Terms of Pnibllcatioa. - 1 ' | .
jiM-Jw Beni®' | *$ flu i’ a ri«7T-rfl s, a Mtfi-
I r^f ;
H& JjTL -i, ®A -■' '
»“f° farther remftt£Sefr Wfebblfw. 1 4ty ihWtfr.
no man can be brctigtttCWj debf/te; ffle
f'i,*** ioiiAtpsie Ae Official IJaner pf-^e'(?6anty,
,I°. | ar ge
, :it is Bont i
W’f w?|b;n the oonnty;
( )a office may bo:
. aju'.^ar.cnp
BMinees Card*, not IM». papcr meth.
per year. _ j _ Tf . , > v <U
’ HOTEL.
DAVID fl4BT,'P[faPßTßToa.i: -i *. ■
The nnders»frefcSgs*»rsw SnSiSnce to. his old,|
i n -,.diand- te the public general^,,(hijt lw.has tak eu;
n '?««io'n of tfie old stand and BUed It ‘good,
Sffltawhfc» fc>P»Ca€> ?&<»*«$»« Hotel.;
S' sn# wiil-bo apared-to acottmpodate tbe.trayelmg;
S l^Goodsta k flirigand a on(
IJS. Pri^tos°it'/ti a tiines\ -.DAVID HART, j
USJWW RE¥ at S.-P.;W'lt|S<fl« }
A- , will
u.t rffellsboro’, Ecb,'lj 18§?.J • ■ ;;m'ur^_
’ . .'C ’.J: In ,'
uJ A. Field, ...•••••■•• v ■o”WKA?ior.
tabea thpJ»y>Tfi?yf charge.;
§■ ■j. iEJimt, • |
td'flw practice of
Northern c^n^^l
■yinls. 11 ~ ,-i-x T iut! I’t? —”
' PENti'SiXV.1 iVIA 'HO cn .-
Corner oJ.'WrSH** «i*«K4BPW «*»»*. Pa '<
J.W. BiOONT, PROPRIETOR*.., ~k t
- ’lliirpCpnhir Bolil, having been ire-fltted Vi'd''lfe
furoiehed throughout, M now. bpep 'W the putilions •
Urst-elass house. _ ..... ~1.5. ’. . ' ~" 1
ft?-*-
' Gaines, Troga Cannty, Pi;.
THIS is anew hoteridfcdhed'wjtirin eas£; aCc'ese- a
the best fishing and ifcnfinggrifnnflh'fii'Rdraiern
,p»f' Ko pains will be spared ifor the ahcoAth-Odatjon
■jf’pleisure seekers and thetravelingipnJ»i%! 1
I April 12.1860- ■ , "" *■ I;-
o. C. C. CAJIPEtIii L|
BA.RBER j,AXp
SHOP in the Post 6®ce. EvsJry ;hing in
hulineiwiiiWdoWA w£U''ani}'pyorop !y as it
■ si he done in the city 80opne. JPrnpwtipn i for.re
itoeing dandruff, and, beautifying the Baft,
‘heap.. 1 Hair ani' l vehh’tnts.aie4 , !M>y ep|6w! OttU and
■|m liTeilshoro, Spp£. 22, 18q8. ' Ip. ~
the
George W. Pratt, Editor aad Pregriefor.
'.Vs.published ai Corning, Sle'nbtrd' Colj N.iY.,’atfOne
I Paliar and Fifty Cents .per year, in advance-.' The
jiarnal is Republican in politics, dm} has ateircnia-
Eaa reaching into every part of SietjbeaTCdnnty.—
'laose* desirous of extending their husine&| ito that
aid the ad joining conn ties‘\vil) flnd‘UijveXde)lent'ad-
WtUing medium. -.'Address as aboVn.' *, |
. ' VEL£Sff6tt6 hotlei,
• s .
I. S. FIRB, - ‘ ~ I - ?
(formerly of ike United States 1 .
Havirig leased'ibis wdl'kno'wharid House,
solicits ~tho patronage of the public. ' Witn attentive
wtobliziae waiters, together with the Proprietor’s
fcfofedge of htfbfcpeiTto stay
jf those who stop with him> both ’plehsant and
igreeable. * / V j j I j
willsboro; May sT,‘lBfcD.- - £-1 <1 s~ V-l r -|? t *
' E. B. BENEDICT, Mt'. .
¥OOLD inform the public that hp U pernjanentl
located in Elkland • Boro, Tiogi Qo. Pq., an
ii prepitrtdrhyJtMrty yesss’eaperiejroejn.-treai all dip
cues or the eyes and their appehflagcsTin, seientin
frinciploa, and that ho can cure without, fail, tba
dreadful disease, oaUed St. Vitus’" Dnt^ff ? |(CAorp
Smell Viti.j and will attend"po any other,-hasinesa i
th» line of Physio and Surgery.; \
Rorp, 8pd860;, , :e t ?j I
WELLSBORO GYMNASIUM. —"Emu nasq
t V Ciatiua.jgepl* c^ciypyemngTqt ROlf’S HALE,
to promote healthful exercise and muscular develop
ment. Members have access ( to the Hall at all hours
if the day. The .dues are 50 cents per mo|itlj. to pay
or lights, room-rent fe: T - & |
Wellshoro, March 5,1852. ;, I-,. I
fWOY °A’CiWBIOt,:
TROY, BKADTOBP CjO.,{ i^-A.
C-AJUEXvTIDAJR.>-IQ6S- t
Spring Term begins Feb.‘2stb,—Ends l2th. ' •
■ -Bammer * '**’ 'JSkfZWh-*
Fall « « Sept. 9tb, — “ N«r, 24th.
“Winter (t tf Deo. 2d. j-, t
Thorough mateactioik giva* Ip »bH ffy&Won and'
Higher Enghs¥ Branched, htid Modern Lan
,gnages. Students fitted to enter the besf 1 pollegep.
Term's Tuition, $2 to $6. i
Board dcsifiie.to hoard
IHcmsolves, can be procured at low rates, Gl the im
mediate vicinity of the Academj. .
For circulars or other information, address
&*&s?&&**s*.*■ aL , ,
Troy, Jan. 30, 1862.-tf. .I*. ,
THE undersigned wishes to announce his for-
Customers'in Sullivan and vicinity, that
notwithstanding hi® embarrassments “for the last sir-
Qontbs they will findlftm'at his. shop in-Hainstmrg
•ith a good new stock of Iron and m4teriajr ready tef
on them on reasonable */• A.|ELLIS. J ■
’■ Marth 19.0 ’ .p/T*. Z
C 6 R N l|s <3- Ii ' ~T
WHOLESAhB<£HMB-.ASi) BOOK STORE.
c MQS AND MEDICINES, j
PAINTS AND OILS, ' • ! 111
; aiAss;>;/,'> >-
KEBOSINE OIL, ij i
ALCOIibL, ' ; I
■ H BOOKS ASD'BTAV^ONEBy,
AV^JOLPfIBtfBEIXv.; j ■
' Mjfefcfirti
NEW VORK, r :
Corning,'Foi. ,i " '‘tl *i .'■'
; MILMN'EE, .■
INVITES attention to her oßßortOpent «tv ■> ■
Kew »
*°tedßg tnrj deSeription of - ~■;
and .
'Wj. -• '• : -.;••;«! i'T-'t! J.u
*£L, ’ \c
; -p&ma fin?
ViC.j;.^.;ar ; -
•few* wn« r.C
SoomaSS Wj&- '• i
. and 137 Water Stfcddt; iljtJL^T.
A WII,IBBJ.-3». 1 •
rrcnr
DrOofrO to tfjt Sricnffim pt ttJt snti tljc Spviatf of ©ralt&g mrfotm.
--T ■ _ 4 tl-TOAr. PtVyie rr.jf-.j- Wtr-.. ..m —, v .. _. ~P> '/ _ " * ' * V_Z .
:ouo : a.:
vox. vm.
SPEISiG ATO’siM^ER' 1 GOODS.:
■'■
Has now g»j,.baed-*.Jarge ande? tensive stock' of
. - i
HITS' 4S APS,: ; IV V ' ‘J" ■" f ' :
(i/a3'3»5O T ! !
■ | • • ■ ■ -x hßogerjes; :
READY : MADE CLOTHING, 1 f ’ - : i =
GLASStYATOfe ;
s; "WOODENW ARE, ■
which is natfqiAtedfr the Isißest'Bßortment srer
brought intp<h«apliifoiV>nd at prices
entire, satisfaction. - .And.l would^in^
• jjjtt,' pnrchgscVs, gsherally.{o'‘<Jall and’ oxiinind joy
'assßrtmem'of ■ ‘ ! ' • • -s
Black and Figured Dress Silks, ' ' ' 1 “ ,
•'^ortted'Gxreds/itferlndeß,' 1 A j
ii ■; ias -X^odies’f.QlotJi,. Opera ... ,'
- ’. , Lqngand Square Shawls, .. ‘
‘' ;*'3}Jadkhnci'Pigtrt , ea Delaines, i
f • and Casrfme’retr, ; 'ie., : As^-
And in factibflibaiSissiitiß At of. J f
L X.ADJSS’ DSdBSS GOODS ,4, '
over brought.into this .county. .1. have also a large
Stock of' t'*•L a IT 1 r.I ...- '!.>:{ ;
SATINS. FULL CLOTH,' 1
REKTOOK.YfJEANS.
Purchasers will find that the place to, buy.good gbeds
and at low prices, is at the store of . - . ■
. ■; j-r • -JEROME SMITH.
Wellshoro, April 23,*T865!
J. M. SMITH,
HAS removed to the New Store on, j t,
ITJarkcV jSIrcQl, Corning,
First dnqr., of ..Hnngorford’a Bank, and directly
opposite tRe
Dickinson Douse, i
where ie is now. receiving, and will constantly Jtjep
on%fcndi£s Sll nod t
■-■> •' COMPLETE ASSORTMENT, '.\
OF FANCY ’ANI) ST APLfc i»EY GOOBS,
BOOTS AND SLICES, , i
' : , , FAMILY GROCERIES, &0., , j
'which will Be sold at the Lowest Prices for . |
- -Beadf P&F Only. |
bo sellsgood'Prints for;..; lOcts.
Kerri macg—V1......... ..™1 ~.I2^c/
Denims -i- 12ie] -
t • Hekvy Sheetings 12i<t-
Flno Bleached Muslin. ~.12io.
and* other goods equally low.
The.citirenß of TIOGA COUNTY „ , . ;
; visiting corning, •
!<a«-cordinllyidvitaditof .■ ,; <.u-. • ...j .
•'.’A’.. ’ ; ruive ,nini -V;; ]-
t Corning, April 23, 1862.
TTNPARALLELED ATTRACTION! I
-AJ .* or. t»*W ,«J vr».-»*. '. '
•’ Grand Dlsplay of Elegant i
c v ' NEW SPRING GOODS AT
BormauTs Bee Hive.
'■Dress' ! GaodB,New Mohairs, New'Baburinas, New
Estrellas,, Ne'i'.Pdplinr. New Polio do eherrevNew
‘Wool De Lainns, TdPd'wide English Prints lijdls,
Fine chintz figured Re Lainea lOcts.' '
f ' : 'Ten 'th'ouSana' yama fast color Madder Prints at
6? cents. ~ ,' , ,-'' ri '' ' ' ,
' ■J , lyo : tGorisahd‘3ol!art' : *hrfS : bf -Black Silks] algood
quality Vt- - Bttcin.tispe»Jf3rdf I . nv-;.
M-Colored Dress; Silks,, a magnificent, variety-just
opened. r-v
. • Ciuth and Silk . Mantles, latest nenvoantos, suohjas.
.Dlivia. McCleUan.ClQUUleeto. Ladies Cldlh all shades
of color. .. ■ 1 ,
Shawfs, J3rpobe,.fhj!)Ct, Stclla, .Black, Silk etc.,-at
less than 50 cohts ’oB the dollar.'
■'Wopl'FiahneTs’at'lfi cts per yard. ■ j
Chnmfiro for shakers only 8 cts. !
■White Brilliants only 'S ets. ' ■ I
. Etnb«)ldct*(f Dollars outy‘3 cts. r . s :. i
Shirt FronU, good ones poly 3 cts.
.Bleb embroidered curtains muslin 12J cts. , ;
do' do ft.-,, ?P 30, 35, 40 ots. worth
4onbJe,the monqy, - ' , ,1
* .Hosiery,'"Kid Gloves, to suit the most fastidious^
' 'NiVe'white cotton hose only 6 ots. ' ■
Cloth, Cassimeres for Genfa and Boy’s wcnr. an.
• immensffareoflfflOnt'frtmi# fine all wool
Cassimeres only 75cts. i, i
Millinery Gooijs,iw|i.<ileaalo and retail, at Now York
jobbing prices., ~Millfn,rs taka notice. , i i
■ Trunks, Vnfi|es, cheap. Hoop Skirts, best* quality
and style,' 20 pli'hlntldss thifti 1 oftewhere.
r Sake VourhitDDeyi bny your' Goods pt
■ r DORM Alik'S BEE HIVE, ;
■ a - ' ■" . JSB Water St., Elmira, N. Y.
•Blmire,April9,lB62. apr. 17-m«.
ill ■'/ t.. • - i ' . -i ~ .- ■'! —
, War! War for tlie Unlon!
:v,d * '' • ' ■ ' ' . ; ; '• 'r
THEi undersigned would respectfully inform,JnB
s old friends, customers, and the public generally,
.'that he has opened a ' . .. • , *
,L * "AND OH AIR SHOP . ; ;
on Main Streak opposite H. W,. .Dartt’s Wagon Slhib,
.wherß:heHht«Adaio keep constantly on hand a gene
ral assortment of . *
~ C a-hiTiet Ware,
Also. Coffins.to order, jiDdus .aa yftn be
jw><juted
phairs 6F' every variety from.
to the.CHEAPEST, to '
I’.f A ! '
: Aiko-Ttrnltlg of allkinds done to order aiidia Suit
1 C VBT O'MEB S. . •a--.""
- Tho hndereignedhaving had niany. years psperi
:*niVe] both in France andin thisgJountry»fpjds.pQnfi
dept that he cannot be excelled in either of the above
liraric6cB or - 'niebhanism—and' further'Would rCcom
mend lhe publie to ■■■■■■ ■ k -
J !I£ISJOSKtAND-SSAi!l2f&■ ' • 1
his "workmanship jand prices-Before purchasing else- :
where. , JACPB 6TIOKLIN.
nrflSfS^teri»jts«a: s ■**
■ 1
i »■•■••.■•;/ j'•
UNION STORE, ;
*“ * 7 %'eel se onto, u " w '-;
Areopeninglfc'Gno^Stockof ,' .:' .•
:isrEWoaqiDs -;
be Bold
POR CASH, at R little*AflOVE COST, if posaibl'
v'.. 'l "> WE'^;^«o ! -lKf- ~•- r r
CaH't&tfw* ferNeif QaWde-itti j-Pfietgr, __ N
p. 8. AU-pereoiia haringißmettled aetnae,t»<«) owj
Bosk*' are, Tffljwated to eettle-the aapiOjby'Cfiah oi
Note, «Wttfin<«tyT&8 r wo intend “tb'bSil on the pag
rfbimr’ivftetai rintil further hdrlcea from tbe scat of
wwT r - J. W.TBAILBX A CO.
31,1861.
I^l
5 i
iISaE £ 1 WftOKG OKBIQHT3p>i : AMPITEfm «
fcLSBORCi, TIOGA COUA’TT. PA., WEDAIBDAT MORKTFG. MAT 14J; IS6I
lt M : ux-Af.isA Yraaaa -anv
AGITATOR.
fj f' },
i l'l
“LIST OF THE KILLED.’’
' T Mothers who sit id dumb terror and dread,
7 .‘Holding that terrible list, •’ "■>'
- ■ Fearingtolodfc lea.-t you' «eoTnid the dead
‘ ‘The name of the hoy you have kissed—
Kiesede’enas-tiose who inanguish and pain,
' .'Kias.preoiousfacesof-clay,- . ,[ ; -
' EUn as yon would bad yon shuddering lain, 1
That dear one in grave-robes away—
- I Wtyyonj sitting, with faces aa whiW
l 7 ; j Striving' tcpawy the blow; f '■
,1 know-how that naute will torturejrour sights ;
, - ; Can fathom tho depthcf your woe,
the pang that rent my desplateheart,
‘By this,crushing weight of-dispair, - 1
0 - IjknoV how yon too wilt shudder and start,, a
’ Reading that dearly-loved nameitbere. r
■■ T I‘know yon’lt bosh tbatpassldnate cry,
' Thinking df him as he lies, ' : ;! r
7 iWtlrbeantifnl face uptdrned to the sty, ' ■ -
V Death yelling the glorious eyes. '
: ‘ r Fightipg.he fell 1 ” Does a feeling of pride
- Lightenyour grief as you think
• How-brave was the boy that went frdm your side—
" How' ho would not falter orshrinh 7
■' iftfe mother's love triumphs. Mencall women
' -weak— f
■ 'Ah, well, perhaps it is so! :,;i '
I know there are tears e’en now on my cheek
. For the boy that’s lying so low. 1 ,
Iknow that I atartart eiich step on! the stair,
With wistful glance tarn toward the door,
. Til io king, perchapce, that' ray darling is there—
I /peace,'heart, he can copse nevermore.
Bat still there’s, a thought that softrasmy woe—
r iAbuvg there’s a glorified list; j
And one day I’ll ileal »iih ropturons glow
The name of- giebny I bavekifsed.
CONFISCATION OF FBOPEBTT.
dgNATOR WILMOT’s 'SPEECH.-
On tbe SOcb of April,' the Bill for the confis
cation of the property of the rebels, in arms
against the Government, {being before the Sen
ate. Mr. Wilmont said:
Mr. President, the second section of the bill
reported from thd Judiciary Committee, is an
act Of emancipation, giving freedom' to the
slaves of those,who, during'the present rebell
ion, shall take up arms against the United
States, or in any manner give aid and comfort
to said rebellion. The bill itself declares their
emancipation without the intervention of court
or commissioners, and provides that in uny pro
seeding by the .master, to enforce his claim
agavnst'tbe slave, he •hall establish his loyally
before an order shall be made for the surrender,
of the slbve. The b.ill also provides for the
confiscation to the national, rrehsdry' of; both
thereal and personal astute of rebels whoshail.
‘aftbr the pnssageof- this act, be engaged in the
re^Mliopj;br if! it aid. and- Comfort/Abd
who
tbe-Uniled-States. nod Jieyntld the reach ,of Jit t
"fliWitl process.' ’The hill-does notper ee -wv-rk «
forfeiture, but the Forf-itrire takes place after
seizure And appropriation by the commissioners:
-nppointed-to net within these- Slates -and dis •
triots where the rebellion makes the holding of
courts Impossible, and after condemnation'by
the courts, in districts where tbey-can be-held,
of the property seized,,upon, proceedings in,
rent, as in .prize coses, or cases of forfeiture
arising under the revenue lawd.
I will consider briefly of-both features of-Die
bill;' ■ -section, the providing for the.
emancipatioff of lhe slaveA of rebel*,’l sustain.-
in the whoie length and ■ breadth of its priivi-.
sions. While I shall claim for the Government
full power over iboWbject of slavery, I would
not at this time go" beyond the provisions .of
this bill. I would to-day, give freedom to the
slaves' of every traitor; and-after Jhat would:
confidently l«6k-for the early ■ adoption of the
policy reominended by the President, gradual
ly,to work out the-great- result of universal
emancipation. < ■■
SpeciafguarAutees are claimed for the, pro-;
tection of sjavery. Exemption js; demanded)
for it from the'hazards and necessities of war.
Greater security is attempted to be thrown
around it than is accorded to any Other inter
est ot right. I deny the legality of this preten
sion' in behalf of slavery. It has no constitu
tional baus. Its claims of peculiar ,sneredness,
,and for special protection!'are an insult to the
nation. - Life and liberty are made secondary to
the" 'safely and preservation of'slavery. The
property, of the nation is'to be* subjected to
heavy contributions', the -lives, oj* tens of thou
sands-of its citizens sacrificed, hundreds of
thousands’of widows and orphan’s cast upon the
.'Charity,' of .friends for support, all that jwe; pos
sess,Tife'nnd property, are at the disposal of the
Government; slavery abme claims exemption,
I lie cause of the rebelliohVthe parent of all the
calamities that threaten, and. afflict us. This
great revolt against the integrity and.sover
eignty of the 'nation has' no other foundation
{hair slavery; ~-Demoofatitpgovernmeht is d per*,
petual flarigerko slavery. Tlie governmen: of
an oligarchy is demanded' as security Air its
perpetuity and power; Here - la! the cause of
the rebellion,withit* immense sacrifices of life
and 'treasure,,.' .Amidst the sacrifices of this
hour, this universal wreck of Interests,-shall
the slaveholding-traitor, grasp Securely his hu
man chattel ?■' -Not; sir; if my voice or vote can
reach him. • -.
-—We must- rightly' comprehend the unparal-
Ulsd ■wickedness' of slavery, aridlha desperate
jieterroip'ation with which it makes war on-tha
Government, or we shall fail to deal with it as
our- security and peace'demand. Fur thirty
years slaveholders have ■ looked with fear and
hatred-on our free system of government'. Uni
versal suffrage and the wide diffusion'and in
crease of knowledge were sources of constant
dread'. -For years they have kept the peace on
ly on the terms of their domination and our
subjection. They have governed the country,
ishaped its.foreign and domestic policy, con
trolied its legislation on all questions of inter
est to themselves, and - administered, in their
own hands pr though northern men subservi
ent to them, every high office of State, A moro
imperious bTigdrchy iever ruled a government.
. Tbefrcemen—thedemoorncyoE thenation—
in the election of vindicated
their-rigbt to administer the Governme&, ; nr(d
in thd 'first hour ,of vibjoryswere - ; met -by the
? thejldveholders.Shall efir
very overthrow thisCoverpmenV? Thehatidn
has the' right'ofself-defenso, of salf-proteotitfh'
—the right to make secure its peaoesiid eafd-'-
INHUMANITY TO MAN" SHAM, CEASE, AGITATION MOST-COXTINITE
: ty,* io the-war it has provoked, perils the .T»a
. tional Existence. It istbeimmotable lav of
i nalnreand of'nations, thnta State shallpre
aerve'itself, that it may destroy ene
my threatens its life. -*■. n.’
’• Vat tel, a writer of caution, and of high: au
thority on national law,'-lays it down that—
"A State has a right to everything that can
stecurelt from threatened danger, and to keep
at-a distance whatever is capable of causing
fte ruili. A nation is oblige# to preserve itself,
'and the law of-nnture gives it the tight .to-eve-
Vytfiing witboat which itoooid not fulfill this -
obligation.
“Thrilaw of nations is originallyno more
than the law of nature' applied to nations. We
call that the necessary law of nations that con
sists in the npplicationnf the law of nature to
nations. It is necessary, because nations are
■absolutely obliged toobservo it. The necessary
'Jhw of- nations, being founded-on the nature of
things, is 'immutable. ‘’Whence, asithis law is
imhautable, and ‘the obligations that arise from
it necessary -arid indispensable, nations can nei
ther malte any changes in it by tbeir conversa
tions,' dispense with it themselves, nor recipro
cally with,em-bother.” ’
Again, Mr. Ruwie, in bis view of the Cnnsti
tution.in speaking of unrdoty to maintain the
Union; shys : ■■ ■
"■ln every aspect,-Iherefore, which this great
subject presents, we feel the deepest impression
of a sacred obligation to preserve the Urtinrt of
our country ; we feel our glory, our safety, and
ouv happiness involved in it; we unite the in
terests of those who coldly calculate advanta
ges with those who glow with what is little
short of flllial affection, and we must resist the
attempt of our own citizens to destroy it with
the same feelings that we should avert’the dag
ger of the parricide.” o ■
Slavery Is the parricide that now aims at the
national life. We must bind the criminal in
perpetual bonds, if we would secure to the na
tion snfety-'and peace.
The'right-oUa'state to preserve itself, is
clearly setforth by Vatfel; nay, it is obliged
so to do by a necessary jand paramount law.—
Every writerof authority on the law of nations
tjgrhes with Vattel touching the right of nation
al self-defense. The law is consonant with rea
son and justice and the common sense of man
kind.and needs no citation of authorities to
support it. ]
The law being established, the only questions
’ripen-for examination are, the nature of this
Government, and the hos- ile character of the
enemy by which it is assailed. If we are a‘
-league-of l independent States, each; having the
right! to withdraw at pleasure, and for causes
th,a-*ufficiehcy of which each may judge, then
the confederate States ore right in the indfpen
dence' thcy assume, and theiwar on our: part is
a war of and unjust. Our,
right to carry on tbif war can only beldefemled
onfrhe ground that we are a nation, hound by
the obligation to defend our national existence.
What enemy puts our safety in; pert) ; assails
with war our unity and life f All enlightened
and impartial men will give the same, answer.
Slavery is that enemy—the deadly and persis
tent foe of the/natioit. Slavery'has arganiied
for the overthrow of the Government the great-,
est rebellion.-in history,;and-without cause, save
its fear and hatred of republican institutions.
The nation Was prosperous and happy; life and (
property-Were secure; we enjoyed- a freedom,
given to no other people, s - prosperity full,-to
overflowing. Every blessing and every right
was oars..' -The Government was only felt in
theiprotection it gave-and in, the blessings it
confem.d.- .The armed revolt nf the slavehold
ers against a Government so just aid benefi
cent is the most detestable crime on record.—
Slavery -arms brother, against brother, and im-.,
broes the nation in fraternal blood. ! It, offers
alliances with foreign despots -and consents to
the establishment’ll! monarchies on our conti
nent. Does any ..Senator on this side of the
Chamber doubt that slavery ie the immediate
cause of our troubles? If not, then I claim
bis-support for such measures against slavery,
as ’shall,make it powerless for future mischief. -
I demand indemnity fur the past, security for
the future. -The nation must never again, psss
under the yoke of tfae slave power. [We must
have no reconstruction re-establishing the dom
ination of slavery. We shall deserve, and will
receive, thd scorn and execration of the civi-‘
liznd world if we step hack,from the plain duty ,
before os. . We must give l the country lasting
peace; we must cripple forever the; power of
slavery, and enfranchise the nation; from its in
ebfrnlrule. Slavery has made; and unmade,,
built up and torn down at pleasure. It has
enforced upon the Government, and country
novel and .unwarrantable ■constructions of tbs,
Constitution by threats of disunion and blood.
It is ah element of constant disturbance and
'danger. Mr. Calhoun earlier, saw land more
cle irly edniprebended than his- cotemporaries
the’irreconcilable antagonism between freedom
and slavery. ‘Commodore Stewart'is the wit
ness that, ne-early as JSI4, Mr. Calhoun be-;
dame satisfied that the two syslemsf rif society
And labor could tioV both stand under one Gov
■ erninerit that slavery must go the ■‘wall, ora
’dissolution of the Union was inevitable. He
devnted hls-life in giving-'strength to slavery,
aridlhnspreparmg for the conflict which he,,
sa'w must safely 'come;' - What Mr. Calhoun
saw in 1814 is now the philosophy arid fixed
"belief-bf t -th'e J leaderB of the South.' 'This'-war
on their partis for the perpetuity of slavery,
and tbit can only berseoured at;the;expense of
, individual aad.national freedom.
The bonstitulion is-continually pushed for-,
ward in support of, the inviolability of slavery.
Sir, I' deny that 1 the constitution contains any
special ■ guarantees -in behalf-of slavery. It
provides- for- the surrender of persons owing
labor or service escaping feem one Stateinto
another to the person to whom each' labor or
service is due. Thii isns applicable to appren
tices as to slaves ; and, at the time the Consti
tution was franied. embraced a large number of
emigrants known ns redemptiohers. one
.•ever claimed that property in.the serviceof an
iipprentioe J was -specially ptfieed'under national
protection because of this provision. If, how
ever,' lhe.'3UonBtjtritiod J wer# l ' all that
‘ claims fin; it in this respecfl'the pafematmt low
! of self-preservation' is ‘not tho Idee obligatory
on the nation." Whatever we deem necessary,
In tlhe exercise nf anhoneßtnnd tiopnd discretion,
as means of preserving national existence,
thnt’we have the nuthority of laW to do. This
doctrine is clearly recognized in the Jate special
meij'enge of 1 the President to Congress recom
mending national aid to the liberating border
States. Itis sound law, and has both Mason and
authority in its support. Slavery is notonly the
cause, but one of the great supports of the re
bellion. Slaves do much of the work of the
rebel army—throw up the intrenchments and
the fortifications of the enemy. Their
labor, In a large degree, furnishes the means of
support to the armies employed against 'us,
and, gives to the confederate States the little
crefiit'they have either at home or abroad.—
Yet slavery-is the one thing we'must not dis
turb. We must not directly attack it, even
though the nation perish through our forbear
ance. To no other interest do we accord this
exemption from the dangers and, necessities of
war.
bit. President, I, come now to consider the
bill as an act of confiscation. Here its provi
sions are not ns broad and j sweeping as its op
ponents represent.) It is not a general act of
dionfiscation against (he properly nf nil rebels,
Hut against the property of such only as shall
be beyond the reach of -judicial process. The
bill is based on the principle that if the rebel
■can be arrested, and punishment indicted upon
him through the courts, his property is'not mo
lested,; But if be .abandon his property, and
flea the country,, or be within, territory where
the rebellion has overridden the, authority of
the United States, the bill proposes, after con
demnation in court, or by military commission
ers when no eourtsjbe held, to take and sell his
property, placing its proceeds in the national
Treasury. I favor the amendment adopted on
Thursday last, of the Senator frem Ohio, [Mr.;
Sherman.] I desire .to reach only the property
of the leaders of the rebellion.' To tile masses
of the southern people, who have been grossly
deceived, I would grant an amnesty, a full and
free pardon. I
Three grounds ojf objection are made to this
bill. It is claimed! to be in contravention of
the law. of nations b violative of the Constitu
tion of the United States; and that its passage
would be most impolitic, driving our enemies
to desperation, and sowing the' seeds of bitter
enmity for generations to come.
I will consider, briefly, the ohjeetions prsen
ted. The Senator from Missouri, [Mr. Hender
son,] labored learnedly to make good the first
ground of objection.' De cited authorities of
weight and respectability ; but upon farther
examination he will find, I think, the law set
tle<f against him; both up general authority and
by the decision of pur own courts.
. Rational law rests upon the law of nature,
conventional law, or treaties, and’upon general
customs which, by common consent, have the
force of law. Nations are bound by the natu
ral Jaw, which is cs led the necessary law of
nations. Of this I considered in speaking of
emancipation under this bill. It is of univer
sal obligation, binding at all times and under
all circumstances. Conventional law rests up
on conventions and treaties, and of course binds
those nations only that are parties to them.—
General customs or’.usage have theanthority of.
law only by the consent of nations!, and each
nation has the right to decide for itself under
whe[t circumstances' and to what extent it will
submit to a custom or usage. This must of
pei.-essity- be so. The right is essential to the
freedom of nations. Yattel sayst
“The natural society of nations cannot suh-,
the right' encKhuve received from nature
are not respected. None would willingly re
nounce its liberty : it would rather break off
all connection with those that should attempt
to violate it. From, this liberty and independ
ence it follows that every nation is to judge
its ooncience demands; of what it can air
cannot do; of .what it is proper or improper to
he done. In all cases where a nation has the
liberty of judging what its duty requires, an
other cannot/oblige it to any given action. For
•attempting this would be an injury to the lib
erty of nations.”
As an independent member of this common
wealth of nations, we alone determine when
and how far we will be bound by the customa
ry law. Upon the hypothesis, then, that the
measure before us is in conflict with interna
tional law, still our right to enact it cannot be
questioned.
Should we pass this hill, what power will an
nul it within our jurisdiction, on the 'ground
that the law of nations.is violated ? If nation
al law is. invaded nations most comb to its sup
port. Does any Senator believe that the pas
sage of this bill would provoke towards ua the
hostility of nations? Would the foreign min
isters resident here, protest on behalf of their
respective Government!* f Sir, we know they
would not, and for the best of reasons; the bill
dues 'not impinge onthe national law. So much
Of ;the bill as is a measure of emancipation
would be hailed with joy throughout the civil
izied world. For this we would receive the
plaudits instead <if, the censure,of nations.
i I:havo thus fur Considered the case on the
.hypothesis that the bill is violative of national
law, and presented the ground that .we are
bound .to obedience by our consent alone. But
the law is well settled in ‘ favor of our right to
seize and confiscate the property; of an alien
enemy in time of war, and'who, at the time of
seizure, is engaged in peaceful commerce. -The
case is greatly strengthened against a rebel in
arms.. The point was decided in pur supreme
Cpu.it, in the case of Brown , vs. the. United
States. (8 Grand), 110. The points raised for
adjudication were:
1. May enemies’- property found on land nt
the commencement of hostilities be seized and
condemned? And
;2. Is an aot-of Congress, authorizing such
seizure and' condemnation, necessary ; or does
' tile right follow a declaration of war?
I The opinion of the court .was delivered by
Chief; Justice Marshal)., On tbefirstpuint, the
;ohu,rt says r .... , ’
the power of the Government,
n'n.doufit.is,entertained. That war gives the
sovereign full right to take the. persons, and
chnftsaate the property of the enemy; wherever
: found, is conceded. - The mitigation of thiarulS,
Advertiiananti will bo charged 51 peraquare of 1#
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Posters, Hsmdbills, Bill-Heeds, Better-Heads andoll
kinds of jobbing done in coßntryostablishmenfi, er
eonted neatly and promptly. Justices’, Const*tie’s,
and other BX.AHKB constantly on hand.
NO. 40.
which the humane and wise policy oh,modern
times.has introduced intopraotiee, witffmoreor
less nffect-the exercise of tbisright, but cannot
impair the .right itself. - !' That ramains nndi
tninighed, and when the: ebrereign,-anthority
shall choose to bring it into operation. the judi
cial department must give effect to its will.? •
Kent, in commenting on this case, says:
“However strong the cuirent of authorityTn
favor of the modem and milder construction
of the rule of national law off this" subject'the
point seems to be no longer open for diasoussion
in this country. 'lt has been definitely-settled
in favor of the ancient and sterner'rule, by the
Supreme Court of the United States. Tho ef
fect of war on British property, found in the
United States, on land, at the commencement of
war, was learnedly discussed and thoroughly
oousidered, in the case of Brown ; and it was
decided as upon as settled rule of the law of
nations,’that the goods of an enemy fbmid
in the country, and the i vessels and . cargoes
found afloat in our ports, at the commencement
of hostilities, are liable to seizure and confisca
tion ; and the exercise of, the right vested in
the discretion of the sovereign of the nation.”
The right tp seize and confiscate the proper
ty of an alien 'enemy, wherever found within
onr territory, is as clearly established as the
adjudications of onr own courts can establish
it. He who is both a public enemy and a trai
tor surely cannot claim to. stand in a better po
sition thah an alien enetay actually guilty of
no offense. The traitors of our country occupy
a very different position, from that of lawful
belligerents. It is true thatwe accord to them
many belligerent rights, but we may properly
treat them as traitors.' As against them, we
are possessed of every beligerent right, as fully
as if they were an independent.nation levying
war against us;• and we sire .also, possessed of
all the.rights of a legitimate sovereign against
traitors in armed revolt. \ Their property can
not be reached, because they are'citizens,;afid
entitled to the protection of the Constitotion I
■“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty,
or property,.without dud process of law 4” that
is, without proceedings, ascordingto the course
of the common law. How grossly we violate
the Constitution in shooting down these citizen
traitors t - Thera can be n } mistake. The vio
lation of-the .Constitution is most palpable.—
We take the lives of these citizens and broth
ers without due process of law. How absurd
is all this. Those in reb allion are both trai
tors and public enemies, add are. amenableto
the lawsprovided against both. An.alien en
emy, whose" property is fonnd among’ ns, hav
ing never himself borne against the coun
try,'this propertjr-we seize and forfeit; but>if
his allegiance were due to; ns, if he had sworn,
•to support and {defend the Constitution,, aijd !
then wickedly perjured himself, if bo had borne
commission in rebel armies, and devoted his all
to the overthrow, of the,Government, we can
not take and forfeit bis property; it is under
the aegis of the’Const!tntil ri, and mast be ased
only in the service of the rebellion. The very
-point I am now considering waerecentlybefora
the United States district court of Massachu
setts.' . ,
Tbe Amy Warwick was captured on the high
seas' by tbe United States ship-of-war, Quaker
City, August 10,1861. T ieiibel waa against
both vessel and cargo, The.vesael-and part .of
the cargo were admitted tp..belong\to citizens
and permanent residents o'? Richmond, Virgin
ia. Tbe hearing was cohf ned to the property
so owned; the question’ as to. the rest of the
cargo left for future-investigation. Spfauge,
Jostice.delivered the opinion of the court. ;
I give so muohasbeare
consideration:
“Some have apprehended that .if this con
flict of arms is to be deemed war, our enemies
must bare, as against the | Government, all tbe
immunities of international belligerents, But
this is to overlook .tbs doable , character, which
these enemies sustain. are at
time belligerents and traitors, and subject to
the liabilities of both ; while the United States
sustains the double character of'belligerent ahd
and sovereign, and have the rights of both.—
These rights coexist, and may be exercised,at
pleasure. Thus w.e may treat the .crew of a
rebel privateer, merely as prisoners of.war,'or
as pirates or traitors ; or we may at the same
time, give, to a part ef the crow tbe 6be charac-_
ter, and to the residue the .otheiVandafter
traating them as prisoners of war, we-may ex
ercise over them, sovereign power and deal with
them, as traitors. The temporary hon-oser of
such rights is not a renunciation of them, but
they may be cabled into praotical exercise/'
“Mr, "Wharton, in bis Elements of Interna
tional Law, (ppge 365,) so strongly maintains
belligerent righto in civil war, .that aorae of bis
lafigaage would imply that there were.no other
righto. This, however,. could not have been
intended; for if sovereign rights bo at an end,
the war is merely international.- Civil war,
ex ci termini,'imports that sovereing righto are
n«t '' relinquished, bat [insisted on. Tbe
war is. waged'to tnaintainthem. ,-;Koae vs.
. Himely, (4. Cranch, 272,) was a case -arising
out of the exercise of sovereign rights by
France.in her civil war vHth ScDomingb. The "
court recognized the co-existence of belligerent
and sovereign rights. ■ j
“Tbe United States have, during the present
war, exercised both belligerent, and sovereign
righto.' : . I . ‘
“Examples of the fomer.nre receiving cap*
itulations of the enemy jas priseners/of war,
and bolding and Exchanging them assuch ;and
a still more prominent instance is the blockade
which, before the assembling of Congress, was
established by military authority of the Com
mander-in-Chief.”
“I am satisfied that- the trifled States ns a
nation, have full and complete belligerent rights,
which are in no degree impaired by the fact that
their enemies owe allegiance, and .have super
added the guilt of treason to that of unjust
*ar.” '
The confiscation of the'property of those en
gaged in rebellion add na*ueae»ft>Krevolati«n
is a part of the history iofimrilitad nations. It
is deeply impressed -upon,- English legislation
-during the test century. cjßalf the .tjtlea of the
kingdom restopon
* (Concluded ige.)
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