% — Sn Sr 0 WO So UNIQUE HOMES. THE HOUSE BUILDING OF SAV. AGE PEOPLE. Snow Huts of the Eskimo-Plank Houses of the Haidas—Hoopa Bark Shed Tree Houses wCHNDwellers, There are in the National Museum at Washington many models of houses. In villages, or pueblos, made by Indians of the Southwest, and of houses built far up |! { interior, near the center line of | are placed heavy pillars or po { a half feet | principal support of the roof. : pole and rafters are secured in their { places with ropes of cedar bark. : the the side of a cliff by men who inhabited the country before the pueblo builders. There are cases, too, filled with models of huts and tents of various kindg show ing how the peoples of different parts of the world have settled for themselves one of the first problems presented to them. Professor Otis T. Mason, the curator of | | in height is raised | as to be inside the walls the Department of Ethnology, said to a Star reporter that modern house building or architecture had not been developed | from one point. There were, he said, several different starting points, the cave, the hut, the tent. from cold. If they live in a country it is likely their houses will be a cave or a tent of skins. If trees are abundant they will construct a hut of boughs. All the characteristic forms of architecture are traced back to these simple beginn Egyptian tem Nile reeds tied walls imitations of the tent has graceful Doric column was the trunk of a tree post of a house. Many have'shown much ingenuit} building. Among the dwellings constructed by ple is the snow-hut of There are two models of snow-hut National Museum, wh a pecul imitations of . and their are but come the as the « used intutored people most ich have SNOW INTERIOR OF interest because they were Kane's Eskimo Joe. a sectional view showi: construction. These are constructed entirely packed snow, wi in the top formed of = transparent ice. The Eskim to the hut by creeping sage. The interior apartment with an arched roof ally there are three similar huts partments, communicating 1 low doorways with this main aj aomd th 8 window © oo These are winter habitations we reconstructed summer the Eskimo lives in a of seal and walrus skins, the latter being wdmits the every tent mae shaved thin, so that it through it. The tent is a tent-pole of bones or deer horn Eskimo bones, which are durable ceedingly filthy by reason of the accun lation of dirt and refuse snow-huts and bh anew every winter, ar and neat. When the Eskimo begins build his house he cu of bone or metal [1 compact snow a number of oblong . + i « supported has also huts { Istrucs and bed about them, ¢ » nises © ts with a long yn a drift of hard ane six to seven inches thick and two long. Hi on a level spot to fifteen feet in diameter, the size of the house avs 8 80 a circle | ac ne needs a we HAIDA HOUSE-~~INTERIOR VIEW, modate his family. Then a second tier of snow blocks is laid on the first, the pieces being inclined inward. Thus he builds up his dome, working always on the in- side and smoothing the joints with his long, flat trowel or knife. Finally the fast block or keystone is dropped into its siace and the dome is complete. The bilder then lets himself out by cutting a hole near the ground, which afterward becomes the doorway to his dwelling. Snow is banked all around in the interior, forming a sort of circular platform or shelf, on which the family make their | . | or narrow roads running between, beds. The snow for this purpose is cus gererally from the space immediately in front of the doorway, thus forming a! passage to the house sunk below the sur- | face of the surrounding subw, This pas- age is walled up and roofed over with ow masonry. On the snow bank or ptform in the interiorr twigs are piled deerskine spred, making very com- ble beds, Each woman has her fire. and lamp. The lampsare shal yw wessels provided with wicks made of dry moss, which burn without emitting smoke or smell. A piece of blubber is gus ed over the flame and, under the notion of the heat, the oil drips out of it into the shallow vessel, the lamp thos be- ing made a self-feeder. Over this lamp the Eskimo woman cooks. A frame of for) all the fire that the Es. and shout all he eould have lo threaten pr | outer side with ropes of cedar bark. one hall are models made in clay of whole | ©" | hd a Ma | slong Savage or primitive } : + 1 people seek shelter either from the sun or treeless | The columns of an grow in abundance, have developed into expert house carpenters, In the Haida villages, and among other neighboring Indians, will be found rows of gabled houses made of boards and all facing the sen. These houses are forty to sixty feet long, and each is occupied by several families. The door is in the center of the front of the house, or of the side facing the sea. The frame of the house is made with heavy cornar posta ana center posts, and lighter poles or uprights between | connected with cross-bars tied to their The { the corner posts are cut out and a beam laid over them at the eaves, In the the house, ts one and {form the The ridge in diameter, which After which foot frame work is constructed, supports the roof, a bank about three 11 around the house 8 lls when they are completed, and heavy boards four or five inches thick are implanted lengthwise the front of the house, earth forming the bank stamped against them so as to form a platform, which later on is continued all around the house, and the I'he upper edges of the boards unpianted into the ground are grooved, and in this groove the boards forming the front wall The . similar maaner. rear wall 18 constructed in a stand. i The boar Indisns rk with the Indian is en The upright with fe) house rarved totems « The Hupa tate lived int skins of animals mn ¢ When an Indias ove he to wanted to him He rolled up his tepee and placed it with his k his house with other household goods on a travesu and hauled it to his new place of residence. In the southwest are the ruins left by In- dians, who had, independently of white men, reached asomewhit advanced stage of civilization, In Arizona and New Mexico are the crumbling walls of stately edifices erected by these half civilized Indians, and the curious dwellings con structed in the side of rocky heights by the cliff dwellers. Ruined pueblos are seattered throughout that country, and there are some that are still inhabited, The most noted one is the pueblo of Zuni, in New Mexico, A model of this about twelve feet long and ten feet wide is shown in the hall of anthropology at the National Museum. In this can be seen | the construction of the little square adobe houses, all clustered together, with alleys The houses are 30 clustered that one can go from one part of the town to another through covered passages. In the center is an old adobe church built by the early Spanish Catholic missionares, After the missionaries left the church was turned | there are great circular of | sides of { built up with great slabs of stone, | or | massiveness to their architecture | heaping up stones against | hill. ! the changed to.morror,” : . in relief upon his shoulders Coronado and other bold leaders. In some of the pueblos the houses rige ter- race nbove terrace to the height of six stories, These houses are made either of adobe or of stone cemented and plastered with adobe. They have square windows and doors cut into them, In the town of Zuni the estufus or fire-places are inside the houses, but in many other pueblos in the center of the cluster of buildings, Around some of the pueblos walls are constructed. [ that led on the daring explorers under | estufns The cliff dwellers built houses much like | | those of the pueblo builders, except they were constructed high up in the rocks. Oc asionally one caverns cut out of the the cliffs to make a place for such houses. The the cliff, Oe cranny side of too, were houses were castles or strongholds only to wild beasts but to his flerce and hostile neighbors. The splendid ruins of Central America cliff.dwellers. The the cliffs. This gave a characteristic of in after days. They worked with huge stones, In some lands artificial caves are made by the of a Easter Islands im ide Explorers of the outh Pacific have RELY i« nt dwellin 's, thos world once inh hited by the lands. In many people peopl of f the pars in trees 1 {Ir I ———— an Not Yery Reassuring. Hi meme How Visitor to Coal Mine that rope’s giving way fast, do you change iti" Miner A Every six weeks: an’ if we're lucky enough to get to the top it'll be WF lisgende Blaetier to me often W. C. Minis, of Newcomerstown, Ohio, has a stone idol, a pipe, and flint | implements which were found in that vicinity. The little god is made of | ine stone, and is perhaps a foot high, ws he sits with his knees to the front. He has no arms, but his hands are cut He has an diotie head, closed eyes, and half-open | mouth, ——————————— Gronar W. BMarrey savs Sir Julian Panneefote, the new British minister, | belongs to the new sehool of diplomaey, and he ventnres to predict for him both esteem and general popularity in the United States, — A Great Wag, finds ! in | | which the Indian could bid defiance not early Egyptians | sculptured the rocks and burrowed into | found many such MISSISSIPPI'S SOURCE, i Discovery of the Real Fountain Head of the River, Professor J. V, Brotver nad a party of surveyors, who have been at work the past | four months under of Minnesota Historical Society locating the Gormmission the | true source of the Misdsipnl River, have re- | ported that meas remen te all time the Watery, They conclude that Elk Lake, the lak { nor even Whipple distinction of being the great rive Following the | stream and tracing it through all { lakes it leads directly to two lakes at they have of the ro trae made won and settle BOLIC neither Lake najed after Het, Lake gre entitled to the he principal the Misshaippt, These lakes, one condderably { the other, are hundred feel above the elevation of Itasca Lake, and buck of them {is the rim of the basin, compo of hills ranging from sixty to ninety feet in height | above the surface of these lakes, The two | lakes crown the supreme height of the whole basin, From that point the entire basin grad. ually slopes down to the level of [tases It was the opinion openly and ex. | pressed of all the members of Mr Brower's party that in these lake the Mississippi has its source, There ls nothing beyond them, and the more southerly one ix at the bass of an abrupt ridge many feet high, though itself more than one hundred RL LT freely water ix larger than Elk and after a careful examination of the ry man in the party of wa entering a ——— NOT VIOLATED IN SAMOA, The German Denies That American Property Was Injured. The White Bo issued in Ber Konaprw the reg Consul inte Layer papers r hat Al Bees Fi § flags w the “rab an SE the Hrit PARNELL ON THE Positive y t 3 Qm J 1) 4 AN r * Denials of Various Charges Made by His Enemies, + Wi po first witne nile] (oo being made S—— BOR WORLD, THE LA Greasy Trem a Preenx are 13 “lates Tue! { New Englaz are busy A LAY Kentucky Tix United Kingd AR persons THE anthra {ons per dey PIrrsnt no Ens South Africa, rks is 1c be erected in m fisheries employ 250 wml prodoction 100,000 are going to br i in Tur Japanese have no instinct for laundry ork like the Chinese Nam Maxxns have agreed to restrict pro- Guction twenty-five per cent THE MARKETS, 13 NEW YORE Reaves Milch Cows, com. to good Calves, common to prime Hh ‘ Lambs Hoge Live Dressed .h Fiour—Clity Mill Extra. ... Patents. . .. Wheat--No. 2 Red RyeBtate . . . ' id Barley «Two.rowed Kiate Corn-Ungraded Mixed. Onts—No. 1 White Mixed Western | Hay-No. 1 | Straw La 3 : | Lard-Cit “ oe | Butter—Elgin Creamery. ... Dairy, fair to good West. Im. Creamery Factory — ry BUFFALO, Bteors— Western Medium Jimi July to Kood, the age-Good to b orks dgsaussan Ehren BOSTON, Flour Spring Yhadt ute. EE aa No. 3 White. ......... (EE EEE RR LIE RE RE on WATERTOWN (MASS) CATTLE MARKET, p— Shaun w & B IRE LARS " a LE bad PHILADELPHIA. . sannae “ 4 4 om | - complete | | for | pf the Father of | Itaska, | regafded as the head of | the small | 4 the | | end of the basin, which are the real source of | sometimes | i These | larger than | + | Tor Scrofulons | flammation of the Threat and Lungs, « Ta—— 7 AFTERNO Paid Mrs. 6. fo Mrs. 1D. | ("Twas o'er a cup of fine Noheg): { “Our pretty hostess yonder, Has gained in looks surprisingly Bhe seems as well as well can be! What is the cause, I wonder?" 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Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers