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'-' tb % .'..:. '. .. ' - "..* ~.,„'... .4.. ~...,,,,., .**:, --..0... r„,‘,...., -.---, •, , ~, -..., ..,, •' - - ' 4. • •-.*•. , •l'Vir •14-...,----- , .... 4 ....._..........t.......- ...4,...., ... -• ~..... -,,,,,,„,- , - -_.-- - _ - ___7..-_!..2.-- - .7....1 ..,,_• . -..f....1.._.11_4.. _.,..,....-.E...5=a4...4.***6.... - 0 -. - .............—__. _ _. ~. . .... Rioting Vat. ISMISWIALOI2. 01Maori?, !into= & Proprietors. PITTSBURGH: 3IOND.tY mama • DEMOCRATIC NOMINATIONS. CANAL COMMISSIONER. THOMAS H. FORSYTH, of Phatcletphsa Munty .AtTM.VCriWTft ,sEPAIM BANKS, - C'unt iort J. PORTER-.BRAWLEY, • -lunc enttintqurim3`wimuitz - - JOHN X;NO.X; Of_Tiors aunty. • - OMN :blialiOeiti."2lo TICKET. cots', • ' affAxboN, Pitt ors etAtt tkRATZ. • JONAI3 B. Mcc.LINTOCK, Peebles Tp. SIDDLE ROBERTS, Pittsburgh., • • Jowl Ot.lo Tp.. . • • coma:mastic, • J. TIAIIVEI' ROBB, UpperUpper St Cult. JOIN TEL RIIIE:PATRIOK. Allegbey. .01EN 'R. 0.0.111,T0N. S. Pittsburgh. • WILLIAM IVESINEDERO, Pittatett. , --Janes I:. * SCOTT, Bor. McKeesport. . I. QLSSS, Robinson Towastilp. JAS. S. mcEutoir,.B.i9ol2 1 01EdiVp• . • ~ 1 ..TAMES A. OMV_ON, - PlasiTaorissidp. • • • -. • - - ~:NOUNING POET. JOB OFFICE. .-.•Wit'haie new eMployed in our Job Moo au :unusual-m2ll°bnr of excellent job printers, and are prepared. to execute all - orders "with neatness oinsurpassedi and vith a speed that ihali not be lte bo`te o`ne a very large amount of printing itrettriSob Office within the last ten dojo, but esti il.w,Bl#l more yet. We will suit all easterners -es twthsiepeed and accuracy of our wit*, :A/PiikAA o ooB:wri t 0 1131 PACCIPOITEL We sholl'pablikte . .morrow the excel lent address- of the -Democratic State Ceram Committeee to the Democracy .9( -Dir. Diarers Reply is Sis. Inizalsem - . 'l7e publish .to- . day the ablest document that hntt.perhaps ever emanatesk from the State Do - Paitment or am gurertatteat; It occupies so - large a space in our cafdiins, that nearly tdl other reading matter is excluded. - We presume our readers will be well !satisfied to bare an early opportunity of raiding lir. Mercy's letter. It is the true. American dec. . : trino; and another interpretation of the bold and :in sentiments expressed by President Pierce :in his Inaugural Address. This letter will be read great. interest in Europe as well as 'ln t/4.oluMtry and Probably no documenthas fie*Mytyiquirtei of a century, that will ex. sitif,irkie -general attention in Enrope.-. The the'people of-the European natisine v . have inters:St in this matter that will give' it . -iedoubled Intekeet, , • - • • —lt* 44 -4 ,'MAIM-great documents of this ad. miniotndion. tr Ofe may moat others as ocr.a zslorm Jai?. T2iß. pn.Eniatints :We arc aria.disappolnted in presenting, a full )istof the awards at the Fair. The reason is, .that.a portion of the copy fell into the bands of Ote..,journal, and that office holds it over until it a tyatilt its own convenience topublish it. The laeilioportcr says he takes the responsibility of ts.. copy of the report to the other city Paittett, .i o h a s the manuscript, and he intends *IO4A 0 and the editor and proprietor of the tab r t ai.iuf or pis anxious inquirers that he knows swears abo.utthe matter—it is all in the hands inst. This is somewhat strange. We -hoe never supposed that a little Zocca could res .._ • trtiin the gentlomanly disposition of the Mayor :uf 'oar oily. But such appears to be the class; -Mayor Broom's will is at the beak of his repor .ter, and copy is inserted in the Journal whenever that reporter chooses to order it lire - would desire to be understood to say that the editor of the Journal is not sufficiently bade pendent .to control the columns of his own pa per.:,but we, will say that in this case he has shown n selfish disposition towards his cotempo iariee, which,"so far as the Post is concrerned,the cannot object to our complaint. .Me havenever played the " deg in the mangeitt' s genne, and we are sorryto see the Mayor of our City adopting it at the - present time, and adopting a system which, we have thought, was foreign to his char. enter. What we box° written would be unneessery, were it not that we desire the public to under . :stand why a fall account of the premiums - 'awarded, were not published at an earlier day. When wo state that a portion of the copy fell into the hands of the Journal, the reason of the delay will apparent to the public. Consider ing the treatment wo have received from the Journal in this matter, wo do not suppose that tiny great necessity of a reciprocity of •••:*. tift#l4:ifiile.ft our part. We will prOmise. • • ti it brings foith the suppieesed rEsay`time between this date, And the Ant "citAioi:ll,_we will publish it. ' oknoTuEns. The Gazette is the meet unscrupulous autagen • ist wo have yet met. He, alleges that wo have assailed Dr. Carothers with coarse abuse. Eve- rybody knows that is name. We have's:nerdy re ifelfed-to :Dr. Cradling' public ante, 1711116. in the .11044;b14.ttrbfre.:Swishella'a opinion of Aftlantrpri'lle eettla not be pursued; and the `ea - HU:44`Gazette knows it. • We iiiatrwublioh Mrs. Bwlsahelm'e opinion of /ter nettrzettlibor,-Carothers. We did not ask -• . her for that opinion, but we here an undoubted Fight to use it. , We like the testimony of neigh . bore. The Gazette does not. , . We have no quar rel viitliqatilei. The,Gozette is quanelling with ldril..Siiiiesheiro. We charge Dr. Carothers with sipthiClibut what we , prove from _the records., .The Gazette merely makes unfounded and - false charges against Dr. McClintock, and offers not ono particle of proof in eupport pf its foul abuse. 3uton H..sox.— . The papers from all peen of the State, bring to us the moat earnest proofs of the high regard and esteem everywhere en tertained for our candidate for Judge of the Snprome Court. His ability, his sound legal learnlog, and Lis excellent character aa a citizen, are spoken of in the most flattering terms by those who taro had the beat opportunities to # o w liis brief term of service on the • r : Supreme bench has already satisfied the public that he isrottLy of a seat on that bench, which nova probably the ablest, and meet nirright • and independeot of any State Court in the trajou, We have no doubt of Judge Knox'e - election; awl wo hope it will be by such a ma jority as will show the full confidence of the people in every member of the court. ILturru's Maoatisn.—The Ootober number - of this assailant Magazine Is received. It - le ns good as usual ; and that ball thy praise itneede. Poi salo at tho dep obit, of Miner and d totem oy. Poptenee l t ionmr.—Tbie.ventibletodbmine • for October, ban been received by ond • - ids° by Oildentenney. The number is a most excellent one. • , Tun stock of a retail familk grOcery store mill be sold at AfelKenveri Auction. House, thie_dity:. at 2 orolock la tho afternoon, all of - - the . beat 'quality; oncl ; at the same torte; a lot of ftuttl . tote.:... Jades YiRDY~ ' l'V fiISRMI6 tiif:olAls The President has carefully considered, tfie note of Mr. Halsmael:), Charge 'd'Affaires of his Majesty the Emperor of Austria, of the 29th ultimo, addressed to this department, and the otherdocnmenta relative to the much regretted occuritnoelit Ermyradi - in June 'and July ,last, it with.-trievelo. ascertain tbezature of - the com plaint's thereirilmeferred against the American officers engaged in`-that affair, and for the pur pose of giving such eatisfaotlan as Austria might be entitled to receive, in case he should find teat these officers had not duly respected her rights. Though differing very touch-from the . _viewa, preeented.by Mr..llulsentann. on _behalt of his goiernment, the President still indulges the hope that the exposition of the 'principal reasons on which his own conclusions are founded, will in dace hie Illejearfe:government to look at - the transaction ins difkreut,light from that in which it is presented by that government. It is the duty of the undersigned to present these reasons to Mr. Halsemars,•andhnvrill fall in his intention if, in performing this duty, he does not evince a- friendly spirit, and - avoid,. as far as it can be - done 'without impairing the full strength of the case, the iatrodnotion .of topics to which either,Mr. flulsemann or his Govern merit can take exception. To bring out conspicuously _the questions to be passed upon, it seems to the undersigned that the fleets should be more fully and clearly stated than they are in Mr. linleemann's note. - Martin Rotate, by birth e,--Heirgarian, and of coarse an Austrian subject at that time, took an open and active part in the political movement I of 1848-49, desinged to detach Hungary from the dominions of the Emperor of Austria. At the clime of that disastrous-revolutionary move ment, Koezta, "with many others engaged in -the same canse,-fied from the Anetritut dominions, and took refuge in Turkey. The extradition of these fugitives, Koszta among them, wait de manded and pressed with greatvigor by Austria, bat firmly resifted by the' Turkish Government. They were, however, confined at Kataida;bitat length released, with the understanding, or by express agrzement of Austria, that they should leave. Torkey,atid go into , foreign prate. Most of them, it is believed, before they obtained their release, indicated the United States as'the coun try of.their exile. • It to alleged that Kossta left Turkey In com pany with - Rossuth—this is belieied to be a mis take; and that ho engaged never toreturn—this is regarded as doubtful. To this sentence ;of banishment—for each is the true character of their expulsion frotn Ttirkey—Austria gave her consent ; in truth it _wee tlito result of her efforts to procure the extradition, and was accepted by ' her as a substitute for , it. She had agents or commissioners at getable to attend to their em OCTOBER 8 itirkitien, and to her the legal consequences co this act are the esmo as if it had hien done di rectly by herself, and not by the agency of the Ottoman Porte. Swats tame to the United States and Deeded this country for his future , home.. • . • .. .• , . On the 81st Of July,. 1852, be mnde ti declara tion -snider oath, before a proper tribunal, of hie intention to laeoomo 'a citizen of the -United States, arid renounce all allegiance to any other State or sovereign, • • , After remaining here one year, and eleven months, he returned, on account, it is alleged, of private business, of a temporary character, to Turkey, in an American vessel, claimed the rights of a naturalized American citizen, and offered to place himistif under the protection , of the United States Consul at Smyrna. The Con sal at first hesitated to recognize and receive him as such ; but afterwards, and some time before his seizure, he and the -American Charge &Af fairs ad interim . at ,Coristantinople, did extend protection to him, and furnished him with arts ' kerch—a kind of passport or leiter of safe con duct; lineally given by foreign consuls in Tur key to persons to whom they extend protection. as by Turkish laws they hive a right to do. It is important to observe that there la no. exesp title taken to his conduct after his return to Turkey, and that Austria has not alleged that be was there for any political object, or for any other purpose than the transaction of private business. While waiting, us it is alleged, for an oppor tunity to return to the United States, ho was seized by a band of, lawless men—freely, per haps harshly, characterized in the despatches as Air: Aryans," Greekhirelings,"..robbere"—who had not, nor did they pretend to have, any color of authority emanating from Turkey or Austria, treated with violence and cruelty, and thrown into the sea. immediately thereafter he was taken up by a boat'a crew, lying in wait for him, belonging to the Austrian brig of war the fluenr, forced on board of that vessel, and there con fined In irons. it is now ;vowed, as it wftsiben suspected, that these desperadoes were instiga ted to this outrage by the Austrian Consul General at Smyrna; bet it is not pretended that Le acted under the civil authority of Turkey, but on the contrary, it is admitted, that on applies tion to the Turkish Governor at Smyrna, that magistrate refuted to grant the Austrian Consul any authority to arrest Sonta. Tho Consul of the United Ideates at Smyrna., as soon as he beard ef the seizure of Korea, sad the Charge - d'Affaires of the United States ad interim at Constantinople, afterwards interceded with the Turkish authorities, with the Austrian Consul General at Smyrna, and the corn:nudes of the Austrian brig of war, for his release, on the ground of his American iuttionnlity. To support this claim, Seezta's original certificate of having made, under oath, in 'a court In Now York, declaration of inteption to become an American citizen, was produced at Smyrna, and an imperfect copy of it placed in the hands of the imperial Austrian internees:do at Constanti nople. The application of these officers at Smyrna for his liberation, as well as that of Mr. Brown, our Charge d'Affaires, to Baron do Bruck, tho Austrian Minister at Constantinople, was fruitless, and it became notorious at Smyrna that there vas a settled design on the Tart of the Austrian offutiels to convey him clandestinely :o Triests-- - -a city within the domiedon of' the Emperor of Austria. Opportunely, the United States sloop of war, the St. Louis, under the command of Capt. Ingraham, arrived in the har bor of Smyrna before this design was executed. The commander of the Bt. Louis, frOm the representation of the case made to him, felt it to be his ditty. its it unquestionable was, to inqiiire intothe_ validity of Koerzta's claim'to American proteition. Ho proceeded with deliberation and rudence. and discovered what be 'considered' just grounds for inquiring into Koszta'e oltdm ha l be discharged on account of his American sea-' tionality. During the pendency of this inquiry,' he received notice of the design to take Boasts' clandestinely, before the question at issue was' settled, into the dominions of the Emperor of Auatria. As there was other evidence of bad' faith, ,besides the discovered design ' of evading the inquiry, Captain Ingraham demanded his release, and intimated that he should resort to force if the demand was not cdmplied with by a certain' hour. Fortunately, however, pelmets was used. An arrangement was made by which the prisoner was delivered to the custody of the French Consul General, to be kept by him until the United States and . Austria should agree es to the manner of disposing of him. • - This full statement of the facts is deemed im portant, as it will correct some errors and aid in presenting with more distinctness the ques tions to be discussed. The undersigned will now proceed to present the violet! of the President upon this transaction, and his reply to these several demands. • Hie imperial Majesty demands that the goy en:uncut of the United States shall 'direct Koss ta to be delivered to him; that it shall disavow the conduct of the American agents In this affair, 'tali them to a severe account, and tender Baths faction.'proportiOnate to the outrage. In ordcr to arrive at just conclusions, it is ne cessary to' ascertian and clearly define Soszta's political relation with Austria and with the U. States when he was seized at Smyrna. This is the first point widish naturally presents itself for consideration, and perhaps the most important one in its bearings upon the merits of the case. There is great diversity and much oonfusion of opinion as to the nature and obligations of alle giance. Bysome it is held to be an indestruedi hie political tie, and though resulting from the mere accideut of birth, yet Proem: binding the subject to the sovereign; by others it is consid ered a political aminexiou in the nature of a civil contract, dieoluble by mutual causerie, but not so at the option of 'either party: no soun der and more prevalent doctrine, however, is, that the citizen or subject, having thithey per • formed the past end present duties resulting from his relation to the sovereign power, may at any time release himself from the obligation of allegiance, freely quit the land of his birth or adoption, seek through all countries a home, and select anywhere that which offers him the fair est prospect of .happiness for himself and his posterity. Vhen the sovereign power, wb°re s :ever t may be placed, does not answer the ends forwichitisbestowedwheitiantelerted fo;thegenglliweifarefthepeople,orbab some ,oppreestvo to individuals, this right. to withdraw rests on as firm a basis, and is similar in principle' to the right which :legitimates re sisttuace to tyranny. 'The*Octiaglawa. on the subject of sliest. 1111011(41144 tk . mutilaipal character,' and have no kpergiina boyolid die teiritork4litti. DEPARTMEttit O STATE, Waebington, Sept. 26, 1868 INEEta its et ttte Osifsttles•tfutatilg them Mt mien-. I taltity as well as confusion on this subject is I avoided by giving duo consideration to the fact • that the parties to the question now under con sideration nee two independent nations, and that neither has the right to appeal to its own muni cipal laws for the riles to•settle- tho matter in dispute, which occurred within; the jurisdiction of a third independent power. - 'r-i • ' - • Neither Austrian deorees oi Ame r- Aian lowa can be properly inveked for'aid or 'direction in this case, but ioternational law furnishes the rules fur a correct decision, and by the light from this source shed upon the transaction at Smyrna are its true features to be discerned. Eoszta being beyond the jurisdiction of Aus tria, her laws 'were entirely inoperative in his case, unless the Sultan-of Turkey had consented to give them vigor within his dominions by , treaty stipulations.. • The law of nations has rules of its own on the subjeot of allegiance, and disregards generally all restrictions imposed upon; it by municipal codes. This is rendered most evident by the proceed- I ings of independent States in relation to extra- dition. No Stela can demand from any other, alta matter of right, the surrender of a natio°. born or naturalized citizen or subject, an amt- , grant, or oven a fugitive from justice, unless the demand is authorised by express treaty stipula tion. International law allows no such claim, though comity might sometimes yield.what right withholds. To surrender political offenders (and is this class Austria places Koszta) is not a duty; but, on the contrary, compliance with such a demand would be considered a dishonor able subserviency to a foreign power, and an act meriting the reprobation of mankind. As ren dering needless all further argument on this point, the undersigned will recall to Mr. Hahn mantes recollection what took place in 1849 and 18501 n relation to the reclamation of Polish re fugees in Turkey by Ruses, and of Hungarian refugees (of whom Koszta was ono) by Austria. This demand was made in concert, as it were, by two powerful sovereigns while their triumph ant armies, which had just put an end to the re volutionary movements in Hungary. stood upon the borders of Turkey, with power to erase her name from the list of nations. She might well apprehend for herself, as the nations of Western &tripe apprehended for her, that a refusal in her critical position would put in jeopardy her existence as an independent power; but she did refuse, and the civilized world justified and com mended tho not. Both Aradria and Russia plat* their respective ' demands on higher grounds than a right of ex tradition under "the law of nations; they at . tempted to strengthen their claim by founding it upon the obligations of existing treaties—the same undoubtedly, that aro now urged upon the • aonsfderation of the United States. Russia and • Austria, however, both submitted to the refusal, and never presumed to impute to Turkey the act of refusal as a breach of her duty or a vio lation of their rights. To show that the very same claims to rights now set up in this case were overruled and re pudiated in 1840 and 1830, the underelgoed will refer to the contemporaneous views of eminent statesmen in regard to the conduct of the SO tall in refusing to surrender, on the demand of kustria and Russia, the Hungarian and Polish -efogecs, who were claimed by these powers as cebela and traitors. Sir Stratford Canning, tho British iamb:molder - at Constantinople, entirely approved of the Sol ' tan's course on that occasion—indeed, be advised it. In a letter to his government, dated the 3d of September, 1849, ho says : "On the grounds of humanity, not unmixed with considerations as affecting the Pone's char acter and future policy, I have not hesitated to advise a decided resistance to the demand of ex tradition." From another letter of this embassador, dated lith of December,- commenting on and com mending the courageous &Maras of the Sultan • in refusing the demand of those powerful em perors for the surrender of these fugitives, on ' the same pretence as now set up by one of them ' to justify the seizure of Koszta, this extract is taken : " Allow mo to add, my lord, that in propor tion as I admire the courageous firmness wab • which the Sultan and his Government hare de termined to make this stand in the cause of hu manity and of the rights of honor nod dignity, againeta demand alike objeotlonable in entistance re an s ti d i t iz o f f or if e , ir l f r e es el iens a ri d e e e e . p a c a n d i n g fo a r n t li be et d y e f g o r r e o th o e f support which Her Mojcsty'a Government and e th r a a t ve o r f el F re rs u n m e et el an s e T es. fin s d ho t u be ' rupture unfortunately assume a more serious and menacing character." ld m t s h e e l r p e r e s a s e t . 1 i t b in e r t r y ti to l afford, not only In the first instance, but in still In these views the French minister reahlentat " Constantinople rally concurred, and so did the ' British and French Governments; and both were ' prepared to espouse the cause of Turkey, if her humane and honorable course. In refusing these anwarrantablo demands had provoked the re ' aentinent, and brought down upon her the hos tilities of these mightiy potentates. The opin ions of other distinguished men, approving of the decision of the Emperor of Turkey in refus ing to surrender the Polish and Hungarian ro ' fugees, both on tho ground of humanity and right, have fallen under the notice of the under signed, but he has forborne to quote them on account of the unworthy motive ascribed there in to the powers making the demand, and the harsh epithets by which their conduct is ()harms terized. ' •Itis on incident of great significance, and bearing authoritatively upon some of the most important questions now raised, that the case of ECoszta (for he was one of the Hungarian refu gees then demanded) was fully discussed to 1849, not only by the parties, but throughout Europe, and decided against the right of Austria to require his extradition, either under tho law of nations or by existing treaty stipulations. This decision deeply interested not only rulers ' and statesmen, but the great body of the people of every country. They investigated its merits, 44mitted Its justice, and commended the firmnoso and humanity of the Sultan for Ids course. It is to be regretted that this claim for the surrender of gonna and his companions, so fully considered then, and so signally orerruled,ehould be again revived by Austria under circumstances which make the United States a reluctant party ' in the controversy. The claim has been repudt ' oted •by the general judgment of Europe, and this government is unable to discover any suffi cient reason for dissenting from that decision. Austria appears to have boon aware that her • right to seize Koszta could not be sustained by 1 International law, and she has attempted to tie ' rive it from certain treaties, or "ancient capitu lations by treaty and usage." The toy alight • and inexplicit manner in which this authority is , adverted to in Mr. Huiseroann's note apparently indicates, if not a want of confidence in it, at least a desire not to have it scrutinized. If there really was such an authority, and it was of snob. en extraordinary character as It is as seined to be, it would have constituted, as Aus tria must have clearly soon, the main strength of her clasp, "and she would not have rojerred to it in snob a manner as to leave the very existence of it open to doubt or question. The paragraph • referring to it is the following : ".As there can bo no doubt, therefore, eon - cerning the question of nationality, the Consul ' General of the Emperor at Smyrna was without doubt perfectly justified when, in virtue of those treaties whlchsubject Austrian subjects in Tur key to consular jurisdiction, he seised the per son of Santa within the pale of his jurisdiction." If there be such treaties conferring snob a power, with such extraordinary means of enforc ing it, strange indeed It is that more protainectoe is not given to thefact in Mr.Sulseimann's corn mtmlnatleu. Why aro the dates of these treaties withheld? What is still more important, why is not the language convoying this authority quot e!? The undersigned is constrained, for rea sons he will briefly assign, to question the accu racy of the Interpretation which derives the right claimed in the above paragraph from any existing treaty between Austria and the Otto. man Porte. The Austrian internunolo at Constantinople, in a conference with Mr. Mash, the American • Minister resident, spoke of such a right as de rived from "ancient capitulations by treaty and usage." It is not shown or alleged that new treaty stipulations since 1849 have been entered into by Turkey and Austria. The " ancient ca pitulations" were relied on to support the de. mend in that year for the surrender of the Hun garian refugees; they were scrutinized, and no such authority as Is now claimed was found In them. The French and gagllsk Ministers at Constan tinople, who advised and sustained gm Sultan in resisting the demand of Austria for their extra dition, would not have given such advice if they could have found in excisthig treaties any au thority for that demand, or any obligationon the part of the Sultan to yield to it. Lord Palmer ston, then her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Rffairs, carefully examined these treatise, and expressed his con clusions thereon in a letter to Sir Stratford Can ning, dated 24th September, 1849. In this let ter, which contained en extract from of these treaties—that of Beigrade—and referred to the claims of Austria founded on them, for the ear. render of these refugees, he says: "The ut most that could be demanded troodd be that they [the ,refagees] abonld not bo allowed to reside permanetly in the _ Turkiehemptro. --. , _ . . . . • ' • 4, .4 - • •- ,'• • •;• Cottog doa to e 006,1.40 thb qssty transactions at Smyrna—abundant reasons are found for denying that turkey N 78.8 then under any treaty obligation to deliver Kama to Ane trio, or that her Conan' General :.had authoriey to seize him.. Oa this eubject it Is allowable to resort to the declarations of the publics men of the Porte as evidence in-regard to an issue of this kind.. ,Their expire - it denial may be fairly considered as equivalent to Austria's affirmation Without preof, - where proof, if it existed, could be 80 easily adduced. In a dispatch to this government of the 4th of August, 1863, Mr. Marsh, the American Minis ter resident at Constantinople, says: "I have had several converastions on this sub ject with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and with deli Peeha, Governor of Smyrna, at_the time the affair took place. Thise distinguished persons aro very far from expressing any client. 'election with the coarse pursued by as. They sustain the view the legation bas taken of the legal character - of the question, and Aali Pacha Informs me that a few years since the Austrian government refused to surrender to the Porte Turkish rebels who bad fled into Austria, on the very ground now taken by the Porte,—namely, that the treaties did not provide for the extradi tion of political offenders." • Mr. Brown, the Charge d'Affaires ad interim of the United States at Constantinople, writes that in an interview with Chebil Mandl, also a Turkish officer of high rank and great experi ence, in which the affair at Smyrna was discuss ed, he observed that, "the Austrian government does not possess the power by treaty to arrest any ono on Ottoman soil for political offences." There ie now, however, something more decisive froth Turkey than the opinion of her public men iu opposition to this treaty-claim of Austria. The government of the Porto baa pronounced a judgment in relation to the seizure of Kowa, which Austria herself is bound to respect. It has protested against the 0011[100t of the Aus trian agents in that affair as unlawful, and violation of its sovereignty; but not one word of complaint, not a murmur of dissatisfaction, from Turkey against the conduct of the functionaries of the United States at Smyrna has yet reached this government. This is certainly an anoma lous me: Austria arraigns the United fitstee for violating the rights of Turkey is the Emus affair; Turkey, the offended party, exonerates the United States, and protests against Austria, oar accuser, for the very same offence. These considerations have led the undersigned, as he believes they will lead all others who duly reflect on them, to the confident conclusion that there exist no treaties between Austria and Tar. key which could justify or in any way counte nance the seizure or imprisonment of Kautz by the Austrian functionaries. But if Austria really has such authority by treaties as she now claims, it confeaeedlyextends only to "Austrion subjects." It could pot, therefore, be applied to Kanto unless ho was such a subject at the time be was seized. If the question of his nationality is to be settled by international law, the only code which fur nishes the rules by which tbis question is to bo determined, there le no good reason for adjndg log him to have been, when seized at Smyrna, an Austrian subject. But emelt, this question. ae Austria would have it settled, by an appeal to het own civil code, the recant will be the came. By the consent and procurement of the Empe parer of Austria, Koszta had been sent into per pares' banishment. The Emperor was a party , to the ezpalsion of the Hungarian refugees from Turkey. The sovereign by such an act deprives his subject to whom it is applied of all their right. under his Government. He places them I where be cannot, if he would, afford them pro ! tectioa. By such an act he releases the subject thus banished front the bond of allegiance. Any 1 other result would.mako the political connexion between the subject end the sovereign a state of Unmitigated vaieelage, In which all the duties and no rights would be on one aid , and all the rights and no duties would be on the other. Route meat be regarded as havine born banish ed by Austria, for he was ace of the Uungeriett refugees whom she procured to be expelled from Turkey in 1851. They were released from confinement at Kutahia on condition cf submit ting to perpetual banishment, and ebo had trio persons present at their departure, "who claim -1 ed and obtained there an active ehe.ro In 00 i arrangements." Koszta ceuld never thereafter Ibe rightfully denteuded as en Austiiaa subject. Thu proposition that Hoesta at Stay-rue was cot an " Austrian subject' can be sustained on I : another ground. By a decree of tbo Emperor of Austria of the 24th of March, nu. Austrian • subjects leaving the dominions of the Emperor without permiesion of the mightiest() and a re ; lease of Austrian citizenship, and with 0 in wallop never to return, botoeie " nekeeftel ell* grants" 000 lose oil their civil and political rights at home.—(Easy. Amer. Tit. Emigra• tion, 2 Kent's Com., &(), 51 ) Eosin had left Austria without portaiseloa, and even with the obvious and avowed intention never to return: he was, therefore. within the Strict meaning of the imperial. decree, " an ' unlawful emigrant." He had inetfrred and paid the penalty of that efientet by the loss'of all his civil sue political rights. If ho had property, it had escheated, and he was reduced to a state worse than absolute alienage : for aliens have, ! by right, the benefit of the civil lows for pro. !Action, in whatevercountry they may be. Strip. ' pod by this imperial decree of:civil and political • rights, Kossta had, in Austria, no redress for I personal wrongs, and abroad he had no claita•to i protection frem the government that would still hold him as a subject. He was. in regard to Austria, an outlaw. What right can a Revereiga ; have to the allegiance of teperson traduced by him to such n miserable condition! It seems to have been the very object of the Austrian de. ' mese to dissolve the previous political cootie:ion between the ounlaefal emigrant" end the Eta / peror. In Koeztnet case it was dissolved. Some importance seems to bo attached to Koszta's own opinion of his citizenship. Tho note of Mr. lialsemann conveys the impression. , th ough it does not contain the express averment I ' that ho acknowledged himself to be a suts: j ect of the Emperor of Austria. The passage, when olosely examined, shows that the alleged so. knowledgment is only an inference from undie i closed premises. The language of the note on this subject le the following: "The very decle ration of the refugee on board of the Hussar, In the presence of the American Consql and the commander of the St. Louis, shows that ho still considered himself as a subject of the Emperor." be declaration referred to in support of this inTerence Is not given, but it is undoubtedly the response Koszta is reported to have made when Interrogated as to his being an American citizen: 4.1 am a Hungarian, and will live and die a Hunga rian.' Mr. Broww,the Charged'Affaires ad fsterim of the United States at Constantinople, who was not at Smyrna at any time during the transaction In relation to Koszta, stated in n letter to Unread, Bruck something like the foregoing declaration; but Capt. Ingraham, who was present, as Mr. Halsomann states, when Koszta was examincte, aqd made the declaration imputed to him, eaya, In writing to the Minister Resident of the United States: "I am astonished to see by Mr. Brown's letter that Koszta declared himself on our first interview a Hungarian. I did not hear him say so." It may well be doubted whether Koszta ever used any such language. Should it, however, bo admitted that he did make that, or a similar declaration, it cannot be fairly underitood to im ply an acknowledgment that he was then a sub • jeot of the Emperor of Austria -To comprehend rightly what he meant by anoh a declaration, it is proper to consider his situation, his known sentiments and his antecedents. In his mind, no two things could probably be more dietioot from each other than Austria and Hungary. One was an object of his aversion—_-tbe other tin object of hie love. His affections °teetered around the lead of his birth, and were the more intense because he thought that country had been cruelly wronged, and he keel, it was un fortunate. In his visions of the future be saw e happier destiny for Hungary. He saw her standing proudly among the independent nations of the earth, under a clement government, ema nating from the will of the people, and dedicat ing its constitutional authority to their general welfare. In the fallen condition of Hungary, he thought it base to disown her, and glorious to claim her for the land of his birth. ills sites. Lion when this declaration is supposed to have been made, is also to be regarded in interpreting hie words. Ile was in the bands of Austrian agents, loaded with fetters, and warned.of his own doom by the knowledge of the end fete of so many of his unfortunate companions. In this forlorn condition, he could not bey° intended, by the language ascribed to him, to acknowledge any unbroken tie which then bound him to the Emperor of Austria. The undersigned Is brought, by a fair applica tion of sound principles of law, and by a care ful consideration of the facts, to this important conclusion—that those who acted in behalf of Austria had no right whatever to seize and hat prison Martin Rosati. It will be conceded that the civil authority of Turkey during the whole period of the concur rences at Smyrna was dormant, and in no way called into action. Under these eireumetanceB —Austria without any authority—Turkey ever cisiug nontiand the American functionaries. as Austria - asserts, having no right in behalf; of their government to ,Interfere in the affair, (is proposition which will-be hereafter contestedj!rt what, then, Iraq lb° ooaditiop it! thflartinitt EMI " -,:. =ME • • -; • - - • : `••• • .?•I,i*‘; UM= • " I the 130512tileeMefit or the cottage , And through ! its whole progreisl They'were all, in this Tien of the case, without the immediate presetice and controlling direction of civil or international law, in regard to the:treatment of Koszte. - • • The Greek hirelings, Koszta, their victim, and` the Anstritin anti American litcrenuirn this supposition, alt in: the diodditionfit Symms in respect:. to rights: ana.,5161.1014 so for as regards that transaction, os.:therwogid have been in if it had ocedired lifthele presence:in some unappropriated region lying far beyond.the confines of any sovereign State whatever; they were tho liege subjects of the law of nature, moral agents, bound each and all alike to ob serve the precepts of that law; and especially that which is confirmed by divine sanction, and sejoins upon -all-men'every where,--when -not. acting under legal restraints, to do unto others whatsoiver they would that others should do' unto them;..they were bound to do no. wrong, and to the • extent of their , means to prevent wrong from being done; to protect thaweak from being oppressed by the strong, and to relieve the distressed... In the case supposed, Koszta was seized without any rightful authority. Ho was suffering grievous wrong—any one that could might relieve Mtn. To do so was a duty Im posed under the peculiar circumstances of the case by the laws of humanity. Capt. Ingraham, in doing what he did for the..release . of Koszta, would, in this view of the case, be fully jaatified upon this principle. Who, in such s case, can fairly take offence! 'Who have a right to cam playa. Not the wrong-doers surely, for they can appeal to no law to justify their conduct. They can no support from civil authority, for there was none called into action; nor from the law of.nateire,.-for that they have violated. To 'place - .the!justificatioti of the American agents still . furthe r` beyond contrciverey, the un dersigned will now proceed to show that Koszto, when he was seized and imprisoned at Smyrna, had the national character:of tua.American, and the government of the lliiited: States had the right to extend its protection..over him. The genuineness of the certificate which he produced when he claimed piaiection - as* an American citizen has been questioned, in•con sequence of the imperfect copy given by Mr. Brown to the Austrian Internal:mit); bnt that which he produced to the American Consul at Smyrna, and to Captain Ingraham, to the com mander of the Austrian brig Ilaszar, end to the Austrian Consul Genera), was genuine. A cor rect copy of it has been sent to this department, and verified by a comparison with the record of the court in New York. in which llossta ma:do his declaration in due 'forme of law. To remove all doubt on this subject, a certified copy of that record is annexed to this communication..• It is not contended that this Initiatory stp to the process ofeaturalisition invested him with all the civil right's of an American citizen . ; bat it is sufficient for all the purposes °tibia case to show that be was clothed with an American na tionality ; and in virtue thereof, the .gov ernment of the United States wee authorized to extend to him Ste protection, at home and abroad. Mr. Hulsemann, as the undersigned belieres, falls into a great error—an error fatal to satire of his most important conclusions—by assuming that's nation can properly extend its protection only to native-born or naturalized citizens.. Thin isnot the doctrine of international law, noris the prac tice of nations circumscribed within such narrow limits. This law does not, as 'has .been before remarked. complicate questions of this nature by respect for mualpipal codes: -. • In relation to this subject, it has clear and dis tinct rules of its own. Itgives the national char acter of the country not only to native-born and naturalized citizens , bat to all realdenta in it who are t here with, cr even without an Intention to become citizens, provided they have a dothicil therein. Foreigner's may, and often do acquire a domicil in a country, even though they have entered it with the avowed intention not to be come naturalized citizens, bat to return to their native laud at some remote and unsertain period; and whenever tiny acquire.- a demiell. Interna tional law at once impresses upon them the na tional chiracter of the country. of that domicil It is a maxim of international law that domicil confers a national charecter; It does not allow soy one. who has n domicil, to 'decline :the na tional character thus conferred, it forces it.upou him, often very much against his will, and to his great detriment. International law looks only to the natinirel character In determining what country bas the right to protect.' If a person goes from this country abroad with the nationality of the United States, thistaw en joins upon other nations to respect him, in re i. gird to protection, as an American citizen. It I cot:cedes to every country the right to peeteit any and nil who may be clothed with its nationality. These are important principles id their be.arine upon the questions presented in Jr. Iltileemane's note, and ore too obvious to be contented; but ai I they are opposed to some of the posiqens taken , by Austria, the undersigned deems it respectful in such a case to sustain them by reference to i autboriti CO. "The position is a clear one, anti if a person I goes :Ma a foreign ountry,and engages in trade there, he is, by.the law. of nations, to be cansid I ered a merchant of that.eoutitry, and a matfett for Olden purposes, whether that country be. 1 hostile or neutral." (1 Rent Com., 74 . .) ; ... -. :. Again the same, authority says, “that in tab 1 law of 'tedious ; as to nrope, the" Ma is,: that i men take their national character from thwitim ; eratoinraeter of the country .in which:they re. I side." (Ibitl , 78.) ' ,' •• - - ~.'• • •-• If /Ceuta ever bad a domicil its :the-MUM ! States, he was in virtue thereof invested with' the nationality of thle country, and in-this chi. Meter *outlined as long as that domicil was ro • tained. There are caeca in which it is difficult to settle the . question-of domicil; but that of Karst& is not one of them. The most approved definitions of a domiollere the . following: "A residence at a particular place, occompanied - witirpoeitive or presumptive proof of continuing there for an unlimited time" , —(1. Binary's Reporv, 349.) "If it.sufficient- I ly appear that the intention of removing was to make settlement, or for an indefinite time, the right of domicil is acquired by a residence of a ! few days." (The Venue, 8 Craneh, 279. "Vat ; tel has defined domicil to be a fixed residence in any place, with an intention of always etriying there. ut this is not an eacuretto statement. I It would be more eerreet to say. that that place .I is properly the dondell of a person in which his habitation - is fixed, without any- present inten tion of removing therefrom." ' (Story's Con. of Laws, / 43.) "A person who removes to a for eign country, settles-himself there, and engages , in the trade of the country, furnishes_ by.these 1 arts such evidence Of an intentli - in permanently 1 to reside there 83 to stomp.him with• the nation al character of the' State. where Ito"resides.":= (The Venus, 8 Creech, 279.) * - i• Apply these principles to the case under con sideration, and theinevitable result is that Roas ts had a domicil in the United States. He came to and resided in this country one year and ghee; mouths. • - 119 catue here with the inten tion of making it his future abode, This inten: tion was manifested in several ways, but moat significantly by his •solenitt' - declaration upon oath. There can be no better evidence of his design of making the United States his future home than such a deoleration ; and this kind of evidence of the intention, the indispensableele: ; ment of tras domicil, civilians hen:always at ! l Cached importance, ( Phillimore, sect. -188.) I In the case 9f trosite, we have 'all that is re. • quired to prove he turd a domicil in the United ' States—the concurrence of en actual residence with the intention to make this country his to. Lure home. . • • - - IThe establishment of his dot:dell here invested ~ him with the national charaeter of this country, 1 , and wi th .that character he acquired the. right 1 to claim protection from the United States, arid they had the right to extend it to him u-long as that character continued. The pert question is, was Boszta clothed with that character when he was kidnapped in the streets of Smyrna, and imprisoned on board the Austrian brig of war Huazar 1 .The national character acquired by residence remains as long as the domicil continues;and that continues not only as long as the domiciled person continues in the country of his residence, but until he acquires a new domioiL The law,as to the cm. tlnuance and change of a domicil is clearly stated in the following quotation from an ereinentjur let ; . . ." However, in many cases, actual residence is not indispensable to retain a domicil after it is I onto acqulred; but it is retained, anima solo by I the mere intention not to change's, or to adopt another. If, therefore, a person leaves his home for temporary purposes, but with an Intention to return to it, this change of place is not in law a change of domiciL Thus, if a-person should go on a voyage - to sea, or to a fdreign country, for health, or for pleasure, or foibuisiness of a temporary nature with an intention.to return, Iltuch a temporary residence would not constitute a now domicil, or'amount to an abandonment of the old one ; for it is not the mere sot of label - Raney in a place which makes it the domicil, but it is the fact, coupled with the intentions of : re rosining there ammo monendi." [Story's Can. of Laws, / 44.] At the very last session of the Sepreme Court of tho United States, a case came up " for adjudl-- , t cation, presentinga question as to the domicil of : General •.gosolusco -at tha time of his death. 'The dealaion - which npup.ocasourred in by all the Ijudges on the beimit,Staj - gustains tlio correct.' Iness of the forcguNtrottealtiortr itt regard to BMW MMIE ROE MES=!N=E . - domicil, particularly the Incat important. gosstes case first, that hentqalrede , :dongcil In the United States and secondobat he did not.lose it by his absence in Tarkey s ll4-Row. .cth'e Reports S. C. U. 8., 400.3: • - As the rational character, according to the. law of nations, depends upon the: - doming, It re- - . mains as long as the domicil' iaretahaskpad is changed with it. Sacra was, therefore,Tiated with the nationality of an "Americati.eitlzin at - smyrns, if he, in contemplationlV: licit e llad domicil In the United States. thevantborities already referred to show that, to domicil when once obtained, the domiciled person must leave the country of his residence with the in tention to abandon that residence and must ac• quire a domicil in another. - Both of these facts are necessary to effect a chatigo of - domicil.but neither of them exists in Sorzta's case. The facts show that ho was only temporarily absent from this courttry..on-prirato business, with-no intention of remaining-permanently in Turkey, but, on the contrvy, was "ita.-tho time of his seizure awaiting an opportunity to return to the United States. . • • Whenever; by the operation : Of the law of un tions, an individual_ becomes clothed ;with 'Our national character,. be ho a- native-4in or, eta- • turalized citizen, an exile driven from Ibia early home by politicalr oppression or an emigrant enticed from it by the hopes of a better fortune" for himself and his posterity, heican claim , the protection of this government, end is may se; spend to that claim without beltig obliged to trx-' plain its cot:dint to any foreign power, for it.id its duty to make its-nationality respected bi other nations,. and - respectable in-every gustier of the globe. . . .. The right to protect persons having a damiell,l though not native-born or naturalized citizens; " rests on the firm foundation of justice, and the claim to be protected is earned by considers- ' lions which the protecting power is not at Mee . ty to disregard. Such domiciled citizenpay the same price for his .proteition as _native-born or ' natrcralized citizens pay for theirs. - Hi is under the.onds of allegiance to- the country of his residence, and. if he hreaks thorn . incore the. same 'penalties; be owes the units obedience to:. the civil laws, and must discharge the -dude* tkey impose on him; hie property is in the - lime- . way, and to the same extent as theirs, liable' to contribute to the support of the government. -:re war be shares equally with them in thicalaiW . ties whit* may .befal the country; his -service may be required for its defence; bls life may be -perilled and sacrificed in ziaaintainiog Ite _eights end vindicating its honor. - ..' -• '., '-: ..' •! '- • ;In nearly all respects his rind their as to.the duties andbutdens af . gsvernateht i itten niaditaingulidiablei: and ishatz•realiiiit- c an be given so far at least Si retails-protection • to . peition and property abroad 'As well as at , home, - ble,rights should not be co extenalvesritb . the rights of native-border naturalized citizen!? By the law Of nations they have the same nation=. . alit;; end:what right has _any forrignpovtatr, , for the purpose .of making dletinction .between . them, to look:behind the charactee given the by that . code - friehich regulates natiotreli re ntetc, course! Whenthit Jew of natione.determitlett : the nationality,of Any man, foreign gsfernmpts are bound io respect its decision::'- - - ...• ; They would haveattriattse to cemplainie.thi.: protecting powerehtnald - stand tiportits extreme rights in alt eases; but that power, in clinkers: leg its duties of protectiog, may, for selieletil• reasons, have tome regar - 1 for she civildi:Mae dons which. ite own laws make between the'dlP feeent classes of persons to whom , it lei- else riglie." tinder international' law, to . e xtendlit protection. It will naturally watch With'iiieti. -Care, and clay act with more vigor in behalf tuttlee.boria and naturalized eitieens, than in be.. belief thise who, though clothed with its ilk , tionality ; hays not been so pernianently incorewe • ratedintsltt Widest community. ' „ '.suing effect to these well-established:iris , cipletti_and applying them to the .facts, in the ease. the'result is that Houtz acquired while in the United States their national character; that he obtained that character when: he was seized at Smyrna; and that he had aright to bli respect ed as such while there by Austria and'every other foreign power.: The right of a nation to protect, and require others to respect, at •hOme and ithroid, alTvho are clothed with its netion ality, is no new doctrine, new for the first time brought into operation by the United States: It is common to all nations. and has had-the sanction of their practice for ages; bat it is new thee at this late period,_when the United State masers. a claim to It as a common inheritance..ii should at once be discovered that it is a doetriee fraught with danger, aid likely; to contproinif . the peace of the world.. The. United States tee, no cause for alarm, no reason 'for rezurtmeitig for themselves what others have so lorg and so; harmlessly enjoyed. . ...- ... There may be-a reluctance in some quarters ; to adopt the views herein presented, relative tee the doctrine of domicil end consequent nation alit;, teat the peatraleal assertion - Might in some" instances give a right of protection to thosniihn • dnnot deserve it. Years ark enterthizied.thit : chid doctrine offers a facility .fer v .ttetleirieise national character, which will leafito alarmiog. ebttees; that under the shadow of Its - pellet:no& agitators, iotent upon distorting the repose'of their own or other countries, might come to the United States with a view to acquire a claim-to` . their protection, and then to return tO their for mar scenes of action, to carry on, under a thanv ed national character, their ulterior-designs with greater security and better seems& This apprehension is believed to be wholljeunfound ed. The Arai distinct act done. by theta towards ! the accomplishment of these designs; would ' die- I close their fraudulent purpose in coining to and, seeking a domicil in this country. Such a de.: velopment would effectually disprove the'"fect: that they acquired a domicil here- and with -it i our nationality. , . . . .:: - Without that nationality they could not be considered as standingtinder the protecting arm of the . Baited States, and consequently could . have no right to - a' claim, and 'no reason to ex. peat. it would be exerted in their defence..Tbeite fraudulent intent would defeat all they could hope to gain hp a residence In this country; and ' by insincerely professing to make it their hence.: The intention enterteinod in good faith to make it such a home would be vatting, and without ' such an intention neitherdomicll nor yet nation= ality-ean be acquired. This consideration should' dispel all suspicions , that, this doctrine as to ne tionality and protection will not be safely used and as - well guarded from abuse by the_ United . ' States as it hos - been is -times - past, or maybe • in the future, by any other sovereign power. r , There is nothing inthe doctrine" herein main- • tained, or in the history of this government, to awaken the slightest apprehension that it is-in any way Inclined to extend , the thield otite pro tection over adventure= or .seditious propagan dists, who may go. from this to other countries to engage is eeterprises designed to 'interfere, with their political Institutions or disturb their internal quiet. The liberal polloy of the United States in regard to receiving immigrants from all nations, and extending to them the acleantages of their free inalitutions, makes it an act ofjes- doe on their part to maintain the right of nation- I al protection to the full extent anthorized by the law of nations, and to resist with firmness any' attempt to impose new restrietierts upon it • •There is another viewer this ease which places. the conduct - of _the agents of this government at • Smyrna upon equally;defensible grounds. -- The ' Atacrican consul there, and the Antezieen lega-_ lion at Constantinople, acted With great caution , In relation to Koetta's claim-to be regarded an' entitled to, the protection of ibis . government,. As his naturalization had not been pefeeted,theyz hesitated at fire, to receive him under their- pro.r: faction; but the facts - show that they ultithetely; yielded to his application. He received from each a Takerch-4n effect a certificate--tbat the person to whom His given is eared for, and re ceived under. the .protection of the government whose agent has granted it.. .-.••, . ': 'By' the layette! Turkey end ether . esidein i i..- thins, the consulates therein may receive under. their protection strangers and sojourner's whoa religion and social manners do not 'assimilate With the religion and manners of those countries. The persons thus received besozae thereby in-' vested with the nationality of the prateeting Oen:: sedate. These consulates; - and other Ettropeett establishments in the East, are in the constant. habit of opening their doors for the'receptioreof such inmates, who are received irreseeetieer of the conntryof their birth or allegiance. It Is not unoommon for them to have Large numbersof enolt proteges. International Iner_retognlses and sanctions the rights acquit:o4 by 01,19 con nexion. • . . , .. "In the law of natkens as to Europe, thus rule le, that men telte thcie national Character frons'the general chaitteter of the country in which they reside; and this rule applies equally to America. Satin Asia and'Africa and Immiscible character' Is kept up, and Europeens trading under the 1 protection of a factory take their national char- - acter from the establishment under 'which they Irv° and trade. This role applies telhose parts of the world from obvious reasons of pokey,-be cause foreigners are not admitted there, 'as in: ; Europe 'and the western part of the world,' Intel the general body - and mass of the 'moiety of the' nada; but they continue strangers and sojourn-. ' eve r not.acquiring any national , character under: thegeneral sovereigntypfthecountry." (1 Relit's Conti; 78-',.) _ ---- - . 1 - . : - .! 7 - naiLards of Apiteilii:. biAini .. -Bisb_ Court . tif Admiralty In:Raglgad decade* #l-1781,-.lb..nt:-.a . I biirebtuACcaPSD3 elk - tr 4 1 4 1.: 0 1 44givAutti. - :: . Ml= -J. '..,...••4?••• liMil F .. . .•-•• • - '-f. - ~'"~~ prottation of a Dutch Caasali-vas tits bo eon. iidered a Dutch:lap as to taisatioaal tatazietsis. (Wheaton's later. Lair, 884;4 . Rob. ?Ai!. . . , This decision has hein emu:mined and apPeoy• ed by the eminent jarista who hare since 'written _treatises on international law. - According to the principle established in this . case. Koszta was invested with the nationality of the United States, if be had' it before. the no meat he was under the protection of the Amerl- Clll3 Canals' at Smyina and thet'Ainerican legation at Constantinople. -That he WO9 received is established by the Tezlxneh they gave him, and the efforts they made foihis release. - =" - 1 The Charge d'Affaires ad interin of the Un ited; States at Constantinople, in a letter of thei, 29th . of.lesse, iiddresied to.thelaaperial staten "it was nn presenting this deelsiadob,of allegiance to thaison.ittlate'nfidie 'United `States dAzierica stratyrns;•abilltllhis legatin„tlest • the said ICoacta waif fornishedmith a -Taktrcch , „ . to c ome to Coostontlecipliiind fo'rettirn to Stnyr; no, - whence he — war' tte-start for New York. •Since hisarrivalltiTariey. - babas resided wider. • the - Protectioeofnikgoieransent, and it.is a plea- . sure to me to be able to state 'that his- conduct has al ways ..beeti Irreproachable ." - • -. gating been. received . runlet: tho: Prattitle° of these American establishments, be had there; by acquired,- e.ecordingler9 the of nations,. their natiortlity, .and:3thertiiroriged end out raged as he ••va9;_they might- izterpeselorhie liberation ; and . Capt. •Ingraham had. a right co.operafe with iheor for the - tieccaplbdathcat - ar , that object. The exceptions taken -to-tlie;rtia** • use of that co=operation, remain to - be Cansider ed.• • rr t..' In relitioi . to the cleportMent.of the Arne:nein' . • :agents towards llr.-Vier.kbeeker, the Austrian Consul-Oetterar,rthettndelsigitediiainsot ceneeire ". that there cantrany ground of complaint. thing:done fo x bs..vitti m , byllr.,Ohley;, our • :- `consul at 'karma; tent Possibly imply.dierespect - to.the Emperot of Austria. Neither in his pri rate ;character, =nor is a "ftinctionary of, the Luitsiati government, did Art.: Wicitheolter la) :a .. . - atropin-or an . avowe.l parties the opening scene ... .4.1/le:outrage. - Ills agency lethatittlair atits .commencement_ass ;;This course on his part that the net was indefeasible. - The fact that - besought the ild:aCtlie s . _authorlii•Of:TtirkeY to get . • 11.Oesta.intalbs possessionmareti- that liekneer._ the hr resorted; aPplicratinitif,hlV.:9Ze7-to;*l*:' asslstioe - and consent toi;Easgttett- ,zalitise- • :ntin;• certainly no offence, -end Implied ino:distespect; eithei to.him 'lir his govetrintertf: 7 2 , ` , "- : t' Artie appeal of. Air. . • *ltiteiposefor theliberatiettottosSts,:andbilt- tdriceteiffeci it in Oki nray..l.t.trati:done; _ regadok:not:iiillyr.a• pripm) ,1)*:-RTsitee- Wartby;tactsi provided - -Ceptain:lngranamcnok," 'can. be.:Arindicated.;,..lll4-saslifttatigt or!" • Captain Ineritheuttrill'*nytesuent)Y.exonenite Idr. Brown from all censure. Captsild rnm'- '- :birea coarse tras"right;:hl", - . Acsano oirspki • The comtmulder•or.theELJaMitt"Tar s- :- pldced. Fn b .tinny :. etithszrassing position: .- - Ctierged:withlttkprtitfcitrcilivt those who - hi:ea right te tie - protection 011ie government, it lies at - the thimirtime:noletts4is--ore-doty .. respeet - tlintuitheritiesofilhoeuntries in friend- - •:y retilbliLlifitlali.Dini: .- iMOT . APXTOUSI.Y..On'. _ iideri.4 : theedsalitesei4d , t4i him at Smyrirati; tie...deters:deed that hit - might hi- 'foist the release , oftiesha, 'antrAfliiniehishie,:resort to to. vceimplishiG , ~ - .I _ • . „. -- . _ _ _ - 'lihsneticitedininef surprise here, . that after tooilderutiOn l of -the, hirateitauees - ,3zati...im- - • :amnion Should lin:Stitertaitild'in-Itay74earter that Captain : timbers, .either;:oommitted._ or _mediated hostility. ;towards Austria on that oe- 0"101 . 1-_.:12.passipvioodir!Oadttet,71(iit tie essury to keepAn'..idoor: -. thse:. - conclusion's estati., lish'edosa.tho - undeiligtted.•:lteliaVies, In the pie= seding,regii 'iii - thi.4orlts,,without.'driabg':atted• fappa pre'alself-theiimhboollisicras."-r-gr.U.- .. :tiered that' !Cent* linti been silted irßitotit:Sti _ ;- tlicirity;: that - itewtau Alegall,r itapelioned,-;t44- • thsthe caightst once tui set at.libertY. - • • '"Thillititiggreasive-iethi this case wasihn. reiiimi-otEosztorat-Borynia,ootansittetihy..tha. _. procurement Of.the - Austriatt funatiattaries—thp • first improper:use of ra:siational- shin; the s ielt; - prif.othrient of 'Eoszta therein.t,wis made by tiiii conathander.of, ths•Ausnienbrig Thissor..- Twit;.;. 4hip sai converted into aiglionfhit-ritinviligiV. ..letention lor-apersOil ofetheEsaith`..the:nation, -_' 41ty of the United States;and-coissequentirest4 - titled to their protection - Atli - stria op/Ws.es_ - A appears 'she does; tlie-coridtictler.:lAe -cots.:' slander or the Hnietuc - Antis r ia,thoti lire - first'. .4ggreSsor. - This net of the - commatuier:of - thiff- Aerial-led to the series-of other uctestki lektioui. . ',Otte the, mend 'Or;complaint: against the - -- United States...,Tinallegvid:antbority.: of, - Ans.; ;'..11.1. under treaties behtg set aside, noon woad' ' is*e questioned-Captain Intrilhith'iiiiitt,:htT; • hi bean presentto arrost - the reteet:liognof the kidnappers in theitreitsefaulfutil-And resolg. - Kende-from .thell-isandex • They -were. zaalia sithent,_and'against, the eiiii nntliir.io : :.o( th s ' olice ; -they were ammititting.tui.ottiroge,9l 4 4 l ' person invested. with ;the ,nationalihr.ofAhe , „ [Nitta sudes. - • If he esitddiinteeprAiottt.litiit.;- - r, c 1 in the first starer this_is*ess :MUMMA he might& se in tho WV' ,' :-. :; -: ;. - 1 • . 7- 1 - .11ity ; act woo, inrilllbastages; - n eengnuets ' - wrung" ; - and th e charactei.' of 'the ectiks;;;.though: there:ll4:s a succession efiseminv, WitsoblSioni ihrt.ercra all wrong-doeto; tattd-it they-olianeed to have the pos.sessiOn..a.f* riationai:ttb:ito converted it into a prisiniTorthe poirixtiii ; bf:ntrit; snituriating this - wreng.thst shipcgundeseerit ed„ was -look entitled tolhiristivilege:ikif tease:: teary.; These. who Ited-tVeriiht tn-elnimilitur the WWl* releam tliii::itieunigiity:Asoir-, fined- tbtlreinv might ' treat: it. us a -p4sos, and - - while it was - degraded: in-iintililtbigaittretlW peite might forget, and be:Miensed . forforgettlegi that-it W 394 national 11 1 111p;.:1' . :;:::::.:".:-:-.. 1— ... • . There is a oonsideration;proWdynot bricoght.- to the notim of ;Austria, and not surndentry l'et• tardedby Othere, :whirl plaCenthkhetnerCiiit:' - [crab= in. a true light, "and repels the . Infer; thee of ihtended-ho.stiledemonstratlazintoitardi 1 Austria :It was; the tinders tending. of eosin?. .: . 1 ties that Mesta ehnuld be retained at Sthyrns - while'. the :question et bis,naticeality - wee mi . log: gips. Ingrajoimtrotelved satisfactory °Tr.... 'dines okndesign„ Orthe'.part,or. thi.4ustrinn - ' • funethmaries at Steyr:tn . ...as& Conitititiiinple,'te • 'dfaregirTthis - arraHagenient, - - and.feestiya7ithn _ olaildestlieklrdm.thre Ihunar on bliard esteem-. er:: for :the.: parpiniii: of talting.bbn.i4Virestttii-, Theltenrmationottssuchisdidnotbeimitetipt:- Ingraham to doubt:thiii;tlier tititninandenof thee- - Ilusinf oormarred - 1014e7design;AuldYintended ... to *Win -earlyinklt;:inWelfect..'.:By;thiiiirli. - ileuise:ei t the want 'if iondlsitiCenthe.Part or therAistriaii funotlausrfes,.l6:whlidi.the..C.epOieT " of "tliejlossor was implicated. the Captain of thir Sr.loids.lntsplaced in the perpliziaiiiiiii4W ot.st :trreedeting the . caPtive, without:4We! ifit rottai• to, the sad fate which - waited' hiii - articr_ deroand_his' _lmmediate : refeaseiTistai: # e*kof refusal, to-enforce It: .... -! r. .: •-: ... ... The government of ,theValted:Statel e:iveed-e ingly _regrets that . wpa. reduced' Willi - pain ~ ful _Rite:v/4Tel. bP.P it slannt4": l 4 after=s lure consideration of all the circumstances, any took reasons for diaspnroviog Alio couise•helonaned.: • It is not just.to Captain Iriginhisii.iiiTooliat tlit ' affair as it was at thp_preelso point of time when the demand for the release of..,KoistswrisiSide: The antecedent eventncpanlifY:diptiegithi.thaf , net: .Tha Austrian runetioinaries amd..ilitalitiaV the possession of. essences of . Irolzta; not 'tin' ; fair or allowable. way, but,l4:-violithiggrE t filt Jaye :of Turkey - and the rights Of:huteibity 7 Under these eirotuneheoes;_theireo4447: - Of hi3A2 •Wanentitled. to no respect front rho aint'orethatZ . :gsveznment which, by seirtio;othis'ostioliW: had...peight toProtiot aiAv. - 3 11saiitt gilliciiiim . iii stances been entb.ai - rvite.. "itieirt: 4 - illaisb: of . piate-; ! .lnstesd, if betel taken from.thetlerriteit of the OttomanNettilisthiihneili to eirfiein that of OA Visited Statel;.iiiinid st - triestWiheid! • ,beenrilsed'us:to_ the pioprietrif .C4KlnaltS :heves condi:at • .:. .- ...: - - :....er -r;•.:•••.:...:..::.. • .:If the. cerictosians.leretotaitS l ismizia;:a Lome 'correct, the Anstritin - agents - iiiiettitiTioro- right. .to take Eoestefremthe spit of thiTtlitish doz - minions than frata_the territory of ,the :States;and Capt.' Inetalsam • had the 'same right, : to demend'end enforce - hie "retied :have had it t& bed been taken irate Ailed.' atm stdi. and inii:MtWtta:kasiiatruiliaTeesliel of the Atistitan ettfesiion:etni4' 'tined it Islip' thi.ll,l3bstan and Anstr4, - -thu,. plies..areltaiarausuctlert. - ia. itainnterial; r"thelkitstriest Municißial lairs 'extended - o[er Theindersigned yields is ready assentti-thit part of hir..llelsemtutit'snole iklative to the 'war: making power. The doctrine contained:in it 4.. Bound and well lastained by - most appmellez_- thoritiem bat the•undersigral boo nnt be:enable; to :.discover its aitplicability. to. the Cain under Conelderation. The-people of the United States, in - organising their government, have betiamere • r u t zo impose more restrictions nponthat patter than any of this nations otEtitope, and iLcannot be admittedthit these nations have had any oaf mien. to fepOStbie governraeut for its abuse,: :It deep en interest and as ansiotre sire to maintain international relational:lf - friend-, • ship and price as any of the Europese' pociers . ,:: ranch as any of then for pal.dio .. . tranquility. The for its own gaidar.ce,and'- far.the conduct _of its - agents abroad,' have that cad specially la view. - • • _. _ On.cintering cipori - the duties of his offize. - to Tieuldent auutoutied ells PolloY whittCNiould - Observied.hy this govcramcat in its foreign inter: itogn . m - ,itTio Ave : 2lollin irt.5#1..11.1etc27,01116.= .-. . . . •• • I
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