14 THE PITTSBURG- DISPATCH, SUNDAY, MARCH 2, .1890. BELLAMrSPANACEA, The Author of "Looking Back ward" on Nationalism. ITS PUBPOSES AIM) PLANS. GoTernmental Control of Eailroads, Etc., the First Step. POLITICAL QUESTIONS OF THE DAI rttXITTES FOB TOE DIsrATCH.1 Xo fact is better established by experience or more easily demonstrable by reason than that no republic can long exist unless a sub itantial equality in the wealth of citizens prevails. Wealth is power in its most con centrated, most efficientaud most universally applicable form. In the presence of great disparities of wealth, social equality is at an end, industrial indenendenci is destroyed, while more constitutional stipulations as to the equal rights of citizens politically or be fore the law becomes ridiculous. One hundred years ago this Republic was founded uuon a substantial equality in the condition of the people. It was not an equality established by law, but a condition resulting from a general state of poverty. ITor the first fifty ears the increase in the wealth of the country ras gradual, but within the last thirty years, owing to great mechanical and commercial inventions, it has multiplied by leaps and bounds, no loDger growing from decade to decade by arithmetical, but by geometrical ratio. In stead of chiefly tending to enhance the gen eral welfare of the people, this wealth has been mainly appropriated by a small class At the present time the property of 100 men in the United States aggregates more than the total possessions ot the rest of the people. Ten thousand peoole own nearly the whole of Xew York city with its 2.000,000 popu lation. The entire bonded debt of the United States is held bv 71,030 persons only, an 1 over GO per cent of it is in the hands of 23,003 persons. A GIGAKTIC FBEEZE-OUT. A volume of similar details might be fur nished, but the situation may be summed up in one of the characteristic phrases of mod ern business, as follows: Mainly within 30 years 100.000 Americans have succeeded in "freezing oat" their 65,000,000 co-partners as to more than half the aets of the con cern, and at the rate of the last SO years, within SO years more will have secured the remainder. That is the situation which has created the need for nationalism. Those are the facts which account lor the rapidity of its spread among the people. For the sake of clearness let us distinguish the evil effects of the concentration of nealth in the hands of a lew as political, social and industrial. First as to the political effects. The great corporations and combinations ot capital dwarf our municipalities, overtop our States and are able to dictate to our Na tional Legislature. The extent to which in timidation and bribery are employed to in fluence popular elections taints with the suspicion of raud nearly all verdicts of the ballot when the majority is not large. Even in the grand appeal "to the nation the money power, bv judicious concentra tion of corruption funds upon close States, is able to set at naught the will of the peoile. The titles of the Presidents of the ltepublic are no longer clear. "What money cannot effect at the polls, by intimidation or by bribery, it does not hesitate to attempt by the corruption of individual legislators. Our municipal Council chambers aretooolten mere auction rooms, where public franchises are sold to the highest briber. The Legislatures of some of our greatest States are commonly said to be owned by particular corporations. The United States Senate is known as a "rich men's club," and in the Lower House of Congress the schemes of capital have only to meet the sham opposition ot the demagogue. SOCIAL DISPARITIES. Socially the vast disparities of wealth afford on every side inhuman contrasts of cruel want and inordinate luxury. The dazzling illustrations of pomp and' power, which are the prizes of wealth, have lent to the pursuit of gain, at all limes sufficiently keen, a feverish intensity and desperation never seen be.ore in this or any other coun try. The moderate rewards of persistent in dustry seam contemptible in the midst ot a universal speculative fever. In all direc tions the old ways ot legitimate business and steady application are being abandoned for speculative projects, ganilling opera tions ana all manner of brigandage under forms ot law. The spectacle pre sented in many instances of great riches, notoriously won by corrupt methods, has undermined the foun dations of honesty. The epidemic of fraud and embezzlement which to-day renders wealthy so insecure, results from the general recognition that the possession of property, though it may have a legal title, is very commonly without a moral one. This is the deplorable explanation ot the cynical toler ance of fraud by public opinion. Property willnot, in theiongrun, be respected which is without some reasonable basis in industry or desert, and it is justly believed thatmucn of the wealth of to-day could not stand in quiry into the means of its getting. Industrially, the consequences of the ap propriation of the nation's wealth by a few. and its lurther concentration by means of corporations and syndicates, have made pos sible a policy ol monopolizing the control and profits of the industries of the country never before even imagined as among the possible perils of society. Hitherto, when oligarchies have usurped the political con trol of nations, they have ieit the conduct of business to the vulgar, but our new order of "nobility" is laying its foundations deeper bj obtaining absolute mastery of the means of support of the people. EFFECT OK THE "VYAGE-EAEXEE. The effect of the concentration and combi nation of capital in the conduct of business has been directly to bring tne wage-earner more completely than ever under the thumb of the employer. A cnief object ot combi nation is to control prices by restricting pro duction that is to say, employment. "While tne competition among wage-earners lor work is thus made more desperate, they are placed at the mercy of employers by the fact that in so far as employers are consoli dated, they no longer compete with one an other. But there could be no greater mistake than to fancy that the manual worker is pe culiarly a victim of the present situation. The business men, the small tradesmen and manufacturers and the professional classes ure suffering quite as much and have quite as much to dread from monopoly as has the poorest class of laborers. As one after another the different depart ments of business, productive and distribu tive, pass into the single or syndicate con trol of the great capitalists, the so-called middle-class, the business men with mod erate capital and plenty oi wit, who used to condnct the business of the country, are crowded out of their occupation and ren dered superfluous. No doubt the substitu tion of single for multiple control and the suppression of middle-men represents an economy. Bat the economy does not benefit the consumer, but goes to swell the profits of the capitalists. Meanwhile fathers, who were set up by their fathers in business find it impossible to do the like for their sons. There is now almost no opportunity lclt for starting in business in a moderate way; none indeed, unless backed by large capital. THESE TTILI. BE OiflT TTO CLASSES. "What this means is that we are rapidly approaching a time when there will be no class between the very rich, living on their capital, and a vat mass of wage and salary receivers absolutely dependent upon the former class for their livelihood. llean vhiie as the immediate effect of the closing the the starvation point. The agricultural interests of the country are passing under the yoke of the money power quite as rapidly as the other forms of industry. The farmers are becoming ex propriated by the operation of something like a universal mortgage system and unless this tendency shall be checked the next generation of farmers will be a genera tion ol tenants-at-will. The agrarian con ditions of Ireland bid fair in no long time to be reproducjd in portions or the West. In time the money power is bound to seek protection from the rising discontent of the masses in a stronger form of government, and then the republic, long before dead, will be put out of sight Then it will be too late to resist. Soon it will be too late to do so, but to-day there is yet time, though there is none to waste. The Nationalists of the United States asked the co-operation of their fellow coun trymen tobring back the republic "We pro pose to craft no new or strange principle upon the republican idea, but the exercise ot a power implied in the very idea of re publicanism as ultimately necessary to its preservation. THE REMEDY PROPOSED. The plan of industrial reorganization which nationali-m proposes is the very simple and obvious one of placing the in dustrial duty of citizens on the ground on which their military duty already rests. All able-bodied citizens are held bound to fight lor the nation, and, on the other hand, tne nation is uouna to protect all citizens, whether they are able to fight or not. Why not extend this accepted principle to in dustry, and hold every able-bodied citizen bound to wort for the nation, whether with mind or muscle, and, on the other hand, hold the nation bound to guarantee the livelihood of every citizen, wiiether able to work or not. As in military matters the duty to fight is conditioned upon physical ability, while the right of protection is con ditioned only upon citizenship, so would we condition the obligation to work upon the strength to work, but the right to support upon citizenship only. The result would "be to substitute for the present ceaseless industrial civil war, of which it would be hard to say whether it is more brutal or more wasteful, a partnership of all the people, a great joint stock com pany to carry on the business of the country for the benefit of all equally, women with men, sick with well, stronz with weak. This plan of a national business partnership of equals we hold not only to be demonstra bly practicable, but to constitute as trnly the only scientific plan for utilizing the energy of the people in wealth production, as it is the only basis for society consistent with justice, with the sentiment of brother hood, with the teachings of the founder of Christianity, and, indeed, of the founders of all ol the great religions. rrnsx step op the plait. The realization of the proposed plan of industry requires as the first step the acquisition by the nation, through its gov ernment, general, State and municipal, of the present industrial machinery of the country. It follows, therefore, that the Na tionalists' programme must begin with the progressive nationalization of the industries of the United States. In proposing this course we are animated by no sentiment of bitterness toward Individuals or classes. In antagonizing the money power we antago nize not men but a system. W e advocate no rash or violent measures.or such as will pro duce derangement of busiuess or undue hardship to individuals. We aim to change the law by the law, and the Constitution, n necessary, by constitutional methods. As to the order in which industries should be na tionalized, priority should naturally be civeu to those the great wealth of vhich renders them perilous to legislative inde pendence, to those which deal extortionately with the public or oppressively with em ployes, to those which are high'y systema tized and centralized, and to those which can be readily assimilatr-d by existing de partments ot government- The following are the measures in the line of this policy for which the country ap pears to be quite ready: First The nationalization of the railroad, whether by constituting the United States perpetual receiver of all lines, to manage the same for the public interest, paying oyer to the present security holders, pending the complete establishment of nationalism, such reasonable dividends on a just valuation of thepropcrtf as may be earned, or by some other practical method not involving hard ship to inaiviuuals. A second measure for which the people are certainly quite ready is the nationaliza tion of the telegraphic and telephone ser vices, and their addition to the postoffice, with which, as departments of transmission of intelligence, they should properly always have been connected. EXPP.ESS BUSINESS AND SIIIfEN'O. Third We propose that the express busi ness of the country be assumed by the post offices, according to the successful practice oi other countries. Fourth We propose that the coal-mining business which is at present most rapacious ly conducted as respects the public, and most oppressively as regards a great body of laborers, be nationalizd, to the end that the mines may be continuously worked to their full capacity, coal furnished consumers at cost and the miners humanely dealt with. Fifth We propose that municipalities generally shall undertake the lighting, heating, the running of street cars and such other municipal services as are now dis charged by corporations, to the end that Mich services may be wore cheaply and effectually rendered: that a truthful source ot political corruption be cut off, and a large body of laborers be brought under humaner conditions of toil. Pending the municipalization of all such services as have been referred to, National ists enter a general protest against the grant to corporations of any further franchises whether relating to transit, light, heat, water or other public services. It is tobe understood that all nationalized and municipalized businesses should be con ducted at cost for use and not for profit, the amount at present paid in taxes by such businesses being, however, charged" upon them. It is an essential feature of the method of Nationalism that as last as industries are nationalized or municipalized, the condi tions ot the workers in them shall be placed upon a wholly humane bisis. The hours of labor will be made reasonable, the compen sation adequate, the conditions safe and health'ul. support in sickness, with pen sions for disabled and superannuated work ers, will be guaranteed. PARTISAN MEDDLING. The question will be asked, "How is this great lorce of public employes to be placed beyond the power of politicians and admin istrations to use for partisan purposes?" Nationalists respond by proposing a plan for organizing and maintaining all public departments of business ns shall absolutely deprive parties or politicians of auy direct or arbitrary power over their membership, either as to appointment, promotion or re moval. In the first place, it is understood that upon the nationalization of any business the existing lorce of employes and" functionaries would be as a body retained. It is proposed that the service should be forthwith strictly graded and subsequently recruited ex clusively by admissions to the Ion est grade. All persons desiring to enter the service should be free to file applications at the proper bureau upon passing certain simple mental or physical tests, not competitive in character and adaotcd only to minimum grade of qualifications. Upon vacancies oc curring in the force or a need of increase the desired additions should be takeu from the list of applicants on file, either in order of filed applications or, more perfectly to pre lent fraud, by the drawing of the requisite number of names from a wheel containing the entire list orcligibies. The chief of the department should be ap pointed at the discretion of the political ex ecutive, whether ot'eitv. State or nation, in order that responsibility for the general management of tbe business might be brought home to an elective officer. "With this exception and perhaps the further ex ceptions in some cases of the chiefs of a few important subordinate branches of tbe service, all positions should be filled by promotion in order of grades, such pro up of business careers to young men, professions are being overcrowded to motions to be determined by superiority of record and with cemin requirements of length of service. "While the chief should have power of suspension, no discharge from the service should take place save by verdict ot a tribunal expressly elected lor that purpose, before which all chargesof fault or incompetence, whether by superior .ugainst subordinate, by subordinate against superior or by the outside public against members of the force, should be laid. AN IMMEDIATE EFFECT. It is believed that such a plan of organi zation would absolutely prevent administra tive coercion of members of the public ser vice for partisan ends, and it is urgently reeommeuded by Nationalists that it be im mediately applied to the postoffice aud all other business departments of the general Government, and to the employes, and to the public works department of all munici pilitics. The nationalization of the several great branches of public service and pro ductions which have been enumerated would directly affect, greatly for the better, the condition of a million aud a halt of workers. Here, truly, would be a bulwark against capitalists, against corporate usurpation, against industrial oppression. Here would be a mighty nucleus for the coming indus trial army. Here, too, would be a great body of consumers whose needs would sug gest and whose demands would sustain the beginning of the coming National distribu tive and productive system. Even a single industry organized on such a basis as described, and guaranteeing to its toilers security, health, safety, dignity and justice would be an object lesson of the ad vantage of Nationalism even in its begin nings which would greatly hasten the gen eral adoption of the system. AVe urge that such partial support as may be needful to enable them to attend school to the age of 17 at least, be provided under proper guards by the State lor the children of parents unable to maintain them without aid from their labor, and that with this pro vision the employment of children be un conditionally forbidden and their education made rigidly compulsory, ts the end that eo. utility of educational opportunities for all be established. QUESTION OF IMMIGRATION. Seeing that it would be manifestly incon sistent to make the education ot our chil dren compulsory while permitting the un limited importation of adult ignorance and vice, a necessary complement to any system of education, would be such regulation of foreign immigration as, without prejudice to honest and intelligent proverty, should prevent the importation of persons grossly illiterate in their own language, of the de fective and of criminals, merely political offenses not being considered crime'. In reviewing the measures which have been mentioned as substantially represent ing, according to my belief, the present de mands of nationalists, it is observable that there is not one of them which is not de minded by considerations of humanity and public expediency quite without reference to Nationalism. A. man has no need to be a Nationalist at all to advocate them. They have been freely and often favorably dis cussed by the pres3 for years, and ourlead ing political economists are on record in favor of most if not all of them. As to some of the most important of these propositions, it is altogether probable that a majority of the American people, if they could be polled to-day, would lavor them. Nationalists may be, as some say, a very en avagant and fan tastical set of peopli about the plan of action which they propose There is not even any thing which can be said to be greatlv in ad vance of public opinion. This moderation is not accidental, nor yet a result of policy, but a necessary coi.sequ rce of the method of nationalism, which is essentially gradual and progressive rather than abrupt or vio lent the method of evolution as opposed to that of revolution. POLITICAL ISSUES OF THE DAY. As to the relation of nationalism to cer tain political and social issues of the day, a few words may be pertinent. First, as to the tariffquestion. "When the nation conducts' all business for all, the common interest in every improvement will create a far stronger motive than now exists for all sorts of experiments and improve ments in home industry, but owing to the public control ot production, tariffs will no longer be necessary as now, to encourage private persons to undertake such experi ments. They will be tried as Government experiments are now tried, costing the coun try only the expense of the experimental stations, the nation without prejudice to the experiment, continuing, if expedient, to buy in the cheapest market till its own is the cheapest. The sectional jealousies based upon indus trial rivalry, which now makes States and cities euemies of each other's prosperity, will disappear when a national pooling of interests shall interest all in the prosperity of all. As to the race issue, the industrial disci pline imposed by nationalism, while of gen eral benefit to the white population of the South in common with that of the North. will be an ideal system lor developing, guiding and elevating the recently emanci pated colored race. As to the question of women's rights, the National plan will put an end to every lorm of sexual slavery and 'place feminine iree dom and dignity upon an unassailable basis by making women independent of men for the means of support. We consider that by no method less radical can women's rightful equality with men be established, or, if es tablished, maintained. THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION. The evils of intemperance have their strongest roots in the brutalizing conditions of existingsociety, in the poverty of the masses, their gross ignorance, their misery and despair, in the slavish dependence o"f women and children upon men, and in the interest of a large class of tradesmen in the sale of intoxicants. If this be true, then the abolition of poverty, the universality of the best education, the complete enfranchise ment of women, with a system of distribu tion which will destroy all personal motive for stimulating the "sale of intoxicants, constitute, surely, the most promising as well as the most radical line of true tem perance reform. While the nationalizing of land in such time aud by such methods as shall involve least hardships to any is a part of the Na tional plan, and while the Nationalists meanwhile favor all practicable measures to prevent land monopoly they are not persuaded that any measure applying to land alone would luruish a sufficient remedy for existing industrial aud social troubles. While sympathizing with all efiorts of workers to obtain small immediate improve ments in their condition, Nationalists would have them reflect ' that no great improve ments can be gained, and if" gained, cannot be secured, under the present industrial system, and that the only effectual and peaceable way of replacing "that system bv a better one is offered by nationalism. It" is also pointed out that the plan of national ism offers the speediest and securest way for immediately benefiting great bodies ot workers absolutely without risk of derange ment to business. A PAK MIGHTIEn OUTBUP.ST. One hundred years ago, alter immemorial years of repression, the human passion for liberty, for equality, lor brothcihood burst forth, convulsing Europe and establishing America. There is at hand a tar mightier outburst ot the same forces, the results of which will be incomparably more prolound, more far-reaching and more beneficent. Men now past middle age are likely to see in Europe the last throne Tall, aud in America the first complete and lull-orbed lepublic arise a republic at once political, industrial and social. It is instructive for Americans to remem ber that there is scarcely any argument brought to-day again.t nationalism which was not in substance brought against the experiment ol political equality undertaken in this country a century ago; scarcely one which does not spring from the same low and suspicious estimate of human nature, the same distrust of the people, the same blind belief in personal and class leadership and author ity; scarcely one which was not, as to prin ciple, answered 100 years ago by Madison, Hamilton and Jay in the Federalist. Edwaed Bellamy. WONDERS IN WHEELS. Bicycles for Travel on the Earth, on the Water and in the Air. KECENT NOVEL DEVELOPMENTS. The Water Machine That Was Eiddon Across the English Channel. PROBLEM OP AERIAL KATIGATI0N IWRITTEH FOB THE DISr.ATCTI.1 in most tdoor C v f sports. It is not so in Pittsburg, because the wheelmen fiud the streets and hills so disadvantageous that riding is bereft of much of its pleasure. The old wooden bicycles, or "bone shak ers," as they were not inaptly called, are al most forgotten in the graceful machines of the present day, which are modeled upon the principle of the old "Spider" bicycle made in Coventry, England, in August 1868. This was the first machine with steel spokes and rubber tires, And was made by Edward Fnrndon, of Kenilwortb. Although pressed by his friends to make a model and obtain a patent for his invention, he neglected to do so, and other companies seized upon the idea and commenced the manufacture. The first bicycle of any description as distinct from the old seventeenth century hobby-horse was made by the "Veloc Company, of Paris, in 1S6S, and was introduced into Coventry by Mr. John Newark, who might aptly be termed the father of the present great bi cycle industry at Coventry. THE END NOT IN SIGHT. Sinca then many and great have been the changes necessary "to bring the bicycle to its present state of perfection, and judging from the outlook the end is not yet in sight. The electric and other motor principles have been applied to the bicycle, but have failed to become popular for the simple reason e&ss The Water Bicycle. that the pleasure of riding one comes princi pally from the sense of imparting motion to it by muscular effort, and therefore all im provements that come to stay must be di rected to an increase of ease or speed, or a widening of the field in which the machine may be worked. Two years ago an extraordinary tricycle was made in England consisting of two largo wheels each about eight" feet in diameter, fashioned something like paddle wheels, with a seat fixed between them and guided by a wheel at the rear. These wheels were about 12 inches broad, and were fitted with small triangular pieces something like the paddles in a water-wheel. The handle was fitted to an upright that rose from the axle between the pedals, and formed also the support for the seat and the back bone extending to the hind wheel. This hind wheel was about 2 feet in diameter, of solid wood, and more like a large cheese than anything else. This machine was quite capable of supporting the weight of the rider without sinking more than a few inches below the surface. It was called the water tricycle and was intended to be used on the surface of the water. It was fint tried on the great lake at the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, and later the inventor d clare'd his intention of riding on it across the English channel from Dover to Calais, a distance of about 20 miles. The first attempt was a failure, but at the second, the water bein? phenomenally smooth, the coast of France was triumphantly reached by the daring The Safety Ice Bicycle. voyager. Since that period nothing has been hetrd of the machine and its inventor, and it is forgotten, except for the record of the successful trip in the English sporting journals. THE IMPROVEMENTS ENGLISH. It appears somewhat strange that, not withstanding the great popularity of the bicycle in the United btates, until two years ago all the most marked improve ments and innovations tiere evolved in Europe and then introduced here. The in ventive1 faculties of our manufacturers were not idle, however, but were mainly directed to improvements upon the bearings and pedal gear until the ladies' bicycle was in troduced, this being a machine with the arc of the backbone connecting the two wheels being inverted so as o enable the fair rider to sit between the front and back wheels and have the backbone between her feet. American invention did not stop at this stage. Prof. Carl Myers, of Frankfort, N. Y., a famous aeronaut, conceived the idea of combining the balloon with the bicycle, and producing a machine, operated upon the samo plan as a bicycle, which enables the rider to soar into tbe air and travel through space, instead of along a road. The machine is now made, and wili be tested in various parts of the country during the coming sum mer season. The mechanism is small, and is almost hid from view when the rider is seated. It consists of a fork, like an ordi nary bicycle, having the pedals attached to the bate in the usual way; down the center H vfv.3 vJV itJiiiijiJM fc k Vfa many cities, Vila tv7 popular of of the fork, from the handles to the pedal crank, is a hollow tube in which there is a chain and cogwheel attachment, which, operated by the pedals and handles, supplies the motive power of the machine. THe handles project in the usual way, but, in stead of being rigid, they are movable on the principle of a pump handle, and can either drive the machine alone, or be used simul taneously with the pedals, thus increasing the power to its maximum, or for resting the arms and legs alternately without stopping the machine. "WHERE THE AERONAUT SITS. At the back of the head, in the usual place, is a seat, shaped like a bicycle scat, but a trifle larger, aud in front of this pro jects a light hollow shall made of steel, one end of which is racheted or cogged into the mechanism acted upon by the pedals, while the remainder extends horizontally from the rider, supporting four rigid arms, two of which arc at the extreme end and two about six feet distant, nearer to the rider, these arms being about three leet in length and occupying the same position to the rider as a propeller does to n ship. These arms sup port a loose but stout sail cloth, which, when at rest, hangs quivering and shaking with every breath ot air. Behind the air extends a long bamboo rod, and from this rises a stout wire stay, which supports a "hydro gen spindle," this being the scientific name given to a queer-looking balloon, shaped like a boat bottom up, being slightly hollow underneath, and this is filled up with hy drogen gas, generated by a patent process from water. As soon as the feet press the pedals the arms move and the loose canvas swings itself into a right or left helix, varying in swift ness with the action of the pedals, resulting The Ladies' Bicycle. in a backward current of air like that ex perienced on the platform of a swiftly-moving car. The hydrogen spindle is not itself buoyant enough to raise the machine, but as the current of air sweeps backward and up ward it strikes on the hollow surface of the spiudle, forcing it into a conical form, still more like the inside of an inverted boat, causing it to rise slowly in the air, at the same time progressing forward. The prin ciple may be demonstrated by taking a child's air balloon; it will not rise in the air by itself, but a current of air blown under it sends it soaring upward. NO STEEr.ING GEAIt. There is no steering gear necessary, as once the machine is clear of the ground its course is directed by the swaying body of the rider; as he sways to the right or lelt it describes a circle; if he leans backward it ascends, and if forward it descends; a glance at the tilt of the spindle illustrates the rea son ot this. Owing to the absence of steer ing gear the hand-power usually devoted to steering can be utilized for propulsion, or at the pleasure of the rider remain inactive, thus making the machine much easier to ride from a physical point than the road ma chine. The spindle is covered with balloon netting of the usual type, only much lighter in character, and this is guyed to the bamboo rod and the hollow iron tube as a balloon is to the car. A head wind has hitherto been regarded as the one great bugbear of the serial machine, but this air bicycle over comes that difficulty. Owing to'the pecu liar shape of the spindle, which can scarcely be described except in scientific terms (of which the combination of a needle and a sphere is tne most literal definition I can think of), a head wind has no perceptible cllect upon it, and the inventor claims that the pressure passes astern and becomes a factor of propulsion. Be this as it may, a head wind offers no apparent obstacle to progression. WHAT SEEilS POSSIBLE. There appears to be no tangible reason for doubting that the problem ot the air ma chine is solved at last, aud that before the World's Fair is held there will be a series of mechanical flying machines before the public, as cheap or even cheaper than a The Aerial Bicycle. road bicycle, and with even less chance or danger ot accidents. In locomotive circles the bicvele prin ciples are being applied, and in one of the leading shops there is now being built an engine with an enormous driving wheel, nine feet in circumference, which will be fixed in the center, in front of the boiler. Instead of ordinary axles the truck wheels will have bicycle spindles, and experts claim that the large driving wheel will carry aiong tne train at over ao miles an hour. Owing to the scarcity of cold weather -and consequent ice there has been no opening for the exhibition of a curious bicycle that would have created considerable comment. It is a bicycle for riding upon the ice and is called the ice bicycle. Many long journeys have been made with an ordinary bicycle on ice, but owing to the robber tires being unable to get a satisfactory grip on the ice, it was dangerous to make a turn and next to impossible to obtain any great speed, owing to atmospheric pressure" ami lack of ground PTEEL POINTS IN THE TIKE. The ice bicycle is, in appearance, much the same as an ordinary machine, except that through the rubber tire of the front wheel are a number of steel points which grip into the ice and supply the necessary resistance unobtainable by rubber alone. The hind wheel is replaced by a plate of steet, 4 inches wide and IS inches in length, which lies horizontally across the end of the backbone, and slides along the ice like a large, broad skate. The machine has been tried and has proved eminently satisfactory. Such aie the principal developments of the bicycle during the past two years. It may be stated in this connection" that the largest bicycle in the world is now in Ban gor, Me., the driving-wheel of which is 83 inches in diameter. On this machine a man named Jack Simpson rode on a wire sus pended 80 feet above the water at Bockv Iiiyer, O. The wheel was built nt Birming" ham, Eiisland, and costT00. Owing to its great height, it has to he operated by a double system of cranks aud a set of stilt ptdils, but it works as easily as any smalier machine. Wilf. V. Pond. A Fncr I2looi!le!i ns rnrchmpiit Is one indication of poverty of the circulation. Enrich it with tbe benisn fertilizirg invigor ant, Hostetter's Stomach Bitters, anil it will soon regain its soundness anil its color. This fine stomachic actively promotes assimilation by tue blood of tho elements of nutrition, evolved by digestion from the food. Tlio Bitters cures malaria, kidney troubles, consti pation and nervousness. Dabbs, the well-known photographer, says his business has showu a greater in crease the last few months than lor years past, and attributes the fact to the publio's increased knowledge in what constitutes a good photograph. BliAXR'S Pills Crreat Eocllsn. coat and rheumatic remedy, bare, prompt and effect- lve. At druggists'. 1TSU MEN WHO TOIL NOT. Inspector Byrnes Talks Ahont Crimi nals and Their Methods. CASTE AMONG EXPERT THIEVES. Detectives Nowadays Share Their Informa tion With Each Other. ORIGIN OP THE GAME KN0WX AS BUXK0 iconr.EsrouDEXCE op the dispatch.! New York, March 1. Thomas Byrnes, the Amerfcan Vidocq, looks as little like a detective as any man you can imagine. His official title is Chief Inspector ot the Muni cipal Police of New York. He is 40 years of age, tall and powerful, but not portly. He is partly bald, and wears an iron-gray mustache. His face is a good natured one, but is strong nevertheless, and his eyes are exceedingly keen. He is such a man as one meets at every step in Wall street. He would be more readily taken for a stock broker than anything else, an alert man of business, quick to seize an opportunity in the mad rush for wealth. There are no brass buttons and weapons of offense or de fense publicly displayed to indicate that his calling is the hunting down of criminals. He knows all the men of prominence in the metropolis, and for that matter in the coun try, and whichever way he turns he has to stop, shake hands and chat. It is doubtful if any man in the world has a more exten sive acquaintance. Inspector Byrnes fathoms crime and seeks out criminals by the most systematic meth ods. He has no use for the ways of the old time Sleuth, who disguised himself in all forts ot forms and kept on the trail without sleep or food until the criminal was run down. Instead, he employs a great general machine. There is scarcely a professional criminal in the whole country whose picture and complete record cannot be found at Po lice Headquarters. Not only that, but a careful account is kept of the movements and habits of every criminal, so that hands can be laid on him any time he is wanted. The petty thief or the more daring burglar or the suave confidence operator MUST rr.ESENT himself at intervals at headquirters and give an ac count of himself. It he does not do this of his own accord he is brought in and made to understand in an unmistakable manner that Inspector Byrnes. he cannot neglect his duty. By this plan the criminals are kept in constant dread and are impelled to seek other and less caretully matched fields. It is remarkable how little crime is committed by professional criminals in New York. The crooks have fled from the city like rats from a drowning ship. There is plenty of crime here, but it is more of the brutal than the professional order. There are murders, assaults, riotous affrays and other crimes by desperate men, but carefully planned and skillfully executed deeds where blood is not let, are, compara tively speaking, not oftefi heard of nowa days. The confidence operators are about the only class of talented criminals who flourish. The reason they flourish is because their vic tims seldom make complaint, preferring to suffer their loss rather than let the public know what fools they have Deen. Still, despite this obstacle to detective work, most of the confidence operators, especially the sawdust or green goods men, have been driven to New Jersey and up the Hudson river from Yonkers to Albany. They know that to be seen in the streets of New York would subject them to arrest and imprison ment as suspicious characters. "WHEELS OF THE MACHINE. Inspector Byrnes' lorce consists of CO trained men, 40 detective sergeants and 20 detectives who are entitled to promotion upon their merits as vacancies occur. A museum is one of the inter esting sights at headquarters. The black caps worn by the murderers hanged at the Tombs, and the nooses which strangled them are in the collection, and a gruesome exhibit they make. To accom pany them are the weapons with which their deeds were done, including knives, pistols and blood-stained clubs. There are, in the museum, burglars' tools of every de scription, including those used in the famous Manhattan Bank robbery, in which S3.000, 000 was stolen. It was the unraveling of this great crime that put inspector Uyrnes at the head of the Detective Bureau. He was revionsly the Captain of the Fifteenth precinct. In a talk about his work Inspec tor Byrnes said to the correspondent of The Dispatch : "Pro.essional criminals pride themselves quite as much upon their ability as men en gaged in legitimate occupations. A thief, for instance, is as vain of his superiority over other thieves as a lawyer, politician or clergyman might be whose talents had ele vated him to a commanding position in the eyes of the people. And the talented thief is AS MUCn COUP.TED and sought after as the successful man in the honest walks of life. Bnt the thief who has earned a reputation is particular about the company he keeps, and is scornlal in his demeanor toward another thief whom he does not consider his professional equal. So you see caste exists among criminals as well as among other classes. "By all odds the most expert criminals are baiiK sueaKS. la lour cases out ot five the bank sneak does his work without de tection, much less apprehension. The coun try bank offers the best opportunity for his operations. At the noon hour everybody employed in the bank is at dinner except the cashier or paying teller. The sneak en ters and engages the cashier, or whoever may be in charge, in conversation. Soon two confederates drive up in a carriage. One alights, goes into the bank and tells the cashier that a gentleman or lady iii a car riage, who is unable to walk on account of an injury or some illness, wishes to see him. The unsuspecting cashier goes outside and while he is absent the sneak seizes all the money he can lay his hands on. Another trick is for the sneak to hang around a bank until romeone gets a check for a large amount cashed. Then, while the man is counting his money at one of the desks that are aiways provided in banks for customers, he will droji a bill on the floor and say very politely: 'Excuse, but you have dropped some oi your money." TAKES ONLY A PAKT. "When the man stoops to pick up the bill the sueuk will quickly and deftly snatch part of the pile ol bills on the desk". Ii he took the entire pile the trick would be instantly detected. By talcing only part ho has time before what is lelt to be counted to make his escape. Bank sneaks Sometimes travel with circuses, and when the hank clerks rnsh to tbe window to see the caval cade pass they seize tbe cash. "Probably the boldest piece of work was done by old Chauncy Johnson, who is now ksW9 in Boston selling books. He entered the Adams Express Company's office at No. 49 Broadway, New York took off his coat, put on a linen duster and went to work as if he were a clerk. He improved his opportunity to help himself to the company's money. "Among the prominent bank sneaks are Frank Buck, alias BuckTaylor. who is now in prison in England, Horace Horan, alia3 Little Horace, George Carson, Billy Burke, Itube 3Iinor, alias Pine.and Joe McClusky. "Bank burglary is a thing of the past. Modern attachments, including electric signals, make it next to impossible for the burglars to work without detection. Once in a while a noorly-protected country bank i3 robbed. One ot the most noted bank burglara is old Jimmy Hope, who recently escaped punishment fortheManhattan Bank burglary. Probably one of the most expert safe burglars we have is Billy Porter, who was recently arrested in England with Frank Buck for a burglary committed in Munich. He escaped extradition by proving that he was an English subject. The Pal mer brothers, August and Herman, are also apt students in opening safes. Their home is in New York. THE OKIGIN OF BUNKO. "Banko is the correct name for what the newspapers call bunko. It is the old En glish game of 'eight-dice cloth,' and was introduced in this country 30 years ago, when it was re-christened, lottery, although there is no lottery about it. There are 43 spaces on a banko lay-out. Forty-two of them are numbered and one is blank. Thir teen contain stars and these draw no prizes. The remaining 29 numbered snaces repre sent prizes of trotn $1,000 to 55,000. The came is played with both dice and cards. The cards are numbered with small figures from one to six. Eight cards are drawn, and the total of tbe numbers on them repre sents tbe prize drawn. Should the victim draw a star number he is allowed to draw again by paying a certain amonnt. The victim is generally allowed to win until the game owes him from $1,000 to &5.000. Then it is fixed so that he draws the condi tional prize. No. 27, and he is told that he must put up foOO or as much as the dealer thinks he will stand, which it is explained secures what he has already wou and en titles him to an additional chance. By skillful counting on the part of the dealer, he draws a blank and loses all. OSCAK WILDE'S LOSS. "This is the game by which Oscar "Wilde is said to have lost S5.000. He was steered against it by Hungry Joe, now in prison in Baltimore, his native city, for a similar trick played there. Shining lights among the banko men are Kid.Miller. Pete Lake. who has just been sentenced in Brooklyn to two years' imprisonment, James Fifzgerald, alias Bed Fitz, who bankoed Charles Francis Adams in Boston, Joe Bond, alias Paper Collar Joe, who a short time ago kept a hotel out West, but who is now in New York, and Charles Mason, alias Boston Charlie, a large, fine looking man, who wonld be readily taken for a prosperous merchant. "Confidence men operate in gangs of two, three or four, but never more than four. They are, as a rule, good looking, educated men, and are very careful in their dress. They are helped very much if their whiskers are partly gray and their heads bald. The conhdence man loiters about a hotel and bows right aud left to guests. Finally he selects his victim and shakes hands with him. A conversation ensues, and a confed erate steps up and asks the operator to loan him some money or cash a check. The operator is unable to do so, and tnrn3 to his new-found friend, who is glad to accommo date the gentleman. Before it can be found out that the check is bad both the swindlers have disappeared. Old Ike Vail was one of the cleverest of the confidence men, but he promised me some time ago to reform. A GAME IIIAI KEQUIEES CAPITAL. "Sawdust men find victims every day. They send out confidential circulars telling how a fortune can be made by passing coun tcr'eit money. They will send a genuine $1 bill to the victim as a sample of their counterfeits, so that he may take it to a bank and demonstrate to his own satisfac tion that it cannot be told from the genuine. When the victim comes on to JNew York -o make his purchase of 'counterfeits, the money is alt counted out before his eyes. In this operation good money is always used, and the general impression to tbe con trary is erroneous. So you see the sawdust or green goods men mnst have considerable capital to carry on his business. The monev, after being counted, is put in a satchel, which is locked, and the key handed to the buyer. In some manner the attention of the victim is drawn away from the satchel, for which, in an instant another satchel, exactly similar in appearance is substituted. Hereupon the sawdust man says: "I don't want yon to take any risk of being arrested with counterfeit monev in your possession, so I will send somebody to carry the satchel to the depot for yon. The satchel is checked to the victim's home and consequently he does not discover the de ception until he gets there. HE POCKETS HIS LOSS. "As the victim has gone into a dishonest transaction he ha3 nothing to do but to keep still and pocket his loss. There are very few counterleit bills made. The man ufacture of the paper has reached such per tection that it cannot be duplicated except with expensive machinery. The most trouble comes from Italians who make bogus silver coins. "The list of 'distinguished' pickpockets includes Joe Gorman, Joe Dubuque, Mill Kennedy, James Wilson atias Pretty Jimmy, Terry Murphy aliis Poodle Murphy and James Lawson alias Nibs. Among the women en gaged in the business are Mollie Holbrook, Sophie Levy, Mary Busby and Louisa Jor dan alias Little Louisa. Women have bet ter opportunities than men to operate on ac count ot their clothing. They work under cloaks and shawls and ply their vocation principally in stores. "A close watch is kept on professional criminals. One detective may know a thief while the other detectives on the force may not. The thief is brought to headquarters and shown to all the detectives for 'future reference.' Every detective has instructions when he sees a thief of any kind who has not been on exhibition to bring him to head quarters so that the other detectives may make a mental note of his appearance. NO EXCLUSrVENESS NOWADAYS. "It was, in times gone by, a detective's stock in trade to keep exclusively for him self his knowledge of criminals and their haunts. Now all information is furnished to the entire force, and complete records of all professional criminals are kept. To be a de tective a man must show adaptability for the work. I keep track of the clever pieces of work done by ward detectives and police men, and when there are vacancies in my department I send lor these men and give them a trial. II they prove satisfactory they ure retained, and if not they are sent back to their old places. There is no system in de tecting criminals. Detectives have to be governed by circumstances entirely. Of course the records of the office and the gen eral knowledge of criminals, including their peculiar ways of operating, companions and haunts help'in ferreting out cases. I do not use female detectives except on special occasions." H. I. S. Tohllively Dellclou. So delightful to the taste .-.re Hamburg Fist that they could be placed upon the table for dessert, and no one would auspect that they were more than verv superior crystalized fruit. This property is what inaKes them so popular with ladies and children for the enre of con stipation, piles, indigestion and sick headache. 25 cents. Dose, one he ilack Drug Co., N. Y. TTStt Cash paid for old cold Hauch's. No. 293 Fifth ave. and silver at wrsu Fixe pillow shams, braided and em broidered, from 51 to Z'J a set; extraordinary values at Rosenbanm & Co.'s. ihssu " Hprlnc Orerconit. The latest novelties in overcoatings, suit ings and trowserings, at Pitcairn's 434 "Wood st. FuiKrnrrjEE packed for shipment. HAUOH & KEETAlf, 33 and 34 Water street. When baby was sick; we gave her Castorla, When she was a Child, she ciledfor Castorla, When she became 3Iiss. she clung to Castorla, When she had Chlldren,she gave them CastorU an(J-77-3rwT5rt The Soft Glow of Ths mJ8AVLr-.,'VW; II III IIHW Is Acquired by Ladiss Who Usa MEDICATED TRY IT. fc3K3-TT3u ' DR. EYRS' GOOD WORK. ' A Distressing Casa of Stomach Trouble of Three Years' Duration Relieved Instanta neously and Entirely Cured in Ona Month. No Faith-Cure Miracle, but the Result of Skill and Science. -rslv V MR. JOS. WEIN1IAN, Second Ave. (Soho) City. Mr. Weinman had been troubled with hi3 stomach for over three years, the most pro nounced symptoms being nausea and vomiting of food, with soreness over region of stomach. Tongne alw.-ijs coated, with foal taste in morn ing, frontal headache, with flashes of light and spots before eyes, roaring in ears, stopptnc np of nostrils. Dnring the last few months hack inr congh set In. sleep became disturbed, and he wonld get np in morning more tired than when be went to bed. .Niht sweats came on, and he lost flesh and strength daily. Three days before calling at Dr. Bvers' office he vom ited np every meal. Dr. Byers diagnosed his trouble to b catarrh of the bead and stomach, and under his treatment the nausea was re lieved instantaneously, and in one month Mr. W. was entirely well aud had gained 10 pounds. TREATMENT $5 A 3IONTII. Until further notice Dr. Bvers will treat all cases at the uniform fee of S3 per month, medi cine included. Write for symptom blank or call at office. DE. BYERS, successor to Drs. Logan Byers. Nn. 421 Penn ave. fel-ssn TEN POUNDS Ef TWO WEEKS i THIiiKOFIT! AsaFlcshProdnrfvrttKvrA i-vn fcn no question but that Of Pure GodLiYerOiiand Hypopi.ospi.ltes Of Lime and Soda I is without a rival. Ifibny havo ( g-nincda pound a day by tho nso i of it. It cores i i CONSUMPTION, SCROFULA, BRONCHITIS, COUGHS AND) COLDS, AND ALL FORMS OF WASTING DIS- 5 EASES. 13 "AJjA.J.-JJiLLU A3 MILK, i Be sure trait act the genuine as there are i poor imitations i OC2-2S-JIWTSU THE PUBLIC "Will please remember that the physicians of theCatarrh and Dyspepsia Instituto have no connection whatever with any other physfcian3 or specfalists. and havo but one office in this city, which is permanently located at 3 Pena avenne. Tho following is one of five hundred similar cases enred within the past year: MS. ELIZA SiWH "Hnndredf of people in Pittsburc have told how wonderfully they have been cured by the physicians of tho Catarrh and Dyspepsia Insti tute at S23 Penn ave., and I feel it my duty to state my case. My cacarrh, which had troubled me so Ions, bad begun to affect my lungs, and they pained mo very much, especially when I coashed or raised up the offensive discharge which seemed to so fill np my windpipe and bronchial tabes, that I found it often difficnlS to breathe. 1 couched more or less both day and night. It wonld often hurt me to breathe, iny breath became short, aud 1 felt a ti"bt op pressive feeling in ray limps- I ortenfelta pain in my left s!d;. My food would soor on my stomach, civing me a full, uncomfortable feeling after eating, with belching of gas. My hands and feet were cold and clammv. 1 could not wjlfc anv distance, or np a hill without petting out of breath. I had many other aches and pains and also buffered from ihnsa diseases peculiar to women. In fact, I grew weaker and weaker until I felt as if I ihdnotcara whether I lived or died, as I would be an in valid the remainder of iny lire. I tried several doctors, but I found no relief. Rending of so many cures made by tho physicians of tba Catarrh and Dyspepsia Institute, and wbich seemed similar to mine. I tok three months' trcatracit frum these specialist.". Tbe result is I now feel liko a new woman. I have fined 25 pounds in flesh; my work does not seem a burden t ran as It used to. and I feel well and atrong. I shall be elad to tell anyone farther wbat tbee physicians have don? for me. I live on Lemlnston ate., near Lincoln are.. East Liberty, this citv." MRS. ELIZA HMITU. Consultation free to all. Patients treated suc cessfully at home by correspondence. Re member the name and place The Catarrh and Dyspepsia Institute. S3 Penn avenue, Pitts burjr. Send two lucent Harups for question blank. Office hours. 10 a.m. tolP.HandS to 8P.M. Sundays. 12 to 4 P.K. fc24-HWysn fjl m$mi8?smmi RffiiiKiA SB i yfLvfffi'Sr&ZtJS- jJirz& iVTX& 'KSytJVj-. 7 v I HE V A
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers