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question'.
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.BdBaglyl97;
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-LI 44/airtecar - , state of '
boegr-eat - •eTtaltuess%, titan' ererra - to . ,
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Im 6 V , ' taiition! ann oying '
414
with a ilber"
• 1112447
ely.,,ioA,ikinrtalliar^ Further, that • .
thlagaAlk, was - -4- iegiv . - 1 aniont
e , - ,dsistit. which ,
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,Thi
.• ott:-., 4tial4- t kdeP 11 -
I'll4filltr m ints *t- compelling - her * eau% .
:', the'; enbroaaat,s; beyspllier 1/,,, conduct
,‘ •_, on the.lfteriel,e; at•a:e Mid g""9*:'ll,saYil
- ' mr41117,-"
-,of ito4oB9st with'
d Thl§ e ncroach men ts '1•11j01"1/-'stiti f
her
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a, - -dtaz'Arug,. Armlet! in the 4- T "
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AiL: ay 'were
and the - ,
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made
theen. 'year(
ma>
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ilia, -hw sung - a m 6! 'between o
were 4i1ia1,4 'ittbirt""ll924z. ' %tett .
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:94-"`"- 'llWiwti: yet-4104er in s urrecti on-fin d,
Aly, In 1,867:,. it5,',1gr01,."101,..,..11-or'ititlY "there
:il::b"Tha.:**lllf `' ),_to, pagw
c, ~,„
said her
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Tory rt e e k' , 2-'-.-.,
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Lord
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i P• - •.. „ ~.,,at *Aiwa, 't rept, ''''biad fate,,"'' ,
''''.;,.`.?;_f " ', cesdeo -0, !RA. -dei,-1644 the
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1
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of Sardinia
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L actcl4l 4 --loth ' it9 • 6fjititiit " ,00-I°l9 Hedk, Kiaiolom at, the Orb Om' .
as
t • htesiaall
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held by Venice, adjoining to Ilonibardy, were
made over to Austria•partly as an equivalent
for the Netherlands (which had become Aus
trian, three centuries before, upon the mar
riage of the Emperor itlextuross with Liar
of,litirgundy,)_ and partly, at the special in
stance; OfEngland,,tO place a strong Power
between the weakness of Italy and, the ambi.
,tien of Prance. Ever since -1815, Austria has
'governed Lotiiharda-Venetia with the most
intolerant and systematic tyranny.
Naples (the Kingdom of the •Two 810111 es)
has been equally misgoverned; since the aeaes,
Ilion of the preseet,Eing, now on -his death
bed.'
The States of the nimicb, Which aro not
under secular rule, are execrably misgoverned,
and the different Duchies, under the sway of
Princes of 'the Austrian blood, are entirely at
the mercy of Alto Austrian Empire, who, by
treaty. and by force, insists on Bending in an
army of Germans, to maintain quiet, whenever
Disaffection rears her crest;
,Stirditila, a eopparatively:Enkell but'very
spirited State, Which entered warmly into the,
Revolution or 1846-9, and at - one time ni ) ..
'feared to have Austria' beaten, is•now con-.
, • stitutiobal monarchy, and the misgoverned,
' dbiainteo, 'and revolting Italians eliesea
long have Ipoked to sing Vurron,Eitttesonn
'to'Ald themi,::Britert Seems to leave predicted
liliCeituetion;
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PIILADELPIILA.i. TU DAY. MAY 31. , 1859.
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Within that laud was many a gAlcontent, '
Who nursed thn tyranny to which be bent ;
Tb soil full many a wringing derpot saw
Who worked his wantonnesi in form of law ;
Lon wnr without and frequent broil within,
lied made a path for blood and giant aln,
That waited but a signal to begin
New hums, malt u cruel discord blendi,
Whiok knows no neuter, owns but foes or friends
Foiled In 11119, his father driven into exile, his
country harshly pressed by Austria, it is no won
der that Vierea ExISAIMEL should be looked
upon by discontented Italy as a leadet ready
and willing, on many accounts, to beat down
the Austrian tyranny. Doubtless, he encour
aged the prevailing feeling of discontent. Ilia
own force being neal2le to pope with that of
AuArta, be seenred the aid orTrance
All now was ripe, he waits but to proclaim
That slavery nothing which Pas dill 6 name:
The moment came, the hour when Otho thought
Beanie at last the Itengesnee which he sought
* * * *
They welted but s leader, and they found
Ond to their Oittlan inseparably bound •
By ettoometamee compelled to plunge again
In self. defence, amidet the shire of men.
As yet, no 'results have been achieved, but,
with the 'aid of France; it le likely enough
- that Austria'will receive a lesson from France
and aardinia, which. she . has earned by the
grossest violations of the laws of humanity—
violations 'whioh,-ln the eye of artiste', human
and divine, must ,abrogate all the Treaties of
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Much has been said about these Treaties.
A fete Weeks ago, by command of Qaoon VIC
TORIA, a Parliamentary paper was issued con
taining Copies of treaties; political and teal.
Oriel, between Austria and sundry Italian
States, from 1815 to 1848, the two memorable
years, in which the long European war was
' brought to a clog°, and the general European
revolution broke out. This list of papers
includes-1, an extract from the Treaty of
Vienna; dated Juno 9, 1815 ; 2, the additional
and separate article to the Territorial Treaty
between Austria and Sardinia, dated May 20,
1815; 8, protests of the Pope against certain
, resolutions, of the Treaty of Paris and the
Vienna Congress, dated June 12, 1815; 4, an
extract from a despatch from Sir Wawa! A.
COURT to Viscount CASTLEIMACiIi, communica
ting the purport of a treaty between Austria and
Sicily, dated Juno (July) 12, 1815 ; 5, a treaty
between Austria and Tuscany; dated Juno 12,
1815 • 6 a treaty between Great Britain,
Austria, 'Prance, Prussia; Russia, and Spain,
dated Juno 10, 1817 j 7, a treaty between
Lueda, Modena, Ttideany, Austria, and SO:
dials, dated November 28, 1844; 8, a treaty
between „Austria and Modena, dated Do
i camber 24, 1847; and 9, a treaty between
_Mettle and Ferree, dated February 17,
1848.: 'l3V'tite treaty between Austria and Mo
dena of '1847 the two Powers bind themselves
to lend each other help and ataletanoo in the
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event of "an attack from without," and the
Emperor farther promises to lend every mili
tary assistance necessary for the maintenance
and re. estedishment of ct tranquility and legal
order"' in the interior of the States of the
Duke of Modena. A similar treaty, nuttatis
mutandis, was concluded between Austria and
Parma, in February, 1848, just before the out
break of the French Revolution which re
sulted in the downfall and ignominious ex
pulsion of Louts Pau.wrs (afterwards Count
or Nkuttti). A treaty of May 20, 1815,
between Austria and Sardinia, confirms to
the latter kingdom the right of reversion to
the duchy of Placentia, stipulated for by the
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, and by the
treaty of Paris of 1763. The treaty of Vienna
(1815) arranged that the duchies of Modena,
Reggio, and hiirandola should be possessed by
the Archduke of Este and his successors; and
the duohy of Massa (lately the theatre of an in
surrection) by the Archduchess of Este, who
was also to hold the principality of Carrara
and the imperial fief of Lunigiana. To the
ex-Empress of France, the Archduoliess Maim
LOUISA, second consort of ILtrOLEON the Great
wore assigned the duchies of Parma; Placen
tia, and Guastalla. Tuscany was secured to
the Archduke FRBDINAND of Austria.' The
rights of succession and reversion , establish
ed in the branches of the Archduke of Austria
relettye to the duchies' of Modena Reggie,
.rzf. A
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and Mirandola, as also of the principalities
of Massa and Carrara, were preserved. The
reversion of the duchy of Parma and Placentia
was to be determined (we use the past tense
now in speaking of the virtually extinct Treaty
of Vienna) by common accord between the
Courts of Austria, •Russia, France, Spain,
Prussia, and Frigland,,elways having regard
to the rights, of reversion possessed .by the
House of Austria and the Sing of Sardinia
to the said countries.. The "principality".
of Lucca,
,created into a duchy, was to be
possessed in entire sovereignty by her
Majesty, the' Infanta' MARIA LouisA, and her
descendents in the direct male Hue, an income
of 600 000 f: being added by' the 'Emperor of
Anitria and his Imperfal Highness under cer
tain contingencies. The ducti of 'Lucca was
to revert to the, Grand Duke of Tuscany, if it'
became vacant by the death of her Majesty
the Infanta' Mesta: Lotrisa; or of her eon Dom
CARLOS, or tuppnaing 'the Infanta to obtain
another tcestablishment." The Marches, with
Cainerino, lea.; Were Teetered to the Holy
'See, as "also 'the' Legations of Ravenna,' Fer
rara, and Bologna: _llia "Imperial and Royal
Apostella Majesty," however, was to have the
'right } of placing garrisons at Ferrara and
CoMmachlo. We have noticed the treaties
of Panne and Modena. Austria and Tuscany
agreed to' combine to prevent - the' Iniade of
Italy from being disturbed. The 4mperor
Ism Wssur Pans trOlitoora. b 7
WI (Par 'Mita, 116111 - 14 1 )
-ii.:)...
" 4i ifoctoo
?IMO . COpide, oo
Wire Cop Sea is ' , , - ' .• - 00
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Twenty Copts., cc - ' - cc „ troops sdarser)..2o 00
Tyrenty Copies:ozone •
: •
,(tr_ os .ldross o 'f*
Sabra/bor.) '' " • • • 220
-
• For s City - lb of Twentpono or averori irlll- Sind ill
etErsoopilo Oettoi °fob: , •••-
,
117' Portri'sseitiMiSre - ,'rosnigrod - . Sor o t SiSirouti for-
Tas W'ssicsi Pixo2. -- • = '
Lined Beml-Moitju 7;:f.* Stcie for - Om Valifoinin
etramers.
gaged to_fornish at least 81,000 men
for that 6ji)O0:,
IVlies.atettitogietiveri treaty 'to
Fewer, ~ t he the laws -ef„.4ll(isaatty,, supposed to
override everythliti.else,,depand that.' the in-
habitants shall. be treated-with inatice,-.
with mercy. These laws Violated, the treaties,
which are virtually tore 'Wish* psper.
So oughkAnstria thi&J-ii - Afire IkaltTair
0 0 siitid . 7 ni" 'fight beiwei*
for the real battle ie between'Franee
trla, thongli the, battle-field may be _in Pled-
_ .
In the Amara) Satistico lianas° lor 1858
are the following details, Which =include many
facti as yet only imPerfectlr'kuoirri
country : The population Ifily*noi r t ! i
to no less than 27,107,047 'halal:did:di ! They
are divided into 15 cimumseriptions:. - -8 obit:
taining - 19,918;801,, souls,- are: tinder Italian
Governments, and acven,saith a population of
7,198,748, obey - foreign rule: - Itabectmtains
110 provincei and 10,012; - communes, , and
one of the'countries in *lnch the large - it - cities
and towns are to be found, 19 of theMhaving
more than 50,000 inhabitants , and B=Reme;
Naples - ,
_ialermo, Venice, Florence, Idilau,
Genoa, and Turin=eiceed • 100,900,
most all the population Are:Boman
,Cithci
lies ; the_ number of those who praise -. other
Christian creed!, - only amounting to, 36,670;
and the Jews to 41,497. , The births far exceed
the dea th s the'. increa se
Particularly remarkahleinSieili aril Tuscany,
where - it may double in 78 year/. - Italy3lMM
has very nearly; one•half .as many bishoprics
as tbero are in the whole of, Europe-256 ant -
of 5611: , • The :average 13.90,000 Catholics for:
diocese, and in the Roman Staten there
is one bish - op" for'. every 400,000' ' The
regular and Secular clergy of both eeketteottit
in Italy 189,000, nnd theY - 3re,135' compared
Willi the number of the Population,
,as 1 to
142. The. clergy, are more nnmerond in Sicily
than in any other part ef t . Italy, or perhaps
the world, the ,ntimber,•:of ,prfeats„monks, or -
nuns being 36,266, or out of 69 inhabitants.
There' are' nearly 800 journalistpublished in
Italy, of which Amber - 117 are tithe Sar
dinian Stated, altboneC 'they omattde,enlY,.
one•flith of the total populatien. - *heat thPs'..
middle of 1858, Italy possessed 1757 kilometres ,
(five.elghths of..a naoh)strOliiii, caw..
plated, ,2,339 in course, Of constractien, and,..
664 for - which ooncessions.had:been - trantedi';
One of the .princiPat:braimherot indirstry , ls: ,
the produCtion of Bilk,. and in`-ordinary years ` "
the value of 'that artiele- isliviilit,ooo,ooof •
to - 280,090,,0pe: Loinbardi'-'alone, which Is
only the isth 'part : ofltali, produces one=thud.
,The'revennee of the • differenf Stalin's`
„ ,
amount to„ elm,rit ,690,000;909f., and ex
pense
_to , 640,060,000 f.: : • -The ,public debt .15 ,
.2,000,006,000 f. , Commerce , is: active,- , but.
business - is much 'impeded by th'e high tarUl'
in many of the State - 5,-3nd • br'the
of custom-houses. The mercantiliCirlarlip:Of
Italy Is more' numerous, in propor - tionto - ,the ,
extent of country; than that of any otheinatiOn
in Europe, England excepted.
r _
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EIATIO
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By the' HifOlorian; lions Liverpooi„on the
18th, we haire later news than that received by
the steamers iroin Hamburg and Bremen. •
No ,battle 'as ?yet: Hermon, 'Ma leaving,
Genoa, on 'the 14th; proceedfid to Aliessanz:
dila; wheie be hies' -established'' hie' head
•
Anarters. His ''reception Mtiremely - euv ,
thttaiistio. The locality is well
.61tbOn.z. The
Anatrinns eccupy portions of the : conntry be. ,
tween ..HoyeriS and ibe;
4i101354th. liVvilTa -41 i the , inimmif4 Turin at,
the -.western " extremity:
eailteiMbase, and the-ielatirePoiltioni'ot the':
threi places Saci#titirieV
'Would Mire been`iiiiit'bttecired„ -
rapid movements,: Turin" *ooi, have "been
besieged, and,,the_capilal once Wien. theeon,
test.wotild have been as good as ended. In
iteld of this, the Atudrians, actualiy-.atraid of -
the
the war-being carried into Lombardnentered
'Biedmont, and have Ilenetittle "eso* marred
and countermarch, andpia:Mitt,' of
provisionsiind indeie - oritrV:
button for . Money. Hitherto -- they:;ll.*e:A - -
sembled that Gallic monarcb,who,..
With forty thownind men, -
IS.lambed, up the bill and then—marched down min
:Where NAPOLEON now. is; at _Allessandria,
Micas' have railway communication with No..
varra on the North 'and , with Turin ' the
*est. 'He las rapidly bringing up hie trdops,
and 'every day's delay ivis adding ,tothe force
'of the Allied armies of:Francs' and,Saidinia„
The strength of Austria must ,not be too
lightly estimated. Her military force-is enor
mous. Apprehensions of disaffection in - her
remote provinces—particularly in" Hungary,
where Mr. Kossoru not, preferring' safety
and a sound skin- in England—force her to
keep a great military force, at all times. We
dare say that in one mouth Austria could pear
500,000 soldiers into Piedmont; but' for fear
of weakening the defences' of her frOntier;
provinces. As it is, there will -probably be
250,000 Austrian - troops - " on band "_by the
first of June. There mit be a great battle,
before long, and a severe Contest it will be,
beyond all doubt.
i"1 1 111 1 ,
ilt;1111111,
English Trade as Affected by the Wars
The London Times, in its pity article, has the
following remarks upon the possible effects of the
war upon the commerce of England, in. the even,
of that Power bang involved in hostilities; "The
most important question in connection with the
possibility; of England 'finding herself involved in
war is, what effect will'lt have - upon -our cm:a
merce? In the old war with - France the suspen
sion of our maritime supremacy would at any
period have sealed our raln s 'and the grand effort
of Napoleon was to achieve a_ Eurcireaneembina
tion, such as should eiroinde us :from every port.
So long ar.the ratite of Our enormous trade re
main undisturbed, we are awe to tire out our op
ponents in every struggle. Can we count with
certainty upon befog able now, as heretofore, to
secure that result? Many, looking at the fast
that the French fleet is alleged, in number and
power of guns, to be superior to our own, and son- •
templating the possibility of its being aided by
that of Russia, are disposed to.antertain misgiv
ings. But these persons omit to rewrites :the "
alterations effected by the lapse Of a generation
in the international system of maritime law.
Under no conceivable chow:m*loes of tempo
rary, or even prolonged, disaster, could our
general commerce now be • interfered with.
We might for a time lose our carry
ing trade, bat that is the utmost lajary 'that
oould be inflicted menus. The dootrine Meepted
during the Russian war, and subseqently confirmed
by the Paris Congress, that free ships make free
cargoes, has settled this point definitely. Oar in
terchange of goods, therefore, would go on with
nearly as much steadiness as ever, although the '
whole of Europe 'might be arrayed against us.
The business would be conducted by the United •
States. Their ships would bring tts cotton, corn,
and all other staples according to our require
ments, and would in turn distribute our manu
factures over the world. Thus we should go on
buying, selling, and making money in our old
fashion, while our opponents were suffering ex
haustion under the effects of financial mismanage
ment, commercial prohibitions, and the depress
ing influence of conscriptions. It will be urged,
perhaps, that in the event of at/ our ports being
blockaded, even the American marine could
then be of no service to us, bat that Is a con
tingency which few Englishmen will think it ne
cessary to discuss. It would, moreover, bo as
fatal to,Amerioa as to England, and would; there
' foto, 8008 make that Power a party to the quarrel.
But it may yot be said that, although the invio
lability of neutral vessels was so recently
affirmed by France, Russia, Sardinia, Axis
tria, and Turkey, as well es by this coma
try, the three former Powers may, if it should.
suit their purposes, disclaim with as little -
scruple as they have lately shown in stultifying
their deoisione at the same Congress regarding the
Danubian PrinCipallties There is no readier any
such apprehension. 'Xhosa who attempt to ifiA
aside the new prineiple must do so at - the peril of
immediate war with the United States. It is w
matter on which the Washington Government will
entertain no queation, and the first interfe•enoeWith
an Amenean vessel would -be followed by an in
stant delnand for satisfaction. Happily, therefore,
the bearings of the case are now entirely indepen
dent'of the wishes, or deoisiomt of the Continental •
Powers Whatever, dreams may be nourished of
falfilling the letter the traditioniof She first Em
pire, that or forming, a coalition to Shut out and
destroy the commerce-Of Great Britain mutt be
considered by the progress of civilisation to h _ art) -
bookshop of Ata<tiy alj tta tortorv n i. •
, _ ,
U' l'll l l
Tice War.