4 L OHGER A WASTE Tlie Enterprise of Utilizing the Power of America's Great "Waterfall. PBOGEESS- OF THE WORK. A Party of Pittsburg People Down in the Great Bore. THE TRIP SUGGESTED DANTE. Conception and Simplicity of tha Plan Which Marts an Era. TBANSHISSION THROUGH ELECTRICITY fCOEEESPOXDKXCE OF THE DISPATCH.J Niagara Falls. N. Y.. Dec. 23. -Two million tons ot water dropping every min ute over the rocky ledges into the chasm below! This is what good Father Hennepin be held, Anno 1678, when the great falls first bnrst upon his sight. 'The vast and prodigious cadence of water," wrote this first special correspond ent from Niagara, "falls down after a sur prising and astonishing manner, insomuch that the universe does not afford its par allell" Grand and beautiful, indeed," saith the enterprising Yankee, "but what a waste of water powerl" We are told that the water power of the Niagara river is inexhaustible, limitless, that a marginal fraction of it will exceed the entire steam power in use in the world. "What basis exists for such pretentions claims? Is there any foundation in rock bed fact therefore, or are they to be classed with Colonel Sellers eye-wash and Darius Green's flying machine? Source of the Water Power. "God through nature gives, man guides." How to utilize this vast force has been for S I (J ir7p 1 V. DEPTHS AXD LENGTHS rears a problem amoug thoughtful scien tists and manufacturers. The plan at length matured. On paper it seemed stu pendous. To-day it nears completion, one of the greatest engineering feats of the age, and Niagara is after a fashion "har nessed." The plan is simple in outline. It merely applies on a large scale the same principles which have for years governed the use of water powers. Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, the Georgian Say and Lake Erie are a series of magnifi cent mill ponds. The falls constitute a nat ural dam, imperishable, maintained without cost anc unaffected by floods or dronth. A surface canal, 1,500 feet in length, draws water from the river at a navigable point about 1 miles above the falls. Directly beneath the line of the canal is the great tunnel, which is nothing more than a large tired tail race, discharging the water at the river level below the falls. How the Harness Is Fat On. The power is developed by the fall of the water through shafts and wheel pits upon turbine wheels, from "hence it passes into the tunnel beneath. With a head of 120 feet, 120,000 horse-power is expected event ually to be developed. This, according to the estimates and reports of competent engineers, "exceeds the combined avail able cower in use at Holyoke, Lowell, Minneapolis, Cohoes, Lewiston and Law rence," and can be utilized at an expense "not to exceed one-tenth of the outlay for the development of the power at the places designated." The late Thomas Evershed, division en gineer of the New York State canals, con ceived the plan and estimated the complete cost of construction at 53,000,000, which, owing to unforeseen difficulties, will doubt less be found an undervaluation. The mill sites where this great power will be put in use are on an extensive plain above the town, or city, as Niagara Falls now proudly calls itself since its union with Suspension Bridge. The situation is in every way adapted for the development of a great manufacturing center, though as yet it is but a small acorn. Stretching back from 1 to 2J4 miles lrom the falls the territory comprises about 300 acres for mill sites, and 1,000 acres for dwelling house, stores and all the needs of a prosperous com munity. All this land is owned and controlled by the Niagara Falls Power Company. The ,J i i ' i i $TJ " Si ll .rM- . mr T- PROFILE OP THE TUJfjtEL AXD CAKAL. power company was incorporated under the laws ot the State of New York in 18SG, and it stands forth the energy, brains, patience and capital which have been required to trans late this vast scheme into a tangible fact The wprk has been dane by the Cataract Construction Company, among whose stock holders are names with the substantial ring of Vnudorbilt, Mills, Belmont, Seligman, Drexel, Morcan & Co., etc. A Great Land Speculation. Leading manufacturers, owners of large flour aud paper mills and- factories of vari ous kinds have not Dcen stow to go in and possess the land. As a matter of course, I property along the lino of the tunnel has men, as compared with its original cost, to dizzr values. A veritable Land of Canaan' it has proved to owner. of small farms and homesteads, who had sufficient foresight to retain them until they could make their own terms with the power company. Many, to hom death and taxes were the very cer tainties of lite, are now "doing" Europe in first-class coupes! Others, it is understood, - ji&yt. less -worldly-wise, are bewailing their "hind., sight," as the watch their cheaply-sold properties rapidly growing into the heart of one ot the great manufacturing cit ies of the future. So say the enthusiasts, who, if they are not claiming "the earth," are at leat appropriating the waters thereof. The remarkable and difficult feature has been, of course, the construction of the subterranean tunnel. It is horseshoe in shape, 28 feet high, 18 wide and 6,700 -feet in length, with a slope of 7 feet per 1,000. As the work of blasting the tunnel out of the supposed solid rock progressed it was discovered that the "Niagara" limestone, found here everywhere within a few feet of the surface, softened to such a degree upon contact with the air that it was necessary to line the entire length with four courses of brick. This made an enormous additional item in labor and expense, although the work advanced at the rate of 100,000 bricks a day. A visit to this strange nnderground world by our party of Pittsbureers while the work was In progress will be remembered as a Dante-esque vision. The dampness, the darkness, in spite of incandescent lamplets swung at intervals, the weird activity, the throng of laboreis of every tongue and color, the muffled resonance of the voices were all, to be mild, uncanny. The only really human .element in the scene was not human at all the patiently stubborn, little mule, interred here lor months like a Hindoo widow. "When we reflected upon 200 feet of rock above us, Niagara thundering near us, and the treacherous river at the outlet before us, we were el ad indeed to get back to the warmer precincts of the cheerful day, The Possibilities Through Electricity. The power produced by the fall of water upon the turbine wheels is to be used in two ways directlv, by mills heated on the spot, or indirectly, being transmitted by various devices to a distance. And this subject of secondary transmission of power, which will, doubtless, be accomplished by means of electricity, opens up the first leaf ol a new volume, whereof the end cannot yet be surmised. Sir William Thompson. Presi dent of the International Niagara Commis sion, suggested that the time might come when New Yorkand Philadelphia would be lighted by electricity generated from the Falls of Niagara. Mr.'Coleman Sellers says in a recent magazine article: This widespread service is what is con templated by tlio orcanlzers of this inlshty enterprise. Such Industries as tlie Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, cover ins many city blocks, generate their own electricity, and it is doing the work more conveniently and economically man by the same power tiansinltted by shafting, only because it can make that electricity cheaper than the companies or ganized tor lighting are willing to lurnish it. Many manufacturing establishments are considering the concentration of their V' IHOT OF THE GREAT LAKES. generating power with electrical transmis sion, nud lully appreciate the advantages or a cheap power transmitted to tlicm In such a way as would free them from the cost and inconvenience of their present steam sys tem and givo them additional space. The plans of the Cataract Construction Com pany are In the direct line or modern ad vnnced tlioutrlit. I his gieat work will in 18D3 incline tlio people ot tlio world who will be attracted to Chicago to consider the 122' Scene of the Great TVork work now bein; done at Niagara Fulls as part of America's proxies', btrnnser things have happened than that Niasara Falls Itself should exhibit Its power in transmitted force carried by wire to the International Columbian Exposition. The Plans Not All Utilitarian. But the age is not wholly utilitarian. Tlio idea of a great commercial enterprise encroaching upon the greatest of our natural beauties has been a source of real distress to many. They may he reassured. The territory owned and beautified bv the State of New York includes the Falls aud all picturesque and interesting points in their vicinity, and upon this reservation the Tunnel Company, under its State charter, is forbidden to encroach. The bride and eroocl may continue to haunt the shades of Prospect Park and Goat Island, with noth ing to remind them of sublunary things but hotel bills and carriage hire. Other anxious souls have feared lest this great diversion of water should injure the macnificent volume which pours over the falli. They, too, may be reassured. The entire amount diverted into the canal will only equal four-tenths of 1 per centl The advantages claimed for the great scheme ra-y be briefly summarized. First Location, a central point between the vast supply of raw material from the West in cereals, lumber and ores, and the vast demand of the East for finished prod ucts, vcsscisraay pas uoivn ine laKes ana Niagara river and unload their cargoes upon the docks ot the power company. Second Cheap and continuous power. Third TJncqualed transportation .by lake, by rail, by caual. These are rainbow-tinted promises, but may at least be said to have scriptural sanction, inasmuch as the enterprise is "founded upon a rock," il A. M. J.5U i . VtILlt I - in fey -l$ WBsmlJm 111 A BIG CHURCH'S DEBT. Bessie Bramble Supests That the Czar Help Dr. Talmage Oat. K0BILITI SHOULD CHIP IN, TOO. A rnirjue Theory or Sin Traced to the Financial repression. ASTE0X0M ASD THEOLOGY MIXED rwjtnTFN TOR TOK DISPATCn.1 The Tabernable in Brooklyn, where Doc tor Talmage holds forth every Sunday, is said to be the largest Protestant church in America. It is generally filled at the Sun day services until it is the "jammedst jam" upon the continent, excepting, perhaps, jat some of the football games. Brother Tal mage is the all attracting star. His elo quence, his word-painting, his moving force draw all men and women who visit New York unto him, at least, once. "He is the best advertised show in the country," said a newspaper man. He is not only a preacher who draws the crowd, but he is the editor of a paper, which he claims to be "the brightest and best re ligious paper in the world, which no Christian home should be without." This paper, under the direct domination of Brother Talmage, sent a steamship laden with flour enough to sustain, as it says, 125,000 lives in famine-stricken Bussia, for which Alexander IIL, Emperor of Bussia, Grand Duke Nicholas and the Crown Prince personalty thanked Brother Talmage in ac knowledgment of such noble generosity and Christian effort in behalf of suffering humanity. Talmace Honored In Russia. Furthermore, they gave him a right royal reception, and allowed him to hob-nob with tbem to the utmost limit that is ever per mitted by court etiquette to anyone out of the order of nobility and the circu lation of blue blood. Brother Talmage came home enchanted with such condescension and royal recognition, aud has been very busy white-washing the Bussian Govern ment ever since. He has been making out that George Herman has been contributing to the magazines and publishing books full of falsehoods concerning Bussia and Russians. He places the stamp of liar upon E. B. Lanin, whose articles upou "Bussian Characteristics" have been so widely read, and which are supported by the statements ot unbiased writers and by the digest of the civil law and the testimony furnished by its enactmeut. It seems plain from his own showing that Brother Talmage was beautifully hood winked in Bussia by the high officials just as are the American Ministers at the court of St. Petersburg. He does not seem to have become aware of the tyranny that ex ists in the Czar's domains. He evidently does not know that parents .whatever their means cannot give their children a classi cal education without the consent of the Government, which is charily given. Ad mission to the technical schools r.ud the universities is now'as difficult for a Russiau without what is vulgarly known as "a pull" we are told, as "irec admission to Mecca for an unregenerate Christian." He Did Not Stay lion? Enough. His stay in Bussia was short His views ot the empire were those presented to distin guished strangers. Had he gone down into the depths of the Siberian mines, had he been subjected to the hardships of the civil aud ecclesiastical law, had he been under constant surveillance of the police, who were privileged to enter his rooms, cross examine his servants, open his letters, and meddle with the affairs nf his firivate life as they saw fit, it is hardly likely he would have been so gushing in His praises, and so liberal with "taffy" for'tbe nobility. Thetestimony ot Brother TalmHge as- to the British aristocracy is that it is distin guished by less of strut and arrogance than is shown by many an American constable, or alderman, or legislator. There is less of ostentation in the castles and halls of the nobility in England than in the gilded mlacesot' the nob-ocracy of this country he tells us. The marquises, and earl., and lords he met were cood, nice men with no pretensions about them. The duchesses and I countesses were unaffected, and put on no .airs. The Earl ot Kintore was as com- pletelya "gospelized man" as Brother Tal- mase ever met. wnen tnis gooa, gospel ized" Earl visited "the slums" he did not go in a carriage oh, no but he simply required the attendance of a "John Thomas" to carry his coat, bis Bible and his psalm book. "Without any pretentious swagzer, he shook hands with dirty, nasty looking men called them "gentlemen," gave them a little religious talking to, ami promised tbem "a regular blowout" in the way of a treat at Christmas. The Other Side of the Picture. Now, with all these good, liberal, wealthy friends in Europe to say nothing of the "beastly rich" on this side of the ocean it does seem strange that Brother Talmage'a Tabernacle should be levied on by the sheriff for debt that there should even be a proposition made to attach the money on the collection plates, as the papers tell us. It would i)e,em eminently proper for the Emperor and Empress of Bnssia and the wealthy nobility ot the court of St Peters burg to step in and settle the claim of the sheriff on the Brooklyn Tabernacle as a token of their appreciation of the boat load of flour freely bestowed upon the starving peasants of the empire last summer through the efforts of Brother Talmage. Considering, too, their char acter for charity and goodness as portrayed by him to the world at large it would not be too much to expect that the nobility and gentry of Great Britain should "chip fn" and relieve the Tabernacle and Brother Talmage of the load of debt which so burdens their minds aud encrusts their souls with worldliness. "They had no business to go in debt," is the expressed opinion ol very" many people. A church is no more justified in building a great and splendid house without the WrTwrnmmmsnwsBBm CAUGHT! fet jhi. money, and trusting that the Lord will pro vide, than is an individual in putting up a palatial mansion without the money to pay for it "Owe no man anything" is a Script ural injunction which falls dead flat upon a congregation sitting in softly cushioned pews, in an elegantly appointed church that is not paid lor. Mechanics' liens mid debts are not very creditable decorations for anybody's house, and they are certainly quite as reprehensible in a church. "Sot Dishonest bat Thoughtless. Churches do not mean to be dishonest They intend to pay their debts in course of time. But with credit they spend too lav ishly. Tliey depend too much upon be quests, donations, contributions, bszaars, church fairs and other means of raising the funds. The monev should be raised first, and then the church should be built in ac cordance with the cash. TYhen a. church is burdened with debt it cuts down the minister's salary and destroys his efficiency in a large measure, by keep ing his note on the grindstone and his whole mind bent upon the problem of how to make both ends meet upon a poverty stricken salary from a deeply-indebted church. Instead of going in debt for a handsome church, it would be a great deal better to read the Bible at home and pray in the closet with the door shut. It is all very well to go to church, to listen to a nice ser mon, to hear some fine music, to join in prayer, and say Amen devoutly, and bow under a benediction, but to know ot the mortgages, the mechanics' liens, the notes to pay off, the salaries of the preacher and the organist, and all the other expenses to be met with no money in the treasury, will hardly conduce to a calm and heavenly frame of mind. The Tabernacle people have had a load of debt ever since the beginninc. Now it is said to be 75,000. The mechanics must be pretty hardly pushed when the Sheriflfhas to be called upon to levy on the church. Jay Gould might have paid off the debt and never felt the strain. But he didn't Brother Talmage preaches to vast numbers every Sunday, but they do not come down with the cash to ease off the burden of debt. Many from all parts ol the country go to hearthe eloquent preacher, who would not give a dollar to support the church. What the Women Would Do. Some men are fond of growling about the extravagance of women, but it is very much to be doubted, if women occupied the re sponsible places of church trustees or man agers, that they would ever run a church so deeply iu debtthat they could never see the end o? it. In this extremity and dearth of cash there will be a lot ot appealing, of beeging, of praying and of hoping. But those who built this great expensive church without the money to pay lor it will hardly be spared the bitterness of feeling that they are keeping mechanics and others out of their hard-earned money. It will not add to their Christian comfort to gaze upon the beautiful decorations of the Tabernacle aud know that the Sheriff is alter them. Its very richuess ami splendor keep out the poor. Indeed, many are constrained to stay at home by the high rent ot pews. Jay Gould, they say, paid S1.800 a year for his pew rent arid his share of Sunday piety, but anybody with 90,000,000 could" do that easily. A church should keep out of debt as a shining example of honesty. Poor Bichard, ot Almanac lame, says somewhere: "The first vice is running in debt the secnn'l is lying, and Lying rides upon Debt's back." Anybody who has been reading the ser monsolBrothcrTalmage of Iatccau seo that he is bothered in his mind. Perhaps this mountain ot debt upon his church is the cause ot it. The New York Herald says that in the great preaching tour of Talmage last summer, he addressed "hundreds of thou sands of eager auditors" and collected vast sums of money for English benevolences not withholding a brass farthing for him self." Now, in return, it would seem to be a nice neighborly net for these eager audi tors to pass around the hat and relieve Brother Talmage and the Tabernacle. With a background of debt a man is apt to take gloomy views and seek for some thing to divert his mind. Brother Talmage has takeu to a study of astronomy and the world's unknown. From this study he deduces the remarkable answer to the ques tion that has perplexed every intelligent man and woman since the earth has stood: "Why did God let sin and sorrow come into this world when he could have prevented them from coming?" Brother Talmage tuiuks he has fouud the reason. It is this: Brother Talmage'a Unique Theory, To keep the universe loyal to a Holy God, It was Important in some world. somewhere, to demonstrate the gigantic disasters time would come upon any world that iilloned slu to enter. Which world should It be? Well tho smaller the woild tlio bettor, for less numbers would suffer. So our world was selected. The sta;;o was lnre enough for tho onactment of the tiauedy. Although wo Know comparatively little about the other worlds lest we become completely dissatisfied with our own no doubt the other worlds have heard, and aiv? now hear ing all about this world in the awful ex Sorlment or slu which tho human race has een making. Then he proceeds to declare that he be lieves every world in the skies above us has heard of our terrific terrestrial experi ment, and that we are an awful "object lesion" to all the multi-millions of the popu lation of the stars, especially when they heard that the "Worldmaker," the "World starter" and the "WorlJupholder" gave His only son to be assassinated to expiate and restore and save the victims of the world's shipwreck. It may be interesting and instructive for the people of Jupiter and Saturn and Mars and all the rest ot them to contemplate the experiment oi sin and suffering being in troduced into a world, but it is pretty nard on nine-tenths of the people' on this planet to be singled out and doomed to "endless fire and chains" for the benefit of the Saturnians, the Jupiterians, the TJranians and the millions in all the other stars. Our world may be small, bnt it is not a pleasing thought or a welcome theory that we were picked out to become a "holy terroi," or an "awful example" to the whole heavens above. Let us hope that with all the debts of the Tabernacle paid up, with the mechanics' liens crossed ofi, with the ab sence, of he Sheriff's minions assured, and the prospect of plenty of revenue made reasonably certain, that Brother Talmage will "chirk up," grow cheerful and con struct a theory that will be somewhat less depressing. Bessie Bramble. r"oR a clear head and steady nerves Take Bromo-Seltzer lOo a bottle. 'M??'P' ;v : v NOTES AND QUERIES. Fads and Fijjnres as to the Origin of the Uritish Peerage. G0VKRKHGNT AND RAILROADS, The Family of Qneen Ticloria and the Members of mportance. XATURALIZITION AXD ELECTIONS Probably the death of the Dake of Marl, borough is responsible for the continued in terest in the British peerage, which prompts the question, "Who created the first British peer, and when did he do it?" To use a Hibernicism the oldest existing title in the British peerage is Scottish, that ot the Earl of Mar, which again was not created but grew, it dates from 1010, thug being nearly 900 years old. Duncan ruled then, whom Macbeth murdered. There are several kin ds of British peers, besides the various degrees of each kind. The kinds r.ink as follows: Peers of Eng. land, created bfore 1707; peers of Scotland, created before 1707; peens of Great Britain, created between 1707 and 1800; peers of Ire land, created before 1800; peers of the United Kingdom, created since 1800; peers of Ireland, created since 1800, and life peers. The oldest existing England peerage is the earldom of Arundel and Surrey, dating from 115.'), In the reign of Henry II., and now held by the Duke ot Norfolk. The old est Scottish peerage is that of Mar, 1010; but there is some doubt about this, and the oldest certain peerage is the earldom of Sutherland, held by the Duke of Suther land, and dating from 1228, when Alexander IL was King. The oldest peerage of Great Britain is the earldom ol Ferrers, dating lrom 1711, in. the reign of Queen Anne; this isheld by a family to a younger branch of which Washington" belougedf and the name Washington is still a familiar name to it. Tho oldest Irish peerage, and the oldest peerage which has not been merged in a higher title, is the barony of Kings dale, dating from 1181, when Henry IL was Lord of Ireland; it is held now by the thirty-second lord; he has the privilege of wearing his hat in the pretence of the sov ereign. The oldest peerage of the United Kingdom is the barony o.t Moore, created in 1801; and the oldest of the modern Irish peerages is the earldom ot Caledon, created the same year. The very oldest peerage, thatof Arundel, is by tenure that is, the original holder was a peer by virtue of holding Arundel Castle; and then came peerages by writ; wealthy men were sum moned to attend the King, and the custom grew of summoning always auv man who had once been summoned. Then came peerages by patent, thoie granted since about 1307. All modern peerages are cre ated by patents of nobility. How were the dayi of the week and tho months of the year namedt It. F. The English names for the days of the week arc Teutonic in their origin. Sunday is the day of the sun; the Germans call it the same as we do. Monday is the day of the moon; Tuesday is the day sacred to Tiw, an Anglo-Saxon god; Wednesday is named for Wodin, a. god of the Germans and other Teutonic peoples; Thursday is Tlior's day, Thor being the god of war; Friday is the day sacred to the goddess Freia, the Teutonic Venus; Saturday is said to be named for Saturn, the oldest of the Boman gods; but some writers say that it is named for the Anglo-Saxon god Srctere, a deity of only local import ance, worsniped among the Frisians and Anclo-Saxons; the Norse and other Teu tonic nations call the last day of the week simply "waJhing day," or perhaps Loki's day. The names of our months, however, come from the Bomans. January is named for the god Janus; February is named for Februus, it being the month in which the festivals in honor of the dead the Februa were held. March is named for Mars, the god of war; April is named for April's, a deity of the spring, whose name comes from the verb nperire, to open. May bears the name of the goddess Maia, an other spring goddess; Jnne is named for Juno, queen of heaven; July celebrated Julius Ca;inr, and August celebrates Au gustus, his nephew aud successor. Tho Boman year began originally with March, so that August was the sixth month; and the month after August was the seventh, September; the other months of the year were October, the eighth; November, the ninth; December, the tenth; these names coming respectively from septcm, seven; octo, eighth; novem, ninth; decern, tenth. When the year was made to begin with January, these names wero retained. Are thero any works for miningand roduc Iok gypsum in this country Took. Yes; gypsum is found in numerous large deposits iu New York, Virginia and Mich gan, as well as other States, and in Nova Scotia." The gypsum is burned in kilns at a temperature ot about 250, when the water in its composition leaves it When re moved from the kilns it is gronnd and pow dered, aud then is called plaster of paris. This name was given to it because it was made at Montmartrc, near Pans. It is still made there in large quantities. It was first used in making molds about 1488, by Andrea del Verrochio. Are all dead kings and queens of Kncland burled In Westminster Abbey? U. E. 1. No; not quite half of them. Since Will iam the Conqueror there have been 31 sovereigns of England, oi whom 16 are buried in Westminster. These are: Henry IIL, Edward L, Edward IIL, Bichard IL, Henry V., Edward V., Henry VIL, Ed- ward, VI.,. Mary L", Elizabeth, James L, Charles L, Charles' II.. William III. and Mary It and George IL The others were buried in' many different places; William L lies at Caen, in Trance; Will iam Bufus at Winchester, Henry L at Beading, Stephen at Fa'versham, Henry.JJ. and Eicbard L at Fontsvrault, in France; John at Worcester, Edward IX at Glouces ter, Henry IV. at Canterbury, Henry VI. and Edward IV. at Windsor, KicharJ IIL at Leicester, Henry VIIL at' Windsor, James II. at St. Germains, in Prance; George L at Hanover, George IIL, George IV. and William IV. at Windsor, and Frogmore is the burial place of the present reigning house. Do Germany and Switzerland own all their railroads? J. TV. H. Germany does not. In 1891 there were in that Empire 40',930 kilometers, equal to about 25,411 miles; of theser about 31,000 kilometers (19,251 miles) belong to the State, Switzerland owns practically none of the railroads within her boundaries; 15 companies own 3,156 kilometers abont 2,000 miles. Government railways are snb ject to no competition. In Europe the trains are slow and the service poor, com. pared to the standard in this country and England. The newest improvements are not adopted; iu fact, the roads are very far behind ours except in respect to the numrer of persons killed and Injured. The number of passengers killed is less than with us be cause the trains' are fewer; aud the number of non-passengers killed is les because the roads are welfguarded; and disobedience to railway regulations is equivalent to law breaking. Wlioare the principal members or Queen Victoria's lamllyt J. 1. S. The Queen herself is the principal mem ber; Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, Duchess of Kent Then in order come her children, the Prince of Wales, who will become King after the Queen's death; the Empress Dowager of Germany; the Duke of Edinburgh, who will become Duke of Saxe-Cobourg and numerous other sons and daughters not of great importance. Of her grandchildren, the principal opes are George, Duke of York, who will be King alter the Queen and the Prince of Wales are dead.aud" Will iam IL, Emperor of Germany. There are dozens of Grandchildren, but none of them is of much importance to the world in gen eral, except perhaps Prince Henry of Prus sia, brother to the German Emperor, who would becomo regent if the Emperor shquld, die leaving a minor son. Tn May last "A" left Brooklyn, Jf. T.,whera he has resided for years, and accepted em ployment In this city. In October ho re turns to Brooklyn and registers and remains until Novembers In order to vote. Can ho retnrii and vote in King's county next year also? Oris he compelled to voto in Pennsyl vania, if he votes ut all? Kixa's Coustt. This case must be decided on specific cir cumstances. It "A" has a place he calls a "home" in Brooklyn, a place he considers his only place of residence, he would be en titled to a vote. Strictly construed, public business is the only excuse a voter can give to the election judges for continuous ab sence from his home, out if "A's" business is such that the election judges would con sider his stopping here only temporary, he would doubtless he allowed to vote in Brooklyn. How many destrees of heat does It take to melt these metals: Iron, copper, lead, refined nickel? Osic Bbitait. Iron fuses at abont 1,300 degrees of beat centigrade, about 2,400 degrees of heat Fah renheit Copper fuses at 1,200 degrees cen tigrade; lead at 325 degrees, say, 650 degrees Fahrenheit, and pure nickel at rather more than 1,400 degrees centigrade. Of course, there is no absolute certainty about these hieh temperatures; they must be looked upon as merely approximations. One metal, osmium, is still (infusible; it does not melt even at the terrible heat produced by the chemical union of oxygen and hydrogen, an equivalent nf 2,870 degrees centigrade; that is, nearly 5,200 degrees Fahrenheit. T. P. C. Barnard, M. D., writes to TnE Dispatch, from 70 Dorofheea street, Ber lin N. W. Germany, as follows: A copy of your papnr ot Sunday, Novem ber 27, has reached me. It contains nn ar ticle entitled "Orlsln of the Ideas Which Have Started Great Inv'rntors on the Path ot Endurlnir Fame." This article makes the statoinent that Mr. Geonro M. PBlIman is the Inventor of Mm Pullman sleeping car. I beg Jeavo to state that ilr. Pullmnu is not tho inventor. A man named Benjamin Field (now deadl. nf Albion, N. Y., was the real inventor. The brother of the Inventor (Mr. N. S. Kiold) is still HylnK In that Jilace. Mr. Pullman did not Invent thl car; le only fnrnUhed the money part As I un derstand it, he afterward bought the patent Mr. Field wns". ui to the time of his death, quito a prominent man In New York State politics. Why was Marlon called "the Bayard of the South'." W. C. J. Because of his resemblance to Chevalier Bayard, a French nobleman, famous as be ing "without fear and without reproach." He was born in 1476 and killed in 1523 in "battle. "He combined the meritsof a skill ful tactician with the romantic heroism, piety and magnanimity of the ideal knight errant" Francis Marion was much , the same sort of man; a skillful tactician, dar ing, religious, magnanimous; perhaps the comparison is hyperbolical, hut certainly Marion was without fear and without re proach. He was born in South Carolina in 1732 and died in 1705. ' , flow many soldiers and how many nost- officos aro thero in tho United States? E. A.'It. The regnlar army of the United States consists of 2,170 officers and 25,220 men, a total of 27,390 men; the militia consists of 111,292 officers ami men, with a population liable to military duty of 9,760,156.' In 1891 there were" 64,329 postoflices in the United State, of which 2,942 were "Presi dental postoflices," filled by the President, with salaries of over 51,000, and 61,387 were fourth-class offices, with salaries nf less than (1,000, filled by the Postmaster General How should copper or brass be melted? 1. 1. McC. Copper and brass can bo melted in an iron melting pot, because their fusing point is belowtha't of iron; bnt most metals are melted in earthen pots crucibles is the technical name. These are earthenware jars of various sizes and shapes, which stand tremendous degrees ot heat A man becomes naturalized while his children are under age, do they become citi zens? - XT. C. H. Yes, if they are in the country at the time. The minor children who are in the country when the final papers are issued to their father, may" "vote on those papers;" that is, on proving that the papers were issued while they were minors in the coun try, they vote without being themselves naturalized. What Is the difference In latitude between New York City and Louisville? X. O. V. New York's latitude is 40, 53' and 23" north; Louisville's is,38 3' north a differ ence of 2, 50' and 23", equal to 170 1-3 miles. Electric Lamp Guard. A useful guard has been put on the mar ket for the protection of incandescent lamps. In its construction care has been taken to eliminate the disadvantages of guards hitherto in use; and it not only re quires no clips or cacthes, but secures itself firmly on the socket almost automatically. It has,' moreover, a very firm hold on the socket, having a bearing contact longi tudinally on the shell of over half an inch, so that It is almost impassible lor any but the severest blow to force it against the Jarup. In appearance the guard is light and symmetrical Wbsrs thero are children, thore Dr. Bull's Cough By rup should be always handy. SCENES THAT SHIFT. Pen Pictures of tlio Panorama of Life at the Union Depot. BUST AND HAPiT COMMUTERS. lypes From Every Quarter of the Glofie Set I own at Our Feet. SOME OF THE YETERAN .EMPLOYES fwiunra roit the DisrATCn.l The most cosmopolitan bit of Pittsburg is in that nondescript piece of architecture known to Fittsburgers as the Union depot All sorts and conditions of people and of many nationalities are always to be found within its walls. One can easily detect the old traveler or the drummer by the ease of his movements and bis total absence of flurry. The occasional traveler looks at his watch every lew seconds and asks every employe in the depot, from the sweeper up to the station master, the time his train will start Wc have all heard of the man who asked, what time the 7 o'clock train would start, and the facetious reply of the railwayman that it started at 6:60. If the antics of the traveling public pall upon our senses we can amuse ourselves trying to make out the stentorian tones ot His Majesty, the train crier. Sometimes by chance we may make out a word or two, but the train crier, like his autocratic brother, the brakeroan, in the matter of elocution, is a thing of beauty not of use. Arrival of the Emigrant Train. When the emigrant train rolls in we can see our tnture citizens in their embryo state right fresh from the effete monarchies of Europe, and if the wind is blowing in the opposite direction we can make our obser vations with greater equanimity, The The Placid Man From Fader.and. variety ot costumes to be found among these emigrants would satisfy the most ardent lover of the picturesque. Of ten they bring their household goods with them, and these are just as odd as their costumes. I saw one day i laborer whose entire baggage was tied up in a red handkerchief. He bad a pick and shovel on his shoulder, which he had brought all the way from his native heath. Some emigrants almost make a tour of the globe in their search for a better land. I saw a party of Bussian farmers who came lrom far off Siberia and who were going to Minnesota. Mr. Petgen, the emigrant agent and interpreter, who can speak about a dozen languages, takes charge of the emi grants here. He has often a knotty prob lem before him iu translating the numerous European dialects which our future citizens bring along with them. In Hungary and Italy there is a different dialect in nearly every parish. Stagy People In Possession. It is generally very lovely when a the atrical troupe invades the depot The his trionic is easily picked out Besides his clean shaven lace he bears that unmistaka ble stamp which his profession invariably sets upon him. His wardrobe is inclined to be loud, especially his overcoat Considering the amount of Ground they cover it is hard for theatrical people to be Me Sails From Sunny Italy. in fashion everywhere. They want the best accommodations on the rail, and, if railway employes are to be believed, they give more trouble than any other class of paisengers. Now and then a bevy of fair girls and their attendant swains invade the depot and the amount of noise they make drowns even the voice of the stoat-lunged train crier. Mamie or Harry is going on a visit to friends in Philadelphia for a few weeks or some friend of Mamie or Harry is going home after a month spent in Pittsburg, con sequently when the train gong sounds there is a great deal of kissing and embracing be tween the girls, which makes their swains feel very envious. There is a chorus of be sure and don't forget to write and in a few seconds there is a sudden hush over the depot. Royalty Sometimes Drops In. Occasionally a royal personage honors the grimy shades ot the Union depot with its presence. We once had Queen Kapiolani of the Sandwich Islands, whom the Bos tonians irreventiy termed Cafe an lait She wis traveling to England to attend the jubilee of Queen Victoria. She bad break fast served in her private car from the depot restauraut, and was waited upon by her kinsmen in color. If we want to see solid citizens, bloated bondholders and the lordly Englishman on his travels we must be on" hand when the New York and Chicago limited rolls in at night Every titled or wealthy foreigner when on his travels in this country must travel on that train, as it is one of the big gest sights oi Uncle Sam's domain. In the morning dozens ot accommodations disgorge myriads of business men, clerks and mechanics from their peaceful subur ban homes. These busy passengers straight way make bee line for office and workshop. In the evening they make another bee line tor the depot, thence home, alnd thus their placid, uneventtul life rounds off from year to year with very little variety. A sight often seen is a group of Uncle Sam's pensioners Indian chiefs on their wav to Washington to see their Great Father. One day I saw a party of chiefs with a beautiful squaw in the party, but horror of horrors she chewed tobacco and 111 !. l " ? "-'- -TEST'S' . expectorated with "the nonchalance) .'Qf a man. " Eeenes In the TAg Kestaarunt When a through train comes in the resfan rant is a busy and interesting sight First the head colored waiter announces to the under male and female waiters that train number so and so has arrived to have them on their mettle for the omnivorous crowd that immediately pounces in on them. Never is man so incredulous as when he if told by a railroad x restaurant employe that he has lots of time for his train. No body believes that statement, consequently coffee is swallowed boiling hot, beefsteak and sausage are eaten in chunks, and in Tariably the passenger spends five minuses o5 9 Five Seconds for Lunch. over his food and 20 minutes in picking hii teeth and thin ting what a fool he was to bo in such a hurry. There was a smart passenger one time in old stage coach days who arrived at an ina just as the coach was startinz. He told, mine host that he wanted his breakfast and a seat in that coach. He was told he wonld have to do without the breakfast if ho wanted the seat The smart passenger hid all the silver spoons in one of the teapots, and when he asked for spoon for his tea the silver spoons could not be fonnd. All tha passengers were hauled from the coach, despite their protestations and searched, and by the time this was over the belated traveler had comfortably finished his break fast Landmarks of the Traveler. There are many old employes around tho depot, veritable landmarks to the traveling public. Station Master H. M. Butler has, been 33 years in the service. He has a world-wide knowledge ot men and things. As a sailor he has been all over the world and has also made extensive trips through Europe. Among the conductors are the following7 veterans well known around the depot: Kennedy, Hawkins, Dinwiddie, Hodge, Wherry" Vick, Borland, Pitcairn, Garrison, Young," Walters and .Chesrown. Tieket Agent Henry Carpenter has been in tho depot service 12 years, 6 ot which he has spent at the ticket window. Baggaga Agents Jenkins and Mingus, Bestaurant Manager Lee and Emigrant Agent Petgen are also well known veterans. One of the most popular characters around the depot is Librarian Lemon, who has filled the position for the past 10 years. Mr. Lemon has. one weakness and Librarian Lemci. that is for tobies which he prefers to tho finest cigars. There is one sad picture that can not ba omitted. That is the stretcher borne by two men on its way to the baigage-room with its sbapless bo'rden. In the majority' of the cases it is the old, old story ol a rail way employe killed while on duty. DeWolfe ScAirLOir. S0M2 FACTS ABOUT CABD3. Tho Egyptians Priests Used Them as Emblems ol Astronomical Time. " "I will give you," said Mr. Bichmond ia the Chicago Tribune, "some facts about cards which are not generally known. From the time when in ancient Egypt they wero painted on thin sheets of ivory, engraven and printers ever since have reproduced them exactly. Wandering tribes of gypsies have the secrets of cards as emblems of planetary motion, time, eta, but without the higher knowledge of why they have these wonderful properties. But in this old vet ever new religion ot the stars there is abundant evidence to show that cards were used by Egyptian priests as sacred em blems of astronomical time and combinations of the solar system. Astronomy was tho basis of the religion of the Egyptians, and cards were mathematically constructed and had symbolical reference to time, planetary motion, and the occult calculations andT mysteries of the Magi. What x, yf and a are to algebra, so are cards emblems ot heli ocentric astrology. "The 52 cards correspond to the weeks of the year. The 12 court cards to the months and signs of the zodiac The lour suits represent the lour seasons: Spring, sum mer, autumn, and winter. Thus hearts in the first quarter symbolize spring, also loya and friendship. "Clubs in ancient times represented clover leaf of shamrock, but this particular' suit has been given the name' of clubs at a. L i period, and is emblematical ot summer, also knowledge, learning, religion, heat, temper, quarrels, and lawsuits. "Diamonds in the third quarter stand for. wealth, power, and trade, and, spades in tho, fourth quarter symbolize winter,cold, darkv ness, hardship, and death." SAINTS AS PINCTJ3HI0N5. The Simple Feasants In France Have Some) Car oiu Customs. Pearson's Wecklr.l Breton girls who want to get married go to Sene, near Vannes, aud stick pins in tho foot of the wooden statue of a saint called. J St Uferier, who marries his devotees ""- within a year. The pin must be well pushed, for, if it falls out, the wedding will fall through; and it mnst be a strong straight pin, for if it bends, the future husband mar be a hunchback or a cripple. This is on tha. Atlantic coast On the Channel, on a rock access!? ble at low tide, there is a little shrins supported by four Boman columns, and dedicated to St Quirec, who landed there from England in the sixteenth cen tury. His wooden image is stuck full of pins. So is a statue or St Lawrence near--Qnintin. Hire the pin must stick at tha b.-st push, for each failure postpones the marriage for one year. s ' 'Tlie same practice has been traced further inland, at Laval, in the ancient province ot Maine, where the bare legs and arms of a.V " colossal wooden statue of St Christopher are covered with pin-holes andpini; andlf both young men and maidens join in the? rite. rV? Mapping the Magnetic Field. The common method of obtaining a cross - nrnn nf lh fiolrf of force of a-ma?net li means ot iron filings Is very satisfactory . Vd when only temporary representations of tho J field are desired. It otten happens, how-,'' ever, that a -permanent record of the field of force would be of the greatest service. This has hitherto been unattainable, but now photography has Deea lucstsi.n urjxM pressed Into lerricc, xi iS llliHBKijiiHBHBHs
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers