sro 2U THE PITTSBURG DISPATOH, SUNDAY, OOTOBE1V' ' 3. J8ML WRINKLEDJY TOIL, Beauty Soon Fades From the Faces of the Peasant Girls of Eussia, THEY DIG IN THE FIELDS, TYhileaSian Watches Over Them Like the Slave Driver of Old. KOVEL COURTSHIP AXD MARRIAGE. 3 he Eoot Test for a Eride and the Ilorrora of l!cr Honeymoon. KO EOOM FOE WOHEX DOCTOHS THERE J SHI i m&& Fpw-wcuo Moscow, Sept 20. HE women of Rus sia! How nhall I describe them? They are like no other women on the face of the globe, and still among tbeir millions they have types of almost every race of wo men known. In St Petersburg yon see the lair-haired, blue eyed, freckle-faced maidens from Fm- A Tmtar Jfiid, land walking the streets side by side with the red-haired girls fwl.o nae been imported thither from the Caucasus and Georgia, and here at Moscow you see the Tartars, the Cossacks arid the Armenians mixed together with the other different types of the 80 provinces of this vast empire. Along the Vols you will meet different costumes and different race o . oracn at every landing place, and the g rls of Little Rusia wear diflerent clothes and have diilerent manners froni those of G-eat Russia and South Russia. Here in l!o?cor there are a vast number of gipsies, and Ru$ia has the barem of the Mohammedan, the polyandry of the Him alayas and the varied combinations of civi lized love and marriage. The pure Russians loot upon marriage much as we de, and of lntc j cars the relations of the sexes among the upper classes have been almost as free us they are with us. The Russian lady of to-day has her friends among the young men of her acquaintance, and though the rarlr goes about without a chaperone, she rcei-,vcs her callers in her own home and her ideal tnarriace is one of love. The Ag TJiniU or Marriage. Of late years the laws of marriage have been radically chanced, aud now females are forbidden to wed ae between the ages of 10 and O. Men cannot marry until they arc over IS, nor after they are SO, and divorces are less common in Rnssia than thev are with us. The church of Russia cb.ec'.s to more than one marriage. It has Ji penances for second and third irarr.ages and a man who marries a fourth tj'ie is excluded from the holy com r union. Few marriages arc made in the u pei classes without the consent of the pareits, and in most cases the woman is etpecfcei to brinj-rn very respectable dot siitlil.er. 'I Know of an American girl who recently married a Russian noble. The no'ilc came to America and the wedding vi as celebrated in one of onr large cities. Before it took place, however, the groom called upon the bride's father aud asked about the settlement "What settlement?" raid the old min, who had considerable wealth, but who l:ad not hitherto had a d aghtcr ma-ry a European baron. 'The settlement upon my wife," was the revly. "Don't you intend to give her something at the time she is married?" "I had cot thought of it," replied the old man. "And how much do you think the ought to have?" Well," said the Rnssian noble with a may be Mayor of the village if she is elected as such. Gangs ot Women In tho Fields. The peasant women of Russia are all hard workers. Yon see them everywhere in the fields mowing and reaping, spading up the ground aud raking the hay and doing, in fact, everything that man can do. They work in gangs of 20 or 30, and each gang ot women is usually directed by a man, who acts as overseer and who keeps them at their work. They go into the fields almost as toon as they are old enough to walk and they work until they are .gray haired. Hard labor soon takes the beauty oat of them and the older women have faces like leather, full of wrinkles and furrowed with care. The younger girls are plump, bright-eyed I and, in some cases, pretty. I have seen few beautiful women among tbem, hut there are few very ugly ones. The type of the Russian peasant's face is that of the best type of a Kind mother, and the most of the faces show strength of char acter and many of them are what yon would call fine looking. Marriages among the peasants are made both on the grounds of convenience and love. The sexes associate so closely together in their work and in the villages that tbey have a chance to get thoroughly acquainted with one another and a good, strong woman just doubles the working force of the man who marries her without very materially increasing bis ex penses. Neither sex among the peasants spends much upon dress. The women wear nothing but handkerchiefs upon their heads while working in the nelds ana tneir lect are generally bare. In the summer snch shoes as tbey use are made of bark, woven into the form of slippers like basket work, and in the winter they put great heavy boots of lelt upon their feet Ern rete-Day Dresses Are Simple. Neither ecx wears stockings, and they wrap a cotton rag around tho loot and up the ankles to about the middle of the calf, tving it round and round with a string. Their dresses are short, and they tuck tbem to meet a woman and he had better turn back. The daughters of theso merchants are often very religious and very superstitious. Their marriages are usually inade by match makers, and the merchant is expected to give a eood dowry with his daughter when she enters matrimony. Long engagements are not common, and they seldom last more than two or three months. Among the peasants the girls usually weave ana em broider their own wedding goVrns, and they begin to get ready for marriage as soon as they are old enough to sew. Among the merchants after a girl is engaged her friends come In ana help her sew upon ner wea ring outfit and she has sewing circles and quilting bees in preparation for the mar riage. These sewing circles are held during the afternoon, and after tea the bridegroom and a few of his bachelor friends drop in, and the girls and the future bride have a dance with them during the evening. Curiosities of the Marriage Service. Russian marriages generally take place at night and the ceremony is performed by the NOTES AND QUERIES. The Accepted Storj of the Origin of the Expressive Uncle Sam, A Little Rvtsian. rtffr POLICIES OP ENGLISH PARTIES. What It Hm Cost to Build the Railroads of Ibis Country. SOME CURIOUS BITS OF INFORMATION A Snap Shot Along tht Volga. A SL rdertiurg BcUe. hem and a Law, "it sjems to me that she ought to have at least S50.000. It would not be a oj.1 id-a. if the sum was $100,000." I doa't know whether the old man ob jected or not, but as the story is told here he raised the $30,000 and put the securities for it in the bank to bis daughter's order before the marriage took place. The Horse Whip Wielded by Husbands. The Russian woman now has more rights after marringe than she ever han before. Two hundred vears ago she was little more tLan a slave and the husband's horse whip always hung over the bed of the married pair, and it was used freely. Women were th-n eldom seen upon the streets and Peter tht Great had a way of kicking them when he met thcra her or in Su Petersburg and telling them that their place was home and that they ought to be in it The wife beat ing of to-day is almost altogether confined Vothe peasants, and the Countess Tolstoi told me that even the peasants were im proving in the treatment of their women. The peasant women have in fact many rights of which the women of the other parts of the world know nothing. In the communal systems by which the Tillages of Russia are governed the women stand on an equal footing with the men as regards the distribution of propert. and they have their share of the property of the village according to their share in the work. According to Rnssian law the legitimate wives and daughters of the man get only one-fourteenth of the family inheritance, but by the law of the peasants the right of Inheritance comes from work alone, and there is no distinction between wires and concubines. The husband inherits the wife's property only when they have lived together more than ten years, and other wise it joes back to her parents. The peasant women take part in the Tillage as semblies and widows who are the heads of families have the right to vote. There are cases In which the whole Tillage assembly Is made up of women, and this assembly divides the land of the Tillage and woman up while thev are working. Even on a fete dav their dresses arc not very expensive, and a costume consisting of a white chemise cut low at the neck with long, full sleeves and dropping down to the knees, with an apron tied around over the bust, constitutes a woman's outfit This chemise-like dress is fastened over the bust aud under the arms, and is held by braces over the shoul ders. The apron is tied around the waist, as well as over the shoulders, and the skirt reaches nearly to the feet The dress is embroidered with a cross-stitch of red and blue, and the neck above the chemise is olten covered with strings of beads. These costumes varv in different parts of the country. In Little Russia the dresses are often one mass of embroidery, and the women wear a very pretty embroidered crown over their heads, and the dresses come high about the neck. The nurses everywhere have Costumes of their own, and the Finnish girls, who net as the wet nurses for the babies of St Petersburg, al ways have crowns upon their heads, andvou caii tell a nurse as tar as you can see her. The peasant woman knows nothing ot the corset aud she has no idea of fashion. The people wear the same costumes irom year to year, and the peasant dress of to-day is the same as that of generations ago. I saw in Kazan Mohammetaa women who wore sacks over their beads with the sleeves hanging down on the shoulders and with only a crack at the front through which they could see as they went along the street, and the dress of these womeu was almost exactly like that ot the women of Korea. Adorned With Real Coins. I saw other women there whose heads and breasts were covered with gold coins just like those of the women whom vou see in the Himalaya mountains of India on the boarders ot Thibet, and these Tartar women have the same bronze faces and high cheek bones that are found in the girls ot the Himalaya mountains. Tbey are ot Mon golian origin aud they look more like Chinese than Americans. The coins which they wear are real coins and they generally represent the dower which the woman brings into the family when she is married. Some of the women of Little Russia have a similar way of ornamenting themselves, and I got a photograph of one who had a breast plate covered with gold coins and whose head was loaded down with them. Speaking of woman's work among the peasants, the hardest field work is done by the women and they get lower wages than the men. Their hours are from about 4 in the morning to 7 or 8 o'clock in the evening and 15 cents a day is big wages. If tbey receive food their wages are even less than this, and in some parts of Russia girls get 8 cents a day and board themselves. In other regions tbeir wages rise as high as 20 cents, and in a very few parts of the empire they are paid even more than this. Tney are, as a rule, better workers than the men, and they do not seem to appreciate how badly off they are. I hear them singing in the fields "as I travel throughout the country, and they do not seem to think their lite a hard one. They marry young ana the rule here is a large lamily. '.Nearly every woman you see has a baby at the breast, and Russia has perhaps more children to the popula tion than any other country on the globe. Marriages among the peasants are olten arranged by the parents. TUo Hlddlo Class or the Empire. Above the peasants is the merchant class, and the women ot this class arc to a largo extent different from those of the nobility priest The bridegroom meets the bride at the church and the pair carry lighted tapers with them to the altar. The taper that burns out first is supposed to indicate the death of its holder. After the ceremony the bridal party walk three times around the part of the church where the cross is, and after the benediction they kiss the holy pic tures of the church and they kiss each other three times during the ceremony. When the whole service is over the bridegroom leads the bride to his house, where his peas ants greet him and where they are blessed with bread and salt There Is a wedding supper after this. Every Russian man wears boots, and It used to be the custom that the bride must pull off her husband's boots the first night of the marriage. In one of these boots belore going to the wedding he usu ally secreted a sum of gold or silver, but he did not tell his bride in which vboot the money was. If she got the right boot the money belonged to her and her husband had to draw ofl his own boots in the future. If she got the wrong one he had the right to use her as a bootjack whenever he pleased. This, however, was a custom only ot the lower classes, and it is now more honored in the breach than the observance. The Russian bride, however, has her hap piest time just at the marriage. Tne peas ant's wife has, nerhaps, as hard a lot as any woman in the world, and this is especially so during the first years of her married life. She is the slave ot her husband, and, what is worse, she is usually the slave of her mother-in-law, and she is treated as badly as the widow is in India. How the Bride la Received at Home. Here, where the families ot three gener ations often live together in a hut ot one nrtnn roams, the voune bride is not wel comed, and the young husband can do little to protect her. The oldest man of the Jam il v is boss of the household,and the Russian author, Tikhomiror, gives a nnmber of songs which illustrate how the bride is re in these days of patriotism and politics the true story of the origin of the name "Uncle Sam" is often asked. Dr. Brewer gives this, which is accepted by many Americans as the correct version. During the war of 1812 Elbert Anderson,' of Troy, was a contractor for meat and pork for the army, and Samuel Wilson, familiarly 1 know as "Uncle Sam," was the inspector of snpplies, who passed or did not pass, as ;!ie case might be his goods. Anderson's barrels of beef were marked "E. A. U. IS." A straitger, seeing a yonng fellow let- j tering the barrels, asked him what the ! letters meant; for the Initials "U. 8." were still unfamiliar as standing for United States. "Sam" Wilson was standing by, and the Yankee, pointing toward him, said that they meant "Elbert Anderson Uncle Sam," Many of Anderson's workmen entered the army, carrying their Jokes with them; and so the story that "U. S." meant "Uncle Sara" was spread abroad; and as the Americ in nation needed something to typify it just as England is typified by John Bull, France by Johnny Crapand, Germany by Hans, Russia by a bear "Uncle Ham" was accepted as tilling a "long felt waut" least nominal ruler of all that the Dutch had held, that is, both sides of the Dela ware river. Lord Baltimore, however, claimed to own the west bank; and William Penn, after he had obtained his charter, claimed likewise to own it as well as tha Eastern side. Finally, in 1682, Penn offered to give up his claim to Delaware if he could get the west bank of the river, and ceded to Delaware the country 13 miles around New Castle. This accounts for the semi-circular. Northern boundary of Dela ware. What has been the average cost per mile of railroads In this countryt D. G. L. According to Poor's "Manual of Rail roads" in New England the average liabili ties of companies per mile are 557,632; in the Middle States, $120,792; in the Central Northern States, $53,267; in the South 'At lantic States, $40,808; in the Gulf and Mis sissippi Valley States, ?51,201; in the South western States, (52,620; in the Northwest ern States,t48,143; and in the Pacifio States, $59,033. These figures are not thoso of the cost of building, but, are those ot the sums per mile on which the roads are paying div idends. It has been calculated that the actual cost is very much within these figures. 300 TRAINS IN A DAY. How the Great Wheeled Procesiion at Union Depot Is Handled. NEARLY 100,000 LIVES AT STAKE. Tha Wonderful f-jstem of Switching- and Signalling Now in Use. PART COHPRESSED AIR PLATS IN IT By what tribunal was Mrs. Snrratt tried and eonvicteu, aud who composed ttt SCBSOBIBia. Mrs. Surratt and the other accused per sons trere tried by a military commission which sat in Washington inMay and June, 1865. It was composed of General David Hunter, President; General Lew Wallace, General August V. Kautz, General A. P. Howe, General R S. Foster, General James Ekin, General T. M. Harris, Colonel a H. Tompkins and Colonel D. R, Clendenin, Joseph Holt, Postmaster-General under Buchanan, was Judge-Advocate, assisted by John A. Bingham and Colonel H. L. Burnett First Who was tho strange and unknown man who was walking the streets of London during the dreadful plague some centuries back and crving out "O, the creat and di cartful God!" Second Are any of Ka poleon Bonaparte's marshals living) If so how many? Third Is thei a a piece of gar ment anywhere In the world that was worn by our Savior; Is there any one of the nails or piece of tne cross In existence that Is known positively to be part of that con nected with the scenes of the craciflctlonf B. S. Firt He is still unknown. He may have been a fanatio, or more probably, if he really was any one, he was a Londoner made Insane by the terrible experiences of the time. Solomon Eagle, according to De Foe, went around making similar remarks; perhaps he was the strange and unknown man. Second No; the last of Napoleon's mar shals to die was Jean Toussaiut Arrighl de Canovas, Duke of Padua, who died March 21, 1853. Marniont and Soult were his latest predecessors. Third At Triers (or Treves), In Ger many, is an ancient garment said to have belonged to Jesus Cbri-t Whether or not it really belonged to Him, it is very an cient, perhaps the most ancient complete garment now existing. Unbelievers have said that then is enough "true wood of the holy cross" in existence to make a large forest Ceitalnly the relics ot the Lord, exhibited or owned in Europe, are worthy of rever ence, even if one aoes not admit that the chain of evidence connecting them with Christ is absolutely flawless. Which has the higher building liew York? Chicago or A.M. I. Chicago, we think. Three oi its build ings have 16 stories above ground. Then the Masonic Temple in Chicago is to be 20 stories in height, while there are three more 16-story buildings going up there and only one 14-story building going up in New York. IWHlTl'aw TOB TH DISPATCH.! There Is daily a monster procession In Pittsburg, the passing of which rarelv excites remark. It can be seen best 'between 7 and 9 o'clock, morning and evening, from any elevated point near the Union station. There are but 12 tracks here three " each for the Ft Wayne and Panhandle, and six for the Pennsylvania and Alleghenv astonishing total of day, arriving and Valley yet 800 trains the per Uon, except the Western connectiona of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He has as aids telephone, telegraph, schedule and word of month. The telephone extends from the Station Master's office to the Fourteenth and Seventeenth,street towers, aud thence to the Seventeenth street Passenger Yard master's office. The remarkable feature of the passage of these trains is this: But two trains at one time can pass the Fourteenth street tower one in each direction, or both in the same direction. At the Seventeenth street tower seven trains, mingled as to direction, can pass simultareously. Flaylnc tha Eillrosd Piano. The leverman stands at aboard resem bling in form a grand piano with 24 switch levers at nis command, each of which is supplemented by a .signal lever re sembling in its relative position the white key of a piano. Be fore him is a chart, which, by the way, be rarely or never consults, indicating by ngurea me swncnes to oe made, une nor mal position of all these levers Is to the left Say a switch is to be mado from "G" track to "2" track. Without taking the official figures from the board, let us state the figures approximately, as follows: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7. It 5 and 7 are "ringed" that is, have a circle around them it means that the levers shall be turned to the right, while the others retain their normal posi tion. After that action the chart indicates which number of the switch lever shall be turned to the left or right, the latter posi tion locking not alone 'on the board by means of a "dog," but also the switches themselves. In such cases it would be im possible to throw a switch, even with the aid oi a crowbar. The automatic block signalling depart ment is as important to the safety of Das- tengers and employes as any other feature. MAIM PARASITES. What Recent Investigations Reveal. Science Triumphs Over Poisons of Bog and Pool. Sou Hussion Women Ride. Seautiti of Finland. or the peasants. They do not do the hard work or the peaants nor have they the in telligence of" their sisters of the nobility. The merchants of Rnssia form to a large ex tent the middle class and the merchants' wives and daughters are kept out of sight They spend their time in dressing, smoking and 'eating, and their husbands when they chat wiib their fellows about women usu ally stieak of them as "the children of the devil," and they are full of all sorts of uperttitions concerning them. In none of tbe Russian churches is a woman permitted eeived into the family. In Little Russia thev say: Who is to bring the water? The daughter-in-law. Who is to be beaten? The daughter-in-law. Why Is she beaten? Because she is the daughter-in-law. As soon as she comes into the family, the older members make war against her. Says father-in-law: "They have brought us a bear." Says motber-in-lawt "They have brought us an eater of men." bay the brothers-in-law: "They have brought us an unclean thing." Bay the aunts: "They have brought us a spinner of naught" And so the young woman spends her honeymoon, and so she lives until she be comes an old woman and is ready to avenge her wrongs upon her daughter-in-law of the luture. Think of the troubles of woman and of the horrors of having to raise fami lies and go through all the pains and troubles ot motherhood under snch circum stances. Still this is what these people do, while laboring day after dav in the fields; they accomplish on the poorest of food the work of able-bodied men. Just Like Oar Summer Girls. The women of tht higher classes of Russia are among the best educated and most in telligent women of the world. I met a sweet little Russian on the Volga steamboat Missouri who told me she liked philosophy better than fiction and that the only novels she cared for were those she could have in her own life. She was on her way to the summer resorts in tbe Caucasus and she had the same loving aud lovable ways of the summer girl of America. I had a" delight ful time with her nntil I happened to mention that I was married and then she forsook me for the bachelor irom America who was triVeling with me. She rather thought I was going through Russia under false pretenses because I had not a plain gold ring on the wedding finger, and she .said every married gentleman in Russia had to wear one. She spoke English in a sweet broken way and talked French and German fluently. Everv girl, in fact, in a well-to-do family in Russia begins to prattle in foreign languages almost as soon as she cuts her first teeth. She has three or tour governesses and she learns her.French, Ger man and Euglish as a child. Many of the ladies of the higher classes bere have been educated in the colleges of Europe, and, until within a few years ago, a woman conld get a good college education in Russia. All of the female colleges but one, however, have been abolished, as the Government thinks they are the hotbeds of nihilism, and theywere closed by the im perial order about fire years ago. The Ctar Opposed to Women Doctors. ' In 1872 a woman's medical college was opened at St Petersburg and It had about 400 students, and during tbe ten years of its existence it graauatea TOO women doctors. What Is the difference between these par ties In British politics: Liberals, Tories, Vhiits, Nationalist!!, Conservatives, Purnell ites, Antt-Parnellites.UuionistBT L. H. The names Tory and Whig are no longer applied to the political parties in Great Britain; the Tories now generally call them selves Conservatives, while the Whig party 60 years ago began to call itself tbe Liberal party. The Liberals incline toward new things, the Conservatives hold back.- The Liberal-Unionists, or simply Unionists, are Liberals who left tha party in 1888, be cause they feared that Mr. Gladstone's home rule plan, if carried out, would break up the British Empire; they believed in maintaining the union. The Nationalists are the Irish Home Rulers; the Parnellites are the Nationalists who believe in Parnell, the anti-ParneUites, or MoCarthyites, are those who prefe'r to swear by Justin Mc Carthy, The distinction between the Mo Carthyites and the Parnellites is very small;' but for that reason it will doubtless exist for a long time. What Is the declaration of the National Democratlo platfoiin as to Ituasian He brews! B. 1L Section 11 of the platform adopted at Chicago reads: This country has always been the refuse of 'the oppressed from every land exiles for conscience's sake and In the spirit of the founders of our Government we condemn the oppression practiced by the Busslan Government UDon its Lutneian and Jewish subjects, and we call upon our National Government, In tbe lnteiests of Justioe and humanity, by all Just and proper means to use Us prompt and best eCorts to bring abont a cessation of these cruel persecu tions in the dominions of the Czar, aud to secure to the oppiened equal ilj;ins. We tender our profound and earnest sympathy to those lovers of freedom who aie strug gling for home rule and the great cause of locaoelf-governmeut in Ireland. BIGHAL1SG THE WEATHER, The Ball System Proposrd for the Benefit of Forming Communities. The system forsignaling the weather illus trated herewith was devised by Mr. W. B. Kendall at Bowdoinhani, Me., which has many things in its favor. The cut explains it very well. Simply a pole about 80 fee t in height placed on a high hill, and then large wire balls hauled up on the pole. One ball ti, " SV v.. i Acute and Chronic Malaria Cured. A series of investigations has been car ried on during the past few week at tha Surzical Hotel. Columbus. O.. under the direction of Dr. S. B. Hartman, which has furnished some very interesting results not commonly known to the public. For the benefit of the non-professional reader we stop to explain that malaria (commonly called chills and fever, fever and ague) is caused bv a minute organism which germinates in stagnant water. These organisms live in the water and can do no harm until the water dries up, leaving the organism to perish, when its spores or eggs, with which its body is filled, are carried into the air by the wind or washed into wells or streams by showers. These minute spores find their way Into th'e system through the air we breathe, the water we drink or the food we eat, and their presence in the blood sets up the disease known as malaria. The organism which causes malaria and its spores are so very small that they can only be seen by the aid of the very best microscope in the bauds of an experienced microscopist. To become familiar with the appearance and babits of the malaria organism requires long and care ful study on the part ot the microscopist The most important fact revealed by the late Investigations at the Surgical Hotel is that there are two distinct malaria parasites one capable of producing acute malaria, distinct chills and fever; the other produc ing chronic malaria, in which there is no distinct or regular occurrence of chills and fever. The organism which produces acute malaria is distinguished from the organism which produces chronic malaria by its form and movements. The parasite of acute malaria is known to the microscopist as cytomceba, and is capa ble ot amoeboid movements, its form being roundish. This parasite is well shown br the following cut from a pencil drawing made at the Surgical Hotel by their micro scopist, as seen through a powerful micro scope. The cut represents the organisms magnified many thousand times: THJ" INTEELOCKIirO APPARATUS FOB OPBRATEir& SWITCHES AND SIGNALS. Can yon tell rne where I can get a divining or mineral rod that will locate gold and sil ver? J. j, W. You can get a balancing compass from any dealer in scientific goods; when placed horizontally it acts as a compass, but wben held vertically the needle will dip toward metallic deposits. But it will not indicate gold or silver. For those metals, according to a very old superstition, you must have a witch hazel tork, which yon must get secretly; cut it with a singl blow of a new knile at miduicht; and don't .I'orzet that In cutting it yon must be fasting, and must not use the name of the Deity in any shape. The belief in the divining rod dates back for centuries; Scott tells of a master of the divining rod describing Dousterswivel in "The Antiquary." , John was Ernest's father: John's last wife was Ernest's flrat wife's sister; John's sec ond wife had a daughter when shetnirrled htm; Ernest married John's stepdaughter. Now, the question is, what kin or relation Joiin's last children were to Ernest's last children! Lookixsids. This looks very difficult of solution, but it isn't really. The seeming complication comes because of the unnecessary detail about Ernest's first wife having been an elder sister of John's second wife; throw that out, and the proposition remains John married the mother, his son married the daughter; what relation were their chil dren? John's children were half brothers and sisters to both Earnest and his wife, and couldn't be anything else. Their father was Earnest's father, their mother was Earnest's wife's mother; that's all there is to the question. Can you civo mo the title of one or more bonks upon eoonomio question! In Great Brtml , France and Germany especially those boarl'ig on their tariff laws, interna tional tiade, and waesT O. V. F. Of English books may be mentioned: Cobden's "Political Writings," Bastable's "Theory of International Trade," and Thorold Rogers "Six Centuries of Work and Wages;" most of the British political economists are free traders. Among French writings' are: Cournot's "Principes de la theorie des Ricbesses," Gide's "Prin cipes d' Economic Politique," Chevalier's "Les Salaires au Dix-nenvieme Siecle," and of German works these re readable: Gustav CohnVSystem der National Oekon omie," Roessler's "Zur Kritik der Lehre vom Arbeits-lohn." You can get these from or through any dealer in reference books; tbe prices vary occasionally. The list is by no means exhaustive. j Jflk WW ilim ' c2r I n I A I 7 1 i mjkkr 1-S7 II IIMT departing is promptly and safely handled. Considering the facilities, this is the world's record breaker. The schedules give no approximate idea of the number of trains. Thus the Pennsyl vania's schedule enumerates 9 through trains east-bound daily and 11 west-bound, or arriving. The official figures for July Bhow that there were 23 through trains on this line each way dally. These figures are made possible by the ease with which "sec tions, ad libitum, can be tacked on to regu lar schedules, thanks to the unerring block signal system. The Enormous Snbnrbn Truffle, In some degree the same variation oc curs in local or suburban schedules. Thus tbe scheduled trains between It is so arranged that when connection Is made between any two companion rails by means of car wheels and axles an electrical connection is formed which closes the arma ture of a relay. The Principle or tha Air Brake. This electrical energy forces compressed air into a tube and against an armature at tached to a pin-valve. The reverse action releases this confined air, which seeks the easiest outlet, which U into another ramifi cation of pipes. The last-named operation, or the escape of the air mechanically, re leases the counterweight ot the signal to its "danger" position. The normal position of the automatic blade is "safety." Only after tbe passage of a train will it show a "danger" or "block" signal. The entire system is based on air compression, to de scribe which would he but a duplicate THE PARASITE OP ACUTE MALARIA. I (iaiflFtnlnn nftlia ocssnlli.l nai'nninla nf tk& Braddock and Walls and Pittsburg Wesfnghouse airbrake svstem. number 35 in each direction, whereas I There is an air-Dumuinar house at Seven- would indicate fair weather; two balls, local rain or snow, and three balls, general rains. No provision has been made for indicating tbe temperature, because the farmers do not consider that important, unless a frost is ex pected. In that case a pennant could be displayed from the topmast With these balls from 8 to 12 feet in diameter, they can be.seeh outlined against the sky for six to eight miles, and even farther by the aid of a glass. The system i not in use yet, but should be thoroughly tested, says the Bos ton Herald. A working model was pnton exhibition at tbe fair grounds in Maine. 8HIPS BUILT 07 ALUMINUM. BV land!" Absolute independence What Is meant British GovernmentT Self-government At present "Home Bute for Ire- s or the D.H. W. the Irish are governed by what used to be called in this country "carpet-baggers" outsiders, that is. Mr. Gladstone's idea seems to be to give Ireland local self-government usin? It was closed, however, and though there J the word "local" broadly, to refer to the are some women who still practice medi cine in Russia, the bulk of them are per mitted to do their work only as assistants, and they are tolerated only as an experi ment When the present Czar came to the throne he prohibited the practice of medi cine by women, but they have been allowed to practice, though their work it in reality contrary to the law. Frank G. Carpenter, FITS All fits itonnef! ft bT Tip. RI1n- rc vZtZz .; .cr-.-iir. -mjr.-rr-. - ? to go into the inner sanctuary, and if on. is I WT'iSSSJSSSSi going out hunting it is considered had luck 1 Jit cam. Cr. Kline, ss Arch st. Folia,, Fa, So whole of the Emerald Isle; while it will have no power, distinct from that ot other parts of the United Kingdom, to act in foreien or "imperial" matters. That is though the English are not yet willing to admit it it will become much like one of our States, with similar powers and limi tations. It is'not intended to separate the country entirely from Great Britain. Why Is the Northern boundary of Dela ware an aro of a circlet D. C K. The Duke of Tork. after the Enilish conquered tht Ne Netherlands, became at J SA. Ssi'.'-'.'W ... .. .. i l'jfi..', .,..,.. iti... ;.. .-... . .fc.J"-, - N , --..i--'''graaaMMJittf3iif iiAiiilliHlamifTTiffarif."irr:T,l -i-irfff Jglfflif - T it n v'.-i?f ftMsfsiislSMPaWr By the Use of That Metal the Weight Can Be Reduced One-Halt Leed's Mercnry. Fifty years ago the introduction of iron as a building material created a revolution in the science and art of shipbuilding. It is now certain that in the very near future an even more important revolution will be created by the introduction of aluminum, At present there are in existence but five small craft constructed of this metal. Three are petroleum yachts, which were built this year at Zurich. One is a Swedish lifeboat The fifth is a yacht which is now complet ing for sea in this country. Until two or three years ago the high price of aluminum entirely barred the way to its general usefulness, but ihe metal has since become muoh cheaper, and to the ship builder it offers so manv striking advan tages that, even at the comparatively high price which is still charged for it, it is sure of general adoption. In strength and toughness it rivals steel, in non-liability to corrosion it is almost as good as gold, and in lightness it stands altogether alone. Nor is this all. The hull of an old iron ship, when sold ti be broken up goes for nearly nothlntr. The hull of an old aluminum ship would, it is estimated, it disposed of as worn-out metal, fetch nearly two-thirds of its original oost This Is a consideration which caDitalists and in vestors are not likely to lose sight of. To the naval constructor aluminum comes, of course, as precisely the material of whioh he is mostly in need. His great problem of late years has been to reduce to the lowest possible dimensions what may be called the Inevitable weights of his-vessels. It is oomputed that, by using aluminum instead of steel he may, without sacrifice of strength, rtdnoe the' weight of a ship's, bull by tally ons-half. s -v, the daily average is 40. The suburban traf fic of the Panhandle has grown so rapidly that it will surprise even regular patrons of the road to learn that 64 through and local Panhandle trains arrive at and depart from Union i station every 24 hours. The Al legheny Valley has 39 and the Pittsburg, Virginia and Charleston 22 trains daily. The Fort Wayne numbers but 20, its outlet and receptacle for suburban traffic being the Federal street station in Allegheny. Counting an average of seven cars to each train, thisprocession exceeds 23. miles in length every day. Considering that these figures refer only to passenger traffic, the sate and prompt transmission to their desti nations of so many thousands (approximat ing 100,000 dailyof precious human lives is one of the greatest ot modern achieve ments. The number of men and the . amonnt of machinery required to handle these 300 trains daily is amazing. It should be borne in mind, too, that the motive mechanism is Complicated and costly, so far as the estab lishment oi the original plant is concerned. All of tbe figures herewith given apply only to passenger trains. The Fort Wayne freights go by way of the West Penn to Bolivar Junction and the Panhandle freights over the Pittsburg, Virginia and Charleston via Port Perry and Brinton station. Tbe details of the handling of this vast passenger traffic afford a fascinating' sub ject for stndr. The arrival or departure of a train implies iruni twu iu uva luauipuio tions and they are as perfectly synchronous and harmonious as though they were auto matic Cnfoldlnc of the Panorama. To comprehend this complex system of moving trains, it is necessary for the obser ver to station himself on Liberty street or to obtain a perch on the hill near the High School building. Here the whole panorama unfolds itsslf. The movement of trains is directed mainly from the Fourteenth street tower, which is only one of several towers between this citv and Stewart station, 17 miles distant The government of these trains is confided to officials who are known by tho titles of Train Directors. There are three of these men in each of the towers who work eight hours each, and scarcely any strain can be put on a man greater than tbey aro at times obliged to endure. Take, for instance, "the Fourteenth street station. No less than 1,630 distinct move ments have here been made in one day of 24 hours, while there has been a total ot 103 movements made in one hour. This means the making ot a complete route and the locking ot it with tbe customary signal. At the Seventeenth street ower a maximum of 1.400 movements has been readied in ono ,day, tbe highest number of movements made in any one hour being vs. In tbe Fourteenth street tower are 20 switch levers, 23 signal levers and 6 spare levers. There are 33 home signals and 4 pot drilling signals, also, 25 switches and 25 locks. The total number of functions is 87. A "function" Is a route complete signals set and route locked. There are be tween this city and East Liberty 125 of these signals incoming and outgong. Tbe elertric light system extends to Thirty-third street, and it is the intention to project it to East Liberty when the company's plant, now in process of construction, is completed, which will be about September is. A Complicated and extensive Plant. On the Pittsburg division, extending to Altooua, there are now 400 levers and 275 signals, not including the block towers. There are 200 switches and 175 locks, with a total of 600 function!, or com plete movements. Between Pittsburg and East Liberty there are 125 signal blades. Some of these operate numbers synchron ously so as to cover any one of two or three switches hich may be thrown. There are between Pittsburg and Stewart, distant 17 miles, 325 signals of all kinds, including interlocking and automatic blocks. Of these there are 200 automatia signals sepa rated by distances averaging from one-half to three-quarters ot a mile. The Train Director in the Fourteenth street tower controls absolutely every train entering or departing from the Union ita- teentn street, at wmen point all cars arc "gassed." This station supplies all tbe air required between Pittsburg and East Lib erty, including the Fourteenth and Seven teenth street Interlocking stations and all the automatic blocks between Fourteenth street and East Liberty. At the East Lib erty and Walls shops are other pumping stations which are constantly in use. In reserve for emergencies are pumping stations at Twenty-eighth street and Wilkin3burg. At Brinton part of this air supply is used to run a 2U horse power engine, which is the model and pride of the pneumatic inter locking system. This engine furnishes the motive power for a dynamo by means ot which a storage battery is charged. The Swltchlne and SI;nalIIne Corps. Robert Pitcairn is the fatherof this switch ing and signalling corps and is proud of the body of expert and accurate young men which he has gathered around him. He has entrusted the supervision of the signalling system to Mr. A. M. Keppel, Jr., who was formerly Assistant Division Operator lor the Western Division. It is a safe challenge to issue to say that for promptness, safetv and speed, obstacles being equal, the efficiency of this system jannot be paralleled in the world. Allison. Fig. 1 in the above cut shows the or ganism with its body full of exceedingly minute granules, which will soon develop into spores. Fig. 2 in the cut shows the same organism with the spores fully devel oped, ready to be thrown off Fig. 3, in the same cut, after they have been thrown off by the parasite, which spores will rapid ly grow to the size of the parent organism. All this can occur under favorable circum stances in a few hours, so that they multi ply with incredible raniditv. As before stated, it is this kind of mala rial parasite which causes acute malaria or fever and ague. It is well known that qui nine will generally cure such coses. It does so by killing the organism in the blood, and thus removing the cause for the' chills. Pe-ru-na, in large doses, will also kill this organism, and will do so with less harm to the person who takes it than quinine will do; bnt as qui nine is tbe cheaper of the two remedies it is theone generally used. Whenever Pe-ru-na 13 taken tor acnte malaria that i to break the chills and fever it should be taken as follows: During the intermission a wineglassful of Pe-ru-na every two hours (children in proportion) should be taken . until four doses are taken, after which a tablespoonlul every hourduringthe remain der or the intermission until the time for tbe next chill has paed. And when the chills are stopped a tablespooufnl every two hours during the day should be taken for ten or 15 days, or until the cure is per manent The parasite which causes chronic malaria is quite diflerent from the above parasite in its appearance as well as its effect upon the human body. The following cut shows them in the three stages of their growth. This organism is known in technical lan guage as polimitus, or the parasite of La vernan, and is incapable of motion: A C0EESCBSW BAILBOAD, Tower by Vfhleh Visitors to the World's Fair Will Get a Blrd's-Eye View. In Midway plaisance, just outside the ex position grounds, the World's Fair Tower Company will erect an odd and striking structure. The tower will not be remark able for its height, for it is to be only 560 feet tall, but for the peculiar method of getting to the top of it This tower is something in the form of a corkscrew, sur rounded by uprights of steel. It consists of a winding track leading to the top, the track being supported by steel columns. It is not intended to use elevators in making the ascent, but instead cars propelled by electricity will take the passepgers np. Near the top is a landing place in tbe form of a floor that extends entirely across the jy THE PARASITE OP CHRONIC IWALARTA. The Circular Railway Tout. tower, which is 200 feet in diameter. Here passengers will alight From this landing place they can get a fine view of the grounds. The company has secured its site and will soon begin work on the tower. ANOOstura Bitters make health, make bright, rosy cheeks and happlnesa. In Fig. 1 of the cut the body of the para site is filled with undeveloped spores. Fig. 2 shows them in a higher state of de velopment Fig. 3 shows the same spores readr to begin work for themselves. The symptoms set np by these organisms in tho human svstem are so entirely different from acute malaria that they need description here. They will often pester a person' for months without making him sick abed, but making him genuinely miserable creeping rigors, coated tongue, appetite changeable, cold, sweaty hands and manv indescribable sensations of genuinely disagreeable kinds, melancholy feelings, a discouraged, listless state ot mind, tired-out feelings and bilious ness. It is a fact well known to the medical profession that quinine will cot cure this form of malaria. It has been demonstrated over and over again at the Surgical Hotel that, while quinine will generally destroy tbe parasite of acnte malaria, it will have little, or no effect on the parasite of chronlo malaria. It is just here that Pe-ru-na as a malaria cure shows its great snperiority over quinine. Both the parasites ot chronic and acute malaria are destroyed by Pe-ru-na. It will cleanse the system of every parti cle of malarial poison. It restores the ap E elite, clears the befogged senses, and rings back a hopeful stale of mind, 'which malaria is snre to destroy. In these cases two tablespoonfuls of Pe-ru-na should be taken before each meal. This dose shonld be gradually increased to three tablespoon fnls at each dose if the symptoms do not improve soon. Man-a-lin should be taken according to the directions on the bottle if tbe bowels are constipated. Further particulars can be obtained by sending to the Pe-ru-na Drug Manufactur ing Company, Columbus, Ohio, for their free book on malarial diseases. Latest Importation In French Millinery, Including the most select styles from the leading booses in Paris and New Tork; m well as the prodaotion of my own French designs. Jloumlag millinery a specialty. Mux. K. Dam. M Penn avenue, Plttsbnrg, Pa, ZJirllilf i lifflltaflfl'Mift fffo 'in ifki.;hiriitfffiiTisk1sir'iif fiiiisfiirftfiliWKT
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers