The Tioga County Agitaton
B? M. H. COBB. ■' ,
osWished every Wednesday morning and nAilei io
‘‘riben at ONE DOLLAR AND FIFTY CENT'S
always IN ADVANCE.
Wt» paper is sent postage free to county spbs< ji
tbough they may receive their mail at postjofin ss
loeated in counties immediately adjoining, for-con- L
C 'leE Agitatob is the Official paper of Tioja C<\,
, c ; r calntes in every neighborhood therein/ SM
t,ons being on the advance pay system, illeircSi
among a class most to the interest of lidv/rlif-fc-s
reach. Terms to advertisers as liberal as those of.
ftrsl hv any paper of equal circulation in Northern
Pennfy' r,!l ' a ' •
tkt a cross on the margin of a paper, tienqUs
Ihsltlio subscription is about to expire. ' '
*“ Papers Bid bo stopped when the subscription
.;occip ircs > unless lile a K ent orders their pcntrajn
ttce. '■ ~.1 . Z : .i-
JAS- LOVVBEY & S. F. WILSOII, ,1
i T CORNERS & COUNSELLORS at LAW,
attend the Courts of Tioga, Potter and
gclvean counties. [Wollsboro, Jan. 1, 1863.]
lOHS I. niTCHELL,
AnoUNE Y AN A CO UNSELL OR A T LA W.
Tioga Village, Tiogft County, Penn'a,
prompt attention to Collections.
March 1, 1865.-I?
JEROME B. NILES,
iTTOBXET & 'COUNSELLOR AT LA I ;
WeUsboro, Tioga Countv, Pa-,^; '
ijcrm" been specially licensed by tho United S ‘ites
• - the Prosecution of Claims for Pensions, 1 idek
Ptvand Bounties. ■ ,
d.riicdar attention will bo given -to that dais of
t „Sc«. ‘ ' J- B- NlibßS.-
Wcllsboro, Feb. 15, IS«S-ly* ■ - - - J _
pfINNSrLVAWIA HOESE,
COUNEB OF main STREET AND THE AVENUE,'
TOeUsboro. Pa. • ' , r
j. W. BIGONT,-.....i Proprietor,
T HtS popalar Hotel, 1 having been. je-fiitteJ
and re-furnished throughout, is now opon to'the
public as 3 first-class house. ■ ‘ [Jan. 1, 1663.]
' dThAET’S ': ; .
WELLSBOBO, TWO a CO. PENtyl^
TEE subscriber takes this method to
hit old friends and customers that he has.* .3-
reed tho conduct of the old “Crystal Fount'ln
Hotel,” sod will hereafter give it his entire attonti' h.
Tmotfal for past favors, he solicits a renewal of: he
■ 4 DAVID HAEIr,
ffellsboro, Kov. 4, 1863.-ly.
EZAAS. WALTOS HOWSIB, nj
Gaines, Tioga County, Pa. '",l
3, C. VERMILYEA .......Proprietl t.
THIS is a new hotel located within easy 4 b
obs! of the best fishing and banting groanSs'ln
Northern Pennsylvania. rlo painfi will be spared .hr
lie nocommodation of pleasure seekers and the W y
ilheg pablio. £ Jan. 1,186& _•
A. FOLEY, j", / :
Watches, Clocks, Jewelrv, fee., &cv,
REPAIRED AT OLD PRICES.
POST OFFICE BUILDING,
NO. 5, UNION BLOCK, - >
WelUboro, May 20, 1863. - - ;1
H W. Williams, Wm. U.fSJdt^B.
WILLIAMS & SMITH,
LJTORNE7S AMD aOVESELORS.Kf.IA-W,
BOCKTY & PESSIOW ' AGEJH3T.
, Rtnin Street. WoUahoro. Pa,
January 4, 1866-ly.
S. E. SHAIBLIIf, -h,
BARBER & HAik-DRESSER,
Shop Over C. L. Wilcox's Store
tfellsboro, Deo 7* 1864. . -
WBSTEKBf EXCHANGE HOTi iL.
KNOXVILLE,! BOROUGU. PA'.
THE undersigned having‘leased the above
for a term of years would respectfully in#rm,
lie traveling public that ho has put the Hotel lit .first
:lit; order tor the reception of guests and no pliha
t,U be spared it) the accommodation of
t;far as the situation will allow, ho will ■first
tkss Hotel, in all things, except ptices, which. 1 Will
k modeiate. i’leaso try us and-judgefor yourst--hes.
K&uiville, Oct. 19, 186 —tf. J fi. MARX*
REVENUE STAMPS. .
TOES M. PHELPS, Deputy Collector of; A ins
♦J field, has just received a large lot of Ret tone
Sitau, of all denominations, from one cent up t ‘s6.
icy person wishing Stanpa can get them At twy , ffiee
i: Mansfield, or of M. BULLARD, Assistant A]ss£ !sor,
nWellsboro, Pa, J* M. k.
M&nsfield, May 2, 1864. .
P. NEWELL, DBSTISt; *
MANSFIELD, TIOGA COUNTY, FA.,
TS prepared to operate in'all the
i, ip various departments of filling,
arritg artificial dentures, Ac. .
MtajficM, August 10, 1864-1 y. ; **\
WELLSBOBO HOTEL"
(Comer Main Street ond the , Avenue,)-
Wellsboeo/ Pa.
B. &. HOLIDAY, .Proprietor. ’ *
One of the most popular Houses ia. the Jconuty.
Itii Hotel is the principal Stego-honseXn W-fllsboto.
iugej leave daily as follows : ,
t ht Tioga, at 9a. m. ; For Troy, at_ Ba.
‘t’ser Shore every Tuesday and Friday at I p*Jsa*,j
?or Coudersport, every Tuesday and Friday 2^
Stages "Tioga, at 12
I-: From Troy,at 6 o’clock p-m.; Fron*-Jto*®by
Tuesday arid Friday 11 a. m.: From Qourors*
Py Tuesday »ad Friday II a. m. - -
K. B.—-Jimmy Gow<Jen, tho well-known
found ou hand,- - - ' *v
Oct. 6, 1864-ly. - • j/j -
HUGH -YdTJWG| -V
Bookseller ' & sTA-rio'jfEU,
AND SEA L-I BIN f•- &
t-encan Clocks, American, ’ English, an£ Sw ss
"Metes, Jewelry, Silver Plated'Ware, Sp-totacfss,
"Clare Frames, Photographic Ajhnms, Sterehsoof is,
wnesoopes, Perfamery, Yankee Notions, kFhhi >g
Inkle and Flies, and Fancy and Toilet Articles!’;
&• SCHOOL BOOKS of every kind ns/d iaifle
‘■Aunty, constantly on hand and sent by mail or <?th-
Mvise, io order. * ■ ■
J ’5.5, UNION BLOCK, WELLSBOR.O, PA 1 .
F9R SALE.—HOUSE &.LOT on Maiir Street,
adjoininsr Wright & bailey’s Store. 20 apres ol
in Delmar, between John Gray and Merrick. ■
OUBe Rod Lot on Covinetdn Street. - r ;vT *
terms; apply to HENRY SHKRWOOD^sq,.
May 31> 186$-tf. ~ - ■*. y - „
pLOCU AKD FEED, BUCK WHEAT fh iUR,
iV p,,rk and Salt, Tea. Coffee, 4ojp.
■ Salentug. Tobacco and Kerosene o*l. ■- .
Also, Mackerel; White Fish, and Trout, b;,i 'lie
f ‘ c «ge or pound. ■ -'' -'• •
w „ CIIAS. k H. VAN VALKENIsIJKG.
tllf Wo, Jane 28, 1865. ' ’ '' ll ■ ' I 1
PROTECTIVE WAR CLAIM AND PSNISIMK
a Ar, EN( , Y op THE g _ g ANI COM
«MOK— All the papers and correspondence re
ir!i nV J P roc “re Pensions, Bounty, and Bhch. P [y.
Money for discharged SOLDIERS.rod
c ,OoES.and for the RELATIVES of Soldiote »nd
,n. l _* dying in the service of the; United Sfnles.
..and forwarded, and the proceeds Dll
® CHaRq co 'l ecu; d, remitted-to the SE
■ Office 1307 Chestnut street.- Philadclp-ila.
, r for further information of assistance,'appTito
Lucy Moore llnrcniaßS, Wellsboro,- V
S' E. Morris, Mansfield, "
Associate Managers for Tioga ly.
JTeeoewe lamps at;: V„ r .’i
T
lirtlje SSjctenoton of tfa &teu of Jfmaom suU tlie greats of Reform.
VOL. XL
RICHMOND HAS FALLEN 1
And so Kad the'pzice of
DRT GOODS
lEG; HAS SURRENDERED, AND W-E
HAVE SURRENDERED THE EX-.".
TEME HIGH PRICES OP. ■. J (
- - GOODS. . ..
, y , . '' ‘" 'i
THE PEOPLE’S STORE^;
is to tLeir,stock of r'
GOODS, BOUGHT. - DURING , THE .i DATE
... :.-v
and they Will bs sold at
THE LOWEST MARKET .RiTEJST~~
.. .. ... . ..... j.
We have made arrangements to get. Goods every
week, and as we keep in regard to. ’
the iVew York Market, we shall at •-
. all times make tho etock on
hand conform to
REGARDLESS OF GOST, . '
and we wish it distinctly understood, that however
much others may blow, - ,
WS; DO; NOT INTEND' TO BE
quality of goods considered. It shall be our aim to
, keep constantly on hand a good stock of ’ "
~. . snob goods as the commodity r ~ ",
*•' ' require, and ■■■ .
SUCH ARTICLES AS WILL GIVE BATIBFAC
, TION TO THE C.ONSEMBB. ’‘ ' ”
THE ONE PRICE SYSTEM --
nnder which our busineli has ‘constantly increased
for the laht ten year's will be adhered to,
. . aa-also thee ; ■
READY RAY 3 SYSTEM
more recently adopted. Don't bny-until J ,
YOU HAVE ‘EXAMINED OUR STOCK AND
PRICES. - .
STORE JOfSBOTiY OPPOStTK : THE ttrCKiH-
;‘ • sow HO.tJBB,-. Sc .."'•'S- ‘
•
; and first door east of Hungerforfi's Bank.
SMITH & WAITS,.-
Doming, N. Y*, May J 7,1866,
THE .BIG. FIGHT having-teen closed up by
Messrs. Grant, Sherman Sheridan,'AfOffq' i
KELLY & PUKVIS •! i
■: *-;m_
-have volunteered for a wnr of uxtetiDjcation against
high Prices, and will be found entrenched behind, u
huge pile of . ~ ;
NEW AND CHEAP GOODS
at the old OSGOOD STAND, where their commnni
tions with New York cannot be interrupted.
They i»ve-just-received a good ateck of
t.p - - ■> - r %&.
SPRING AND SUMMER GOODS,
such &■ Bareges, Hosiery,
Notions, Boots and Shoes, etc-,jn fact everythin gin
the Dry Goods line may be. found at onr counters,
and purchased at prioos correaponding to the into
HEAVY-FAEL IN GOODS.
We also iirrite purchasers to examine our fine
stock of
GioPEßpsr
Can't be beat this side ef New York.
Remember tho placer Corner."
- -t- - I KELIt-X A. PURVIS.
Wcilsboro, Apr.
JJETROLEUM! PETROLEUM'!' '
Geologists and practical- men* unhe-'in-their belief ‘
and so feport that iHe- J :•.* - ;
Discovery of Oil in-.Wcllsibdrb V* '/ 1
is near at hand. * - ’ ; - ' • T*
Bat I would say to the people of’ '* * ’ . "IV
TIOGA COUNTY & ViqiWITY, *
{before’ investing .your Capital.uuPil I
have recently purchased the Stock of Q<y>df .of M.
Bullard; cbnsisting of f
CLOTHING, BOOTS, SHOES, HATS,' GAPS.
Ac., all at a great reduction from ‘ ' i.k
Mew ViM'K. Johbiilg Prices,
and am bound-to give to my customers the-advantage
OF MY PURCHASE. ; '
Being desirous of closing oat tbc r Clothing .part of
fchia Stock. I now offing, the entire Stock ’ .«
:.' • AT COST ¥OK CASH,I - ;
hIaTS AND/CAPS, I
I will almost gtve nway; a+ alf events, will sell them
so cheap you will hardly know the difference.' •
-Call soon bn J availyourself
. BARE OPPORTUNITY., . r
Remember the place, thd Cheap’ Cask; Store, Roy's
‘Building. f Cl P.’ CARD;^".
Wellsboro. J’an.’2s, 1885i-tf.
WALTER A. WOOD'S PRIZE
Wood Mower has been in general use' for the 1
past fire years. It embraces'all the qualities.* hcces-*'
sary-tq make a porfiict,Mower., It recommends itself
to erery fanner for the simplicity of its‘construction. ,
It is prore ito be the lightest draft. It’ takes, the *
preference for durability, easy mnnagement,*nnd gOod~
work—Machines fully -warranted*. Send for Circu-'
lars—Price $ll5 delivered on the cars at Corning. ;
- - EDGAR HILL, Agent, Corning, N. Y.
Mny 31, lSfls-tf., . - . - j'
F3R‘ SALE.—One’; Lsrge Dajry"keUle and Rtovo
Eot s&H at a low rate—ln quire at
“ : ,S a?p. BRISKS*
EL.
WHILE THERE SHALL.BE A WRONG ONRIGHTED, AND UNTIL “MAN'S INHUMANITY TO MAN" SHALL CEASE, AGITATION MUST CONTINUE
WELLS 15
v ; i *j
new prices,
BY- ANY,
AGITATOR.
Lt J vt.
GRO, TIOGA COUNTY> PA., WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 16, 1865.
Select 13 om*!?.
YOUR MIBSIOJff.
If you cannot on the ocenn,
• Sail among the swiftest-fleet.
Rocking on the tho highest billows.
Laughing at the storms yon meet;
Ton* call stand among the sailors)* ' ' *
" Anchored yet wlthin tho bay,
• Yon can lend a hand to faolp them,: .
• j As they launch thoir boats away. ...
If you are too weak to journey
. Up the, moantoin steep and high, , 4 ~ t , ■
“You can stand within the valley,'
; multitudes go by; * 1 ~‘ lj
** : You can chant id happy* measure . - U
Aa they.slotyly pass.along,,
Though they,may fprpet the singer, . ,
‘ “Xhey niay not forgeUthe song."
,If you have not gold,and silver.. , - ; ,
' Ever ready to 'command/ v "* ‘ ~ *' 5
If ’yoa-eanhdUlQwafxls T lhdneedy ' ■ •*
y -br u Reach an ever open hand; * I: rtu ‘■sf.: - t
, ‘-You cab vis]Vthe - ; ■. ~v r _, t .
•«/ p'erAhe emng you can weep, * .. .. *
V '" a true disciple^
-WC Sittii'<f -ai ihe-Sitviotir’e /eefi' '■- : •'-- ' J/ -'' -
i 7 ‘ Tf you ckhnot in '
; ~icp#ove yourself a r £
i . .If, where fire and smoke are thickest,' 1. j
Theresa no work for you to do . T .
‘ ‘When the battle-field is’fcilent, ' , -^j
; You can*go with careful tread, ‘ •' '- u **‘ v
-You can bear away the wounded;-v <t*
You can cover up the dead. ■ w .
- not then stand idly waiting, > i.'\
For f Bome greater work t0,d.0 !.- •.**- j
. JForfcune is a lazy goddess, . .
* She will never edme to you.' -■
<Jo and toil in any vineyard, ‘ - *
i* Do not fear to do or dare; ■ ,> r- •
j 3 ; :;Tf yon teant a fiold of.labor, -. . <
.You can.find it anywhere.
•*---• ' . .J .1 A<->. r
[Advertisement.]
' ' Wellsboro/Pa., Angnat'9,lB6s.
Mr. VICTOR A. ELLIOTT, late Major 2Mth Regi
-5 " mertt Pa. Fob.
-Sir : On arriving at this Borough last evening, I
was somewhat surprised at seeing an article in the
Agitator beaded “Advertisement," with your name
thereto attached, reflecting, to a certain extent, upon
and course during my term of service
as Ooionol of the 207th Regiment P. V. As the “ Ad
vertisement” has been withheld from the time of our
.muster eat of service, I ta*e it .for granted that just
atThis particular time yourtlesigh is to defeat me, if
possible, in : my efforts to obtain a nomination at the
bands of the honest voters of Tioga County. But to
the “ Advertisement”: I will first say that after 1
bad "secured the privilege from the authorities atHar
'rishui,g‘ i W‘raise a regiment, ! camo to Wellsbnro to
'Seo wbat the ■prospects were for raising men. ' Shortly
after] 1 met yon at the Pennsylvania, Hotel, and was
- made aware that you were at work against me at the
time] for-you had posters all over the county telling
the people how to avoid the draft, Ac. But you found
it war up hill business, arid came to me and said you
could not recruit men unless you told them that you
were .going to take them in my regiment. You asked
me wfaut was the best I could do lor. you in case you
brought your men with me. I promised to do “ the
fail* thing"/ by you, which I did. •. On the - morning
of the filth of September. 1864, at Harrisburg; L no-
Ufl<»fi wy cffiiwra to xn'eet bft at Iliv nutv)ft>a'w
Immediately after the meeting was organized, the
officers proceeded to elect the Field and Staff by bal
lot, and when you and Captain-Bale.wero duly nomi
.anted for M»ijor, two of the line officers came to me
.and enquired who they should vote for. I told them
Eliiolt." If they hud voted for Hale, you would
have been defeated. At that pleating I did not vote
-for any one, but acknowledge that X gave my influ
ence in favor of Mr. Reynolds for Chaplain, and went
with you and Captain Bacl.er the same nis bt to (he
tclegiHph office,*an'd k ?ebt'lT'^nVpa'fCtT to Mr. Reynolds,
stating that be duty- elected Chaplain, and
reqwesting him to. accept.and come on at. once. The
oext*day when I reported the proceedings to General
Husscll, he informed, bo* that the election was not
'Jeghl; as to the Cbaplalin, that he would bavo to get
a majority of the names on paper after theCofficers
were duly mustered. Mr. Wilson, who was thereat
. the time, and was very anxious for the Chaplaincy,
tbok advantage of the illegality of Reynold's election,
'and did secure a majority ortho officers names to bis
/paperand brought It to me, and, according to law, I
.vrasbound to approve it, and' did, calculating that Mr.
Reynolds had due time to’reply:
I desire to be brief, and will call ybur attention to
of :Mr~ Wesoman, M« D.:-. .' - I.
■ Tiugd County , et: .
' Before me, the subscriber, a Justice of the Pence*,
-,|n and for said county, personally- appeared William
M. F. Weseman, late Quartermaster of the 207th regi
ment,. Pa. Vols., who, after being dnly sworn accord
ing did declare on oath that ou the9th day of
September, A. X>. 1864, 1 was at the United States
Hotel in the City of Harrisburg, Pa., I then and-there
benrd R. C. Cox, of the aforesaid regiment, say in
tbepresenceof Major V. A. Elliott, of the same regi
ment, that Chaplain Wilson had secured a-majority
•of-tbfi officers names to a paper fortfaa Chaplaincy of
the.regiment, and that ho regretted .that the election
was pot legal] that was in favor of Mr. Reynolds, and
'thath'6 wondered that Reynoldsjaad never .answered
the dispatch ; be said ho did not believe he would ac
sCeidrthCi’ppEitioß |n the. field; as Chaplain, to which
.Major Elliott replied that ho certainly would; the
Colonel then stated that-the papers of Wilson had
•Weir approved-and that ho did not think it worth
while for'Mr. Reynolds to .come on as it had been
. four days bad tbedispatch. An officer
stood,at the time. X 1 dp .recollect- whether it
; "was Elliott fit noti.he's'ald if,tbQ,eloction of Mr. Rey
nolds waf not legal then’the papers of-Wilson'are not
-degalpfor semoYif'the officers paper
• wefb'not mustered ; the Colonel replied that he would
: at all times’ respect a’ majority of ’ bis officers, and
j when asked if he would allow the whole matter to go
I before the officers for* a 'fair vote • In case Reynolds
J'camo on he replied he'iwaa willing. . L
j - ■ -a. - Wm. F. Wesehah, M. D., :
| r / . Late Ist Lieut, and R. ‘o* M. 207th P..Y.
! and'subscribed this 7lh day of August, A.
fb. 1865,bbforeme. ; ' X-J. Werline, J.-P t 1
K 'Second. When we waro *on the front line of the
k defences of Bormuda Hundred; you were there, in Oc
; tober 1864, put under arrest by Colonel Potter, cpm
* mending Brigade, for a matter that I thought very
| trifling. You remained in that condition during bur
: stiy in the Army of the James. During that time I
1 made application to have you restored to your'eom
j-mond. -Xho Colonel replied that,faci did not : punish
. .you Tor sleeping too late in the moraing, but lor your
impudent language. 1 -
1 Third. The reason why I did hot send yourap-.
i plication to my superior officers, for leave of absence,
|.I was told by them that.you could not be allowed.to
|go hotpe at that time $ and you know-full well that I
i advised you* to see the Chaplain and come to my tent
and .have the whole matter Betticd,.if possible; to
' which you replied that you were ‘‘ under no obliga
tions to tho Chaplain." The result was that! fpr
■ warded the papers after wailing until I feared that I
( was implicating myself, according to military law.'
1 In April, 1865, while at Eurko Station,
yob learned, so I was told, that it waff in my power
•to restore you to your command. You made th6-..r0.
. quests pud Tat once . made, .an application to my su
periors for your release from arrest anil confinement.
I will hero call your attention to the affidavit of Goo.
M. Bastian, premising that when Bastian made that
affidavit I did not-wish the particulars-of this case to
go before the public. -Consequently it is left without
more than that, in his opinion, I was justified
In hcTusing to.proceed further. ; '
Tiopa Countifj 88: - •
. Beforo.rae, the subscriber, a Justice of the -Peace,
in and for'said County, personally came GeJrgo M..
Bastian, later Adjutant of the- 20Ith Regiment; Pa.
. Vols.,,who : after’being dulyjnrbrn, aiidccmro on oath'
that on or»bout day qf A. D, 1865,,
RpbeQy.Cf-Cox, late Colonel of k the aforesaid
S tx
ment, did-moke an application to his superior officers
to have .Major V. A. Elliott, of tho same-Regiment
restored to his command, ho, the Major, being then
in arrest and confined to tho limits of his Regiment.
Sqme three weeks after, tho papers weroreturned in a
Blotted condition, with a request that the Colonel make
But another application on a clean paper which ho re
fused to do for reason, that in my opinion fully justi
fied him in thus refusing, and furthe'r salth not.
' ' \ v'-r v ' i * -• Qeoeqe M. Bastias, ,
•; ;,, Date Adjutant 207th Pa^Yols.
Sword this 7tb day of August, A.
Di 1865, before .me. ' J. *J. Weuxihe, J. P.
My refusal was based upon the feet that, in a con
versation a few nights. before with Capt. James A.
Rogers, Co, B, 207th ?. V., you made use of tho fol
lowing language: “If ,it had not been for.those
treacherous devils that helped Abe Chaplain get me
court-martaled, rwohld have been in that fight ; and
every tone oftbem deserves to be court-martialed. I
hope the Lord wickedness, but
if my prayers bad been answered they would all have
Seen to hell on’that dayA''* - '- - -' -
: c/ioi Very respectfully, yours, R. C. Cox; •. ~
v-,.- . Late Colonel 267th P. Y.r
s. tell
\. ‘ THE PBTROtEmS ROCES. :
If half a dozen saucers be placed one : with
in another, and the edges ground down nearly
to a level with'the middle of the upper saucer,
•■we shitli'have an illustration of the position of
the several layers of rocks that form the basin
in which pur petroleum is found. This may
serve indeed as an illustration .of most of the
rock fqrnlations that make up the crust of the
earth,' for as they have generally been‘deposit
ed in-the bottoms of lakes or seas, they exist
inthe- form of- basins. The illustration does
not present, an exact parallel, as the rock basins
are irregular in their outline, and unequal in
the thickness of the several strata, as compar
ed with each other, and in different parts of the
same stratum. •
The=basin-in which petroleum is found em
braces .Lake Erie, .the western part of .Penn
sylvania .and portjons of Kentucky, Virginia
and Ohio. The rocks were deposited in the
bottom of an ocean which was bounded by
land on the north and east, and was open to
the south and west. The materials for these
deposits werfl obtained by the wearing away
of the eastern mountainous shore of the ocean,
and they were distributed by.currents over the
bottom of the sea.j - they are consequently of
the greatest thickness at. the eastern' edge, and
; become thinner towards the west; they are al
so composed of coarse fragments in the eastern
portion, and the sand and other matter grows
regularly finer in the western and thinner stra
ta. ... ' ■ r
- Earing all the time that these rooks were
being deposited the sea. was swarming with
fishes, and their bones in innumerable multi
tudes aro mingled-W.ith the sand and mud that
is now hardened info’ atone’. 'Waiter" the am
phibious animals were created, and in the upper
and more recent rooks their remains are found
in great numbers mingled-witb those of fishes.
Prints o.£ seaweeds'are.found in all. the for
mations, but while the lower rocks contain no
trace of any land plant, the vast coal deposits
of the upper series .have been formed' by the
decomposition of peat and marsh vegetation.
The lowest formation in which oil occurs iu
paying quantities is the oorniferoua limestone,
so called because it contains nodules of horn
stone flint. This is that ancient coral' reef
which was built up immeasurable ages ago in
the warm and shallow waters along what was
then the southern shore of the North American
continent." It can now.ha traced along the
southern shore of Lake Ontario, the northern
shore of lake Huron-and-Miehigan and north
ward far toward, the Pacific.
Next above the corniferons is the Hamilton
formation, which furnishes the flagstones for
pur sidewalks. The rich oil,, wells of .E.nnes
killen, in Canada, are in the corniferons and
Hamilton rocks.
Nest-is the Portage- group of sandstones,
the rim of the deposit coming to- the surface
along the southern shore-of- Lake Erie,-where
oil has been found in this rock. _. r . •
Continuing upward we now come to. the
Chemung group of rocks, in which seven
eighths-of our-petroleum is found! The rim
of this deposit-is-traued-nearly around the ba
sin, cstendingTsduth of the Portrge a-little in
land from the shore of -Lake Erie, banding
southward through Ohio and Kentucky, and
reappearing in several folds on the western
•slopes of the Alleghanies. The wells of Oil
Creek aro in the lower portion of: the Chemung,
those of Tidioute and Eeonomite, in the -mid
dle portion, and.those of Meccaand north-east
ern Ohiotin the, upper portion. The rocks of
this group ate mostly alternate layers of sand
stone and soft slate' or shale. -
The interior of the basin is filled with the car
boniferous, or- coal-deposrtr." The coal occurs
in smaller basins, which might be represented
inohrullustration by.tiny Bauoersiset within,
the,upper of the larger ones, the spaces above
and below thc basins,of coal being filled with
clay and sandstone, the last deposits upon the
bottom of this sea, before the slow upheaval of
the continent-'lifted it from the waters, and it
became dry iand...-
Tbe welisof Smith's Ferry and Beaver R. oil
are in the lowercarboniferoag.; those of Dun
kirk Creek, Fayette and Greene- countyj-Penn.,
are in.the middle carboniferous ; and the shal
low wells of West Virginia and Marietta dis
tricts are in the tipper coals.
- The Cetskill portion’of the Chemung is 800
feet'in thickness, perpendicular to the strata, on
the Catskill mountains, and. thins out to. tbe
Alleghany river in AlcKean xonnly, Pa, where
itjust tinges the soil. The Portage is 1700 feet,
and the Chemung 1200 feet in their eastern
portion, but east of the Cuyahoga River in
Ohio they merge together. The Genesee elate
is 300 feet thick, on the Genesee,' 30 feet on Lake
Brie and does not reach Ohio, The Hamilton
group is 1000, feet, thick in.. Hamilton county,
N.-Y.,nnd in Canada at the west only 15Q feet
thick. . The whole of .the above series are above,
.6500 feet in thickness in their eastern portion,
about 600 feet in Portsmouth on the Ohio; and
50 feet on Mississippi. __
The three sandstones of Oil Creek are local
.’deposits, of' very small' extent, and it is labor
' lost '(o'sink' wells in Ohio in search* of the * * third
.b^r‘eosvjhp|pe-
gard the corniferous limestone as the mother of
oil, and who are sinking wells at Oil Creek in
search of that formation, are also doomed to
disappointment.
The slow, upheaval of the continent continued
after the middle of the great basin was raised
above the ocean, and it is now 800 feet above
the. level of the sea.
Neither was the work of creation suspended;
as the seas were inhabited by snceessive species
of fishes and amphibians, so the vast plains have
been the abodes of successive species of land
animals, which have one after another become
extinct. - Even since the advent of man this
order of succession has been continued. We
know that the race of mohnd builders, with
their skill in working copper, wore sucoeded .by
the more- savage and warlike Indiana, whose
bast implements, were, made ofstone, and these
have been swept away by a. race; who read the
Scientific'American, and discuss the. problems
of aerial- navigation and the conservation of
force. ~ •
In the slow oscillations of the earth's ernat,
perhaps some, millions of years hence these
plains of waiving grain may be again lowered
beneath the level, of the-sea, the -waters may
then be inhabited by new species of fishes yet
to be created, and ships, propelled by engines
at present undreamed of, may navigate the sur
face of a stermy ocean a thousand fathoms a
bove tho submerged mins* of Pittsburg and
Cincinnati. —Scientific American-
~ ‘Hamas Progress.
It is not fonr hundred years since Copernicus
was ridiculed for asserting the daily revolution
of onr globe, and .the comparative fixedness of
the sun in the heavens. He who would now
stand forth to assert jths contrary would not be
ridiculed, but wonld merit universal pity and
contempt. . The earth moves, even as the old
German, and the later and more persecuted
Italian, Galileo, demonstrated; bat no more
sure and Wonderful Ts the movement of our
globe, and the .universe of which it is bnt a
fraction, than is the march and progress of the
human mind. Practical and flooded with light
as is.our age, we, are too near to, and familiar
with, its many marvels to appreciate them—to
feel truly and folly the advance we enjoy in
knowledge, skill and toleration (which embra
ces the humanities) as compared with even our
-forefathers on this soil. '
Had there arisen, in the days of Salem Witch
craft, prophets prophesying the half of what
has been discovered and demonstrated among
men, from)the birth of the steam engine to the
launch of the “Leviathan,” those prophets
would have been booted and stoned, and most
likely, have bad their heresies, and lunacies,
. and evil spirits ot wliatatrop kidnAy, unread. by
rope.and faggot. That which is common-place
enough with oiir age, and which we are in no
wise astonished'to see excelled or done away
any day, is much of it really more fabulous,
measured by the judgement two oentnriea ago,
than any conjuration of Cagliostro—more
strange, and fanciful, and revolutionizing, than
the genii of the Arabian tales.
And perhaps the most notable, as well as the
noblest proof of human progress, lies in- this
superior toleration which pervades the mind of
our age, and which forbids, in the name of both
God and man, that anything shall be cried
down by bigotry or prejudice, but rather de
mands' that all things shall stand or fall in
keeping with the dignity of human reason.—
True, here and there, owing to the personal
necessities and perturbations of tyrants, there is
a lack of freedom of speech on certain themes
within the pale of Christendom, when king or
ruler dare to torture or martyr, a Copernicus
or a Galileo. - The human intellect can speak
out fearless in behalf of ncience and art over
the civilized world, whether it be to confirm or
overthrow old knowledge and ideas. This is
the very grandest contest which the haman
mind has achieved. In securing freedom and
toleration for intellect, it has thrown open the
whole kingdom of error to the assault of inves
tigation, before which no wrong nor lie can
long stand. With this attainment, all other
desirable progress is possible.
... Curious Facts about Putting Timber. —Cat
timber from September to December and you
cannot get a worm into it. October and Nov
ember are perhaps the best months, and sure to
avoid worms.
t Gut from March to June, and you cannot
save the timber from worms or borers. May
used to bo' called “peeling time” in my boy:
hood, and much was then done in procuring
bark for tanneries when the sap is up in the
trunkand all the pores as full of sap ; whereas
in, the fall and early winter these pores are all
empty ; then is the time to cut, as there will
be ho worms.
" When you see an ox-bow with the bark tight,
there-aro ho worms, no powder-post, and you
caunot separate it from the wood; and what
is true in one kind is true in all kinds of tim
ber, and every kind has its peculiar kind of
worm. The pine, I believe, has the largest
worms, and these worms' work many years. I
have found them alive and at work in white
oak-spokes that I knew bad been in my garret
over twelve yeats, and they were much larger
than at first:—they do not stop in the sap, but
continue in the solid part. I never think of
haying timber unless it is cat within tbe time
above alluded to.
I have often wondered that there baa not
been more said upon this subject, as it is one
of. great importance, even for firewood, and
especially for shipbuilding, &o.— Cor. Boston
Recorder.
' Charley W , manly little fellow of
five years, fell and out his upper lip so badly
- that a surgeon had to be eatnmoned to sew up
the wound. ,-He sat in his mother's lap during
, tbe painful operation, pale, but very quiet, re
solutely shutting back his tears and moans.—
In her distress, the young mother could not
refrain from saying, “Oh, doctor, I fear it will
leave a disfigured soar Charley looked up
. into her tearful face., and said, in a comfort
ing, tone. .‘•Never mind, mamma, my mu.
■ taxhe mll cover ii 7” .
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[Written for The Agitator.] _
THE BOOK OP " JHPP.”
After these things Abraham increased daily
in wisdom, and all the people loved him, save
only a few who were like nnto the Jeffites.
And be said once again onto the people who
tarried in their bouses, come ap to fight against
Jeff, for his host is numerous, and it behoove*
as to unite numbers with valor, and lay waste
his country, and destroy hhn if he return not
to his allegiance.
And they came up by thousands and by tana
of thousands, until Abraham numbered many
great armies. Then he sent them upon the
borders, and'sent them within the revolted col
onies to subdue them, and they fought there,
and diacomfitted the men of Jeff, albeit the
men of Abraham were sometimes discomfited.
And as they -warred one with another, pris
oners sometimes fell into the hands of Abra
ham, and sometimes into those of Jeff.
Now Jeff was more cruel than any man, and
bad not in all respects tbs understanding of a
man. For be said onto the keepers of bis pris
on pens, “ give thon unto the prisoners whioh
fall into our bands, no sustenance, save pros*
ender, and take then from them their clothing
so that they die and no more annoy us," and
the rumor thereof spread throughout all the
land of the free, andl men shall fear to oomoup
to the help of Abraham.
And the jailers fed the prisoners with pror
ender, and corn ground with the basks, saoh as
the men of Abraham fed to their males, their
horses, their beasts of harden, and their swine.
And of the provender they gave them small
measure, and many of the captives fell down
dead daily. Now in Jeff dwelt neither wisdom,
nor righteousness, nor understanding, and die
fear of God was not before his eyes, but pis
heart burned with desire to rale over the land
of Columbia, even as he ruled ever the revolted
provinces; but the men of Abraham forbade it.
And Jeff cast in bis mind what he should do.
And he said within himself, behold I will build
more ships, with which to war against Abra
ham. - -
And he sought out men of canning devices,
workers in iron, and heavy metals-; and thsy
built him many cunningly devised ships of
iron, called rams, whioh would strike with their
heads; and when Jeff saw them he laughed in
his heart, for he said, “ of osnrety I shall now
destroy the ships of Abraham.”
Eat the men of Abraham slept not, 'till they
had built greater vesaelb, of still more canning
device, with which the seafaring men of Jen
were daily beaten in battle.
blow Jeff eon enro gviewej in ilnmA tliiey
ind terror laid hold of him. -
Meeta Mklqrote the Scbibe.
Covington, 1865. . I •
Educational. —Dick Davenant believes -in
potting things exactly as thgy are according to
to Lindley Marry, and keeping them so at some
body’s expense.
Dick has a mill down there on " the opper
Brandywine, makes the best corn meal in mar
ket, and has the widest range of custom of any
miller in four Delaware Hundreds.’
The other morning Sam Slather, slam banged
into Dick’s mill after a hundred of meal, and
put it to Dick this way—
“ Mornin,’ Dick. What's meal 1” --
“ Meal, as usual, Sam.” ' *
Sho 1 I mean how is it ?” - . - “
“ Pretty-well, thank you. Always is I”
“ Blast it, man 1 what do you charge for
it!”
“ Don’t charge at all, Sam. Hare to sell for
cash these war times.” ‘
“ Oh, thunder I How does it go ?”
“In barrels, bags, pillow-cases, sometimes
in tin pans.”
“ Confound it all ? How can you afford it I’’
“ I can't, in reality. But I haye to sell it
as low as they do down in the village.”
“ Lightnin’ 1 Can’t you understand En
glish?”
“ Not in yonr way of speaking it.”
“ Well I’ll be cussed. Hera’s a five dollar
note. Will that buy a hundred ?”
“ A hundred what, Sam ?” .
“ Gosh I can’t I make the..man understand
me ? Mr. Davenant, I want to buy a hundred
weight of corn meal. How much will it bo ?”
“ It will be a hundred weight."
“"Look here, Dick—take this five and give
me some meal for it.”
“ Certainly, Mr. Slathers. Here is a dollar
change, and now I will weigh yon out a hun
dred pounds of meal.”
The proverb of “Circumstances alter eases,”
had a spicy illustration the other day at a Boston
hotel, and two parties, one from this city, and
the other of Boston, participated therein; - A
young man, who is the least bit feminine in
his appearance, parting his hair in the middle,
etc., went to Boston, and .while in that city,
was taken with a severe fit of cholic. Stop
ping at a hotel he put himself to bed, and sent
for a physician. The doctor came, felt of . his
patient's pulse, examined his stomach, and in
quired solemnly if his habits were “regular;"
to which the yonng man, somewhat surprised,
answered in the affirmative. The doctor then
cautiously and politely informed his patient
that his symptoms manifested some probabili
ties of an increase of the census in a short
time. Tho surprise of the cholic-stricken
young man at this singular announcement was
only eqnalled.by.tbat oiLtha doctor when he
discovered the true sex of his patient. "Cir
cumstances alter cases,” always. —Springfield
Union.
A fast man undertook the task of teasing
an eccentric preacher.
“Do you believe,'.' he said, "in the story of
the prpdigal son and the fatted calf?”
“ Yea," said the preacher.
“ Well, then, "was it a male or female calf
that was killed f”
“ A female,” promptly replied the dirine.
“ How do you know that f”
“ Because," looking the man steadily in tbs
face, “ I see that the male isalire now.”. ’
3 UOMTH3, 6 XOOTB3. 13 KWtTBi.
54.00 $5.75 $W#
.... 6.00 8.25 10.0*
8.75 10.75 13.60
lO.OO 13.00 15.7#
13.75 25.00 T 81.50
30.00 43,00 50,00
CHAPTER VI.