piS ""WffHIRiW , -Min THE PITTSBURG- DlSPATUfi, tmNDAtf. AUGtTST 7. 1892. 17 ICES eons Apartments With alls of MarWe Polished by Nature. TTYLAKES AND BITERS Fountains of Crystal That Have Played for Centuries. THINGS UNDER THE GROUND. eries That Tell the Story of the Han of the Stone Age. (RATIONS OP 1TAETEL OP PARIS rWTtlTTEJT TOR THI EISfATCH.l ie peat four years E. A. Martel, a lawyer of Paris, has made bis name sown through his explorations of It costs a great deal ot money to iriginal investigations in the depths earth, and it is fortunate for Martel : is rich and can afford to employ all a he needs, and provide the very luipment that money will buy. Mar 1 his courage tested and his physical s developed and trained for his chosen y some years of climbing among the and most difficult of the Alps. In e made the transition from the high ids in Europe to the depths of its least t caverns. new work has become the passion of s; but Martel's doings would have merest for the learned world if his .fie instincts and training did not fit Imirably to add new facts to human edge. Grottology is a comparatively ndy to which not a few learned men cateurs are now turning their atten :no ing that thorough cave explora will enrich several branches of e. Relics of Primeval Man. r since Cuvier, in the last century, attention to the fossil remains of itoric man and animals, found in caves, arned world has recognized the im lce of this branch of study to paleon . The most celebrated finds of relics meval man and of contemporary sol are those that were discovered at nreuth in Bavaria, at Kirkdale, in hire, at Kent Hole in Devonshire in ves along the borders of the Meuse in no, and in the grottos of the Jura, Revenues and the Pyrennes, in e. cares afford an opportunity for other :s of the highest scientific interest. animal life still found in them, the shin, the fishes the Crustacea and in nifwt nt them Mind mr1 11 mtwL adapted for their environment of eijs and gloom, has as yet been studied i i very limited extent. Plant life .he mosses and cryptogams fonnd in are still little known. Most valuable rations may also be made, under the eof the earth, in geology, terrestrial -s and other branches ot knowledge. are also regarded with the most curi- lterest by tourists and not nearly so has yet been done in Europe to make subterranean wonders accessible to lers as has been done at 3fammoth and v, our own great show caves. lie It Unking tlie Feasants Rich. rtel found that many of the ignorant .utry in the Cevennes were filled with uperstitious fears common in ancient when untrained imaginations peopled . with hobgoblins and devils. But he wrought a transformation. "When he id the Cevennes on his last exploring he was welcomed as the benefactor of ountry. His published reports, issued each journey, have called attention, ind wide, to the wonders and beauties aese caves. Tourists are beginning to to the mountains. The people are !ing houses to entertain the visitors. Vlial you have done ior ns," sard some em to Martel, "has helped us to make money than we ever made in a year e." is article could be filled with a mere ogue ot the marvelous theories and ed facts coming from the early ex- a-s oi caves. Otie of the most remarka- tl them was the fantastic conception of botanist Tournefort who, in his de- tionofthe grotto of Antiparos in the k Archipelago, published in 1717, pre- ed that stalactites grew like plants. resemblance of these concretions to the ks and branches of trees, and the con- ric rings he found in their internal ture inspired him with the Utopian ot the vegetation of stones. How a Great Cave Was Discovered. roe of the great caves explored by Mr. tel have enly recently been discovered. ttioO a young peasant clambered up a ntain side in the department of Lozere, h France, in pursuit of a fox. Sud- y renard disappeared in a hole, and the tcr, thinking it would be casv to smoke out, kindled a fire and then waited ior prey. But the loi did not reappear, finally the young man enlarged the ning and squeezed himself through it. soon found he was able to stand erect. Entrance to Padirae Cave. I lighting a handful of grass an unheard world was revealed to his astonished e. Two hours later he reappeared at the nlet in the valley with a blanched face 1 the announcement that he had seen the ranee to helL He had discovered the -gilan Oave, one of the largest in Europe, oso tortuous galleries, wide and lotty .Is, their ceilings fretted with stalactites, ad lakes and little rivers, have been ex ired and mapped by Mr. Martel. ne of these pictures shows the great and icipitous depression at whose bottom on : left is teen the black mouth of the at cave of radirac The picture also ws the long rope ladder by which Martel descended, and also his telephonio connection with the outer world. Cattle Fell Into the Great Abyss. It happened sometimes that cattle fell down into this abyss 175 feet deep. At last a man fell in "and his body could be seen at the bottom of the wall. The na tives were not certain whether it was a case of accident, suicide or murder, and tho jury of inquest sent some men down to investi gate. They fonnd more than they sought, tor they penetrated the yawning mouth of Padirae. Another picture shows Martel's three boats afloat in the depth of Padirae, THE EIYEK IN Martel's Party Over the man in the rear lighting up the scene with a strong reflector. The party is over 600 feet below the surface. Iu 188S and 1889 Martel explored 14 of the largest French caves. In so short a time he could make merely a preliminary survey, but he has since carried out a very thorough study of some of the caves. He has now explored 20 French caves, besides extending his labors brieflr into snbter- .ranean Algeria and Greece. His special study is the genesis ol caves and the origin of underground rivers, and he maps very carefully all the caverns he explores. It is well known that rivers, here and there, seem to spring full grown to the light of day, and most writers have been able to conceive them as originating only in large subterranean lakes or reservoirs. The Slygterions Origin ot Bivers. Martel has thrown light on this question. These reservoirs and "mother sources" must lor the most part take their place among the chimeras. His researches have con firmed the view that the subterranean rivers are .usually formed by little rivulets filter ing through the upper strata and meeting at last to form an underground stream. It is these waters of infiltration that by their erosive and chemical action dig out and shape the limestone caverns. Martel leads quite a caravan into the field when he starts on his explorations. As his party drove into a hamlet one day the as tonished natives asked it a circus had come to town. Ten to 15 men usually take part in the wort, and with the wagon train loaded with the exploring and camping outfit and provisions, including milch goats and coops of poultry, they are almost as impressive in acpearance as a Central African expedition. As the party often plunges into the mount ains, many miles from all sonrces of sup plies, it is necessary to carry a large quan tity of provisions. Martel's exploring equipment includes an electric telephone. No vertical descent is possible without this appliance, for at a depth ot 90 feet it is impossible to distinguish words on account of the vocal reverberations. la the Sauveterre Cave. One picture here shows Martel as his comrades are lowering him into the abyss of inky blackness iu the Sauveterre cave. Two lines connect him with his friends, and one of .them is his telephone wire which he needed long before he had fathomed the mysteries of that frightful precipice. He carries from one to three boats, that can be taken apart, packed in small space and put together in 15 minutes; flash lights for photographing, electrical apparatus, 1,500 feet of rope of the size used by gymnasts, 150 feet of rope ladder in sections but attachable, a wooden ladder22 feet long, divisible into tour parts, stearine candles about two inches thick with large wicks, tinder to kindle fires if the matches become damp, hunting horns and whistles for sig nalling, white paint to mark routes of in gress and decrease the danger of getting lost in the mazy passages, magnetio compasses for mapping purposes, and hammers, pick axes and dynamite tor clearing passages. Dynamite, however, is nsed with extreme caution, and only as a last resort in open ing passageways. Mnn in the Age of Stone. While Martel's scientific work has been chiefly confined to the study of subterranean hydrology and the formation of caves, it has been his good fortune to throw valuable light upon a question relating to pre-historic man, and not a few paleontologists believe that his discoveries in the cave of Nabrigas have decided a controversy that has been waging for 50 years. Many scholars have long maintained that there 'was no convinc ing proof of the existence of man in the age oi the great cave bear, and also that there was no proof that man in the stone age had even rudimentary notions of pottery mak ing. Even the find of Prof. Joly in 1835 of large fragments of pottery mingled with the bones ot the cave bear, did not convert the sceptics But Martel has found in the cave of Nabrigas, where they had been preserved for uncounted centuries under a stratum of rock, a part of a human jaw, eight other fragments of human skulls, and a large piece of pottery in immediate contact with the re mainy ot two cave bears. The double prob lem of quaternary man and of the paleofithio potters seems to be solved beyond further dispute, lor Martel's discovery proves the existence of man in the Lciere at the epoch of the great cave bear, .and the knowledge ot pottery at the same epoch. Tfio Austrian! Jlakinc It a Stndy. White Martel isj now regarded as the leading spirit in cave exploration, the Austrians are beginning to give great at tention to this study, and for several years a number of naturalists and Alpinists of Trieste have been carrying on systematic investigations in the great cave region of the Karst, east of that city. They are giv ing particular attention to 'underground Martel Exploring an Abyu. ' water courses and have surveyed many miles of galleries. Martel regard this branch of terrestrial science as still in its early stage. Mere chance, he says, has thrown in our way about all the knowledge that cares have contributed. He looks for great re sults from thorough and patient study. It is no child's play." More men are fitted to win laurels in African exploration than in the study of caves. The work re quires the training of the man of science, the agility and strength of the gymnast and a heart that is undaunted by hardships or perils. But Martel has helped more than any other one man to give cave ex- PADIEAO CAVK. 600 FeetTJnder Ground. ploration an impetus that will carry it for ward until all the facts of value that can be revealed by the study are brought to the light. Ctbus a Adams. SUB AK0HG THE BACEBS. The Outlook for an International Regatta IsaJUttlo Dark. Harper's Weekly.3 There has been an annual stir more or less a newspaper stir, be It confessed every year since 1887, over the prospect of an En glish yacht coming over to race for the America's cup, and each year, after a few day's exploitation, the commotion has given place to the usual peacefulness that charac ters international yachting matters on this side of the Atlantic. Th,e same old "if," as applying to rescinding the dimen sions clause In the Deed of Gift, is always the stumbling block, and has beoome a ver itable bete noire to American yachtsmen. This year the stir is without foundation, for no challenge has been sent, and even hrd oue been received aud accepted no race would be held until '93. But the prospect for an international race is very-eloomy. The Englishmen declare positively they will never race nnder the present .Deed of Gift, with its dimensions clause compelling them to give away all the measurements of their boat ten months in advance of the race, and those members of the New York Yacht Club who have the matter in charge are equally positive in declaring that the dimennfmiA aIahka alinll mmhIm To the outside yachtsman in fact, to any sportsman it look as though the N. Y. Y. C committee, having taken this position, was determined to hold n, ucspiie iue consequences, nowever, as the races have alnays been arranged be tween two or three men on each side, it is possible that some contingency, of which none outside" the innermost circle are in formed, may hava demanded this "ob noxious clause." Whatever the cause, the fact remains that yachting on both sides the Atlantlo is suffering from the deadlock. Even if an international yacht race seems to be out of the question, it is very com forting to know that a Yankee fin-keel, the HerreshoffWenonah, is walking away with all the prizes in her class in British waters. HIS LIFE WAS 8AVD. A Tonne Man Became Angry ISecanse He Worked Too Hard for It. Philadelphia North American. "I never hear of anv one being drowned that I don't think of an amusing accident which happened to me once,' said Clerk Donal, of the Coroner's office, while in one of his reminiscent moods yesterday. ''It happened while I was working in the Navy Yard." "Let's have it." "I was working on the stern of a vessel and was walking along with a hatchet in one hand and a saw in the other when I lost my balance and plunged into the river. I didn't want to lose my tools, so I struck out for shore and never worked as hard in my life as I did then, for I was working for my life. I plunged and sputtered and pushed until I was near the shore, when my breast struck something, and as I dropped my legs they struck something which I soon found tone mud." "Didn't anybody go to your assistance?" "No. They stood on the shore laughing at me, and when I fonnd I had run ashore they wanted to know if they should send for a tug to pull me off. When X made an Investigation I found the water was not over four feet deep in the deepest part, and that I could have waded ashore with the greatest ease. I was mad, of course, but after I got on dry land I conld see the ludicrous side of the affair, and I have a hearty chuckle to myself every time I think of it now, although it happened a good many years ago." CAMPAIGN SOS Q. New Yors: Tnbnne.l Air "Marching Through Georgia." See tre voters fall inline their dnty grand to do. The light they made In 88 they'll make In '92, Bringing In Ben Harrison, the staunch, the tried, the true. Yes, Ben shall tarry In the White House. Chorus: Hurrah, hurrah, for Harrison and Reldl Hurrah, hurrah, we'll keep them in the lead. Uncle Sam is proud of them, he Is, he Is in deed. And Ben shall tarry in the White Honsel To vict'ry at November's polls we read our titlo clear. We're bound to win. we're bound to win, the skies are full of cheer. We may .he beat some other fall, but not, O, not this year, So Ben shall tarry in the Whito Houscl Chorus: The people's voice is ringing clear the mighty Union ttlroueu, And as our ancient foes give ear they must bo feeling blue, For 'tis a voice that earnest cries, "Ben Har- l ison will do, And ne shall tarry In the White House!" Chorus: We fight for all that best conserves our land lrom sea to sea, For all that makes her truly strong and firosperous and free, 1 for which the letters stand, the cher ished G. O. P. So Ben shall tarry In tho White House! Chorus: So Democrats If wise you are, our conrse you'll not impede, Besolvo that you will do a wise, a patriotio deed; Come Join 'with us and cast your votes for Harrison and Beid, For Ben shall tarry in the White Honsel Chorus: ' ENGLAND'S CHUKCHES Many Points of Difference in Snnday . Schools and SerYices. THE KOD IS USED ON SCHOLARS. Devotion to Form and Creed Increase the Farther West Ion Go. CONTEESlTIOXAIi BTILE IN PULPITS rwaiTTix ron ths dispatch. In Worcester, England, In connection with the Nonconformist Church there is the oldest Sunday school now in existence. The school of Bobert Baikes in Bristol was held ina private house, but that in Worcester was attached to a church, and hence was perma nent. The Worcester Sunday school is not only the oldest but one of the best in Brit ain. It has a membership of nearly 1,000, with elegantly arranged classrooms to the number of 27. An enthusiastic Sunday school super intendent of one -of Pittsburg's leading suburbs who, more than a score of years ago was a member of the Worcester school and there won his bride from among the pupils, has recently returned from a visit there and in a recent interview, furnished the following facts as to the difference be tween Sunday schools in America and England, In Worcester and in nearly all the Nonconformist Sunday schools; of England, two sessions are held on Sunday, one immediately before the morning church service and another in the middle of the afternoon. They Whip the Scholars. The discipline in these schools is much the same as in the publio schools on the week day. The rod is not spared, when it is considered necessary to maintain order. A case was related in the interview where a boy received a blow on the side of the head from a Bible In the hands of an impatient teacher. A box on the ear, or the use of the switch in extreme cases would be an anomaly in American Sunday sohools, but in the inde pendent churches ot England it is consid ered as much a matter ot course in the Sun day chool as the day school. My inform ant stated that in his visit to more than 20 Sunday schools, in Staffordshire, Worcester shire and London, he witnessed a number of cases of this kind of discipline. In the regular church service the Sunday school is provided with a place, usually in the gallery, and is nnder the supervision of a few of the teachers who are designated for this supervision weeks ahead. Children rarely sit in the family pew. Unless by special permission and arrangement from the superintendent or Suuday school teacher they are expected to sit in the place provided for the entire school. Music Prom a Thousand Throa's. At the opening of the church service in the morning, a hymn is sung by the Sun day school scholars the same hymn, as a rule, that was sung by them at the close of the Sunday sohool exercises. In1 the Wor cester and'Birmingham churches this open ing hymn, in which over 1,000 well-trained youthful voices join, has a very inspiring effect on the church service to follow. These opening hymns are selected at the beginning of the year for each Sunday of the year, and the'number oi the hymn is on a printed slip, which is pasted on the fly leaf of the scholar's hymn book. In En glish Sunday schools each soholar is ex-t Sected to provide his own hymn book and ible. The chorister who Is as important a factor in the church service as the minister meets one evening of the week with the children and one with adults far musical practice, and thus the musical talent of the churches Is much better developed In England than in America. The praise service is not del egated to a choir as 1s so often the oase in this country. Congregational music is the rule in English churcwes ot the independ ent, order and few voices are silent in the praise service. With the backing that comes from the Sunday school department of the church, the singing element ot wor ship is much better as a rule than in the churches ot this country. The Song ot a Vast Congregation. Henry Ward Beecher. when in the height of his glory in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, said that there was nothing so inspiring in religious worship as a vast congregation joining in the service of song. Instrumental gregational singinir, but no instrument has music is good in Its place as a help to yet been invented which equals the human voice divine in lining tne worsniptui spirit into heavenly places. The English Churches seem to appreciate this truth more than the chinches of America. There is much less trash in the bymnol ogy ot the fatherland churches and Snndav schools than here. Suclvsongs as: "Shall We Gather at the Biver, are not tolerated in the song services of the old country. Here this class of Snnday school hymns have an ephemeral existence, but in Eng land have no existence at all. The old spiritual songs of David, to which our United Presbyterian friends cling, have the merifof sold worth, and many ot them areas 'fresh to-day as when composed by the sweet singer ot Israel; but a large ma jority of our -modern songs of praise have no enduring quality, and though popular to-day are forgotten to-morrow. The song services of Britain's churches and Sunday schools are of a much more substantial and enduring quality than on this side of the water. Conversational ftrle of Preacher. The Congregational churches of England show as marked variation in methods of worship from those ot America as do the Sunday schools. Loud and boisterous preaching is a thing altogether unknown at this day in English churches. The quiet, conversational style is now the rule with preachers. In some benighted districts ranters and stormers still have a constit uency, but their day is fast passing away. The two great preachers of this age, Spurgeon and Beecher, in the early years of their ministry, were somewhat noisy, but in their. later years grew less and less boisterous in their style ot oratory. It has been uiscovered that noise does not empha size truth. A good thought quietly stated finds its way to the mind and heart without noise. The writer has observed that preach ers when they get into the woods and are lost for ideas generally get loud, and try to extricate themselves by stump oratory. The best pnlpit orator I have heard had no rule of elocution to gnide him. He was blind for 20 years or more of his ministry. His power consisted in having something to say and saying it in clear-cut, conversational way. He spoke as nature dictated and had always' eager listeners. Eternal Panithmint Is Discarded. The belief in eternal punishment is no longer an essential in the orthodox churches of England. Leading ministers of the Non conformist church publicly proclaim their disbelief of the doctrine as held a genera tion ago. Drs. Dale, of Birmingham, and Parker, of London, would be at once ar raigned before an ecclesiastical court for heresy if their lot had been cast in this country. At the International Council of Congregational Churches held last fall in London it was clearly demonstrated that the orthodoxy of American preachers was much more intense than that of the English preachers. It is significant fact that at the fountain head of Puritanism ministers and churches are broader in their views than in this land. , And at the London council the repre sentatives of American Congregationalism who hailed from the West seemed more decided in their adherence to old-time be lief than those from the New England States. Chicago delegates were more ortho dox than those from Boston. Creeds .Are Passing; Ayny. Articles of faith and subscription to Churoh covenant are things of the put,. so' far as Nonconformist Churches of England are concerned. No creed is presented to the applicant for admission to Church fellow, ship. The applicant meets with a Chnrch committee and is by them examined as to his experience and belief, and recommended to the Church which votes to rroeive him to its fellowship. In the presence of the con gregation the minister does nothingmore than give the right hand of fellowship to the members received by the Church, exacting no promises and demanding no subscription to articles of faith. The Congregational churches of America have usually articles of faith which the applicant must agree to on his reception to membership. These articles are not uniform, as each church adopts its own. Some churches require a subscription to a total abstinence plank: others announce in their creed a strong Calvinism. But in the English Independent churches the min ister's richt hand of fellowship receives to full membership all who are indorsed by a vote of the Ghurch. The Congregational churches of England are at this day virtually on the ground of the Disciple churches of this country in the matter of creeds. A belief in Christ and Christianity is, in fact, the only creed of the Nonconformist churches of Britain. Cove nants and creed have well nigh become obsolete in the Old World. The battle ground of orthodoxv and heterodoxy has been of late years sniffed from Britain to America. John H. Young. QUEEB CAVE IK CAL1F0B5IA, A Pacific Coast Wonder That Has Never Tret Been Explored. San Francisco Bulletin. On the north side of Table Mountain and near its top is an opening in the lava that has since its early days been known as "the lion's den." It was so named lrom the fact that for years it was the lair of a baud of ferocious California lions that, when the country was largely devoted to sheep rais ing, made mighty depredations upon ths flocks and caused the owners mnoh annoy ance and loss. When pursued the animals would seek refuge in this den and no hunter wonld dare to enter it The ground about the entrance was covered with the bones and remnants of sheep and other animals. With the increase of population the lions have gradually disappeared, although as late a-last spring two of the animals were seen to enter the cave. Oroville Mercury says no known man has ever penetrated this cave to its fullest depth. The mouth is about four or five feet high and three feet wide, and the opening descends with a sharp decline for about 200 feet. Further than this it has never been explored. Now, however, a party of young men have made arrangements to explore it, and, if possible, penetrate to its bottom. That it is of great depth is certain, for one can stand at the opening and heave great stones down the declivity and the sound will gradually die away in the distance. The young men have procured several hun dred leet of ropes, torches and ladders and will thoroughly explore the cavern. What adds a peculiar interest to the ex pedition and gives zest to the explorers is the well-known tact that in the heyday of his career as a bandit Joaquin Murie'tta and his baud ot faithful followers made the re cesses of Table Mountain the base of their .operations in this section. Erom there they would swoop down on the miners, and then, laden with gold dnst, retreat to the mount ains. Search as they might, the officers could not locate them. It has been sup posed by many this cave was where the famous outlaw secreted himself. It may be, too, that deep down in the bowels of the enrth Joaquin hid the greater portion of hjs il Igotten, but nevertheless just as potent, wealth. HOW DK. TALMAQE TBAVELS. By Compounding a Special language He Maca-es to Get Along. Many Americans abroad are exceedingly annoyed at their laok of skill in the use bf the European languages, writes the Bev. T. DeWitt Talmage in the August Laditt' Homt Journal After a vain attempt to make a Parisian water understand French they swear at him in English. But I have al ways remembered when traveling abroad the art of the physician who put all the remains of old prescriptions into one bot tle the oil and the calomel and the rhubarb and the assafcetida and when he found a patient with a "complication of diseases," he would shake up his old bottle and give him a dose. And so I have compounded a language for European travel. I generally take a little French, and a little German, aud a little English, with a few snatches of Chinese and Choctaw, and when I find a stubborn case of waiter or landlord that will not understand. I simolv L"hake np.Hthe dialects and give him a dose. It is sure to strike somewhere. It you cannot make him understand, you at any rate give him a terrible scare. I never had the anxiety of some in a strange land about getting things to eat. I like everything in all the round of diet except animated cheese and odorous codfish; always have a good appetite; never in my life missed a meal save once, when I could not get anv, aud knowing that "eine ger ostete rlndfleisch schiebc" means a beef steak, "eine messer" a knife, and "eine gabel" a fork, and "eine serviette" a nap kin, after that I feel perfectly reckless as to what I can or cannot get SNAKES ABE OFIEK MUSICAL. Enchanted by the Bagpipe, They Are Not Hard to Cateh. St. Nlcholas.i When a snake has bitten several times the poison is quite exhausted for the tinfe being, rendering the animal comparatively harmless. It is said to be this fact which enables the Indian suake charmers to handle their charges without danger. They tease them into anger, when they will readily bite a stick or bundle of rags and so exhaust their venom. Perhaps it will be well here to say a few more ords in regard to snake charmers. Many kinds of serpents, especially the hooded oobra of India, 'are thought to be affected by music. In capturing them for exhibition, the Indian takes his bagpipe, and, stationing himself sear an old well or ruin, begins to play. A cobra is almost certain to make its appearance soon, for they are very numerous in that country. They are held in sacred reverence, the little children calling them "uncle," and setting saucers, of milk for them to drink; and they are looked upon as guardian angels. Should one be killed the slayer wonld suffer death in punishment As the .musio of the bagpipe rises aud falls, the snake seems to sway to and fro, and, all unconscious, is seized by the musician's confederate. In this state of musical excitement the snakes are said to be quite safe to handle. SOME ODD SUPEBSIITIOHS. The Pearl Hunters of Borneo Are Bottling Every Ninth Find. Pearson's Weekly. ' The pearl hnnters of Borneo and adjacent islands hare a peculiar superstition. When engaged in opening shells in search of pearls they take every ninth find, whether it be large or small, and put it into a bottle, which is kept tightly corked with a dead man's finger. The pearls thus kept are known as "seed pearls, or breeding pearls," the natives of the island firmly beliering that they will reproduce their kind. For every pearl put in the phial two grains of rice are put in ior the pearls to "feed" upon. Some whites in Borneo believe as firmly in the superstition as the natives do, and almost every bnt along the coast has its "dead finger" bottle with from 0 to SO "seed pearls" and twice their number of rice grains carefully and evenly stowed away among them. Nearly all the burial places along the coast have been desecrated by "pearl breed- era" In search of corks for their bottles. THE BOOK OF ISAIAH. A Great Difference Between the First and fc'econd farts. NOT OF THE SAME AUTHORSHIP. Dispute Between the Scholarship of Ancient and Modern limes NOT OP ASI CONCERN TO RELIGION IWRITTSJT Toil TIIK DISPATCU.l Tin book of Isaah falls into two quite distinct divisions. The'aecond part, which begins with the fortieth chapter, is so differ ent from the first part, and different in so many ways, that the question is suggested, -and has now for some years been ardently debated, as to whether the two parts conld possibly have had the same author. Did Isaiah write the whole of "Isaiah?" Thus, besides the historical and theo logical points of view from which the last 27 chapters of this book maybe studied, there is also the literary point of view. Of this I will speak first. When we ask, AVho wrote these chapters? and answer our pwn question in the old way by the name of the prophet Isaiab, we find ourselves contradicted by the great company of modern Biblical scholars. The general verdict of modern scholarship is that Isaiah was dead at lea.it a hundred years when the last part of the book of Isaiah was written. It Doea Not Concern Bellglon. The first thing to be said about this mat ter is that it has nothing whatever to do with religion. It has really no more to do with religion than the controversy as to whether Shakespeare or Bacon wrote the plays of Shakespeare. The titles that are set at the beginulngs of the books of the Bible are not a part ot the Bible. The Old Testament titles were for the most part set in place by Jewish teachers in the two or three centuries before Christ These teach ers were not especially inspired. Certainlv they were not infallible. Anil the titles are simply the record of their private opinions. Because they said that certain books were written by Moses, that does not settle that matter for us. Because thev said that certain psalms were written by David, we have not therefore any sacred limitation set upon our literary judgment Indeed, the chances are that scholars to dav are in a position to know more than those old rabbis ever dreamed or. There are better scholars in the world to-dav than there have ever been. Those good Jews of the ancient time, using the best judg ment they had, set together a considerable number of chapters, 66 in all, and labeled them with the name of Isaiah. But the fact that they put them all together under one label does not prevent us from looking into the book to see if they were right Modern Verana Ancient Scholarship. So far as the first half of the book goes the book itself tells us who wrote most of It It is not the old Jewish teachers, but the sacred Scripture itself Which tells ns of the Issiauic authorship of this much. But there is a great break at the fortieth chap ter. The scene entirely changes. Tne style Is different The point of view is altered. And the Bible has here no note ot authorship whatever. The nam of Isaiah, which enters often into the first half of the book, is found in the seoond half never. Let ns understand, then, that any dispute as to the authorship of the last 27 chapters ot Isaiah is not a dispute between modern scholara and the Bible, but between modern scholars and certain old unknown Jewish scholars who lived in Syria or in Egypt several hundreds of years before the birth of Christ I confess that in such a differ ence of opinion my sympathies are with the moderns. Neither is the denial or Isaianic author ship in any wav derogatory to these latter chapters. It simply leaves them anonv mous. But a grt-at deal of Holy Scripture is anonymous. Who can set any author to many of the. psalms which help and uplift us? Who knows who wrote the Epistle to the Hebrews? The lesson'ot a great deal of Holy Scripture is that God cares more that we should learn to reverence the truth than that we should reverance the preachers of truth. The truth is the one thing im portant Truth More Important Than Authorship. And God would have it believed for its own sake, because we recognize it is as true, not because some great mun said it Those great religious trntbs do not need any man's authority. Inspiration is not to be measured bv great names. Iealuh was not the only inspired man of those ancient times. The author of those last 27 chapters was as much inspired as Isaiah. The voice of the Most High God is audible through out. The question of authorship and the question of inspiration hare nothing to do with each other. a Another thing to be said in this connec tion is that the decision of this question must be left to the soholars. The question of authorship, one must see at once, is largely a question of style. Every writer has his own characteristic way of writing. If you should find a roll ot paper upon which somebody had copied down certain things out of the Spectator and had labeled the copy bv the name of Addison, and then in the middle, without any indication ot change ot authors, had censed to quote Ad dison, and had concluded with a quotation from Carlyle, ynu would know the differ ence. You would be perfectly sure that there wa a change of authorship jnit at that place. Nothing could persuade you that Addison wrote those last pages. The stvle wonld show that to be impossible. For there is as much difference between Addison and Carlyle as there is between the comedies of Sullivan and the epies of Wagner. The Effect of Translation. But suppose, now, that the roll of manu script were translated out of English into German and thus read by an uncritical Ger man reader. The chances are that the transition from Addison and Carlyle would be missed altogether. The personality ot the translator wonld come in to obscure the difference. The sentiments wonld still be those of the originals, but a good deal of the style would be neither that of Addison nor Carlyle, but of the translator. Nobody would see the wide difference unless he un derstood English. See, then, where we are. This roll of manuscript which we call the Book of Isaiah was written in Hebrew. It was all translated into Euglish by one man or com pany of men. The English of it is the En glish of the days of James L If there is a difference between the first 39 and the last 27 chapters the translation will disguise it The difference in style whioh is plain to us between Addison and Carlyle, will be plainly visible, if it exists, to tho Hebrew scholar. But we are not Hebrew scholars. Very few people will resd these words to-day who can understand a single sentence of the Book of Isaiab, either in part one or in part two in the original language in which it was written. We have no Easiness, therefore, to have an independent opinion on the subject Our ideas are of no value. The only thing that we can do is to depend upon the vcrd.ct ot the only men who are in a position to judge, that is, the scholars. The scholars, it is true, are not unanimous. So that we take oue side or the other as we please. But the verdict ot the largest number is that the last 27 chapters of this book were written by some great unknown who lived at least 100 years after Isaiah himself was dead. -Change of a Hundred Tears. This mention of a hundred years brings to mind the one great difference between the first and seoond parts ot the Book ot Isaiah which we ansoholarly people may see for ourselves. I mean the difference in the historical background.. In the first ohapter of the book the Kings are Ahab and Heze kiah. -The great hostile power is Assyria, and the head ot Assyria is Sennacherib. The time is the eighth oentury B. O., and the place is Judah and Jerusalem. But with the fortieth chapter everything changes. The scene .is now the far East Judah and Jerusalem are in ruins. The Jews are in exile. The great Empire of Aasvria has given way to the great Empire of Babvlon; and that, in its turn, is on the eve of being destroyed by the vast armies of the Medes and Persians. And while the great sovereign of the first part is Sennach erib, the great sovereign ot the second part is Cyrus. But between the day when the Jews were looking for Sennacherib, and the day when they were expecting Cyrus, there was an interval of almost ISO years. There is a change, then, between the first part and the second, of nearly ISO years. That is plain even to those who are ignor ant of Hebrew. Let us now leave the question of author ship, which, alter all, is only a literary question, and has no real connection with, religion, and come to a matter of more con sequence, the scenes in the midst of which the author wrote. We study the historio background. Might Have Had a Yliion. If Isaiah wrote the last 27 chapters, then he saw this all in a vision transporting himself into the future. That is entirely possible. God could have told Isaiah what was coming several centuries ahead. If, however, the Great Unknown wrote these chapters, then he lived, like all the other prophets, in the midst of the scenes which he described, and was an actor as the others were in all this history. These sermons then, like all the other sermons of the Bible, were preached on texts taken, like the editorials in the daily papers, out of the events of the day. That is certainly prob able. Of two alternative explanations of anything in the Bible or out of it, it is al ways wise to choose that which is most in accord with God's ordinary way of working. And God's ordinary way is not to help the preacher to preach a sermon which may be of use a hundred and fifty years afterward and is no use whatever now, but to preach a sermon that will fit the congregation and' the day. In any case, we are interested in the his toric background. The first thing is to learn the hiBtorv whieh lies between the 39th and the 40th chapters of the Book of Isaiah. Senna cherib went home from his strange defeat and never ac&in trnnhled th rtrnvlncea nf I Palestine. His most eminent successor was Ashur-bam-pae, who was the Augustus oi the Eaxt In his reign literature and art flourished wonderfully. After his death the power of Assyria began to decline, and the power ot Chaldea began to grow. The great city of Assyria was Nineveh; the great city ot Chaldea was Babylon. Baby lon rose in rebellion and Nineveh was de stroyed. Among the Exiled Children. The Chaldeans became the trreat nower of the East The great king of the Chaldeans was Nebuchadnezzer: In his day the old ambition of Sennacherib to fight Egypt was revived again. Once more an army marched against Egypt, aud the power of that great nation was broken. On the way, Judah fell into the hands of the Chaldeans. Twice the Jews rebelled. The first rebellion, un der Jehoildm, was punished by carrying away into exile of a great company of Jew ish people. The second rebellion, under Zedediah, was followed by the exile of almost all the others. Jerusalem was laid waste: the temple of the Lord was burned. In Babylonia, among these exiled Jews, the second Isaiah uttered his prophecy. Already there were indications of a new fiolitical overturning. As Isaiah had antic pat ed the coming of Sennacherib, the Assy rian, as Jeremiah had awaited Nebuchad nezzer, the Chaldean, so the great unknown looks for Cyrus, the Persian. Cyrus, he declares will be the deliverer of Israel. Cyrus Is on hlx march of conquest as these sermons of comfort and hope are preached. Under these circumstances, in the midst ot these great political changes and chances, what did the prophet say? The 27 chapters fall iqto Uree divisions of nine chapters each. . Liberty to All the Captive. The first division is a demonstration ot the certainty ot release and restoration. "Comfort ye, comfort ye my people," are the words that are set at the beginning. And what is the ground of the certainty? Strong faith in the righteousness and in the power of GocL- These chapters are full of comparisons between God and the idols of Babylon. No graven image, whether of a deity or of a dollar, can stay the sure de liverance of God; God will defend the right We look about at the evil condi tions which beset us in our day, at the great company of our brothers and sisters held iu bondage not by any prince or potentate but by poverty. We wonder it there can be any end to 'all the contradic tions of Christianity which confront us in the social and industrial world in which we live. And the prophet brings even to ns his message of hope. Somehow, in his own wise wav, the same God will again pro claim libertv to all the captives, sight to all the blind, and health to all the bruised. The prophet looks out toward the horizon, and behold, a great company is caminsr. sent of God. Crras adpruaches. And Cvrns is the messenger of God. The truth which underlies that is true to-day. All the great movements of the race are signs of the working of the ever-present God. lh Iieader or the World. In the second division of the chapters there is no more mention made of Babylon or of Cyrus. The prophet looks past all that into the future, the future of restored Israel. He depicts the ideal kingdom. Especially he depicts the ideal prophet who in that day shalbe the leader and the ex ample of the people. He is called the Ser vant of the Lord, a mysterious figure, some times a personification of a nation, sometimes their great guide and leader. He is not only to be the restorer of the people, but the teacher of the whole world, a prophet to the Gentiles". And he is to die for his people, the innocent for the gnilty. Thus the prophet looks into the far future. The Golden Age, he teaches, is yet to come. The horizon Is radiant with hope. By and by, he cries to the down-trodden exiles, comes the hero will win the victory ot victories, whose power shall not fall like the scepter of these Eastern monarchs, but shall endure forever; and he will be our hero, and his victory will be onr victory. And we will reign with him world without end. Geobge Hodges. HALT WAT TO XHS MOOR. Che Total Number of CaDles In tbe VTorld Wnold Cover the Distance. Electrical World. The various governments of the world own together 880 cables, having a total length of 14,480 miles and containing 21,560 miles of conductors. The French Govern ment, which takes the lead as to length of cables, has 3,460 in 54 cables. As to num ber, the Norwegian Government comes first with 2S5 cables, having a total length of 248 miles. Finally, as to the length of conductors, the English Government comes first with 6,468 miles of conductors, divided among 115 cables, having a total length of 1,68S miles. Private companies to the number of 28 own 288 cjbles, having a length ot 126,864 miles aud containing 127,632 miles of con ductors. The French companies, only two in number, the Compagnie Francaise du Telegraphe de Paris a New York, and the Societe Francaise des Telegraphes Sous Marins, have 18 cables, with a total length of 7,249 nautical miles. The most impor tant of the private companies is the Eastern Telegraph Company, which operates 75 miles, with a total length of 25,347 miles. The total number of cables in the world Is 1,168, with a total length of 140,344 miles, and 149,193 miles of conductors. This is not sufficient to reach to the moon, but would extend more than half-way there. The Swaying of Chimneys. On tbe subject of the swaying of lofty chimneys it is declared to be absurd to hold that a chimney, say 400 feet high, would sway 16 inches. The slightest vibration is felt when on a tall chimney, and one inch and a half is thought to be about the ex treme amount ot swaying that takes place. SIGNALS IN THE AIE. Bow a Light Balloon Can Be Used for War Communication. INCANDESCENT LAMPS UTILIZED. Keeping Tab on the Bise of a EItbt y II cans of Organ Fipet, ONE USE OP THE STORAGE BATTEET iwarrrxir ioa thi dispatch. I It is seven years ainee the British Gov ernment turned its attention to the question of using balloons for war purposes. In the year 1885, at the Inventions Exhibition held in London, one of the exhibitors was Erie Bruce, who showed what might be done la the employment of balloons in war, and many of the naval and military authorities were much impressed by the demonstration. This official recognition led to the perma nent appointment of Mr. Bruce to the supervisorship of experiments with a view to perfecting the system he had taken such a prominent part in inaugurating. Soma of the results of Mr. Brace's labors hava been exhibited in England before a gather ing of the military and naval attaches of various embassies with great success. The object of the latest inventions in conneetioa with the electrical war balloon is to facili tate night signaling to long distances and In places where ordinary signaling would be impracticable, such as wooded and hilly districts. The balloon consists of translucent mate rial, which incloses several incandescent electric lamps, supported on a specially de vised holder. The lamps are in circuit with a battery controlled by the signaler, who remains on the ground, and,by varying the duration of the flashes of light, signals can be sent in any direction, according to the Morse or any other code, and read at a distance of six miles. The material of the balloon used in Lon don was varnished cambric The improve ments which have recently been made con sist mainly in the reduction of weight in almost every portion of the apparatus. The balloon. Itself, although much lighter than the original model, is not less efficient and much more portable. This system of bal loon signaling has also been adopted by the Belgian Government The Rise or a Kiver. Professor E. J. Smith describes how ha was enabled to ascertain from time to time tbe rate at which a river a considerable dis tance away was rising after a fall of rain. He used simply two organ pipes and a tele phone circuit At the river station he fixed an organ pipe vertically in an inverted po sition, so that the water in the river acted as a stopper to the pipe, and the rise or fall of the water determined the note it gave when blown by a small bellows driven by a very small waterwheeL A microphone was attached to the upper end of the organ pipe, and this was in circuit with a wire leading to the second station Here was an organ pipe exactly like the other which could be lowered into a vessel fnll of water while it was sounding. By means of the telephone the note given by tbe pipe at the river was clearly heard at the second station, at which tbe duplicate organ pipe was raised or lowered by hand until it gave the same note. The length of the organ pipes under water at the two stations was then equal, so that the height of the water in tbe distant river was known. The total height to be measured was 17 inches, and the determination could bs made in less than a minute by an ear fairly sensitive to musical sounds.' A lad with an average ear was able to get the two heights to agre within one-eighth of an inch of each other, while a person, with an educated ear adjusted the InstrtnaBeit-ira-mediately to almost exact agreement A difference in temperature between the two stations would make a small difference m the observed heights. The organ pipes were of sqnare section and made of metal to resist the action ot the water. Mining by Electricity. Electric pumps are now in general use, but their most important application is ionnd in mining operations. The reason of this is readily gathered from the fact that for every ton of coal mined nine tons of water have to be pumped to the surface. Electric transmission admit of the use of pumps in places where it uas impossible to operate steam liumns on account of the great difficulty in transmitting the steam lrom boilers above to the steam pumps be low. Tbe electric pump can be shifted from one place to another upon the mine trucks, and connected with the minimum of trouble and expense. Multitudes of small pumps in the different veins of a mine are employed for forcing water from the small springs back to the large heavy mine pump at the foot of the mine shaft, which is used to raise water to the surface. All these can be electrically operated from the power station above. The power house of a plant installed fur tbe working a mine in Colorado is five mjles distant from the mine, and it delivers more than 1,200 horse power. This is sent up the mountain side and across chasms and precipices by means of a small copper wire. The line may be, as it was last winter, buried under many feet of now, but the power still comes on without interruption. In this mine not only is the pumping dons electrically, but every other operation, drilling, catting, blasting, carrying to the shaft and hauling to the surlace, as well a lighting and ventilation. The Storage Battery Again. "While the champions of the storage bat tery maintain as hopefully as ever that the triumph of their system is only a matter of time, and the trolley is being adopted all over the country, it is interesting to note that on a line in New Hampshire tbestorags system is supplementing the other. Ths road is lull of steep grades, and one of them right at the end of the line farthest from the power house is over 9 per cent In order to save the great strain which ths propulsion of cars upthisgrade would in volve from four to six horses have been kept at this point The trolley connection was broken and the horses were hitched on and whipped up tbe grade. It occurred to the managers of tbe road that a more effective, not to say more merciful, way of preventing their traffic from coming to a standstill by the stalling ot the cars along the line would be the nse of the storage battery. Forthwith 238 cells of battery were pnt in a small outhouse at the top of tbe hill and charged from the station. As soon as the car reaches the bottom of the hill the trolley circuit is opened and ths batteries are put in, and the car receives from them current to enable it to mount the hill, the top of which is about 300 feet off. Fifty pasiengcrs can easily be carried, and tbe plan is said to be working welL The Telephone in War. The practicability of telephone communi cation between an army and its advance scouts in time of war has been thoroughly established, and an army commission has been appointed to carry out further experi ments. An apparatus used in these tests is a light, strong reel, upon which 1,700 feet of telephone cable is wound. The cable Is of unusually small diameter and weight, the whole contents of the reel weighing bnt 17 pounds and the reel frame itself less than two pounds. The wires from the cable are attached to a flexible connector, which brings tbe conductors in electrical connec tion with the bearings at either end of ths reel. A head telephone connected with ths bearings completes thfc apparatus.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers