. ... ... .. ~ 1 .. ' . .... . , . , 1 I_ ~.. . __ ,•,-,-. ~.. ... . : . . . . , . ' i'f• ! ! i ; r . . . . .• . . 111 0) ' : I . , . ! , , , , . . . . , . ( . , ( . L .. :. ..._ • • , ~-,-„, ~, , . . , ,_ .• i r ~ - • I . , ... • . ty . .i , 'l' ' i ' IP(//7 . ~ i I. A ' r. I • I I ! _ ... . .. ~.,;,.... . . • N, I / , . . , . • / ,-." . roc?•,..- , ... ~....,,,/ t„,,,,.....,....,...„./..,/,...../....,,,,....,,..,..,„.....,„,...,,...,„...„.. , :tfv,„ .- - , ~ , . , . ~ • . . . . . . - - t ,_______-___ • ______________.-_, , . . . . , . . „ . IMI Br- fEENRY J. STABLE. 38 T H YEAR. TERMS OF THE COMPILER. 10.7'he Republican Compiler is 'ptiblighed e very - Monday mornings by IIEkRY J. STAHLE, at $1,75 per annum if paid in advance-42,0U per, annum if not paid in advance ! .No sub _ . die publisher, until all arrearages aro paid. '-ADVINITtSEKENTS inserted at the usual rates. jog Molte done, neatly, cheaply, and with dispatch. o:7office on South Baltimore street, 'direct -13; opposite WarnPler's Tinning Establishment, liaao and a half squares (rota the Court House. Igricitturt i 3iturs eunutii : /T 8 PAK: AND PRESENT CONDITiON, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. . DR. I. H. - MARSDEN'S ADDRESS Before the Nam* County Igrieulturat So f day, January 2:2d, 1856. It affordiute sincere, pleisnre, gentlemen. to address you in coMpliance with the invitation - with which yon hive hotiored.ine, upon a sub 4ect in which I know we all feel the deepest interest. Ot_ all the arts practiced by man, there is none of such general utility as agricul ture. In-it all classes of civilized society are wore or less directly interested. A •very large proportioa of our population from it immedi ately derive their wealth and all their earth ly comforts. • They practice it as a trade or ) means of subsistence. But not to these alone, is itof vital importance. Let agricultare lanquish and commerce, declines, and finally ceases to exist. Let the labors Of the husbandman fail to' secure their returns, and statesmen will be at their wits end, the sumptuous halls of the ' rich will be stript of their.luxuries, awisociety iu, general reduced to the savage,state. If such be the importance of this art, I need say nothing of its intrin:sie 'dignity. or of its claims upon the ' regardof us -all. If that art upon .w hich civilized Ulan is dependent_ or those luxuries and comforts which mainly distinguish his condition from that of the savage be "undig nified, it must be on account of the character of those who practice it, and not through any fault of its own. . , But-not to detain yoit longer by introductory remarks, I will announce at once as the sub ject which wilt engage our attention at present for a- few minutes: "Agriculture in- Adams nounty—its past and present condition, and future prospects." There are doubtless those present who can,. • with me, survey in retrospect the condition of OtIT art in this our native or adopted county twenty-five or thirty years ago. In different sections of the county this was, I knoW, even ' them, very different. Diversity "'of industry' and skill produced then, as it produces still.• s..diversity of results. But I speak of the getwat erditiota -of agricalture. The erigiaal settlers uackiubtedly fotind the virgin soil vary.: ing very much in native fertility. A .small portion of the siiiith-eastern part. of the county, was of course then, as it _is now, limestone soil; and rich in all the ingredients necessary for the luxuriant growth of wheat and otber crop's. This variety of soil is less Irable to exhaustiun ' under bad management than Most others, and' Bence even where badly treated, which was not, however, always the case, it suffered less than those soihreentaining a smaller quantity ' of nutrient principles. Another region of the lying along the - foot of the South Mountain, seems to have possessed in larger amounts than ordinary, the material of vege ta tile growth. With the exception, however, of those just adverted to, and perhaps a feW other` small districts. the original settlers mast have feond, the soil of our county ' of a 'character easily exhausted, and therefore requiring no Junall degree of skill and 'care in its manage enent. A virgin soil, however, of even com mon quality and under ordinary cultivation Will yield fair returns, sufficient at least, to tempt the cupidity of the cultivator, and lead " him to carry his exhausting process further thail even his own true interests would war rant. Thus the goose that lays.daily for a tame a golden egg, and under proper manage anent might conunae long to do so, is reckless ly sacrificed to. arrive at once at the supposed rich deposit 'within. Very much like the con hict of the infatuated wan whom this fable olds op to us as an example of itnpatient, im provident roily, was that of many of the first settlers ofthiscouoty. We wish not, however, to speak divaragingly of those who have long piece gone the way of all flesh. It was an excellent maxim which enjoined, when speak ing of the dead. that we should say of them, .4 , slif nisi' bonue—nothing but good—that is, if we can say nothing good of them we should bold our peace-:-.we should say nothing at all. -But you will perceive that I ern not speaking of the moral qualities Of those that are gone. an this respect, ,notwithstanding our much „greater advantages, Ifear we inust admit with shame that many of them were greatly our superiors—peace be to their ashes, and tionored be their gaves--still we assert they sometimes ,farmed badly. They skimmed and used the ream and left for our nourishment the thin blue ,tuilk. It was doubtless loon discov ered that most- of our land when first cleared would grow a very fair crop of ,wheat ; and if one crop why not two. and if two why not three ? If the third crop of wheat should prove the soil to..hetired of that par - ..ticular grain, then a similar succession of crops .of rye might be tried, and When tried to Wine 'extent succeeded. Although this may not have been the universal practice, to raise crops of --winter-grain-in -so rapid_ and_cl ose-succession as I have just indicated, yet excessive cropping was in a very great number of instances re- sorted to, and tended to the rapid exhaustion of a soil naturally not very fertile. Other cir , .curnstauces - which.contributed to the same-re sult, wore the following. There was but a very imperfect knowledge at. the dine 1 am • speaking of, of the fertilizing, or. at best, pre serving properties of clover and other artificial - grass, I,lonsequeutly these grasses were too .little cultivated. When th 4 were sown they .Were frequently depastured before the roots • had taken sufficient hold of the soil to with stand the upheavieg power of the winter frosts, or if they were let alone to grow up luxuriant ly the following summer, they were then grazed • off so barely that the soil derived little or no —advantage-frotn-their-brief_exis • . • ceive the manner in which grass crops tend to first_pl ace, they yield to it what they took from the at mosphere (so much clear gain) as well as what they derived-freittr-the-sol-itself--and-second they protect the surface from the rays and thereby prevent nutrient particles which nave descomit4.l from the atmosphere, 511114 graspapr----111rntrit to 3gritalturr, litrritturr o • 3rtn-v ad grilurro, 1 311arkrts, aural Fumrstir out ,fartign 3utrlligrurt, ltatrtioing, laturneut, Mil 13 making themselves wings and flying away. It is evident 'thee, that to permit cattle•to crop the grass tho,closely, is to.deleat the very, ob ject., or at least what onght to kle the principal object for which it is sown, namely, the fertil izing of the soil. • as tending to the' rapid impoverishment of the land, is the warit s of proper care and economy, in the collecting of manures, the indispensable renovators of exhausted fertilitY. Of this rne; ,glect I think many of our imtnedia.te predeces- 1 sors were guilty. Modern chemistry has taught us much upon the subject of producing and preserving manures so as to retain their fertilizing powers. It instruct s us he* we; may accumulate this valuable article front: sources unavailable by our ancestors. They _indeed _sweated _ that the ,vegettible _deposit feund at the bottom of dried up 'ponds and drained mill dams might be etriployed in fer- tilizing the soil. But when they came ,to test thiTnatter practically they were 'disappointed in the results. They did not find that land thus manured produced much better than land not tnanured . at all—at least they saw but lit tle immediate effect. Chemistry, •liowever. teaches us that in the muck - of ponds and will' dams there is abundance of matter Capable of promoting vegetable growth. It is not, ,how ever, in 'a condition to be appneptiated by, the 'growing vegetable. Much of it is insoluble in, Water. and therefore in a state too crude to find admission into the very delicate Structures of the young.plant. All that is wanting, how ever, so chemistry informs us, and experience verifies her-teachines—all that is wanting, is to add an alkali, su ch ci as the potash contained in ashes, or the ammonia abounding in stable manure, or an alkaline earth such as lime, and forthwith the insoluble, and, for that very rea son inert vegetable matter, becomes soluble and therefore highly nutritious to vegetable growth. But our predecessors knew little Of all, this. and therefore were limited in making their collections of manure almost - exclusively to the products of the stable, the stye.and the henroost. But even these resources many of them 'did not husband .as they ought to have dime, nor manage With the tact and skill which -we now consider essential to the highest de gree of success. • The barn yards were often badly constructed. They were not unfrequent ly situated on the side of a slope, with a chan nel natural or, artificial carrying off the liquid drainings of the manure heap into the nearest brook' that "bubbled bye,"- to be borne to and buried in the depths- of the ocean. Then, as is still too much the custom. manure heaps , were unprotected from the scorching rays of the summer stm, which then, as now, dissipated; a very large amount of the most - valuable in gredient °idle manure. Men- did not perhaps. believe this because they did not see it—the actual- process of dispersion going on, and there are-still men who can believe little or nothing Which is not cognizable by their genesis. .But even the largest possible amount of the dete riorated stuff which was 'annually spread upon the fields ender the name of manure was nor collected. On the contrary, a practice existed. and it is not yet entirely extinct in our country (I sincerely wish it weio)-:-.I mean the prstc tice of letting the stock of the 'farm, scarcely excepting th horses theinselves, run at large a portion of every day during the housing season. The cattle were some. tied ,in the stables at night,: others were shut up -in the - barn yard, and after they had finished their moralises s.meal of such fodder as the farm would furnish, they were all turned out to wa ter, to take a walk for the benefit of -their health, and to go if they pleased to see their neighbors, and, which of course was very im portant, keep up friendly (semetimes unfrieed ly) -relations with, them.. Ifthe day was pleas: ant the _walk was generally prolonged, and the cattle emptied themselves oftheir , nightly feed ing upon the highways before their return.— But as the fodder consumed at night and in the morning came from the fields and mead ows, at the expense of their nutrient principles, and was deposited upon the roads and in the streams, it - is evident that each repetition of this operation left said fields and meadows minus the quantity thus deposited. Here was . evidently an exhausting process constantly go, ing on during the winter months. If the weath er proved inclemeut the cattle returned in the evening with greatly increased appetites.— This was regarded advantageous, as they Could eat so much the more. It was indeed true, and so is it true .that your fire will burn the more fiercely, if in a winter's day you throw open your doors, and if your object be to consume fuel without any 'regard to the Warm ing of your apartments, it- would undoubtedly be the best rdan. So in like manner when the spring arrived and the trees began to put forth their leaves, the cattle were '"turned out to the woods,", tie it was called. This was in reality turning them out to commit depreda tigns upon neighlxiss, 'to break fences 'and ex cite quarrels, for no person can sup,pose that cattle attliat eeason of the year can find any thing eatable in the woods to compensate for the requisite wear and tear in procuring it.— But however little they succeeded in finding, they at Test lost what they had devoured in the stables at night—making a question of loss and gain of tita matter; we grippe:le the an swer would be dist they lost more than they gained. In like manner was Their loss in the frequeut insufficiency of fences. There being no sufficient barrier to the cattle, those legiti mately within, when they had satisfied them selves or eaten all they could get, feeling them selves as free from. all responsibility and re straint_as ever did "Young America''--in-his moit thoughtless jolity, they leave the nomi nal field at pleasure and with them carry from ' the already impoverished soil, to return no inure, the contents of their stomachs, be it lit tle or he it much. On the other hand the same fences which permit the laWful inmates to escape, also admit the ingress of ma rauders who carry to their homes on their re turn, or more probably leave by the wayside, another portion of that which hardly admitted -of-divisions By these and similar processes, favored per haps in many instances by a false idea of the inexhaustible nature of the soil, our lands, ma ny of them at least, were reduced to a state of extreme exliauition. The scanty crops of wheat vicl.ledbytheitnpoyerishea fields,scarce lv, in many instances. re aid the cost of cuiti- vation, and sometimes hardly returned- the seed. Frequently the votinz plants which, oViTftTaii - etr tee ire growth in die autumn, had obtained but -an imperfect hold - by their roots, wercal raos_t_wkwlli_throw_n out _by the freezing of the winter and the early spring months. About the period to which we now refer the GETTYSBE - RG, ,PA.: MONDAY, FEB. 4, 1856. MI introduction of gypsum or plaster of Paris be cameretty ;en and much was for a while anticipated of its fertilizing properties. Ex perience however soon proved 'that its useful application was limited to a few, audonly a few, crops. I speak hereof its direct. utility, for it, • -• • #1 : ;•• u • t indirectly at lenst l itieftil to 'all. 'Agricultural cheinistry has shown that gypsum ' (Sulphate of lime)' is found in appreciable quantity . in. Several.:ealti vated plants, the one of which most extensive ly grown With us is the common red clover.— Practieal agriculture has proven - that these are the very" plants most benetitted by the applica tion of gyps. , Its effects upon red clover in ...ali:\ certain soils,. and is seasons favorable for ; its, operation, are . est miraculous . This was noticed even by t e most utiobseriant,- and gypsum was Soon regarded- as the - universal panacea for a worn Out eon. If it promotesso wonderfully the gi-oivt - h of clover,' why ivill 'it not equally promote:the growth of ,wheat, of rye. ofwlinn . corn, in short. of every; cereal crop? .Science might Kaye anticipated the true answer. The horse cannot live bin flesh neither, can the dog long remain' healthy when fed on bread alone. Every animal has -its ap propriate food, an approximation to which at least is absolotely.necessary to its well-being. The same is true of plants.: But in theabsence of scientific knowledge, txperie.nce, that best, but • often most expensive teacher, had to be interrogated. And what was her reply ? Why simply that of the crops we raise, clover is almost the only one to which plaster can be applied with advantage. But even with this advantage_ the farmer, had he followed it,up, might have improved his soil for the growth of *heat and every - other crop. He had only to .produce a luxustant growth of clover to gain a starting point. His clover-in its growth bythe aid of the gypsum would -receive from the at mesphere.and fix within 'its structures a large amount of amonia. This crop Buried in the soil by plowing dosin, would haie imparted to' it the nedessarTamount of nitrogen for the pro Auction of wheat. The barn-yard manure, which ordinary economy would have - enabled him to save, would have added the requsite salts, and a fair crop'of the 'fairest of the ce reals would -have' been the result: But tinfor-: tunately, the-ruse of plaster was •made for the most part, by,bad manarnent, the means of, the further exhauStion, instead of the renova tion, 'of Ounand.. 'The clover groivn by its ap plication Was not returned with its additional acquired stores of nutriment to the soil. On the centrary it was'fed offfotthe most part to the bare surface and mush of it borne and de ' posited by procelses already described, to the woods, the commonsand the. highways. Each successive crop of clover. thus carried off the land, took with it not merely ' what it had ac (plead froni the atmosphere, - hut also a large amount of nutriment taken from the soil itself. The quantity of this latter was of course the gre.:4e; : ip:. propeFtion „to .the lukuriouaness of . of the crop. lna few years- the farther was as tonished to find - that'hat he had taken as the Most valuable fertilizer had in reality turned out in his hands to be the most mischievous .exhauster of the soil. The use of plaster was of . course abandoned by many with es 'much. haste and with as little reason as it had been' taken up. Many -too, still living, fancy they have grown wise by past.experience, and pre diet a similar result from the . modern use' of lime and guano. Hy 'eq mil iy -huid manage ment their predictions might perhaps be in some measure fulfilled, _but certainly they will not be.necessarili so.' After the. disappointinent with gypsum, despair seemed for - a while to brood over the, agrichlteral community. , Rye was euhstitu ted for wheat, and-buckwheat in some meas ure for corn. This beautiful -region Acquired,' in more 'favored 'districts, and far and' wide, the unenviable sobriquet of "the buckwheat county." Matters bad sorely reached a ter.' table crisis, but how to mend them was what no one knew. I well retnember, and douht• less many of you also do.' the dreary aspect which our county very generally won. 'The fields' ikere indeed white bat not “unto harvest." Many of them were clad in pov erty grass—the last despairing effort of ex hausted fertility. Discouraged by rep - tinted failures to improve their land, and dreading approaching poverty, many sold their Farms at - very-low prices and sought at more fertile soil in the distant west.--prefering all the hardships_aml discomforts of pioneer life' to the fruitless toil of cultivating a soil which they considered doomed to perpetual ster ility. - ' But it is said,eand I suppose said truly. that "when the world is at its worst it will mend." it at least so-happened with the ag ricultural Waits of our county. At any late • we hope they ! have passed the crisis and are ritpidly convalescent. Itis from thiserisis we date the origin of the PRESENT condition of agriculture atnongst us. But to what. agent, it may be asked. or to what circumstance or combination of eircum. stances is the charge owing l Were Ito re ply directly to this question and name any one agent to which the improved crnilition of our agriculture is mainly indebted. I would say L1:V11.7. is par excellence that agent. This substance had been employed many centu ries ago to the ;inprovement of the-soil. The ancient Romans undoubtedly used it for that purpose. Cato, in the oldest aoricultural treatise extant, describes minutely the best method then known of preparing it, and Pliny attests the use of it by the cultivators of his country and in his day, -as a dress ingfor the — soil - in - which fruit trees were planted. In every land it has also been em ployed- as an ameliorator for the soil.— The precise time when lime was first introduced Into this country as a manure and by whom introduced I have not been able to ascertain.' Frememher to have Seen it lie in heaps in some fields in the south ! eastern part of the county as ea rly as the year 1k22 or 1823. It was not, however. till lajng after this period that its use became ge neral. The first experiments in its employ ment were railer unsatisfactory. The quan tity applied was generally much too large for the condition of the soil. Having, heard of its beneficial effects in England and in some parts ofthiseountry,without probably knowing the usual dose, the inexperienced falsely •• icl_not_reata_al_all, ha jumped at the illegitimate conclusion that if ..goul free The, therefore applied largely. and there not being Aulfieient vegetable matter in the thinned eic -Itaustelsoil-t-4-f-ar-oisit-i3arbonie-tieid4tt-ameei neutralize the surplus quantity, it remained in a caustic state and produced fork while al most complete sterility. The sceptical took "TRU= -18 IflGflTT, AN : P. AirtAm.." 'rendered Mild by being conve into a carbo nate by 0:W1)01163 acid derived rem thentnies ,plinre or resulting front deem position .going on beneath and on lifilihrfac of the soilie- Lands , therefore, which had 'eived a dres , sing Of lime, after a season• of barrenness l avere found to become utrusuall fertile. - This cieeurnatence invited. further eriment.— [ The primarreffe - ets •Of the lime IL' producing still increased sterility, 'were regarded , necessary and unavoidable evil, .in the same way as many an eminent Doctor still thinks the best way to rEt ilteehia patient well, is first to make. him-sicker than 'he found him. But , as some doctors already strongly Suspect that such preparatory process is essential neither to the comforenor safety , ~of the patient, and perchance sorne'others- may yet have similar misgivings—so some farmers began to think that by applying in the first instance a smal ler amount of lime they might cure the die ease ofthe soil at once without firstaiggra,vating it, and at the sometime save the time and ex pense involved in producing such undesirable aggravation.. The plan, therefore, of giving the land a moderately small dose of lime, n first attempting its improvement, and after wards repeating e the liming es their judg ment might dictate, was -Adopted at least by some with the happiest results. I need not say that many still hold on to the first men tioned mode of practice. A.plan, which we think we have seen, when practically tested, prove eminently sueceseful, is the following : The. land is plowed' in the fall, preparatory to planting Indian corn the following spring.. The lime is hauled during the late fill sand winter months, and placed on a floor of slabs and under cover, where it is permitted to air-slack, as it is elated. JT : t before the time' for planting the, corn it -IS hauled out and' spread over the field in' a pill vercilent state, as evenly as possible, and im mediately harrowed ,in. The -corn is then planted in the usual Manners and cultivated with the-fork-or others implement, according to the particular views of the cultivatur:— When it is plowed or forked for the last time, cloverseed is immediately sowed thickly upon the freshly stirred ground. In ordinary sea sons this readily vegetates, and becomes by winter sufficiently - Advil need . to withstand in a great measure the effects of theefrost. _would remark by the way that lime greatly. contributes to this result. When the clover is in blossom the tiillewing summer a few' cat tle may be turned in, which 'eat ths_blossord_ but tread down the stalk. Without beingfed off closely the clover is turned down with the plow and the ground prepared for - wheat. -e :1 little' stable manure,' if it •Chn he proChred, should- be applied and turned under before or at the time et' seeding.. A repetition of this process, we knew from practical experience, will greatly improve the must exhausted soil. Thous° of lime, we are happy - to say, line be. come Veryconimon in most parts of our- County. Through fts influence. notwithstanding the carelessness and bungling manner with which we see' it too often applied, the soil has become renovated, beyond the most sanguine - expectie Lion, entertained even by the most visionary when the experiment was first made. Fields, which, in the recollection of many of Us, were almost as sterile as the sands of the Sahara, now aro clothed with the-richest crops of clo ver, or aro capable of b'earing heavy crops of the' finest wheat. In those sections - of the County,' many of them, at least, where wheat was annually bought a few years since, it is now annually sold in considerable quantity& f excellentquality. Ours is no longorcontomptu ously called the buckwheat County. We can compete in the market, at least in the quality of Our productions, with those counties who'were accustomed to consider :themselves as - the Egypt 'of the State. Our farmers are yearly increasing in 'wealth and gathering around / them the comforts and even luxuries of life.— Thed begin more assidimusly to attend to the, education of - their children in liberal learning and accomplishments, a circumstance that most in time produce a most favorable reflex influence. I need not qualify these exprese, sions, by the painful acknowledgment that still some portions of the County are, with re gard to improvement, nearly at the same point' they were twenty-five years ago. These for. ' tunately are but few and we hope are annually becoining fewer. ' I fear I have *already exhausted your pa. tieuce, and Will but glance at the third part of my subject—Out agricultural prospects. It is admitted- by all - that the soil- is capable of indefinite fertility—we scarcely know the lim its, although limits it undoubtedly hes. The late John Jacob Astor is reported to have said that the first thousand dollars he realized in his early struggles for wealth, cost him more thought and effert than the millions that fol lowed. So, to improve the soil to ts present condition has perhaps required of the farmer more patient toil, study, and self-denial, than will be requisite hereafter to carry it, forward to the highest point of fertility. We, have al ready advanced sufficiently far to have secured the means of advancing much farther at plea sure. Besides, science is yea' ly opening to us new resources. if we will but qualify ourselves for understanding her instructions and lend to them an attentive and willing ear. If we will attend to - the proper education of our chil dren in the sciences bearing upon agriculture, we know not how rich may be the reward in store for them even in this once comparatively barren region. Within a few years past seve ral very valuable fertilizers have been intro duced amongst us. The principal one of these is the "guano." This manure has already done .something toward rendering our soil pro lific, and may yet do much more. Its price, until the late rise in grain, has been too high to admit of its use with profit. If the present prices of grain, however, should he sustained, we may purchase, with advantage, this valua ble article. The deposits of guano will doubt less be in time exhausted, but from its analy sis, artificial fertilizers may he prepared of nearly equal value. Nay, every farmer has in bili-possession_the_ material fir such fertilizers, if he will but knowingly apply them. I wauld -notiee--finally, in .speaking of our agricultural prospects. our anticipated railroad, which, when completed, must necessarily give a fresh • I n poise-us-our-eause---It-will-bring - the mar kets of our great 'cities to our very doors. It will enable us to export many thirgs which will IlDic t scarcely bear the exportation, such as occasion from these apparent failures, to sneer at the *hole matter and scout it as u by further.resard. But nature is ever fruitfu 'v.', resources in getting rid of the incumbran • r imposed on herby the ignorance and stupidi ty of man. ti' few years the excess of onus tic "lime was i artiall • carried off b • rains 'or OM many - kinds of fruit. It will 'make it profita ble to grow many things not now worth atten ding to. Its very presence will in short tend to create &trade for itself, and in so-doing will stimulate to greater zeal in increasing our pre sent crops and lend to the introduction of the cultivation_ of_ others now,' at least •comparar tively, unknown. THE KANSAS TEotrELES. SPEQIAL MESSAGE Or THE PRESIDENT. Highly Ipportarit - Reconmenditions. - : The renewing is - the'rspeCial Melange of President Pierce, communicated to loth lioutie of "Congress on Thursday: • /b the Senate and 'Home of Rereivitatioes Circumstances have occurred to' disturb the. 'course. of governmental - Orgginization' in the - Territory of Kansas; and product') there a .con dition of things - which' renders It incumbent on' me to call_ your attention to the subject; and urgently to recommend the udoptiou by you of such measures orlegislation as tire-grave ex igencies of the ease appear to rervire: A *brief exposition' of the mreamstanees referred to, and of their causes,will be necessary to the 'full' understanding' 'of the recommeuda.' tions Which it is proposedto submit,. * The net to organize the Territories of Nebras ka and Kansas was a iainifestation'or the le gislative opinion of CengresS on two great points of constitutional constriction ; one, that the' designation of the bounderies or a new Territo ry,' and provisions fiir its political organization, as a Territory,' are measures whith;orright, fall 'within the powers of 'the general government; and the other; that the inhabitants of any such , TerritOry, considered as an '‘neohogite 'State, are entitled, in the exercise of Reif governinent, to deterni ne what shall be their Own' doinestie institutions, subject only to the: canstittition and laws duly enacted by Congeals tinder and to the power of existing States to' decide according' to the proviiiiinis and prtnciples of the Constitution' at what time the 'Territory shall be are as a State 0 Union.- - Such are the great political rights which aro solemnly declared and affirmed 'by that act; Raged upon this theory, the . act' of 'Congress defused for each territory the Outlines of reptil.e; licit') 'government, disf &jilting publie authori- - ty among 'hiivrally.crented agentse—exedutiVo; judicial and legistatiyetebe nppuinted either by the general ..itietlentgielit, or by the, territory. The legislative functions were intrusted •to a council and a. houSo Of representatives duly elected and 'empowered to* engiat all the leeso. laws which they might •deaniseSsential to their prosperity; lippines4 and . gOod e;overnment.— eti nein _the same_ s _defin ed Ake persons who were in thefirst instance to he eon s idered as the people 'or MA'. territory:— 'enaetin'g that eVery:frenWhite inhabitant' of the Saine abn ti the . twenty-iia'yers, 'beingaii actin', resident thereof, - and tossesl ing the qualifications hereafter de:Menge : it,' 'should he entitled - to Vote at 'the first election, . and he eligible to any office Within the territo ry, 'but ileit the e qualifiaatiOns' Of - vriterig and holdine (Alice at all subSequentehietiOns shmild: be slag as might be prescribed - by'tho tire ti.ssitmyy ; 'provided, liciweVer, that the right of suffrage, a. d of. holding otliee . shOuld ' be exercised only' by. citizens of the United States.; and those who should have dec'nred on . oath 'their intention to 'become taken an oath to s iippOrt' the constituting) of the United States*. and th© pro Visions 'pf the' id . ; and provided', farther, - that officer; seaman or marine, or other person in the army . or navy of the United Suites; or attaeli od to troops in - theirSiirvice; should he allowed, to hold office either territory,by reason Of bo-'. ing oniervice therein: - - Such of thelmhlie officers of the Territories as, by the provisions of the net; were to be ap-' pointed bythegeneral;y : overnment,incledingthe governors, were appointed and commissioned in due season.; the law having been enacted on the 30th of May, 1854, and 'the coMmiitionof the goverruir of the Territory of Nebraska he- • ing dated on the 2d day of August, 1854, rind of, -the Territerr of Kansas on the 291 h day of June, 1854. Among the duties imposed by the act .tn the goVernors was that of direeting and :super intending the political organization of the. res.. peetive Territories. The governor of Kansas was required to cause weensus or enumeration of the inhabitants and qualified voter: , of the several counties and districts of the Territory to be taken by such persons and in such mode' as he might. designate and appoint ; to appoint and direct the time awl places of holding the first elections, and the . manner of conducting them, both as to the persons to superintend such election's and the returns thereof; tonde-, dare the number of inembers of the council and house of repreAentatives for each county or district ; th declare what persons might appear to he duly elected ; and to appoint the time and place of the first meeting of the legislative assembly. In sub,tance, the same duties de volved on the governor of Nebraika. While bv this act, the principle of constitu tion for each of the tbrritories was one and the same, and the details of 'organic legislation re garding. both were as 'nearlyn.s could be identi cal, and while the territory of .Nebraska was tranquilly and successfully organized in the due course of law, and its first. legislative as sembly maul) the 16th of January, 1855, the organization of Kansas was long delayed, and has been attended with serious difficulties and (embarrassments, partly the consequence oil • anal-administration and partly of the unjusti fiable interference of the inhabitants of some of the States foreign by residence, interests and rights to the territory. The Governor of the Territory of Kansas, roumjesioned;as before stated, on the 211th of June, 1854, did. not reach the designated seat of his government until the 7th of the ensuing October ; and even then failed to make the first step in its legal organization---that of or dering the census or enumeration of its inhab itants—until so late a day that the election of th Members of the legislative assembly did not take place until the 30th of March. - 1853, nor its meeting until the 24 of July, 1855. S tlu fur a year after the territory was eon siireted by the act of Congrois and the oflivers to be appointed by the federal Executive had been cumims2 , ioned, it was without a complete governin ,, nt. without any legislative authority, without local law, find of course without the oi-din:lry guarantees of peace and public order. —.ln-odier-respeets—the—governor, — instead of exercising constant vigilance and putting forth all hi s e n ergies to prevent or counteract, the - tendencies to illegality, which are prone to ex El II 'ist in all imperfectly-organized and. nearly-ea- . ,sociated communities, allowed his-attention Ad be diverted from official obligation 'by , other" : object:4 and himself set an ezaniple 'of the - vice: laden °flaw in the performance of acts which— rendered it tny duty, in the sequel, to reitioirof, him from the office of chief executiVe . trine of Territory.' Before the requisite preparation was accent. :palled for election 'of a territorial legislatire,' au election of delegate'to Congress bad bee% held in the Territory on the 29th day of No 4 vember l _l.Bs4, and the delegate took his' seat-, in the House of Representatives without dial, lenge. , . If arrangements had been perfected • by the governor so that the election for lieut... hers'Of the legislktive assembly might beheld e 'the 'Several precincts' at the same - time air(or , -.. delegate to Congress, any question appertain.' ing to the qualifications of the personsvothigaa people of the Territory'would have pesped'Aie-'. cessarily and tit once under the supervision of Cougress,, as the judge of the -validity, of the • return of the delegate, and would have been : determined before conflicting passions had be comb/flamed by time, and before opportunity could have been afforded for systematic intone - rence ofthe people ofiadividual States. This' interference ] in so far as-concern* , itts primary catisesand immediate'commenceitienty was one of the incidents of that agitation on the subeetiafAlierconditiOreoLthee , colored persons hel dto service ire borne Or . thei' - States which has" o long t disturbed' the'repOse of the country, and excitingindividualireotheiv , wise patriotic and !awabidingi to-;toil-14th misdirected 'zeal iri `the''attempt to Jropogta, their social theories- by the pereersion and buse of the powers-of Congress.' The pejtons -- aed the-parties-whom the 'tenor cifthe ace tot organize the Territories of Nebratikaand tan; sus , thwarted in the - endeavor to' imPot throush the agency-of 'Congress ; their potion: lar views of social -organizations:in the people , ' of the future' new States, now peiteiving 'ant, t: the policy of leavingthe inhabitants 'of each' • State to - judge • for themselves in.thhi trespeet was' ineradicably tooted in-the convictions of.f the people of the Union, thin had recourse; in the pursuit 'or- their general object, inthe - extra , ordinary measure ofpropapindist colonization ' of the Territory of Kalillaoi to prevent , the - fren and 'natural action of its inhabitants 'in tits ternal - organizationi and thus to anticipate Or to forte the determination of that-question this inchoate State. - With stiCh views, associallons , were organ , ized in 1100,16 of the Staten, and-their purposes! were - proclaimed through - the' press in laapare:, extremely' irritating and offensive to thostrt,f , : whom the eolonists - were to beeome the - nejghe' . . , hoes: Those •designs end 'setsfied - theniteel: , vary consequence to awakerrenrotietis titli*;-'• tenth, indignation in States , neer te tbellerrii• tory 'of Kansas, and especially-in theedittliting Nieto of Missile/I, whose imitestieteteeinfiv , thus the ,most,.. directly endangered,; ,- . but t are'far from justifying - the Illertillted littrea, , , hensible'eounter.nimninmita wittekiiirsturdi'':' , ' • Under these ittattepicieare-iirairatitaieiribe <' primary, electione for nientbers, tifithe legitihor:-' titre evict-Ably wererhelti in Most, itlitotalL 4 at 7 the precincts at - the time and The : ' phfees t lira by, the ?enamel delignated 'arid 'appoititidAir . the gevernar aceordingae law: , - -.' ' '', i -, • 44 ''''' Angry amiusitiOnsthatillogid totes - had hie* , -, polled ,- ebeitinded on all 411dis ' end imputatizialt were made' both of 'fraud -and triolenete: -11i1V.; the . Governorcin the exercise ciltheposietritsf - Ike -diacharge of the dutyconferred mid ifits , -"` posed -fry law on him alone,:officiallyi,receited' and Considered the teturns•; , deehtredAt 141*&, majotity - of - the triembersiof -the Cenneitettd';' the Wiese of lieweeentatives 4 _ 4 (ltillettietedll* withheld certificates, from others beatuse,`:or'' alleged illegality of .'votes; appointed , it"ntae.' election, to supply, the place or the peter:ma- not, certifi 4d, ; Stid thus at'length, in all the'firriiii: of statute, and with. his own offiChilituttieral f , - cation, - cornpletelegality was given tolhe fires - 4 legislative assembly of the .retlitor t ra' , . '''''. L ' ' Those decisions of the retinnlegolffeent end , of the Governor are= final,' except , that,hyAlie parliamentary u egtit - cif th a , military applied' to l' the organic' law,' it may be conceded' that each' ' house of the assembly must' have , been cern pe. '- tent to detertaittir, in the last tcsort; theituall - fictitious - and the eleetioniff Ili members.' Ini t ., subject was, brits riature, one appertaininc exclusively to - the jurisdietion, of the loditi - eu: atorities of the Terntory. -Whatever' irtegiv , -. laritiei may huve occtirred - in the: eleetionit, it seems too late now to Mee that questiciii.' At ' all events, ivies question as io which,"neither . now, nor at-any previtts - time,• has' thit ;deist`~ possible legal authority been possessed by the - President 'ol the Wilted States. For all - pre..- sent purposes the legislative bodyohue mined.' to ted and elected: was the •legitimate assembly - of the Territory. ' ' - Accordingly, the Governor, by proclamation: - ' convened 'the asitetiably thus elected to meet'at a place called' Pawnee•ci:y ; the twaliouses ' met and were duly organized in the ordinary parliamentary form; each sent to, and received' from, the Governor theofficial counnunications• usual on such occasions'; an elaborate message opening the session was communicated brills Governor; and the general' business' of . the legislation was entered upon by the legislative assembly. But, after a few days, the assembly resolved to adjourn to another place in the Territory.— , A law was accordingly passed, against the ' consent of the Governor, but in due form other. -, wise, to remove the seat of government tempos ;, rarity to the “Shawnee Manual Labor &teal, ' (or Mission.) and thither the assembly, pro- eded._ After this, receiving a bill for the ea- tablishment of a ferry at the tow - iftWjfickepon ------- , the Governor refused to sign it, and, by special message, assigned for reason . of refusal, not ' anything objLctionable in the bill itself, mai any pretence of the illegality or incompetene3r` of ttie assembly as such, but only the fact that - the assembly had by its act transferred the seat of government temporarily from Pawnee city -' to Shawnee M iSa ion. For the same reason he • continued to refuse to sign other biliti, until, in the course of a few days, he, by• official niessage, communicated to the assembly the fact that he had received notification of -the termination of his functions as ,Uovernoroind that the duties of the office were legally de. vol ved on the Secretary of the Territory ; thus to the last recognizing the •body as a 'duly elected and constituted legislative assembly.' • It will be perceived that, if any constitution. ' al detect attached to the legislative acts of the assembly, it is not pretended - tot:l:insist IYr - Iv -- regularity of election, or want of qualification . . f-tite-inembers.-Inti-only-in-the -change-et-its— place of session. However trivial this object. non may silent to be, it regimes to be commie (Concluded on Aura page.) TWO DOLI4UUI.A-ItEilL' FlllO , Na v• -N 19 • CI 02112 ==all • IS MEM =I
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