IHHHIi s52iIWsaft3'jSIl- s yKwrn lwmfBmmFmimmmmFmMimaf mi m Bff'illlTWri "i iiniaw JA'SfrAi'e & Mfo yv? "''grTVswS"? S&aSfrvtffi YJafsT-"" gWWM" 5 ' , 140 MILES AN HOUR At That Speed locomotive Transit Should Cost Xino Times as Much as by Electricity. THE PEOCLEM OP THE TIMES Js the Harnessing of the Current to Bail- road Sen ice In a Practical and Icouomical Way. TOVTEE FOE STATIOXAni PURPOSE B What Hat Been teamed From the rstndo-Eiperl. dcatal riant at Lauffea. l-M.-r.rnbv ron the dispatch.i For more than 50 years men of science hare known that electricity meant mechan ical power, brilliant light, or intense heat, a- its user chose. Why, then, was this won derful servant kept until about 15 years ago at little else than transmitting messages and performing small tasks in electro-plating? Iecausc, the reply is, its wages had to be piid, not in the coils, wherewith steam was well content, but in an equal weight of zinc, costing 40 to 50 times as much. Before the preat career of the electric current could lairly dawn, it was necessary that the vol taic battery be superseded by a coal-con-mming contrivance. This demand was satisfied in the invention of the dynanio, which beginning as a toy like machine, most wasteful in operation, has gradually been enlarged and improved until to-day, when, converting the power of the mightiest steam engine into electricity, it has an efficiency as high as 92 per cent. Every successive advance in the design and operation of the steam engine, and every economy in the use of water power, directly tend to cheapen the electric current and multiply its applications. The Possibilities of tUe Tatnrc How far, then, is the electric motor likely .o supplant other sources of power? "What promise has it for the relief of domestic Irudgery? Applied to traction may we ex pect to see it rival the locomotive? That ilectricity can be transmitted long distances instantly, and almost without loss, is a aighly important peculiarity, and one vhich has a diiect bearing on these ques tions. The telegraph, with which we have so long been familiar, is after all but the lectrical coneyance of motion. Led into .he ne by the transmitter, the current swiftly mo es at the other end of the line Jie armature of a receiving instrument, creating the sounds which the operator in terprets as a dispatch. Increase the size of "he iibrating iron bar of the receiver to that f the armature in an electric motor, and its orce tan oe made to ume the heaviest ma hmerv. To ha e work done by steam or ompresed air at a mile from the tan or ompressor, is not onlv to incur enormous ipeue for piping, but alo to suffer serious os of power. Contrast this with electrical ran.mission. Lat saruiner, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, a electric current estimated at 300 horse ioer was brought all the way from a aierfall at Laufien, 109 miles off, with a. iimmution of but 28 per cent. To reach his extraordinary result special pains were aken in insulating the wires, which were truug on poles. In eacli insulator were leep grooves filled with oil, a much more fiectiie non-conductor than any solid sub luice, and in these grooves the wires lay. "IVires Jfo Larger Tlian Telegraph Wires. As the pressure of the current was ex renie, arying from 1G, 000 to 30,000 volts, he insulation had to be as nearly perfect as lOisible. "What so high a pressure signifies n be understood when we remember that hat on the trolley wires of electricvrailways limited to 500 olts, higher pressure be ns deemed dangerous to life. The enor oous voltage used bv the German eleetri lans was employed for a i ery good reason. Vpart from the incidental "losses against Thich thorough insulation insures a cur ent, the greater its oltage the lighter the rire sufheing as conductor, just as the iigher a waterfall the smaller the duct ecessarv to yield a horse potter. Each of he three wires carrying the current from aufien to Frankfort was somewhat less hiu one-sixth of an inch in diameter, about he thickness of common telegraph wire. In Generating the current, dynamos of ovel and efiecth e design were in harness t Lauffen, and the motors at the Frankfort nd of the line were their counterparts, is poured forth by the dynamos, the cur enthad a pressure of only 50 -olts, to be atensified for transmission it took its way brqugh a transformer sealed in a tank lied with insulating oil. A transformer, hen reversed, can reduce voltage as weli s exalt it, and that application was made f it at Trankfort, where the electricity as upplied to motors and incandescent lamps ad a pressure of 100 volts. The Limit of Distance. In this remarkable achievement, the Ger lan electricians have shown what is experi- teiuaiiv jiussiuic xaiuer luau commercially racticable. For the transmission of cur ents of .30,001) volts it will not do to rely on are wiies, carried on poles, protected sim !xr by a pjlntd skull and cross bones; istly underground conduits must be pro ided, and this of necessity shortens the iugeoer which electricity from a water ill can be carried in competition with lectricity cenerated by steam. This limit ill probablv be all the way from 30 to CO ules, a distance within which several anericau cities have large water powers inning to watte. In utilizing these powers lectricity has the held to itself. Niagara alls very soon will be impressed into send ig a powerful current to Buffalo, 22 miles way. A project to send part of this cur nt'to Chicago during the Exhibition next ear is under discussion. Whether produced by a waterfall or a earn engine, electricity, besides being the iOst desirable form of motive power, can e the cheapest as well Its cost depends pon the scale of operations. Where 1,000 ore power is got by steam, the cost at the ngine toomis I cent per horse power per our; if onlv 100 horse, the cost rises to 3 nts. "With smaller powers the outlay in eases so much proportionately that'put ni: electricity on tap from a large reser oir bestows an inestimable boon on users of nail machinery. Here, for instance, is a rilor with half a dozen sewing machines i Ins shop; next door a cabinet-maker has a the or two and a circular saw; across ic street is a jeweler with drills and urnishers at work; each of these trades eii is provided with an electric motor, Inch, if loom be scant, can be hung from ie idling. The AdvantaifM for Licht Work. .nd so it goes throughout the city; everv nail workshop is independent of engine", jiler and fire; it need not have, as when iim power is employed, apertures iu its alls lor lhing belts apertures through Inch destruethe flame may pas. The iwercan be instantaneously summonedand smissed; it asks no pay beyond the nio ent its work ceases la transmitting a working current the alav for copper conductors may form the ost important item, especially if the volt ' be low. Suppose taat a central station .u supplva horse power at 5100 per an ,ra With a current at 110 volts, the limit yond which it will not pay to deliver the wer is 3,500 feel, two-thirds of a mile. At n volts the distance lengthens to 1J miles; 500 volts, to 314 miles; at 1,000 volts, to 3 miles; at 5,000 volts, to 19 miles. In urope the -voltages employed in electrical ansmission are usually much higher than e American standard, and smother element economv is introduced in the eBorznoui isol engines and dynamos. In Berlin I "each of three distributing centers has three units of 1,400 hone power; at a fourth cen ter there are four such units. "When, in a large manufactory, spattered through sev eral buildings, po er is in demand at many points, it pays to centralize the steam plant and convert its energy into electricity for use where needed. The friction of belts usu ally exacts a higher tax than the toll levied by. a dynamo and a series of tnotors; the diminution of jar and vibration on upper floors permits a safe reduction in the thick ness of walls and. joists. In mining, as in manufacturing, electricity plays a unique park Mining work must often be done where engines are out of the question. Electricity In the Dwelling In the dwelling the electric motor has be fore it an important field. Scores of do mestic labor-saving devices have awaited its advent. It revolves an ice cream freezer, a washinir machine, or a mantle: it operates a dumb waiter, a pump, or an elevator. The. current actuating tne motor gives ugut, mm, abolishes the chemical battery for bells and annunciators. Electricity is not an economical source of hsat. but its conven- ience and cleanliness make it available for; boiling a pot of coffee or broiling a chop. Attached to a flexible wire a flatiron can, be heated and maintained at a perfectly even temperature. It has been thought, from the economy with which it can be distributed, that elec tricity will not only lighten domestic drudgery, but may do" something in dis persing "factory buildings and reducing their size. It must, however, be remembered that it Is not so much the necessity for be ing within a few yards from an enifine that has made factories grow from vast dimen sions, as the advantage of carrying on at ad joining machines the successive processes of a minutely subdivided manufacture, such, for example, as that of shoes. The relief of congested towns and cities, whether centers of manufacture or commerce, has already been begun by the electric motor, not in its application to looms, planers or mill stones, but as a means of rapid transit It has often been remarked that the steam loco motive seems to have done as much toward crowding great cities into small compass, toward squeezing their buildings skyward, as it has in developing healthy anil airv suburbs. The reason is not far to seek. To take a railroad train one must usually go a considerable distance to reach a station, and the exigencies of steam travel require that stations on the line be separated by almost a mile. Storage Batteries soil Conduits. On a few scattered lines, instead of the overhead wire conductor, storage batteries are employed. This plan renders a car in dependent "of any external cause of derange ment or accident, and would long ago have come to the front among its competitors had it not been chargeable with two grave de fects. The first is that the battery for an ordinary car weighs 3,500 to 4,500 pounds, absorbing on a level track one horse power for its traction, and the second that in its present form the material of the storage battery, lead, undergoes gradual deteriora tion, and is destroyed in six to ten months. On a long and level track, where the servicfe is not frequent, the storage battery is ad vantageous. 2To field wider than this can be expected for it until a battery lighter and more durable than any existing type is devised. Uo electric road in the United States has ever made a success with its wire conductor laid in an underground conduit A line in Buda-Pesth, Austro-Hungarv, has had a different experience. Its conduit, however. makes it cost 520,000 a mile, a sum which places it at once at a disadvantage with overhead systems, even were there no other drawbacks to the plan in most American towns and cities where a railway has a road bed to itself, as the City and South London Kail way, for example, the center rail is an easy and economical means of receiving cur rent Knocking Ont the Locomotives. To-day, with three years' progress in elect rical science, more than one electrical engin eer is aching to show how he could drive the locomotive off the track if only he had a chance. It is proposed by the time the Columbian Exhibition opens to have Chi cago joined with Milwaukee by an electric railway, and a similar project is mentioned bv promoters in St. Louis. On the other side of the ocean engineers are maturing plans for an electric line between Vienna and Buda-Pesth. Since the feasibility of long distance trac tion is no longer in debate, the questions regarding it narrow themselves to cost and speed. A statiouary steam encine of the largest size, and of the multiple expansion model, burns cheaper coal than a locomotive and requires less of it A Baldw in locomo tive of the new compound type, carefully tested on the Northern Pacific Railroad last July, consumed but 2.43 pouudi of coal per horse power per hour while under way, one half as much as an ordinary locomotive, and but one pound more than a stationary engine of the Corliss pattern, of equal capacity and working with triple expansion. The dif ference in the cost of fuel and the less -weight of electric motors, as compared with locomotives, are two important items of economy attending electric traction. The mam advantage ot electricity as motive power consists in the speed which it makes possible. Speed in Cost Calculations, The only experiments at doubling exist ing railroad speeds ever conducted have been those of Mr. O. T. Crosbv at Laurel. Md., in 1890, with the "Wee ms system off iiwtmilcinn 'Thi. .m.rtniAnlol ..a,- .fan ?fl ... Wfu.a.wu. A-w ,..uw... V44. " i.4 W inches high by 24 inches wide, and 20 feet long; it carried two motors with their arma tures keved directly to the axles and weighed 2J tons. The track was circular, 28 inches in gauge, and two miles in circum ference. Control was effected from the power station placed inside the circle, the voltage of the Hue was 500. Although the track was much too light for the work at tempted, verv valuable information was ob tained as to the resistance of the air and as to the power demanded for each ton of load. It came out that the ratios ordinarily ac cepted are excessive. In discussing the ex periment Mr. Crosby makes an elaborate comparison between the cost of electric and steam locomotion. "With a motor of the highest efficiency he places electricity in the lead at all speeds. For this efficiency a slow speed armature must be fastened di rectly upon the axle, dispensing with all in termediate mechanism. The advantage possessed by such a motor increases faster than its velocity. At20 miles an hour steam will cost 15 percent more than electricity; at 60 miles, 25 per cent; at 120 miles, 157 per cent; at 140, 903 per cent "Where the motor, from the necessity of introducing wheel work between the revolving armature and the car axle, is reduced in efficiency one fifth, these figures are considerably modified. At 60 miles an hoursteamand electricity are on a par; below that speed steam is the cheaper agent; beyond it, electricity is cheaper than steam., Mr. Crosby coes into an estimate of the receipts and expenditures of an electric line between .S" ew York and Chicago, running at 125 miles an hour, eight hours for the trip. He shows that with 20 trains each way per day the investment would be very lucrative; he holds that even more profit would attend working a 500-mile line connecting Boston, Hew York, Phila delphia, Baltimore and Washington. Geokge Iles. GOIHO THB0UGH A WALL. The Simple Contrivance That Has a Good Effect on the SU;e, Boston Herald. Regarding scenic effects, it must- be ad-' mitted that the English are foremost in all the mechanical arrangements for the stage." The trappe anglaise is an English Inven tion, and it is more thought of abroad than it is here. A spirit will, all of a sudden, disappear through a wall, and this is ar ranged by the "English trap," which con sists of 'a number of elastic leaves of steel or twigs like two combs placed with their t"eth together. These are covered with painted canvas like any scenic door. The actor nings nim selt against this, which, after letting him pass through, flies back again. This trap, to be effectively used, requires a sort of lANVsna avarl jfavtMiw e v ilia affanf A Trtld upon its being rather recklessly done. THE HOEDOLI&AREMDE. A Peep Into the largest' Factory in the World Near Paris. MODELS AFTER TBELIVIKG BABY. The Minute Division of labor hy Which the Images Are Put Up. SKIXTi REQUIRED IN MAKING EXES IWBITTXN FOB THE DISPATCH,! In the quaint old town of Jlontreuil, out side the fortifications of Paris, is the most famous doll factory of the world. One hun dred thousand dolls are manufactured there every vear. It was a glorious day in au tumn when I crossed the factory courtyard, flanked on either side by hundreds of small paued windows, through -which I caught glimpses of some 500 men,' women- and chil dren bending over their wpru. The model of the famous Paris doll is always the human baby the child from 1 Fmiihed Facet. to 4 years old. Her dollship's body is made of brown paper. Sheet upon sheet, well moistened with paste, is spread on a fable at which women and children sit Before each worker is an iron mold into which she hammers wet, pasty paper with sl mallet One mold represenss the trunk of the body, others the legs, the arms, the fopt, the hand. All faithfully preserve every curve and dimple of the human baby. When the molds are filled they are hung up to dry. The drying process takes from 8 to 30 days. A coat of flesh-tinted paint the doll's first layer of skin is now put on. It is curious to watch the dimple of a hand, the nail of a toe, grow under the quick, sure brushes of these young peasant girls. Fin. ished, the hands and feet are pivoted on the walls of the paint shop. A quaint picture they make! hundreds of little pink, dimpled hands in all attitudes of entreaty; hundreds of little feet restless to creep into some child's heart; little dimpled stomachs and shapely legs all standing out from the white walls. "When each portion of the bodv has bad five coats ot paint ana yarnisn tney are - carried to a great room whew men gray and bent with age set the various parts together One of the Factory Tlaxids. on a fine elastic cord. This is the highest art in the doll's creation, for upon the skill ful adjustment of each part depends the per fection.of the whole. Wooden sockets are then pnt in the shoulders, elbows and knees, apd little wires called "articulators"" (turned by hoys at a pedal machine) nre in serted, and lo! every limb moves, not un like the human body. To make one talking doll requires the joint labor of 30 men. Germany was the first country to invent the talking dolls. So' great is the cost of their manufacture that Slaking Doll Brain. comparatively few are made. In art, as in nature, it is easier to make a doll baby say "mamma" than "papa." My lad's bead is made in another part of the old town. As we enter the factors r women and girls are filling face-molds with a wane uquiu ivunjn juus jroin. a lansara with faucets, like a soda fountain. , 111 is liquid is of the same ingredients as :the. famous Sevres and Limoges ware. When the contents of the mold are -drr they are emptied on trays and before they have be- ' - FITTSBUBGr DISPATGE, OUR BOYS AND GIRLS. come hard the ears are pierced to receive that relic of barbarism the earring. The faces are then put in a huge oven where they bake from 28 to 30 hours. Baskets upon baskets of baked heads, vary ing in size from two inches to the face of a child of four years, preserving Greek fea tures and revealing many human expres sions are piled on every side. Children so nun? that home and a doll would seem the place and the occupation of their hours, are- met in tne courtyard, running miner auu thither with great trays of faces on their heads. Each worker has her special task. After the first baking one lays on the flesh tint, another blends in the rouge on the cheek, paints an eyelash or eyebrow, or gives the vital touch to nostril or ear, while an army of children deposit the finished faces on a curtained shelf, where they are left to dry before going to .the oven for another 30 hours' bake, "What are you doing?" we asked an old man who sat at a log cabin window chip ping off spherical bits from a huge layer of cork; "Making brains," was the reply. "Her dollship'sWinsI" The second baking prepares the heads for the eyes. They are ot glass and enamel most delicate, most exacting work. The eyes are made in 3 cellar, into which the sunlight rarely peeps. The violet eyes re quire the most skill. The eyes made, they Modeled From the Human Baby. are carefully matched and glued into the head, which is then fastened onto the body. The cork brains now round out the head and the doll passes from the bands of her creators to the coiffenre's boudoir. where, from great boxes of hair, varying in color from palest gold to raven black, in texture from nature's sheeny silk to flaieu tow, her crowning glorv is chosen. Not a cry, pot a word does dolly utter as her locks are combed, twisted and tacked to her brains with little brass nails! Hair dressed, her dimpled feet are slipped into the dantiest Louis XIV slippers of satin or leather, made by 14 year-old children, Coiffured and shod, her dollship-now puts: on a white chemise. Packed in a box she is then sent for a nap to the warehouses until summoned to the great doll depots of Paris, from which she is likely to journey to the four ends of the earth. Lida McCabe. TALES OF TAD LINCOLN. Whlms or the Martyr President's Son When He Was Eleven Years Old His father Humored Him Drilling at the Soldiers' Home D-)injr Hamlet. v WRITTEN FOR THE DISPATCH. "The Soldiers' Home was a place worth living in, in those days," said Jamie. Jamiejs now a rich man in Philadelphia; but in the years of '63-4 he was the small son of a very busy father, whose work was with the President, and he was also Tad Lincoln's oldest friend and comrade. Everybody knowshow Mr. Lincoln hu mored and loved his small 11-year-old boy, whom he nicknamed "Tadpole," and called "Tad" for short. At a little distance from the pretty vine coverad cottage, where the President's fam ily spent their summers, on the Corcoran farm, hundreds of soldiers were encamped. The white canvas dotted the wide green fields everywhere, and in the shade of beautiful oaks, maples and pines the hos pital tents were filled with wounded'and dying. AH day long from the city, from boats and trains, ambulances rumbled over the stones and pavements out into this lovely country spot. Interruptluc a Cabinet Sleeting. One hot day in July Tad surprised his father in the busiest hour of the day by ap pearing in town in the Cabinet room dreesed in his top boots, blue-,jockcy cap, whip in band. In terrible haste he said: "Father, I've come for an order to the Sec retary ot "War for two rubber blankets! two good-sized drums! one tent! and rations for two good-sized boys!" Although Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet were used to Tad they looked up and awaited with droll smile's the grave father's reply. Svith one long finger on his map, a sen tence of painful impost op his lips, Mr. Lincoln looked into the scrap of a face, then at the" big red one of the Secretary of War and laughed outright. ' "Come here, my son. Who are the boys, and are they for the Union, and where do they serve their country?" Tad leaned on his father's knee and eagerly went on: "You see, father, Jamie and I have ioined Company D in the Soldiers' Home. We are on waiting orders, and mother wont give us blankets oft our beds, " and says vou must supplr rubber ones'sowewon't get crippled up with rheumatism, you "know. It won't take long for here is Mr. Stanton right herein Drilling the SoldierfBoys. The boys went into camp next day. Every spare, hour was spent with the soldiers. Tbc would beat "the reveille," snout orders with the officers, drill with the companies, and rush the men into double-quick, until the whole camp was in an uproar. Tad's young, clear voice would ring out: "Pall in, Company D! fall in lively!" And Com pany D, men and officers, would obey. The soldiers used to say "they had rather be marched into the, suramtr house 20 times a day by that young rascal than to eat 'a good dinner." At evening when the handsome carriages where rolling through the guards, Tad and his friend were usually to be seen perched pn the broad veranda of the Old Men's Home, drumming away with all their might, and currounded by admiring soldiers. Secretary Chase pointed him out to a dis tinguished partv one night as they drove by: "Who would think that little urchin in blue,, making all that racket up there, was the son of our President!" At other times the two , boys would go about.from cot to cot visiting one after an other' of the sick soldiers. Jamie would re late all manner of stories, while Tad would read aloud the war news from the daily pa pers, and tell what his father would do it he were only a general instead of President. -"And my father could wipe out the whole rebel army with only -Just his ix V Master Tad, was wont to declare. "And, oh, I do SUNDAY, MABOE , wish he could be a general this old war 1" He'd finish up A Great Theatrical Ides. The beautiful summdr nights generally found the Lincoln cottage full of visitors, friends, apd busy people. The separate members of the Cabinet, officers, and men with "plans," came to pit on the quiet, cool piazzas, and often spent hours walking and "talking over things" under the shady trees. Mr, Lincoln was frequently to he seen alone, leaning heavily against the pillars of the porch, with his deen. sad eves tamed toward the great city, no doubt thinking! upon tne oattieneias Deyona, witn a uevr ache that probably no other President will ever know, Taking the crowds of evening Visitors into his reckonings, Tad made known another of his "happy thoughts" to his mother. Why couldn't he organize a splendid the atrical company out of the soldiers! The biggest tent could be the theater! One hos pital tent was empty! The guard, corpor als, drummers, cooks thev all had given their solemn promise to learn their parts right away. Mrs. Lincoln not replying, the boys took her consent for granted, and Tad was over joyed "Jamie," he said, "run over to your mother and get her Shakespeare; father has two and Mr. Stanton has one. I'll ask Mr. Seward for his! It takes a good many to go round; I know lots out of some plays, for father and I recite it together nights." The President Waa Patient. "Now, Tad, you are not to get up another thing! Your poor father is tired out with you." exclaimed Mrs. Lincoln, suddenly. "I know, mother, this won't tire him he's awfully interested in plays." Here Tad spied his father on 'the piazza, just getting home from a long, tiresome dsy. With his small face against the President's shoulder, he besran: "Father, if you'll help us Jamie and I get up a first-class the. ater in camp, you and all the Cabinet shall come in every night for 15 cents! And it'll be 25 for all the others, even mother!" Mr. Lincoln stroked Tad s head and an- price cents! Yes I think Chase and Seward will be glad to give that!" said Mr. Lincoln. "But father don't laugh! It would cost them more than that to go to a common circus!" A week afterward Mrs. Lincoln said to some friends: "This theater business of Tad's beats his Company D fever. I am countermanding orders all the time- The ' servants leave their work to 'take parts!' I met Isaac just now decked out 'in costume.' And who should I see this minute, as I sent for the carriage, but John, tbe'eoachman, in long robes, trailing behind Jamie and Tad, 'going to rehearse !' There never was such a boy ! He screams out, 'Wait a minute, mother! John won't be long! this is the very last rehearsal before to-night' " The best camp chairs were taken off the piazzas, the best table cloth was for the ghost! the guard changed off an hour earlier to practice, while a kind of high art color was painted on the back of the tent to make it more effective by candle light Tad in the .Role of Hamlet Tad was sorely tried. "Father was so busy! and no two of the Cabinet ever came out at once!" At last it proved a success! Tad as Sam let, Jamie as the ghost ' The proud father and Mr. Stanton and Mr. Seward occupied front seats. The tent failed to hold half. The sides were turned up that the crowds outside might enjoy the scene. r. , Eagerly, clearly, and in a tragic -voice Tad sid, as he mounted the,box, close to the row of candles; , . it,-ir , "If it assume my noble father's person," while his eyes rolled nervously In the' di rection of the side entrance. "Would the night 'were 'come' another glance at the crack in the vellow cloth, then exit- "So fare you well!' ' " H A large Horatio enters: "Look-! my lord, it comes." A flourish of trumpets outside the tent A long blast from all the bugles in camp! The Ghost In a Tablecloth. Tad reappears: "Angels and ministers defend us!" A smothered sound from the front seats. The Ions damask tablecloth. the large bath towels with draggling fringe, and'the ghost marches in! Tad again: "Oh, my prophetic soul." Human nature could stand no more, and the front seats were vacated! Secretary Seward told his family it was worth $100, but defeated and mortified he laughed aloud. So, choking and gasping, he and the Presi dent were obliged to go at an early hour. One of the sick soldiers, Old One-legged Hans, was so grieved that he couldn't see his President's son as Samlet that Tad and Jamie repeated their parts at his bedside; when weeks afterward the good old man died. Tad told his father that "Hans had- gone now where he had two legs, and could join another Itevolutionary War." Margaret Spencer. FACTS ABOUT SOAP. What Is Agreeable to One Skin Js tike a Poison to Another, There isn't any way of judging of the value of a toilet soap except by trial. Be cause the' value of a soap, no matter h.ow loiplly the advertisements may cry its merits, lies in its adaptability to the skin of the person using it that is, toyoursel And toilet soaps are like friends purely a mayor of personal idlosyncracy. Either they agiee with your skin, or they do not. If they do they will ' leave it clean and white, and soft and fresh. If they don't, they will either roughen it into minute points like sand paper, or dry it, making it feel withered and old, or redden it, or make it smart.as if with sunburn. ' All these latter things, may happen, and. yet the soap need not be a wicked soap at all. It may be as pure-and as expensively concocted as it is advertised to be, and yet it may do your-'hands a positive injury. I know one woman whose hands are dried by one of the most famous and expenisve French soaps; one that is known to all the world as perfectly pure and even of an un usually healing and softening power. And yet the white soap that she buys at her grocer's for five cents a cake keeps her hands as smooth and soft as velvet Soaps that contain much glycerine do not agree with some skins; soap's that contain an ex cess of oils'do not agree with others. It is like tastes: there is no accounting for it PEBFUHE ix OBATOHS. A Novelty That Came to a Belle ot Boston Town From Across the Bee. A dainty and novel gift lately received from Paris by a young Boston girl is a box ot perfume. Hot a box of bottles of per fume, but an exquisite, hand-painted, 'gold- i il - iutfl. r...': UUUUU UUA Wl LlCUUlUa MIUU1UGB, JCdUUIC JU the shape of little sticks or crayons. The good feature of these is that they can be ap plied without moistening or in any way in- luring a delicate fabric. If the e possessor 'can set her own consent to depart from that good old rule, "the best perfume is no perfume at all" (and most women confess to 9 lurking fondness tor "a delicate perfume, a very little, yon know"), she rubs the crayon lightly on her, handkerchief, her gloves or her oou quet of .satin violets, and goes sweetly on her way. A Bright Boy. Buffalo Courier. . It was on a trolley and the boy wanted to turn round and look out of the window. T "Johnny," said his mother, "if you don't sit still I shall punish you." - "You'd better not," answered Johnny, "cause, if you do I'll tell the oonductor. you ougnt to nave paia rau tin lor e.," swered slowly: ."Well that is quite an ob ject ! What plavs do you give, my son?" "Well," said Tad, "if thev get the parts firstrate, we'll give' 'Hamlet'' first" "Now that a fair price for 'Hamlet' 15 M 1893. Lt a i i rfi-i Ta THE RUNNING BROAD JUMP. traitor Pohm Talis How the Experts Do laving Off a Course The Champion or the World Is a Student The Bequlre- events. tWBITTENFQBTns DISPATCH.! Boys now-a-days give so much attention to the intricacies of baseball and football 'that they seem to have little time left for the vastly more simple and natural sports of jumping, hurdling and running. Every boy has his rating among his fellows as a fielder or batter or as a rusher or half-back; but how many boya) I wonder, have any idea as tp how fast they could run 100 yards or a quarter of a mile; whether they could clear an obstacle at all on the run, and whether a diteh would have to be 18 feef wide or only a dozen to be impassable except by means ot abridge. ' Broad jumping is a very different sport to-day from what it was 20 years ago! -Tttsn the athletes jumped from a whitewashed line. They took a short run, agreat spring, and came down on their heels on the hard ground with a shock that you would think would haye loosened their teeth. In those days championship's were won by a leap of 18 feet, and the jumper that could clear 20 feet was looked upon as a wonder. ' Modern Facilities for Jumping. Suppose now you visit the grounds of a modern athletic club. On the field, inside the oral quarter-mile running track, you DIAGRAM OF will find a straight track about 90 feet long and 3 feet wide. It is -topped with a coat pf cinders or brick dust, is smooth as a table, firm and springy. This is the "run." Acrpss the end ot the path, nearest the grandstand, is a thick, whitewashed wooden plank, five inches wide. Look at the plank and you willec that the upper side, which Is level with the surface of the running path, is full of little holes, as though tacks bad been driven in and then withdrawn. This plank Is the "take-off" or line from which the Jump is made. Ten or a dozen feet from the end of the track and -plank is a fcquare "pit" It is, perhaps, 16 feet long and 7 or 8 feet wide. The pit has been filled to the level of the take-off with a mixture of sand and loam. The soil on the sjdo of the plank pext to the pit has been removed, leaving a little ditch 3 inches deep and 6 inches wide. Getting Beady for a Leap. Now wateh- the expert jumper who has come out for a little practice. He first measures off about 85 or 90 feet from the "take-off" and carefully marks this point on the rue About midway to the take-off, he places a check mark a handkerchief, or a bit of white paper. He takes a little run to limber up his muscles, and then he is Champion Jitter. ready to nmp. Notice that the shoes he wears have each six sharp, half inch spikes in the toe,-and a similar spike in the heel. The jumper toes the ling, which he has drawn across the run- as his starting mark. His eye is fixedW the cliecK mark. To ward "this he hins, slowly at first but in creasing his speed with eaoh stride. His stride is -so regulated that he will exactly toe the check mark. From the check to the take-off the jumper rushes at full speed it was only recently that the value of sp'eed as a factor in broad jumping was. fully rec ognized. He' strikes the take-oft with a rush. The toe of the "foot from which he jumps actually reaches over the edge of the plank though not. far enough to cause him to step over altogether, or "fouL" The spikes in his shoer prevent all danger of slipping. He takes a big spring, getting lots of "elevation," nd comes down with a graceful curve at - least that's what you think he is going to do,f but at the last mo ment before alighting;' he gives his legs a jerk forward, and his feet land a-foot -or 18 inches ahead of where you expected. They sink over ankles in the soft pit No fear of a jar here.. Bow the Jamp Is Measnrrd. When the athlete measures his jump you will see that he measures from the edge of his take-off nearest, the pit to the nearest break or d?nt made in the pit by any part of the body. -This, is the rule for measur ing, no matter how far back from thp take 'off bis jump actually .began. More than once I have- known "an athlete to lose 'a prize, because, though his actual jump may have been some inches greater than that of his competitors, be more than lost this by "taking-ofl" or starting behind the plank. To strike the take-ofl accurately, therefore, is most important- If you step over, your foot goes into the ditch and you lose your jump; if you jump from behind the take-off yon lose that amount when your jump is measured. This rale' may not at first seem fair, so let us apply a peaotieat test suppose an athlete who could jump 21 -feet tried to clear a ditch 20 feet wide. And suppose he "took off" 14 inches behind the edge. Sup pose another'iumper -who could do just 20 feet then tried the ditch' and managed just to toe vuc eugc, wuicu nuiuu yuu. vuusiuer the better jumper w-ouia it not oe he who combined with strength of muscle the 'skill to make the best use of his powers and the nerve to rush to the very edge of the ditch? An expert jumper will often strike the plank accurately half a dosen times In succession.- .' The "Effect of the Weather. And this, too, in. spite of the fact that either, the weather or the condition of the run may make a difference in the length of his striae. The stride is always longer on a warm than on a cold day. The heat relaxes the muscles and enables the athlete to "ex tend" himself. An athlete nowadays who can't eletr 21 .feet hardly thlnksit worth while to enter tor a championship competi tion. Davin, an Irishman, holds the En glish record, which is 23 fert 2 inches. We are away ahead of our cousins across tbe water, tor we have developed three athletes who have reoords better, than Darin's. Malcolm W. Ford has .leaped 23 feet 3 inches; A- F. Copeland has jumped one eighth of an inch farther than Ford, and Charles S. Jteber. the champion, of America and holder of tbe world's record, Is credited j with the remarkable distance of 23 feet 6 inches. Seberisa student of Washington'TJni- versitv. Miuinnri. Ha is hnt 21 veaft old. and up to last spring had only a local repu tation as a jumper. Keber does noc taice so long a start as the other experts, as he thinks a run of 90 or 100 feet takes the strength out of the muscles. Keber jumps awkwardly, at least it appears so. You can see In the illustration now "sprawly" he appeared when he made the jump that broke the record. Before landing, however, THE COURSE. he gets his feet'togetber and comes down easily and gracefully. A Regular Track Is Ifeednd. It would be a good thing for the boy$ of any village or neighborhood to club to gether and build a regular track for broad jump work. The labor and expense, di vided anions a dozen boys, wonld be small for each, while the enjoyment and physical benefit would be great. The boy who wishes to become a broad-jumper'should not, if he is unaccustomed to the exercise, begin his course of training by jumping, else the next day everv bone and muscle in his body will ache. Let him first get tbe muscles hardened by a week or ten days' practice in running. Then he may begin to jump, but not more than twice or thrice a week. The take-ofl should be the old-fashioned whitewashed line. When he has learned to strike this with some degree of accuracy, he may use the regulation plank, but with out the ditch. Rubber soled shoes will do at first, but when the novice becomes pro ficient, he should get spiked jumping shoes. These may be obtained of any dealer in sporting goods at a cost of from ?2 50 for the ready made to 17 for the made-to-order, kangaroo skin article. The run need be only a firm, level stretch of ground. The pit may be made simply by loosening the ground with a spade and picking out any stojies that may he there. . Where to start and where to place the check must be learned by experience. The check is usually from 7 toll rnnuine strides from the take-off, and the start the same distance from the check. There is no more Important rule for broad jnmping, than to come up to the "take-off" at full speed. It is a fatal mis take to slow up or ''balk" in the last stride. It may take some time, however, before the jumper loses his fear of striking the plank at top speed with the spike-shod shoe. AVaxter C. Dohsi.' THE PBQPEB KINO OF GEATE. A Shelf J list Above the Throat Will Make It Draw Better. Although the reasons for smoky flues are manifold the ways of avoiding them are not Intricate; not beyond the reach of any per son of ordinary intelligence. I speak of smokr flues, because one can see smoke. In this city of natural gas the necessity for good grates and fireplaces is just as great; for while the products if combustion are not visible, thev are just as dangerous from a health standpoint. Speaking first of external causes, the top of tbc flue must not be within the close proximity of overtopping trees, or ridge poles, or dormers. It the house is situated in a very windy place a flat stone placed on top of the stack will prevent a down draught, the smoke being allowed to escape through side vents below it, on all four sides. These points being provided for, it remains to place the fireplace and flue properly, and especially to watch the 68801 SMO SRCTIO1 op op Ann Vowi pitArrs. masons from start to finish. I have known good flues totally choked with rubbish of all sorts by their carelessness; flues led into other ones from laziness, or built with bad turns from sheer maliciousness or dishon esty. A good plan for a brick fireplace, and one now in practical use, has an opening 2 feet 8 inches wide by 2 feet 8 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches deep, with a flue 8x12, the throat of the flue being 3 inches by 2 feet 8 inches, and the back ot the fireplace curv inz forward to effect these latter dimensions and ending in a shelf about 6 inches or 8 inches above the under side of the flat arch at the top of the opening. I have never known a fireplace of these proportions to smoKe. ' ..Many people advocate the use of a straight back for fireplaces, with no inside shelf, the flue gradually narrowing to a moderate size. But it has been mv experi ence that while this has' often worked well on the lower story ot a house, it was open to the objection that there was no check to down draughts, such as is afforded by the shelf "O," and in the upper floors of a house the flue was sure to smoke at times. - K. W. WlNCHESTEK Always on top," Salvation' Oil, the best and cheapest liniment Jn the market 29 cents. gjp '.it " "Pt - TKfc ftn . . . Wl P V - 1W AO RIDDLES OF GREECEf - 1 i 9 Intellectual Athletics That Greatljf Pleased the' Ancients. WOMEN WERE THE BETTER AT IT. The Bnyme of the Cherry Had Its Origin la Blackberry Puzzle. PDNS'PfiW AND I1ARD TO TKANSLAJf IwBi'rriuf roa nrs oisrATCir.i It is not necessary to prove to anyone who reads his Bible or the newspaper that there is nothing older nothing never than the riddle. Perhaps the Greeks' spoiled their repasts more, frequently than we do by cracking enigmatical nuts; but the mania is by no means dead, and an abhorrence of conundrums indicates a lack of true sym pathy with the life of the people. The history of theriddle, like the his tory of proverbs, forms-a large part of folk lore. Chapter upon chapter might be writ ten on the animals alone; that figure in riddles as they figure 'in proverbs, which are often nothing but abridged fables. But the goat and tbe dog in Gr$ek proverbs are not our goat and our dog, and he swine itself, has a subtle differentiation from our hog, as . the razorback differs Irom the Berkshire. And aprt from the moral and physical characters of the animals that play socon spicuouta part in this realm of" study, we) encounter mysterious powers disguised ia the form of beasts. Women Were the Kiddle Makers. Let us study some of the points in which the riddle of our race resembles the nddle of the Greeks. In the' first place, in both cases, the riddle has a tendency to sing it self, to fall into some kind of rude verse, now alliterative, now quantitative, now rhyming. The riddles of the nursery aro almost all 'chants, and the earliett Greek riddles are in verse." And- the earliest makers of riddles are women, "spae wives," to use the homely Scotch word for Sibyls. The Sphinx at one end, Mother Goose at the other. Tbe great nddle maker amoncr the Greeks was one Clesbulina, also" called Burnetii, the Wise Woman, and a comedy was named after her, "The Clesbulinas," doubtless a repertory of Joe Miller's. -Her riddle about the "cupping glass," orratherthe "cupping brass," one of the oldest of surgical instru ments, is among the earliest and most , famous on record: , I saw a man glue brass with fire upon an other man. So close the two Together grew ' That you would say One blood were they. , Now read my riddle f f you. can. Of very ancient date are contests in rid dles. King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba met for such a trial of wits, and Josephus tells us that Solomon was too much for Hiram, of Tyre, as well as for tbo Queen of Sheba, until Hiram got help from one of his subjects. About Berries and Cherries. t mav not be without interest that in on of the oldest contestj of, thisiind, the ona between the seer GUnqus and the seer Polyidus, the inevitable blackberry riddle figures: "First redj then white, then black." And as blackberries have been., proverbially plentiful ever since, it is no wonder that this riddle has held its own to the present day. Only in a German popu lar riddle the cherry has taken its place. The rnde verse, imitated, not translated., runs tus: White as snow, lletltgo; . Green as ijrass, 1 let it pas-i; Bed as blood, Xot yet good; Black as pitch, Give me-stdi! "Sich'hv the way, is excellent English ' of its kind. " We pass over the graver contests, when; kines ask sages or sages ask one another "Which is the oldest ihingthe greatest thing, the wisest thing?" yor can wo linger on the riddles ot -Esop for which an Oriental origin is claimed by many scholars who trace them now to Arabia, now in In dia. The story which has the deepest signi ficance as well" as the widest popularity is that in which JEsop undertakes to drink the sea dry and, when confronted with hii task demands that the rivers be turned off first as they were not included, in the bar gain. Klcilles TVIth More Than qneAnswer. Boman boys asked one' another: "My mother bore me and is borne of me." Tho answere is "ice," although it might be a dozen things, and the Greek form of it makes the answer "day and night," either of which will serve. Indeed the night aa the work of the day ha figured in serious poetry from MJschylus down. In sueh contests to lose one's head fig uratively was often to lose one's head liter ally. There are many ancient-stories in which life Is the forfeit of failure to read tho riddle. The most famiriarof these is tha Question propounded by the Sphinx, which f still enjoys a wide popularity in Greece. Unfortunately so mnch-crawling is done at all ages that "four-footed in the morning, two-footed at noon, ard three-footed at night" will hardly cover the facts. One of the more famous -riddles of tho dangerous kind is that which cost Homer his life, for the poet is said to have pined away because he could not find the key to the fisherman's riddle, who, when asked by him what they had caught, replied: "What we caught we left; what we did not catch we have on us." - This riddle had great popularity, although Homer's scholars when theymention it put it aside scornfully not recognizing the in terest taken by theipeople in the fortunes of the poet hero. The walls of Pompeii show the meditatory poet and the inquiring fisherman. Less serious was the Greek cus tom of asking conundrums after dinner, which was a favorite way pf testing the ca pacity of a suitor for the band of the daugh ter of the house. The casket story in the "Merchant of Venice" is of the samefamily. Decapitation puzzles were Tery common, as were all the other tricks with letters, Anagrams were favorite playthings, and tha whole brood of acrostics,' Donn't Far to Translate Funs. The chapter of riddles that involve puns must be passed over as, in the main, puns cost more to translate than they come to. And then the Greek language in its pho netic perfection did not' readily admit of puns, and a successful pun was a matter of sell-gratulatiuo such as we can hardly understand. The most ancient of all waa the pun by which Odvssus deceived the Cy clops, who understood Him to say "norman" when he said "noman" (nawman), a cock ney possibility whicb.1 'blush to record. The best Greek pun on, record .requires two words to make it and reminds one of the Hambnrg gentleman who made up clubs of four to understand one 6f Blvarols jokes. The Odyssey contains more than one rid dle. The "Kineof the Sun," m the twelfth, book, are be days of the year, and tho sheep are the nights of the same. Tho description in thctenth book of tne land m which a 'sleepless map., could earn double wages 'is a riddle, the answer of which is sought in the extreme north; and tbe eavo oftnenvmphs in the thirteenth is still aa enigma. Some of the literary riddles were exceed ingly clever, so clever that the solution has not been found yet, like Praed's "Sir Hilary at Aginqonrt," an,d, having reached this point in our wanderjngs, we take the hint and "give it up," B. L. GrjJEE3I.EEVB, Professor qf Gfees; at. Johns Hopkin's; . , .. Bargains. 'Closing-sale of winter suits, trouserings, and overcoats. Suits to order 125, pants ,- at .ntcainrt, u wooa street. waa 17 &M 4 A I . iitikrituMmw miB&&xmmmgM&i: MhMMfaaM!sW &gffigggitta j
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers