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12
THE PITTSBURG DISPATCH, WEDNESDAY, JULY 27, l89a '
RIOTING IN RUSSIA.
Patienls Buried Alive bj the Over
zealons Authorities.
DOCTOKS KILLED BY :THE HOB.
Ignorant People Accuse Ihem of Causing
the Dread Disease
IK THE CBOLEBA STRICKEN DISTRICT.
Bostox, July 26. Private advices just
received in Boston from the city of Astrak
han, Russia, tell the story of a popular out
break that scarcely finds a parallel in mod
ern history smce the plague riots of the
Middle Ages, and is only to be paralleled in
Russian annals by such risings as those of
. Stcnko Eazin, the brigand, and Pugacheff,
the political pretender.
The first news of the disturbance came
about the beginning of the present month
in the form of a telegram stating that n
number ot workmen fleeing from the
cholera had been killed in a riot, dne to tjjp
attempt of the military to hold them to the
performance of their contracts. Still later
intelligence ascribed the disturbances to a
revolt on the part of the ignorant populace
against the sanitary measures taken to pre
vent the spread of "the plague.
The detailed account just received, while
it pictures the icnorance, the superstitious
hallucinations and the murderous violence
ot the mob in the most lurid colors, repre
sents the outbreak as having been precipi
tated In the first instance by the discovery
that the sanitary authorities, in their over
zeal to .stamp out the dread disease, liftd
been putting cholera patients into their cof
fins alive.
Story of the Astrakhan Riot.
The Astrakhan riot, with all its shock
ing features, is now seen to be one of the
incidents of that double scourge of famine
and plague from which Itussia is suffering
so direly to-day. The story ot it reallybe
gins with the cholera outbreak, since there
is no evidence to show that, in the absence
of disease, there would have been any con
flict with the authorities. Situated on the
Loner Volga, at the entrance to the Cas
pian, the city is connected by steamship
lines with ali the ports of that inland sea,
receives ior European transporta
tion almost the entire commerce
with Persia and Transcaucasia, and
holds annually markets and bazaars that
attract thousands of merchants from all
parts ot Asia and Europe. Its complete
communications with the East, in fact, have
made it the much-dreaded gateway through
which, despite the sanitary precautions of
the llussian Government, Asiatic cholera so
frequently gains admission to the western
orld.
The latest visitation of the disease, due
to a -temporary relaxation of sanitary vigi
lance at the Caspian ports, began toward
the latter part of June, and cholera was
r.igins in the city tor about a week before
the official announcement of its presence
vns made on the lt of July. The normal
population of Astrakhan at the present
time is about 80,000 persons, made up of
J!u-sian:, Armenians, Tartars and Persians,
the Kusiaus dominating; the industries
carried on include shipbuilding, dyeing,
silk-makine, tallow melting, oil refining,
snap making, fruit raising and fishing. But
this year, owing to the migration ot large
numbers ot peasants and artisans from the
the iamine-stricken districts m search of
v ork. Astrakhan is overcrowded, and the
Government early ioundit necessary to start
public works ot various kinds in order to
gne occupation to the surplus population.
Mrasurec to Prevent the Spread.
As soon as the presence of the disease
had been definitely ascertained the authori
ties took prompt measures to prevent its
spread. One of the first of these was the
quarantining of all vessels coming from the
Caspian ports, and this measure has been
carried out so rigorouslv that at the time of
writing (July 4) some 7,000 persons were
detained in the roadstead, where, owing to
lack of provisions, they were for many days
restricted to a diet of half a pound ot bread
a dav. Quarantines were also established
for the Volga steamers, with the result of
practically cutting oil Astrakhan from the
rest of the world. The city itself was
divided for sanitary purposes into 16 dis
tricts and a new hosnital, furnishing
accommodation ior 200 patients, was
opened.
At the time the sanitary regulations were
issued cholera patients were being conveyed
to hospitals at the rate of about ten a day.
It was ordained, among other things,
that corpses should be wrapped
in sheets covered with quicklime,
put quickly into coffins, nailed up, and
then, without religious ceremonies of any
kind, conveyed directly to a special
cholera cemetery in the steppe, and there
luterred.
The first signs of popular discontent man
ifested themselves alter the issne ot the san
itary regulations. The Russian peasants,
artisans and common people generally,
being of the orthodox Greek faith, strongly
recent the idea of interring dead people
without a preliminary religious ceremony,
since they recard such neglect not only as
unnecessary, but as a slight upon the dead,
and as imperiling their interests in the
world to come. Another source of discon
tent was the widespread belief among the
population that the cholera was being man
ufactured by the doctors, many declaring
that Anglichanka (the "English woman,"
meaning England) had sent8, 000,000 roubles
to bribe the physicians.
Noises Heard In the Coffins. '
Ston after the cholera broke out the driv
ers of teams who used to convey corpses to
the cemetery began to talk about noises
which they had heard in the coffins, and it
whs soon rumored about the town that the
doctors were burying people alive.
The excitement culminated on July 3. It
was Sunday, and special morning prayers
against cholera had been offered up at the
cathedral. At about 12 o'clock in the day
some officers or" the sanitary corps were en
gaged, iu the poorerpart of the city, remov
ing some women who had been attacked by
cholera. The men had ambulance wagons
with them, and the removals were effected
by means of long poles each armed at the end
with a hook. As the women had to be lifted
into the wagons by their clothing, some of
them got lnghtened and clamored so loudly
that a crowd of people came to their assist
ance. The sanitary officials, together with
the lew police accompanying them, were se
Terely beaten by the populace. In its rage
the mob threw one of the ambulance wag
ons into the adjacent canal, and having
made a bonCre of the other, deliberately
killed an assistant physician who had tried
to do his duty.
Meanwhile a similar scene was being en
acted in Selenia, the commercial quarter of
the citfr, where the crowd not only mal
treated the police, but mistaking a passer
by for a doctor beat him to death.
At 5 o'clock in the evening a mob of
from 20,000 to 30,000 people proceeded to
the cholera hospital in the Yangurchefi dis
trict and there began to break the windows
with stones. Having secured au entrance,
they severely beat the doctors whom they
found inside.
The Tory ot the Slob.
The mob killed several teldshers before
they left the building, and. mistaking
Feldsher Ponoflf for a doctor, threw him
alive on a bonfire, where he was quickly
burned to a cinder. During the attack on
the hospital the Governor of the province
of Astrakhan, who has his official residence
in the city of Astrakhan, came upon the
cene, accompanied by the local authorities
and a body of Cossacks, but the military
were as powerless to check the riot as were
the appeals for order made by the Governor
himself. The people were wild with rage,
and did just as they liked.
From the mined hospital the rioters pro
ceeded to the cholera cemetery, and there
began to draw coffins from the earth and
open them. Here a discovery was made
which, whatever explanation of it be forth
coming, is alleged to be altogether beyond
question, since it was observed by hun
dreds of eye-witnesses, many of whom had
no part in the proceedings of the rioters,
but were present simply as spectators.
Of the large number of coffins examined,
four were found to contain bodies not yet
dead cholera patients, in fact, who iu the
haste of the moment had been prematurely
buried. The people, horrified at the dis
covery, first set to work to resuscitate the
pseudo corpses, and having done this by
taking the lime from their months and
feeding them with milk and stimulants,
conducted them to their homes. One of
the buried men was a Tartar, who, though
not of the orthodox Greek laith, devoutly
made the sicn of the cross as soon as he was
rescued, declaring that the doctors would j
never catch him again.
Baca .Against the Doctors.
The. mob left the cholera cemetery with
its wild rage against doctors and sanitary
measures increased tenfold. For several
hours it surged through the streets, beating
or killing everyone who could be suspected
of belonging to the hated profession. When
the enraged people reached a hospital they
would enter it and carry all the patients
out into tne steppe ior -sarety; wen, re
turning to the buildings, they would confis
cate all the disinfecting material that could
be found and scatter it to the four winds;
all the lime preparations were in this way
distributed over the steppe. In one part of
the city the mob fired and burned to the
ground the enormous brick building which
the authorities had converted into a hospi
tal, at the same time breaking up the am
bulance wagons and making bonfires of the
debris.
The police who tried to dissuade the
rioters were received with volleys of stones
and dirt or beaten with clubs. The rioting
was witnessed by the Governor and the
Cossacks, but nothing was done at this
stage of the proceedings to suppress the
mob.
"Why the military did not use their rifles
is not known. It is claimed on the one
hand that the Governor, who is a humane
man, did not care to give the order to fire,
ior fear that hundreds ot law-abiding peo
ple, present only as spectators, would be in
volved in the slaughter; on the other hand,
it is stated that the soldiers were without
cartridges. How utterly the rioters had
their own way is shown by the fact that,
while the brick hospital was burning, a fire
engine company, which had driven up to
put out the flames, were prevented from
using their hose, and bad to stand idly by
and watch the building burn to the ground.
Stations Wrecked and Officers Beaten.
Having destroyed the brick hospital, the
mob went about burning police stations and
beating police captains wherever these could
be found. An attempt was finally made to
set fire to the remaining hospitals in the
city, bnt the lateness ot the hour and the
activity of the soldiers dissuaded the peo
ple from further rioting for that evening.
Fatigued with their work the rioters sep
arated to their homes, shouting as they did
so that on the morrow they would kill all
the doctors, and burn their houses to the
ground. A panic reigned throughout the
city, and the wakeful population spent the
night in terror.
Day had no sooner dawned on the Fourth
of July than the mob again gathered, this
time more numerous and formidable than
ever. The first art of their reawakened
frenzy was to smash and utterly destroy
some free tea rooms which philanthropic
persons had established and were conduct
ing in the interest of workingmen,' the
rioters declaring that the tea supplied in
tbese rooms had been poisoned by the doc
tors. By this time - the city seemed to be
wholly surrendered to the mob, for the
stores were closed and barricaded, and the
police, to save their lives, were going about
in plain clothes and savins nothing. Em
boldened by their success of the previous
day, the rioters proceeded to the Governor's
house, and there called on the official head
of the province to come out And explain to
the people who it was that had ordered
cholera patients to be buried alive. Mingled
with these demands were cries that the
doctors should be handed over to the riot
ers, and that money and bread should be
given to the people to enable those who
wished to leave the city. Threats to smash
the official building to pieces were freely
used. .
No Quarter Given to the Slob.
The Governor's house is a large brick
building of three stories, the basement of
which is occupied by shops. On the one
side it stands on Moscow street, and on the
other faces a large open square in the center
of which is a statue of Alexander II.
These approaches to the building were
quickly filled with an excited, gesticulating
mob, whose deafening cries rendered any
attempt to parley with them impossible. It
was here that the Governor determined to
make his stand. The man who had been
forced to remain inactive while hospitals
were being burned, doctors murdered and
policemen beaten, now found himself able
to draw the line at the smashing of his
official residence.
At the first signs of the attack he had in
troduced a detachment of Cossacks into the
building, and the precaution was not taken
a moment tod soon. With a wild "hurrah!"
the mob began to bombard the structure
with boulders and paving stones taken from
the street. But its first volley was its last.
From the upper windows of the two sides of
the building the soldiers fired down upon
the closely packed crowd, and at once the
cries of the dead and dying filled the air,
among the killed being many of the rioters
and a number of incautious spectators at
tracted to the place out of curiosity. Most
of the crowd now dispersed, and from the
thinned ranks of the rioters, who bad re
fused to believe that the Cossacks would
fire on them, arose the cry: "Shoot onl It's
better for us to die at once than to be buried
alive!"
Not a Doctor to Be Found.
The soldiers fired two more volleys with
blank cartridges to intimidate the mob, and
then removed the dead and wounded to the
Kremlin nearby. At 1 o'clock in the day,
Moscow street, with 'its 'brain-bespattered
aud blood-smeared pavements, had been
cleared of the crowd, and order had also
been restored in the adjacent thoroughfares.
Patrols ot Cossacks were at once established
in the principal streets, and the city is now
under the mo.st rigorous martial law. At the
last writing military reinforcements were
hourly expected from Saratoft
- The disturbance thus apparently quelled
by the action of the Governor has, tor the
time being, ruined the important business
interests of Astrakhan. It effect on the
sanitary measures taken to prevent the
spread of cholera and on the general health
ot the population is still more serious.
"All the apothecary stores." writes a
resident, "are closed, and there is not a
doctor to be found in the whole city. The
physicians, in fact, are in hiding. The sick
people in the hospitals are totally without
medical assistance, while even for ordinary
ailments, to say nothing of cholera, there is
no professional or medical aid to be ob
tained anywhere."
Nearly every household uses a, stimulant
of some kind. None better known or more
highly recommended than Klein's "Silver
Age" and Duquesne Bye whiskies. Physi
cians of hitch standing have vouched for the
truth ot this over their signatures. These
testimonials are shown In Max Klein's win
dow, Federal street, Allegheny. Send to
him for catalogue and price Use of all kinds
of liquors. xwr
It Is Cheaper to Go to the Seashore Than to
Stay at Bom.
This can he done by taking advantage of
Pennsylvania Railroad seashore excursion
Thursday, August 4. Special tratn leaves
Union station at 8.50 a. m. Tickets good on
regular trains same date at 4:80, 7:10 aud 8:10
r. it. Bate is SIO. Tickets good IS days, with
privilege of stop off at Philadelphia on re
tura trip.
EXCURSION TO ATLANTIC CTTT '
TIa the U. & O. K. K.,
On next Thursday, July 28. Bate $10 the
round trip, and tickets good for 12 days.
Special trains leave depot at 8 a. x. and fho
r. m. Secure jour parlor and sleeping car
accommodations early.
Boom Renters and Boarding; Houses Who
Have
Used The Dispatch's Cent-a-Word advertis
ing columns under Wanted Boarders and
Booms To Let find it the best.
PREMIERS OF AMERICA.
in Interesting Historical Sketch of
the Secretaries of State.
THE MENTAL CAPACITY OP MANY
Far OTershadowedThat of Their EespectiTe
Presidents! Chiefs.
LIGHTS OJf THE POLITICAL FIRMAMENT
' John W. Foster is the thirty-second on
the list of Secretaries' of State, while Ben
jamin Harrison, iu whose Cabinet he serves,
is only the twenty-third man who has fig
ured on the roll of Presidents. Heads of
the State Department have exceeded the
Presidents in number; so also, in the gen
eral average, have they surpassed them in
ability. This official is the most important
member of the President's Ministerial
Council. His office takes precedence of all
others in the Cabinet. At the beginning
of the Government he was sometimes
called the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, a
title by which the corresponding officer in
the leading European governments is
known. Their is a certain propriety in this
title, ior through the State Department all
intercourse between our Government and
the other nations of the world takes place,
says Frederick S. Schilling in the St. Louis
Olobe-DanoeraL
Presidents and Premiers on the Same Level.
.In the first two or three administrations
the balanoe in ability and public experi
ence may be considered to have been fairly
level as between the Presidents and the
Premiers. Jefferson, the first Secretary of
State, served in the Legislature of Virginia,
as Uovernor ot tnat state, in the uonti
nental Congress and as Minister to France
under the confederation before going into
Washington's Cabinet, yet this record, per
haps, can be fairly onset by Washington's
service as commander in chief of the army
during eight years of war, and in the con
vention which framed the Constitution, over
which body he presided. At theaime when
Jefferson obtained the portfolio of State he
was famed chiefly for his authorship of the
Declaration of Independence, and for
his tendencies toward political and social
radicalism. He was succeeded in the State
Department by Edmund Bandolph, who
had been Attorney General in the same
Cabinet previously, and who before that
time had held several offices in Virginia,
and had been a member of the Continental
Congress and of the convention which
framed the Federal Constitution.
Timothy Pickering stepped into Ran
dolph's place on the latter's retirement.
Pickering had previously been a Postmaster
General and a Secretary of War under
Washington, and, before the foundation of
the Government under the Constitution he
had filled several offices in Massachusetts.
Like Jefferson and Bandolph, Pickering
was one of the best known men of his time.
This comprises the list of men who held the
portfolio of State in the eight years' service
of Washington in the Presidency.
Two Secretaries In One Term.
In the four years of the first Adams' ser
vice as President there were two Secretar
ies of State Timothy Pickering and John
Marshall. Pickering had come over from
Washington's administration. Presidents
in those days sometimes kept some of their
predecessor's Cabinet in office. Adams
held on to nearly all of Washington's.
Marshall succeeded Pickering near th; end
of Adams' administration. This was the
reat John Marshall, who had previously
een a soldier in the war for independence,
a member ot tne Continental Congress, an
envoy to France, and a member of Congress
under the Constitution, and subsequently
was Chief Justice of the United States Su
preme Court for dver 34 years, serving
longer in that tribunal than any man who
sat in it before or since his time. John
Adams was President when Marshall went
to the head ot the court, and on his death
in that office Andrew Jackson was in the
White House. He pronounced more opin
ions on constitutional law than any man
who ever sat in the great Federal tribunal.
He himselt is reported to have said that if
he were to be considered in the future
worthy of remembrance, his best biography
would be found iu his decisions in the Su
preme Court.
The Stepping Stone to the Presidency.
James Madison was the Secretary of State
under Jefferson, Bobert Smith and James
Monroe under Madison and John Quincy
Adams under Monroe. Thus this post came
to be known as a stepping stone to the Pres
idency. Madison, Monroe and John
Quincy Adams went direct from the chief
office of the Cabinet to the highest post
under ihe Government, while Jefferson had
also held the office of Secretary ot State
before going to the post ot Executive, but
he did not step at once from the lower
office to the higher, for the Vice Presidency
came to him in the interval. Smith is not
well remembered, but Madison, Monroe
and Adams were, even before their eleva-
tion to the White House, among the first
citizens of the land. Madison and Monroe,
who belonged to the Virginia dynasty, were
distinguished men in their State before the
Government under the Constitntion was
founded. Both had been members of the
State Legislature and of the Continental
Congress. Madison was one of the framers
of the Federal Constitution, and from his
activity and influence in this work he has
been called the "Father of the Constitu
tion." Monroe had been a soldier in the
war for independence, and each also served
in Congress under the Constitution before
reaching the' post ot Secretary of State.
Madison was the last to die ot all the men
who signed the Constitution, while Monroe
was the last of the men' who figured in the
army or in politics at the time of the lie vo
lution to reach the Presidency.
Adams, who was the next Secretary of
State to Monroe, and who also succeeded
Monroe in the Presidency, was only eight
years old wnen tne "emnattied tarmers at
Concord "fired the shot heard round the
world." He was, perhaps, the ablest of all
the men who, held the post of Secretary of
State up to his time, with the exception of
Jefferson. He had, in the latter years of
the eighteenth century, been Minister to
the Netherlands and to Prussia, served in
the Legislature of his State and in the
United States Senate in the first decade of
the nineteenth century, and was later on
Minister to Russia, before going to the head
of Monroe's Cabinet.
Jlenry Clay the Ninth Premier.
Henry Clay was the Secretary of State
during the second Adams' Presidency. He
was the ninth man on the list of Premiers,
wbile Adams was the sixth President." The
great Kentuckian at this time was at the
height of his fame and in the full vigor of
his mental and physical powers. He had
served in the Legislature of his State, in the
United States Senate, and in the House of
Representatives, and had been Speaker of
tne latter ooay iorauoutten years, a period
never equaled in aurauon oeiore or since
by any incumbent of that post. In the year
preceding his entrance into the Cabinet he
nod been a candidate for the Presidency.
This was in the celebrated scrub race of
1824, when feur men Adams, Clay, Jack
son and William H. Crawford received
electoral votes. None of the four ob-
taining a majority, the election went to
the House ot Bepresentatives, where Clay
threw his support to Adams and elected
him.
Van Buren Was an Expert Politician.
Ihe man who succeeded Clay in the office
of Secretary of State was Martin Van
Buren, who later on went to the Presidency.
Van Buren had had considerable political
experience before he went to the head of
Jackson's Cabinet, He tilled several offices
in his State, including that of Governor,
served eight years in the United States
Senate, and, as founder and director of the
celebrated "Albany Begenoy," he had a
National reputation as a party organizer
and leader. His services as Secretary of
State was only about two years, when he
resigned. Then, in succession, Edward
Livingston, of Louisiana, John McLane, of
Delaware, and "John Forsyth, of Georgia,
were at the head of the State Department
under Jackson." None of these men are re
membered now by the general reader,
although they were prominent figures in
their time.
Livingstone was a New Yorker by birth,
being a conspicuous member of the well
known family of that name in that State.
He represented a New York district in Con
gress six or eight years, and was then Mayor
of New York City, after which he removed
to New Orleans. He was on General
Jackson's staff at the battle with the British
near that city, and afterward represented
the Creole State in both branches of
Congress before going into the Cabinet.
McLane, his successor as Secretary of State,
served in both branches of Congress, as
Minister to England and as Secretary ot the'
Treasury under Jackson, before he was
made Premier. Forsyth, who took the post
alter MCiane s retirement, and wno neia it
through the remainder of Jackson's service
in the Presidency and through all of Van
Buren's, also served in both branches of
Congress before going to the Cabinet, and
was Minister to Spain.
Webster V as Greater Than Harrison.
Along to this time a balance in point of
ability and experience was maintained
pretty fairly between the Presidents and
the Premiers. Comparisons are odious, but
the fact will be patent to anybody who
glances over the roll of Presidents and Sec
retaries of Slate since Jackson's days that
the latter officials, as a whole, have sur
passed the former in administrative capac
ity and in knowledge of political issues.
Webster, of course, wno was at the head
of the State Department under William H.
Harrison, and who held the post during
about half of Tyler's service in the Presi
dency, was immeasurably superior to
eitherin intellectual power. He also eclipsed
Fillmore, iu whose Cabinet he served
subsequently. The contrast between the
first Harrison and his Premier, was especi
ally striking. So far as we are able to
judge from his political record before going
to the Presidency, and especially from his
utterances and acts during the month in
which he served in that office, Harrison
would have been a conspicuous failure as an
executive, yet his chief subordinate, the
head ot his official family, was one ot the
greatest of all America's statesmen and the
greatest, without any exception, of all
America's orators. It could be Said of
Webster with much more truth than it was
said of Shakspeare's Henry V., that
Turn liim to any cause of policy,
The Gordlan knot of It lie will unloose.
The Secession of the South.
And he outshone Tyler and Fillmore al
most as completely as he had done Harri
son. Although these three men are en
rolled on the lists of Presidents their re
cords have long since been forgotten by the
mass ot intelligent readers. They are mere
names, while Webster's service forms an
epoch in this history of the nation, and some
of his act, notably his reply to Hayne,
which aroused the love of the Union
throughout the North and revealed the ruin
which would come from "States dissevered,
discordant, belligerent," and "a land reut
with civil feuds, or drenched in
fraternal blood," stands as a landmark in
the nation's annals. That utterance, which
was made in 1830, defeated, in the opin
ion of a prominent Southern authority, the
desire ot the South a third of a century later
to secede.
Secession had previouslv been talked
about in the North as well as in the South
as a probable outcome of sectional disputes
which had previously arisen, but which
threatened to reach more alarming propor
tions in the future. Had this speech of
Webster's never been delivered many of the
country's statesmen and writers of thirty or
forty years ago believed that no serious at
tempt would have been made in 1861 by
the Government to prevent the Southern
States from going out of the Union.
Secretaries Superior to the Presidents.
Hugh S. Legare, Abel P. Upshur and
jonn ia uainoun, louowea weostenn this
order in the post of Secretary of State in
the ' Tyler administration, and Edward
Everett succeeded him in the Fillmore re
gime. All of these men, with the excep
tion perhaps of Upshur, were the intel
lectual superiors of the Presidents they
served under. Leeare was a highly nronii-
nent man in his day, although his name is
seldom seen now, while Calhoun was the
greatest of all Southern public men except
Clay, and formed one of the big triumvi
rate of statesmen, the others being Web
ster and Clay, which dominated politics for
nearly a generation before 1850. Everett
had previously served many years in Con
gress, and several terms as Governor of
Massachusetts, and was one of the most
learned of all our statesmen, and one of
the most brilliant of all our orators.
James Buchanan, who was Secretary of
State under Polk; John M. Clayton, who
held the same office under Taylor, and
William L. Marcy, who was in "that post
in Pierce's administration, were greater
men intellectually than their superiors.
Buchanan at that time was in the height of
his powers and usefulness. He had been in
public life a quarter of a century, serving
in both branches of Congress and as Minis
ter to Kussia beiore going to Polk's Cabi
net, and received votes for President in the
convention which nominated Polk before
the latter was mentioned or thought of in
connection with the candidacy. Clayton
was a prominent member of the Senate be
fore anybody ever dreamed that any con
vention would ever put up Taylor for the
Presidency or any other political office,
while Marcy was a conspicuous figure in
the nation at large before Pierce was heard
ot outside ot New Hampshire.
print's Xams Was Furely Military.
When Buchanan went to the Presidency
he found himself somewhat overshabowed
by his Secretary of State, Lewis Cass.
Buchanan had before this time lost nearly
all ambition to become President, had ceased
to Beek the office, and had voluntarily re
tired to private life, .with the intention of
keeping out of politics for the rest of his
day. He was the oldest man, next to W.
H. Harrison, ever elected President, being
C6 years of age at the time. Cass was older,
however, than his official superior, but
years sat on him more lightly and political
ambition remained with him later. Jeremiah
S. Black, who succeeded Cass near the end
of the Buchanan administration, was pre
viously Attorney General in the same Cab
inet, and was one of the best known and
most accomplished jurists in the country.
The remaining Secretaries of State, down
to the accession of the present ineumbent,
were William H. Seward, Elihu B. Wash
burne, Hamilton Fish, William M. Evarts,
James G. Blaine, Frederick T. Frelinghuy
sen and Thomas F. Bayard, all of whom
were national figures before going to the
chief place in the Presidental Ministerial
Council. Seward served under Lincoln
and Johnson, Washbnrne and Fish under
Grant, Evarts under Hayes, Blaine under
Garfield and Harrison, Frehnghuysen un
der Arthur and Bayard under Cleveland.
Each of these men was a bigger figure on
the national stage than was the President
who appointed him at the time of the lat
ter's'nomiuation to the Presidency (or the
yicepresidency in the case of Arthur), un
less we make an exception in favor of
Grant. Grant's fame, however, at the time
of his nomination was military solel v. The
present Secretary of State has had less poli
tical experience than did any of his prede
cessors. In this instance, at any rate, the
President overshadows his chief official ad
viser. The EklU and Knowledge
Essential to the production of the molt per
fect and popular laxative remedy known,
have enabled the California Fig Syrup Co.
to achieve a gi eat success in the reputation
of Its remedy, Syrup of rigs, as it is con
ceded to be the universal laxative.. Tor sale
by all druggists.
Have Ion a Vacant Boom
And wish a tenant for it? Then do as
hundreds of others have done advertise Itln
the To Let Booms Cent-a-Word advertising
columns of The Dispatch.
A GROWING INDUSTRY
Is the Making of Pearl Buttons in
Newark, Now It Is Protected.
THE TARIFF HAS DOUBLED WAGES.
Manufacturer Kicks Since It Lowers
'Prices hy Competition.
FACTS FOB FEEE TRADERS TO PONDER
New York. July 2G. The Republicans
of Newark are already making an active
canvass in behalf of Harrison and Beid,
and they find much encouragement in the
attitude of manufacturers on the subject of
protection, as there is a general feeling
among the latter class that the McKinley
act has been a decided benefit, not only to
the manufacturers, but to employes as well.
Vhen the Bepublicans desire a striking
illustration of the benefits of a protective
tariff in building up an industry, they point
to the pearl-button trade, which, under the
eilectsofthe McKinley law, has increased
from a small and unimportant industry,
which had a hard struggle for existence, to
a large and flourishing business, engaging
the efforts of more than a score of firms
with large capital and valuable machinery,
and giving employment to several thousand
persons.
Three years ago there were only about
half a dozen firms in the city of Newark
that were engaged in the manufacture of
pearl buttons or pearl goods of any kind,
and even then they often had a bard time to
keep their factories running, in consequence
of the fact that the duty on pearl buttons
was only 25 per cent ad valorem.
W hat the McKinley Lair Has Done.
Under the McKinley low a duty of 2f
cents a line was imposed, in addition to the
25 per cent duty. Under this law there is
a chance for American manufacturers to
show what they can do, and the pearl but
ton makers of Newark are taking advantage
of the benefits afforded them under the Mc
Kinley bill to the fullest extent, and, al
though this is now usually a dull season in
this trade, every firm in this line of busi
ness is now running its factory on full time
and to its utmost capacity.
A reporter, who made a tour of the
Newark pearl button factories the other
day, was unable to find more than one
manufacturer who was not heartily in
favor of the McKinley bill, and he frankly
admitted that he was a free-trader, and he
also admitted that a protective tariff was
an excellent thing for the workingman,
and had stimulated trade, but he declared
that it was not a good thing for the manu
facturer, as it caused too much competition
and kept the price of manufactured goods
down too low. He said:
"If you won't publish my name, I will
talk to you, but I don't want my name
published, as I don't care to get into a con
troversy over this matter. I am not in favor
of the MeKinley bill, because lam a free
trader, and then, too, I don't think it has
been a good thing for the manufacturers.
It Makes Loner Prices and Competition.
"There have been, of course, a good many
people going into the business, and this has
created such a lively competition among the
manufacturers that we have to sell our
goods at very low rates, and there is little
profit in the business for us. At the same
time we are obliged to pay our hands higher
wages than we did belore the McKinley
bill was passed, as there is now more de
mand far labor.
"At the same time we are selling our man
ufactured goods at a much lower rate than
we did before the bill became a law, for the
reason that a large number of new factories
that have sprung up under its operation
have caused a competition that has com
pelled us to lower our prices to such an ex
tent that even with the present high tariff
shutting ont foreign competition, buttons
are sold cheaper to-day than they ever were
before. The effect of the Republican pro
tective tariff has been greatly to increase
the wages of the workingman, and also to
prevent the concentration of the trade in
the hands of a few manufacturers, as it was
three years ago, when five or six firms con
trolled the whole trade in this city, and as I
regard the competition as ruinou3. 1 shall
support Cleveland and Stevenson."
One of the most enthusiastic advocates of
the benefits of the McKinley bill to the
pearl button industry is Thomas A. Webb,
who is one ot the pioneers in that trade.
The Story of a Business Enterprise,
Mr. Webb started in business in the
Nassau Works, Newark, a few years ago,
and since the passage of the McKinley bill
his business has increased to such an ex
tent that he has been compelled to make
arrangements for the erection of a building
100 feet long, 32 feet wide, and three stories
high in which to carry on his factory.
"My business," said Mr. Webb, "began
with eight employes. To-day I employ
over 100. When my new. factory is com
pleted I shall have between 250 and 300
hands at work. My orders now amount to
between 5150,000 and 5170,000 a year. Be
fore the passage of the McKinley bill I
was forced to be content with 52,500. The
reason for this improvement is that there
are large factories in Bohemia which used
to supply our market through the jobbers
and middlemen of New York;
The Bohemian workmen were employed
at starvation wages, such as no American
operative could exist upon, and conse
quently the manufacturers in that country
could make up the goods there, ship them
to this country, pay the duty upon them
and still undersell their American compe
titors. To-day all this is changed. Many
of the Bohemian shops stand idle wbile the
American factories are doing a large trade
which is constantly increasing. There is no
industry in the country which has prospered
so rapidly as the pearl button business has
under the McKinly bill."
All Connected With the Industry Benefited.
A member of the Newark Pearl Novelty
Company whose factory is at No. 272 Mar
ket street, said he would indorse all that
Mr. Webb had said, and addd "that an in
spection of the books of the company would
show that the McKinley bill benefits every
body connected with the industrv."
Mr. Greissing, of the firm of Greising &
Knorles, of Elm street, said: "The Mc
Kinley bill is the best thing in the world
for the pearl goods industry both for the
employers and the employed. Before the
passage of that law nearly all the pearl
buttons were made abroad. To-day nearly
3,000 persons are employed in this trade in
Newark alone, and the indications are that
the number will be constantly increasing.
There are 25 factories to-day in this city,
where before the passage of "the McKinley
bill there were only five, and often those
five did not work all the time. Now all the
pearl goods factories are running on full
time and the operatives are making good
wages. Under the old tariff, pearl buttons
came in under a duty of 25 per cent. The
McKinley bill imposes a duty of 2J cents
a line in addition to the 25 per cent duty."
The reporter suggested to Mr. Greissing
tnat tne general public did not understand
what a "line" meant, and Mr. Greissing
continued:
A Trchnleal Term Exp'alnrd.
"I will explain this to you. A line is
one-fortieth of an inch. Here is a card con
taining 24 shirt buttons. That is what we
call a 22-line button. Before the passage of
the McKinley bill there was only an ad
valorem duty of 25 per cent on these goods.
Under the wretched system of wages paid in
Austria and Bohemia it was possible to
manufacture these buttons in these coun
tries, ship them to America, pay the duty
on them and undersell oar manufacturers,
who were compelled to pay their
operatives living wages. Now, how
ever, under the McKinley bill these
pauper made foreign goods are shut out'of
the market, for the duty on tbem is too
high to make it profitable to bring them
here. v Before the McKinley bill wu passed
these buttons that I have showed yon could
be imported and sold to jobbers at 10 cents
a gross. Now the line duty is 16 and 20
cents. In Austria or Bohemia these goods
are often made in garrets or cellars, the
whole family working on them and each
person receiving only a few cents a day.
Here our operatives work in pleasant, well
lighted, well ventilated rooms, and receive
wages varying from 15 to $24 a week, and
another thing to be borne in mind is that
we make better buttons here than are made
abroad. Our operatives are neatly dressed
and have comfortable home.
A member of the firm of W-haton Brothers
said: "Before the McKinley bill was
passed the average wages of pearl button
makers were 8 50 and 512. To-day they
are 18 and 524. Buttons are cheaper now
than they were before the McKinley bill
was passed. The only complaint I have to
make Is tnat tne duty is not high enough.
Wages are so low in the old country that
they can still make the smaller grades and
undersell us in spite of the high duty."
HEAVY OCEAN TEAVEL.
Steamship Companies Aiming to Make the
Journey Across in B 1-3 Dars.
Captain J. J. McCormick, the steamship
agent, sat in his office yesterday mopping
his brow, but attending to business and not
saying a word about the heat He remarked
that the travel to Europe this summer was
ahead of anything in the history of the
business. He has 30 first cabin pas
sengers booked to leave from
Pittsburg on the City of Paris
Angust 3. He declined to give their names.
The captain estimates that over 1,500 fi'st
and second cabin tickets have been pur
chased in his office this summer, and the
number of steerage is legion.
Ocean travel is increasing so rapidly that
some of the lines are ordering new boats.
The Cunard and White Star are having two
each built, and the Inman recently let a
contract tor four. All of these vessels,
when finished, will be larger and faster
than any steamer afloat The aim is to
mke an average of 54 days to England.
LATE NEWS IN BRIEF..
The Garza forces are said to be reorgan
izing. The Idaho militia has been withdrawn
from Cceur d'Alene.
A. hail storm devastated whole farms
near Lakefleld, Minn.
A Cuban revolutionary club has been
formed at Jacksonville, Fia.
Sioux Indian are preparing to exhibit
a village at the World's Fair.
Sin Francisco felt a little earthquake
tremor early yesterday morning.
Wisconsin towns have been sending aid
to the Are sufferers of Iron river.
President Diaz says the decline in the
price of silver Is hurting Mexico.
Bev. Father Sylvester Malone, of Brook
lyn, has declared for Harrison and Beid.
Three cases of smallpox have been dis
covered among Japanese at Boise, Idaho.
W. Jj. Wilson has been renominated for
Congress by the Democrats of Grafton, W.
Va.
A iTew Tork electrician ha Invented a
switch board that does away with the tele
phone gtrl.
United States authorities In Idaho have
arrested 25 more prisoners in connection
with the mining troubles.
The United States revenue cutter Wal
cott has seized the schooner Sybil, of Van
couver, for smuggling Chinese.
The British Columbians are ready to give
$125 000 bonds for the release of the Coquit
land and her cargo of sealskins.
James Shelper was sentenced at Spring
field, 111, to 18 rears' imprisonment for im
personating a United States officer.
Ex-President Bogran, of Hondnraa, has
fled to the United States, and President
Leiva is anxious for peace at any price.
The TFilneuand the Herald, of Montreal,
urges the Dominion Government to concili
ate the United States on the oanal question.
Beaver Falls Amalgamated men will hold
a demonstration Fridav evening. Huiu.
O'Donnell and Burgess McLuckle have been
invited.
Henry F. Hardy, a notorious bank rob
ber, has been captured in Germany, where
he has been plying bis profession and living
at a high rate or speed.
Bertman, the Anarchist, Is said to have
spent three years in Kansas and Colorado,
where he occasionally broke out In violent
and unaccountable ireaks.
Local Union No. 8, of the United Brother
hood of Carpenters and Joiners, has not de
termined to remove the office of the Genera)
Secretary from Philadelphia.
Ford Fulkerson, a New Castle young
man, found and removed an obstruction on
the E. & P. track on a bridge a heavy piece
of timber spiked to the end. of the bridge.
A quarrel between a civilian and a sol
dier at Alameda, Spain, Monday blossomed
ont Into a riot. The troops fired upon the
mob, killing two and' wounding nine of
them. r,
The corpse of Felix SeeJ. a blacksmith,
was found in the ruins of (be Bohrbaoker
block In Akron, which burned Sunday. He
left currency and bank certificates in his
room amounting to $10,400.
The image of the Virgin Is claimed to
have been miraculously discovered in the
foundation of a church which Is being built
In St Petersburg on the spot where Czar
Alexander XIL was murdered.
The Mexican Supreme Military Court has
confirmed the death sentence against Colonel
Nieves Hernandez. The sentence will un
doubtedly be commuted by President Diaz,
in view of the Colonel's past services.
At Fort McKlnney, Wyo., Kaiser, a sol
dier under arrest, confessed that he was
hired to plow up the buildings In which the
stockmen were confined when brought from
the T. A. ranch. Acting on his confession,
the building was searched and a bomb was
found under the floor.
During a performance by an itinerant
theatrical company at Bneil, near Versailles,
France, Monday night, a row of benches, on
which over 800 spectators were seated, gave
way, precipitating the occupants to the
ground. Eighty were more or less injured.
Inquiry into the affair showed all the iron
bolts holding the building together had been
wilfully loosened.
Joseph Cook took occasion In a lecture at
Waseca, Minn., Monday to say this: "The
shooting of Mr. Frick la a severe blow to the
Amalgamated Association, and will result
In ending the strike. My sympathies have
always been with the workmen, but without
the defiance of law. The strikers' great mis
take was their tyranny against non-union
men. The opposition to right of private
contract is unfair, and this action of the
strikers toward the non-union men Is a
tyranny worse than King George ever ap
plied to this country."
A complicated suit has been tried in
London. A money lender has brouzht suit
azalnst Colonel Fltz-George, son of the Duke
ot tamoriage, on a aisnonorea Din ior xwo,
ana uoionei ruz-ueorge had In. turn insti
tuted proceedings against one B. E. Link, a
company promoter, who he sought to com-
Fel to indemnify him in the amount named,
t seems that on Link's assurance a large
bonus and dividend would be' paid Colonel
Fltz-George he Invested in a Bussian
fietrolenm company, signing a note for JE500.
le never, howover, received any shares of
the company's stock. Justice Bruce ordered
that Colonel Fltz-George pay the money
lender the amount claimed, and that Link
should indemnify him.
Ifo Person
In town, suffering from piles, but what
would prefer the easiest method of being
ucred. No knife, no pain, but a sure cure
for piles by using Hill's Pile Pomade. A
printed guarantee with each package. .By
mall $1, six for 5. Try It to-night. Tor "ale
by Jos. Fleming ft Son, 112 Market street-
Death Creeps on TJ Unawares.
We all have to meet the grim reaper tome
time or other. You will have to meet him.
Perhaps to-moirow. Perhaps not for 59
years. Be prepared for either by insuring
in the Equitable Life Assurance Society. If
you die your family is sale. It you live '.'0
years you getyour moneyback with interest.
Epward A. Woods, Manager,
616 Market street, Pittsburg.
Boom Beaters and Boarding House Who
Have
Used The Dispatch's Cent-a-Word advertis
ing columns under Wanted Boarders and
Booms To Let find it the best
Dx Witt's Little Early Bisers. Best pill
for biliousness, sick headache, malaria.
WAiKia'fl Family SojlT contains no free
alkali, and will not irritate and redden the
skin. jtwt
Wx paok and store furniture.
Hauqb ft Kzmur, 33 Wafer street
wsu
TURN M GUAM.
)Jc VULJl sflH sssssskflCVlallV l
oryr.
WE ARE TURNING OUT CLQTHilS
Better and better every day.
None can excel or duplicate
our make. All the resources
of Jine workmanship have
been brmlght to bear on our
fine suits. We have given
people some splendid bargains,
but the line of suits we have
reduced to $8, $10 and $12
surpass all our former efforts.
To satisfy yourself of the
truth of this statement, one
glance at our show window
will convince you beyond
doubt that they are bargains
with the bigB. Should you
not be in want of a suit or
only a pair of trousers, ask
for our Favorite $2.25
Trousers. You've never seen
such values before. We're
turning them out to our cus
tomers very fast. So don't
be too late if you want a pair
of our All-wool Favorites at
$2.25.
954 AND 956 LIBERTY ST.
jy24-73-mr
Midsummer is the
cheapest time to make
advertising contracts,
either transient or an
nual. The advts. privi
leged to start any time
up to October 1.
All classes of pa
pers. REMINGTON BROS.,
Pittsburg, Pa,
Telephone No. 1484.
jyU-w
WHAT TO EAT
is a difficult problem with
many people because but
few articles of food agree
with them. The doctor say
AVOID GREASE
and the result is unpalata
ble food. The reason the
physician objects to grease
is because lard is the article
most used, and every phy
sician knows that hog lard
in any shape is unhealthy
and indigestible.
Every one interested in
pure and healthful food hails
with joy the new product
GOTTOLENE
which is composed of pure
cottonseed oil and pure beef
suet nothing else not
even salt. It is better than
either lard or butter for all
cooking jjoses, and one
pound of Cottolene will do
as much as two pounds of
lard or butter, and it costs
less than either.
' Every housekeeper that
4 tries Cottolene will find in
it just what she wants.
Beware of imitations get
the geniune of your grocer
N.K. FAIRBANKS CO.,
CHICAGO.
PITTSBURQH AGENTS: "
F. SELLERS & CO.
f-crmL
ARTIST AND PHOTOGRAPHS
18SIHH STBEET.
Cabinet, SS tn'SM per doxee; vetltes, St
toastn. Teleraone 1TSU ar&ft-xwTM
BSSSsS toP
m