuesday evening last, a fire broke out in the residence of Mr. John W. Stiles, but, fortunately, through the prompt arrival and energies of our citizens, it was extinguished before doing any malarial dam age The fire is supposed *o have origina ted from an oven attached to the back purtol the building.— Uerwick Telegraph. I'h.lada* Market. Tho lata foreign news has imparted rather more firmness to Cotton, but otjtcrwhe it had no effect upon the market. Toe flour market is quiet. Holders de maud $4 87 Ju4 91 per bbl. Bales for city consumption at 84 91 for common tflld good brands In Rye flour and corn meal, no tur ther transaction have been mnde. Untiff—There is a tuir amount of wheat offering, and prices are steadv; sales ol £UJOO bushels lait and prune R-d at 0-1 a ' h5. and White at $1 11 a 1 12 per bushel. Rye is scarce and wanted. Cum is tit stea ly de mand ; sales of 300U bushels sold mellow at £8 uls, und some new.at 55 ets Outs are steady , at former rates. The Term "Brother Jonathan." —General Washington placed great confidence in the good sense and patriotism of Jonathan Trem bull, who at an parly period of the American revolution as Governor of the State of Con necticut. In a certain emergency, when a measure of irreat importance was nnder dis cussion. Washington rerenrkpd. "we must consult Brother Jonathan on the subject.' The rpsult of that consultation was favora ble. Thus, from the constant use of the expression, "wo mttst consult Brother Jona than." which soon passed from the army to lite people at large, we received that appel lation which has stuck to us as closely as ' John Bull" to fffMfhglish. PENNSYLVANIA. NEW YORK AND OHIO These thrpe great States have lately lipid their elections. On refernnce to the returns, we find the aggregate vote o be as follows : New York, for Governor, 528 448 Pennsylvan a, for Canal Cnror., 278.621 Ohio, lot Governor, 265.448 New York polled 119,827 more vqiesihau Pennsylvania, and tjte latter polled 13,608 more votes then Ohio. In 1848, two years ago, the vole for gov eruor in Pennsylvania was 336,744. The gubernatorial content always call* out the j largest vote ?* ■/'"<?■ J ! Fellow Ctlixrtis of the Senate, and of the House tf Representatives : Being suddenly called, in the midst of the last session of Congress, by a painful dis pensation ol' Divine Providence, to the re sponsible station which I now hold, 1 con tented myself with such communications to the LegisbUuro as the exigency of the mo ment seeuted to require. The country was shiuudcd in mnar"iug for the loss of its ven erated Chief Magistrate, and alt hearts were penetrated with grief. Neither the time nor the occasion appeared to require or to justify or. my part, any general expression ol polit ical opinions, or any announcement of the principles which would govern me in the discharge of the duties to the performance ot which 1 had been so unexpectedly called. 1 trust, therefore, that it may not be deemed inappropriate, if I avail myself of this op portunity of tne re assembling of Congres to mak known my sentiments, in u general maul !■ ci regard to the polioy which ought to 1 e puf<ued by the Gov eminent, both in its inießt.uoM with foreign nations, and in its management and administration ot internal affairs. Nations, like individuals in a state of na ture, are equal und in< spvndeut, possessing certain rights, si.d owing certain duties to each other, arising from their necessaty and unavoidable relations ; which rights and du ties ifie-e is no common human authority to protect and enforce. Still, they are rights and duties, binding in morals, in conscience and in honor, although there is no tribunal to which an injured party csn appeal but the disinterested judgment of mankind, and ultimately ttie arbitrament of the swonl. Among the acknowledged rights of na tions is that, which each possesses of estab lishing tnat lorm of government which it ma) deem most conducive to the happiness and prosperity of its own citizens ; ot chan ging that form, as circumstances may re quire; aud nt managing its internal affairs, accotdicg to its own will. The people of tbe United Stales claim this riant for them selves, and they readily concede it to others. Hence it become.-, an iiuperiative d.tty not to interfere in the government or internal poli ey of other nations; ami. although we may sympathize with the unfortunate or the op pressed, every where, in theij struggles for freedom, our principle* forbid us from ta king any pert in such foreign contests. VVe make no war* to promote or to pre vent succ.-e-ions !o throuos; to maintain any tlwory ol s balance of power; or to sup press the actual government which any country choose* to establish for itself. VVe inttigwi'e no revolutions, nor suffer any hos tile military expeditious to be fitted out in 'lie United States to invade the territory or provinces of a friendly nation. The great law of morality ought to have a national, as well as a personal and individual, applica lion. VVe should act inwards other nations as we wish them to act towards us; and jus lice and conscience should lorm the rule ol conduct bete een governments, instead of mere power, eeif-iuleret, or the desire of ag grandizement. To maintain a strict neutrali ty in loreigu wars, to cultivate friendly rela tions, to reciprocate every uoble and gener ous act, and to perform punctuality and scru pulously everv treaty obligation- he.-e are the dunes which we owe to other States, aud by tha performance of which we best entitle ourselves to like treatment from them: or if that, in any case, be refused, we cap Batons* BUS qwn tuVa with justice , Hid f clear conscience. r In our domestic policy, the Cotwtitu'ion will be my guide ; end fit questions ot doubt I shall look fot its interpretation to the judi cial decisions of that tribunal, which was established to expound it, and to the usage ol the Government, sanctioned hy the ac quiescence of the country. I regard all its provisions as equally binding. In all il jiaits it is tne will of the people, expre-sed in lite most solemn form and the constiiu ed authorities, are but agen s to carry that will into effect. Every power which n ha* gran , ted is to be exercised for ih.t public good ; | but no pretence o utility, no ho e*t con viction, even, of what might be expedient, can justify the assumption of any power not granted. The powers conferred upon the government and their distribution to the sev eral departments, are a* clearly- expressed in that sacred instrument as the imperfection of human language will allow, and 'I deem it tny first duly, not to question its wisdom, add in its provision*, evade its requirements, or nullity itscommands. Upon you, fellow citizens, as the repre : setnatives ol tne Slates and the people, is wisely devolved the legis'a'ivo power. 1 si a I omply with my duly, in laving before you, from lime to time, any information cal culated to enable you to discharge vour high and responsible trust lor thn benefit of our common constituents. Mv Qoiiuons will be frankly exrtressed up on the leading subjects ot legislation : and if, which I do not anticipate, any act should pass the Ixvo Houses of Congress which should a| pear to me unconstitutional, or an em roaehinont on tho jn*t no.vera of other departments, or with provisions hastily a do pled, and likely to produce consequences injurious and unfnrseen. I should not shrink from the fluty of returning it to yon with my reasons, for your further consideration R"v bud th* fine performance of lhe cnnniiu tional otdiga ions, both my re*peci lor tlip legislature mid my sense of ptopriety will restrain m from any attempt to oonj'nl or indued-"? vCL" proceeding* Wi'h you is the power, the bond.", a."?'' '' ,n responsibility of the legislation of ih eomdry. The Government of the United S'a'a* is a limited Government. It is confined :o Ihe exercise of powers expressly granted, and sit' h others us may be necessary for carry ing tb >*e powers into effort; and it is at all "meß an especial dn'y to guard again*' any infringement on the just rights of the St ues. Over the objects ami subjects inltn*ted to Congress, it*legislative atiinnrity i*supreme . But here that authority ceases, and every citizen who truly love* lltp Constitution, and desires the continuance of its existence and its blessings, will resolutely and firmly r**i* any in erference in those domestic affairs, which the Constitution ha* clearly and u ie quivncally left to the *xoht*ive authority of the State*. And every such citizen will also deprecate useless irritation among the seve ral members of the Union, am! all reproach and crimination tending to alienate one por tion of the country front another. Tneb<**'t ly of our system ofGoverurae.it cmt>i*is. amt it* <afe!y and dttrnSili y must consist, in avoiding mutual collisions and encroach • ments, and in the regular se larate action of all, while each is revolving in its own dis tinct orbil. Th e Constitution has made (t the doty of the President to take care that the laws be faithfully expcrat-'d. In a Gover intent like ours, in which all laws are pa**ed by n majority of the representatives of the people and these representatives are chosen for such short periods, that any injurious or oltnoy ions law OH ft very soon be repealed, it would j appear unlikely that any great numbers should be found ready o re- at t c exttoa t&m of the laws But it must be borne lit mind that the country is extensive, that there may be local in crests or prejudices i re tdering a law tdio is in ©no part, which is I nt so in another, and that the thoughtless j and inconsiderate, misled by (hair passions, ! " ... or their imnginatljjni| may be lv to resist such laws tu< they ifiJUprove. Such pewins show) recollect law, ilvffoan be no rest practical liberty ; tba-, when law U trampled under foot, ty rant. y rules, whether it appears in thu form of a military or of popular vio lent*). The law is!he only sore protection of the weak, and tUfoftly efficient featialtit upon the strong. When impartially and faithfully administered, none is beneath its protection, and none above its control You, gentlemen. and the country may be assured, that to ,lte utmost of my ability, and to lie extent of the power rested in me, 1 shall at all times, ami in nil places, take care that the 1 laws bo faithfully executed. In the dis charge ol tins duty, solemnly imposed upon tne t<y the Constitution, and by my oath of office, I shall shrink Irorn NO responsibility, and shall endeavor to meet events as they may arise, with firmness, as well as with prudence and discretion. The appointing power is one of the most delicate with which lb" Executive is inves ted.—l regard it as a sacred trust, to lie exer cised with the sole view of advancing the priuqierily and happiness of the people. It shall be my effort to elevate the standard of official employment, by selecting lor places of importance individuals fi tod lor the posts to which they are assigned, by their known integrity, talents, aid virtues. In so exten sive a country, with so great a population, and where lew persous appointed to office o.ui be known to the Npfunutiiig mis takes will sometimes unavoidably happen, and unfortunate appointments be made, not withstanding the creates! care In such ca ses, the power of removal may be properly exercised ; and neglect ot duty or malfeas ance in office will be no more tolerated in individuals appointed by myself than in those appoinle l by others 1 am happy in -being able to say that no Unfavorable cr.'ange in our foreign relations has -.uk&it place since the message at the opening of the lasi session ol Congress. We aie ul peace with all nations, and we enjoy in an eminent decree tiie blessings, of that peace, in a prosperous and growing commerce, and in all Hie forms of amicable national intercourse. i'tie unexampled growth of the ccuntry, the presC.il amount ot us population, and its ample moans ol sell-protection, assure lor it the respect ot all nations; while it is trusted that its chancier furjiistice and a fegard to the rights of other States, will cause, that respect to be readily iuul cheeilully paid. A convention was negotiated between the I'uited Slates and Great Uriluiti, in April last, for laciluating anil protecting the construc tion ot a ship cimai between the Atlantic and l'acitic Oceans, and for other purposes. This instrument has sirit-e been landed by the coutraciing parties, the exchange ol rati fications has been effected, ami proclamation thereof kas been duly made-' lu addition to the siipulaticiiscontained in this convention,, two other objects remain to be accomplished between the contracting powers. first the designation all ii establishment of a free port at each end of the canal. Second, an agreement fixing the- distance Irotn the shore within which belligerent mar iliine operations shall not bo carried nil. On thea- points ihere is litJe doubt that the two goveriuuei t* wilt come to an understanding. I'tie untOpan.' of citizens ol the United Suites wlto hage acquired from tne State ol Nicaragua [he privilege of constriitfiug a ship canal belweeu the two oceans, through die territory of that Slate, have made pro gress iiQheir preliminary lie lrett, li)Wiwnen the Unites States and "teat 'h*>#*ffi of Apr 1 last, above relerreirtcy^lmiugstow in operation, it as to be Imped that lite guarantees which it oflers will tie sufficient to secure lite completion of the work with all practicable expedition It is obvi UU sthai the result would be indefinite lv postponed, if any other than peaceful ■ni-astires, for the purpose o r harmonizing com!,rung claims to territory in that quarter, stiouid be adopted It will consequently be my endeavor to cause any fur her negotia tioes on the part of this government, which I may be requisite for this purpose, to be so I conducted as to bring them to a speedy mud successful close. Some n avoidable delay has occurred, arising and tile difficulty of this government and that of NicdWigua, but, as intelligence has just been revived of the appointment of an Envoy E traordinary and Minister l'leni -o teutiary „ot that Government to reside at Washington, whose arrival may soon be expected, it i# hoped that no further impedi incuts will be experienced in tne prompt transaction of business between the two Governments. Citizens of the United States have under lakeutue connexion ol the two oceans by nu-aos ol a railroad across the Isthmus of I'ehu sine pep, under grants of the Mexican Government to a citizen of hint Republic. It ts under-ioo. that a t Imrpngh survey of the course of the communication is in prepara lion, and there is every reason to expect that it will be prosecuted with characteristic en ergy, especially when that Government shall have consented 'o such stipulations wait Hie Government of the United Stales as may be necessary to impart a feeling ol security .o those, who may em'-ark ih-ir properly in the enterprise. Negotiations are pending for the nncoiuplishment of that object, and a hope eoopfidenilv eit>eruin-it thai, when the Government of M ;xicn shall become duly sensible of the advantages which that couu I try cannot fail m drive Iran the work, and learn dial the Government of the United State- desires th.it the right of sovreignty of Mexico in the Is hmus shall remain iittim paired, the stipulations reierred to will be agreed to vvidl alacrity. By the lavt advice from Mexic > it would -a jyar, however, that t|i- Government enter tains strn ' ' tr> -""'me ol l' 1" Sii pit latinos which the s?.''** concerned in the project ol the railroad de.'. rtt necessary for their protection and security I 1" ~,r C ®l!' snleratioit, it is to be hoped, or some id o.uioit of terin-, may yet reconcile the d (Ter ences existing between the two Governments HI this respect Fresh iiisrruotious have recently heoti given to the Minister ot the United bates in Mexico, who is prosecuttag the subject witu promptitude and ability. Although the negotiations with Portugal, for the payment of claims of citizens ot the United States against the Government, have not yet resulted in a formal treaty, yet a pro position made by the Government of Portu gal for the final adjustment and payment of those claims, has recently been ancejred on the purl of ihe Uune ! Siaies. It gi.es ine ptea-ure to say that Mr Clay, to whom the negotiation on thv part of the United Stales has been entrusted, discharged the duties of his appointment with ability and discretion, acting always withtu the instructions o l ' ihe Government. It is expected that a regular convention wi'-l be immediately negotiated for carrying the agreement belweeu the t o governments into effect. The commissioner appointed under the act of Congress for carrying into effect the o.it e uinu wild Brazil onatne 87th of Jau , aarv. 1819. hafr entered upon the perform ame of the dmies imposed upon hjlm l)y that act It i Imped that those dunes may be completed within the time It' prescribes. The documents, however, whioh the Imperi al government, by the third article of the oortventiqn, stipulate* to furnish to the gov ernment of the United Siptes, have not yet | • '■ "*l " ~ 1 , 1 1 *%Jen received.'*Ai itis mBtted thatthosgf! documents will for the correct I disposition of the claims.at may become ne cessary for Congress to | ypnd Ibrf period limited for the dilMiomfni' comrttiseiqfl. The sum stipulated by fhe 4th article of, thß convention to be paid to this government has beer, received. The collection'jn the ports Of the United States of discriminating duties upon the ves sels of Chili and their cargoes has been sus pender), pursuant to the provision* of the act of Congress of the 24th of May, 1828. It is to be hoped that this measure will impart a fresh impulse to the commerce between the two countries, which of late, and espe cially since our acquisition of Coliroritia, has, to the mutual advantage of the parties, been much aui merited. Peruvian guano has become so desirable an article to the agricultural interests of the United States, that it is the duty of the Gov ernment to employ all the means properly in its power for the pur,>ose of causing that ar ticle to be imported into the country at a reasonable price. Nothing will be omitted on my part towards accomplishing this desi rable end. lam persuaded that in remov ing any restraints to this traffic, the Peruvian government will promote its own best inter ests, while it will afford a proof of a friendly disposition towards this country, which will be duly appreciated. The treaty between the United Stales and His M ijesty the King of the Hawaiian Is lands, which has recently been made pub lie, will, it is beleived, have a beneficial ef fect upon the relations between the two countries. The relations between those part of the Island of St. Domingo, which were former ly colonies of Spain and France, respective ly, are still in an unsettled condition. The proximity of that Island to the United States, ati.l the delicate questions involved in the existing controversy there, render it desira ble that it should be permanently and spee dily adjusted. The interests ol humanity anil of general commerce also demand this ; and, as intirnatiuns of the same sentiments have been received from other government , it is hoped that some plan may soon be de vised to effect the object ill a maimer likely to give general satisfaction. The govern ment of the United States will not fail, by ! the exercise of all proper friendly offices, to do all in its power to put an end to the de- : structiue war which has raged between the j different parts of the island, and to secure to them both the benefits of peace and com- j morce. I refer you to the report of the Secretary j of the Treasury for a detailed stalemeut of the finances. Tits total receipts in the Treasury, for the ! year ending 30th ol June last, were forty- j seven million four hundred and twenty one ; thousand seven hundred and forty eight dol- i lar- and ninety cents. (47,421,748 90.) The total expenditures during the same period were fony-tliree million and two ' thousand one hundred and sixty-eight dollars ! and ninety cents, (43.200,168 90.) The public debt has been reduced, since ! the last annual report from the Treasury De- I pailraeut, four hundred and ninety-five tltou- ' sand two hundred and seventy-six dollars I and seventy-nine cents, (8495,276 70.) By the 19th section of itin act of 28th of | January, 1847, the proceeds o! the sales of ! the public lands were pledged for the inter ! est and principal of the public debt. The 1 great amount ol those lauds subsequently j granted by Congress for military bounties, ; it will, it is believed, very nearly suppiy the | public demand for several years to come,. 1 and but little reliance cat:, herefore. be placed on that hitneno fruitful soumu ,c- j venue. Aside from the permanent annual expen ditures, which have necessanl} large y in creased, a portion of the public debt, a mouming to eight million seventy-five thou sand nine hundred and eighty six dollars and fifty nine cents (58.075986 50) must be pro vided for within the next two fiscal years. | It is most desirable that these accruing de- ! mands should be mm without resorting to new loane. All experience has demons'ra'rd the wis dom and policy of raising a large portion of revennne, lor Ihe support of Government, from duties on goods imported. The power to lav these duties is unquestionable, and its chief ooject. of course, is to replenish the treasury. But if in doing this, an inciden tal advantage may be gained by encoura ging the industry of our own citizens, it is our duty to avail ourselves of that advan tage. A duty laid upon an article which cannot produce in this country—such as tea or cof fee—adds to the cost of the article, and is chiefly or wholly paid bv the consumer. But a duty laid upon an article which may be produced here, stimulates the skill anil in dustry of our own country to produce the same article, which is brought into the mar ket in comnetifion with Ihe foreign article, and Ihe im inner is thus comnelled to reduce his price to that at which the domestic arti cle can be sold thereby 'hrowing a part of the duty upon the producer of the foreign article. The continuance of this process creates the skill, and invites the capital, which finally enables us us to produce the article much cheaper 'ban it could have been procured from abroad thereby benefit ting both the producer and consumer at ,lpime. The consequence of this is. that the artizan. and the agriculturalist, are brought together, each affords a ready market for the produce of the n her, the whole country be comes prosperous; and the ability to pro duce every necessary of life renders us irt ihvendet in war as well as in peace. 1 A high tariff can never tie permanent. It will cause dissatisfaction and will be chang ed. It excludes competition and thereby invites the investment of capital in manu factures to such excess, that when changed it bring* distress. bankruptcy, arid min upon all who have been misled by its faithless protection. What the manufacturer wants, is uniformity and permanoy, that he may fed a confidence that he is not to be ruined by sildi'd" "banges. But to make a tariff uniform and nerm-ine'T, ''' s " 01 , on 'v ne cessary that the law shoniri nol altered, but that the duty should not fluctuate. ' ° effect this, all duties sl.oitld be specific, wherever the nature of the article is snch as to admit of it. Ad valorem duties fluctuate with the price, and offer strong temntations to fraud and perjury. Specific duties, o-i the contrary, are equal and uniform iu all ports, and at all limes, and offer a strong in ducement to the importer to bring the best article, as he pays no more duty upon that, than upon one of inferior quality. T there fore strongly recommend a modification of the present tariff, which has prostrated some of our most important and necessary manu factures, and that speoiflo duties be imposed sufficient to raise the reqnsite revenue ; ma king such discrimination in favor of the industrial pursuits of our own country as to . enoouraae home production, without exeiu | ding foreign competition, ft is aGn rittpor tant that an uufortunate provision in the present tariff, which imposes a much higher ' duty npon the raw material that enters into i our manufactures than upon the manufactu red article should be remedied. The papers accompanying the report of tha Secretary of the Treasury - will disclose frauds attempted upon the revenne, in vari ety and amount .so great, as to justify the conclusion that it is impossible, under any system of advatorem duties levied upon the • foreign cost or vakte of the Article, to secure an horraW observant* and rt pfectual ■ " St.'-.# <sSt'xfcrf ■ - r-VW- 2K •'^M^ll^^nh^^r'^The^udulOTt 6 devices to evade the lwr, tfhjgbffcsva been deiectecVfey the vigilance oWne mppruisarx, leave nd rponuto doUhrthpl *bimiUr impost tiohs'Ttot (fi-oWverecl; Jp a * largo *-a*ubnt, hne fcearfqiiccassfiolypractised dtnce • tpff. enactment of the raw no in force. * Tl)rs atate of thing* has already had a prejudicial inrtijence upon those, engaged in foreign commerce It ht> a.tendency to drive the honest trader of importing, and to throw ihat important branch of era plovment into the hands of unscrupulous and disnonest rae.i, who are nlike reganlM-*® of law and the obligations of an oath. By these means the plain intentions of Congress as expressed in the law, are daily defeated. Every motive of policy and duly, therefore, impel me to ask the earnest attention of Congress to this feubject. If CoPgrese should deem it unwise to attempt any important change in the system of levying n'stis* at this sesssinn, it will become mdispe liable id ihe protection of the revenue that such rem •dies, as in the judgment of Congress may mitigate the evils complained of, should be at one applied. As before slated, specific duties would, in my opinion, afford the most petfecl remedy for this ev 1; out, if you should not concur in this view, then, as a partial remedy, I beg leave respectfully to recommend that, instead ol taking the invoice of the article abroad as a means of determining its value here, the correctness of which invoice it is in j many cases impossible to verify, the law be so changed as to require a home valuation of appraisal, to be regulated in such manner as to give, as far as practicable, uniformity in the severxt ports. There being no mint in California I am informed that the laborers in tne mines are compelled to dispose ot their gold dust at a large discount. This appears to me to be a heavy and unjust tax upon the lubor nl those emp'oyed in exir cling this precious metal ; j ami I doubt not you will be disposed, at the ' earliest period possible, to releive them from jit by the establishment of a mint. In the ; mean lime, as an'essayer's offie is etib'ieh |ed there, I would respectfully submit for I your consideration the propriety of authoii 1 zing gold bullion, which has been essayed i and stamped to be received in pay i ment of Government dues. I cannot con ceive that the treasury would suffer any loss ! by such a provision, which will at once raise bullion to us par value, and thereby save (if lam righ ly informed) ninny millions of | dollars to ihe laborers which are now paid I in brokerage to convert this precious metal into available funds. 'This discount upon their hard earnings is a heavy tax, and every I effort should be made by the Government to j relieve them froin so great a burden, i More than iliree fourths of our population are engaged in the cultivation of :lie soil, j The co ninereinl, manufacturing, and navi I gating interests are all, to a great extent, dependent on the agricultural. It is, there fore, the most important interest of the na { lion, and has a just claim to the fostering cure and protection of the poverqgrent, so I far as they can be extended consistently jw th the provisions of the Consiimt'on. As I this cannoi be do,:e by the on inary modes | of legislation, 1 respectfully recommend the es abiishmcu: of an Agriiutirul Bureau, to j be charged with the duty of giving to this | leading branch of American Industry lhe # encouragement which it so well deserves. In view oi the immense mineral resources 10, nurcoun>ry. provision should also bo ; made for the employment of a competent 1 mineralogist and chemist, who should bo | required, under the direcrion rif the head of ! the bureau, to collect specimens of the va Irions minerals ot our country, and ttJ riserr tain, by careful analysis, their respective . el-moms arid proper ies. and their adaption ' :•> useful purposes. He should also be re quirod to examine and report upon the qual itier of different soils, and the manures best ! calculated to improve their productiveness. By publishing the results of such expert I meets, with suitiblo explanations, and by the collection and distributio i of rare seeds and p ants, with instructions as to the best system ol cultivation, much may be done to promote this great national interest. In compliance mi h (he act of Congress, passed on the iiitd of M y, lbfio, providing among other thing-, lor taking ihe seventh censes, a aupertn tendent was appointed, and all other mea-ures sd ipttd which we deemed necessary to ensure 'he prompt and faithful performance of that duty. Th.e appropriation already made w ill, it is believ ed be sufficient to defray the whole expense of j Ih* work; but further legislation may tie neces. I saty in regard to the compensation of some of the | marshals of the territories. It will also be pro p r to make provision by law, at an early day, lor the publication of such abstracts ol the returns as the public interesis may require. Tne unprecedented growth of our Territories on the Pacific in wealth and population; and Ihe consequent increase of Iheir social and commer cial relations with Ihe A Untie Stairs, seem to iei der it the duly of thu G ivernment to u-e all its constitutional power to improve Ihe means ol intercourse with them. The importance ot open ing " |me of communication, ihe beat and most expeditious of w htch the naluie of the country will admit," between the valiey of Mississippi and the Pacific, was brought lo your notice by my predocresor, in bis annual montage; and as ihe reasons which* he presented in favor of the measure stilt exist in full lurce, I beg lease to call your attention to them, and to repeat the rscouimendatiuna thm made by him. To* uncertainly which exists in legard to Ihe validity ol land titles in California iq a subject which demands your early consideration. Large bodies of land in that Slate are clarai* I under grants aaiil lo have been made by authority ol (he Spanish and Mexican Governments. Many oftheae have not been perfected, others have been revoked, and souie are believed lo he fraud ulent. Bit until tney shall hive been judically investigated, Ihey will continue in retard the settlement ami improvement ol the country. I, therefore, respectfully recommend thst provis ion be made by law, for the appointment of com inissiuuers lo examine all uch cUtmi with a view to their ftual adju.t ment . I also beg leave to call your attention to Ihe prnprietv of extending in en cat ly day, oursyetem uf land laws, with such modifications as inay be utcaariry over the Slite of Cililornia and the territory of Utah and New Mexico. The min eral lends id California will, of course, form an exvonfiou lo any general system which may he adopted. Various methods of disposing of them have been suggested. Iweealflist inclined lo fevor (he tyslem of leasing, as it seemed to promise the largest reve nue to the G .vrmmenl, and to slhrd the b at se curity agaiiirt monopolies; hot further reflection and our experience m leasing the lead mines and selling lands upoo credit, have brought my mind tilths conclttsibo that there would be great diffi culty in collecting thq rents, end that the relation flf debtor nd end,tor, between the citizens aid ihe Governn ent, would be attended with many misc devout cm a .|u-m-e-. I therefore recommend (hat, instead of retaining the mitr al land, uuderthe permanent control of the Gov ernment, they be divided into small parrels and sold, under luch restrictions, es to quantity and time, as will in<urr the best price, and guard most effectually against Cumbinatiow of fifirital iata to obtain mooopr.l teg. , ' •*"'s •" <MEc2 "• The annexation of.Texas and ihe acquisition of California and New Mexico, have glv-w in cr|Med impor'tjee to our Indian relations. The various tiibes brought under our ji ysdictlon by these enlargements oj qrr%oundatifc are estima ted to emhjpde a population of oils hundred and twenty four thousand. Texas and New Mexico sre surrounded by powerful tribes of Indians, who sre a source ef constant annoyance to the inhabitant*. Separa ting into email predatory band*,and alwtya moun ted, they overrun the country, devastating farms, destroying crops, driving off whole herds of cat- - lie, and occasionally murdering the inhabitants or carry ing them into captivity. The great roads leading into the country are infested with them, whsrsby travelling is rendered extremely dan ger c s, and itntnig. al.'on is almost entirely at tested. The Mexican frsrlUsr, which by the tlth article of the treaty ot GaudaloupsHidelgo, we are bound to protect against thslurfisne with in o*> border, is exposed to these incursions equally our <"*n. The military force eta tionsd'irl |tu.Hc OUy .(although forming a large proportion or lh." rm >) ' represented as eutirely inadequate to our f"***" o " nd tn * fulfil * rnentof our treaty wl,h Mexico.- The principal deficiency is to* * v al'J. v" l ' , * c " commend that Congreas should M ***•''* * P*" riod as practicable, provide for IM raisin/ ® tt * or more regiments of mounted men. For further euggestions on this subject, iutf oihers connected with our domestic infeiesiv and the defence of our frontier, I refer to tberepo.t of the Secretary ef the interior and of the Secre tary of War. I commend also to your favorabla considera tion the euggestions contained in th* last man tioned report, and in the letter ol th* general in chief, relative to the establishment ol an asylum lor tire relief of disabled and dtititut* soldiers- I'his subject appeal,so strongly to your sympa thies that it would be supeiflucus in m* tossy anything mine than,barely to express my cordil approbation of the proposed object. '■> Th# navy continues to give protection to our commerce and other national interests in the dif ferent parts of the globe, and rvilb the excep tion of a single steamer on the Northern lakes, th* vessels in commission are distributed in six different squadrons. The report nf the head of that Department will exhibit the service* of these sqadrouns, and of th* seeeral vessel*employed in each during th* pest year. It is a source of gratification, thst while they have been constantly prepared for any hostile emergency, they have everywhere met with the respect and courtesy, due as well l the dignity as lo the peaceful disposition* and just purposes ol the oaiinn. The two brigantiea accepted by the government from a generous ciiizen ct New Voik, and pla ced under the command oian officer ol Ihe navy, lo proceed to the-Arctic teas in quest of th* B. itish commander, Sir John Franklin, and his companions, in compliance with the act ol Oon. gress, approved in May last, bad, when last heard from, penetrated into a high northern latitude ;. but the success of this nobis and humane enter prise it yet xmccrtaiu. 1 invite your attention to the view of our pres ent naval esiahlishmcnt and resources presented rn.the reportmf the Secretary of the Navy, and the suggestion* therein made lor its improvement together with the naval policy (geouimeoiled for the security of our Pacific Coast, and the protec tion and extension of our commerce with Eolern Ana. Our facilities for a larger participation in r tree trade of the East, by means ot onr rrcentset- Momenta on the shores of the Pacific, are tco ob vious to be overlooked or disregarded. The queetion in relation to rank in th* army and navy, and relative rank between elfin rs of. the two branches nf the service, presented to th* Executive by certain resolutions uf the House of' Representatives, at the last session of Congress, have been aubtnillrd to a board of officers in each branch of the service, and thsir report may bees ' peeled at an early day. 1 also earnestly recommend the enactment ef a law authorising officers of the army and navy to be retired fretn the service, when incompetent ' for its vigorous and active duties, taking Care to make suitable provisions for I hose who have faith fully sei ve,l their c lunlry, and awarding distinct. ' inns, by retaining in appropriate eoiuaiaig|s those who have been particularly conspicuous for gal lanlry and good conduct. While the obligation, of the country lo maintain and honor those who to the exclusion of other pursuits, have drveled 1 themselves to itsardious service, this obligation should not be permitted to interfere with the ef ficiency ot the service itself. I am gratified in being able to e'ate, that th* estimatrs of expenditure for the navy in the er— ' suing year are leva, by more than one million uf dollars, than those of the present, excepting Ihe appropriation which may become necessary for the couatruction of a dock on the crest of th* Pacific, propositions for which are iiowh 'ing cor • ■idered, end on which a vpieial report may be ex pected early in sour present session. There is an evident justness in the suggestion of the stine report, that appropriate a for the na val service propel should be separated from those for fixed and permanent onjects, such at building docks and navy yards, and the fixtures attached ; a ,d from the extraordinary objects under th* ce • of Ihe Department, which, however are not essentially naval. A revison of Ihe code for th* government ef Fie navy teems to require tire immediate consid eration of C ingress. Its system of erimre and punishments had undergone no change for half a century, until the last session, though ilt defect* have been ofren and übly pointed out, ard Ihe ab olition ot a particular tprcirv rf riupiral pun ishment which then look place, without provid ing any substitute, his left the service in a atate nf defectiveness, which calls for prompt correc tion. I therefore recommend that th* wh'lesub ject be revised without delay, and such a system esisblish*d for the enforcement of disiplins, as shall be at once humane and effectual. Tne accompanying report °f the Postmaster General, present* a satisfactory view of the oper ations and condition of that Department. At the close of th* last fiscal year, th* length of the inland mail routes in the Unit*d States, (not embracng the asrvice in Oregon and Cali fornia! waa one hundred and seventy-eight thou sand six hundred and seventy.two miles; th* an nual transportation the reonforty six millio s live Hundred and forty-one thousand four hundred and twenty three miles; and the annual coal of such transportation two millions seven hundred and twenty-four thousand tour hundred and twenty six doUire. The increase of the annual Iransportion aver that of th* proceeding year, was three millions i nine hundred and uinety-seven thousand three hundred and fifty four miles, and the incrsaae in cost waa three hundtad and fhtty-teio thousand four hundred aud forty dollar*. The gioss revani'as of th* Department for tie fisctl year ending June 30, 1850, amounted ta | five millions fiv* hundred and fillyAwo thousand , nine huhdred aud seventy on* dollars andferty-bi' , sight cents, including tits annual appropriation a{,+w*.t hundred thfibfttrd dollar# ft* Km
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