tfrnirf BELLEFONTE, PA. The Largest, Cheapest and Best Paper I'IT ULtSIt Kl) IN CENTRE OOfNTV. BULLDOZING As Practiced in Massachusetts. Summary of Facts Proved by Testimony Taken lief ore the Wallace In vest iyntiny Committee. F.VIDKNCK OK INTIMIDATION BY RK- I'UHUCAN KMFI.OYKKB. The senatorial investigating commit tee, of which Senator Wallace is chair man, has iioav been through its work some days. Its departure from the State was the signal for all tho Republi can paper* of the State, without excep tion so far as we have observed, to be gin an attempt to belittle the results of its work. \\ itli suspicious unanimity they all, with one Record, assert that the investigation amounted to nothing that no proof was elicited sutlleient to sustain the charge made Inst year that civilized bulldozing and intimidation were practiced in this State, that those charges were campaign slanders and still unproved. That the people of this State may see how barefaced are these Republican falsehoods, and that they may he able to judge for themselves as to the facts, we present herewith a con densed summary o( the evidence taken, showing exactly what was proven and hy what evidence. The investigation begun on the 11tli day of August- United States Commissioner Hallett was the first witness called. The sulwtan tial points of his testimony were as fol lows : C'ni'ef supervisor of elections : the list of voters prepared and pasted at the polls was the evidence ola man's right to vote in this city ; found that many men whose names ap|eared on the voting list were foreigners who hud no part in having their names so pub lished, nnd in such cases those persons were not molested ; it was only where persons hnd illegally registered them selves or impersonated others at the polls that they were arrested; twenty warrants were executed on the morning of the State election in 1878. Commis sioner Hallett told of tlie verbal in structions to the deputies in each ward of the city, and of his cautioning those who were not entitled to vote prior to election that they would be arrested in case they attempted to use their ballot*. Witness had taken his authority in some cases from the State laws, and in others from the Federal laws. The in junctions against voting because of the reading and writing defect were, of course, based on the former class of laws. Nine hundred names which were on the voting list in 1873 HERE MARKED FOR Cll AI.I.ENi.E. on the day of election at the poll*. The persons who were subject to arrest were not notified of the liability until the voting time, t>ecau*e there was doubt as to their voting ; and while no honest voter could he deterred from casting hi* ballot, the arrest of those who were suspected of wrong prior to election would have caused trouble and served no better end than that attained hy the means used. Witness didn't keep com plete lists of those whose names were o;>en to question, hut when they refused to answer questions put to them by the deputy marshal* at their residences or places of business they were arrested, lie had issued in all 16'.) warrants. One of these was for false impersonation, or procuring naturalization under false pretences, eighteen for refusing to an swer deputies' questions, five for illegal voting, and fifteen for false registration. The day of election twenty arrests were made, and of the entire 169 warrants procured 130 were issued on election • lay. These were sworn out hy tho as sistant United .States attorney, and the information on which this was done was gathered from the su;>ervisor* and deputy marshals. Witness testified to the good charaeter of the majority of the supervisors. THEY WERE PAID under order of Judge I.owcll hy the marshals, and about thirty-four received full condensation for ten days' service, there being fifteen or seventeen places of registry o;.en in Boston ten days be fore election. Witness then produced his accounts, showing his hill to be $2,- 726.49 for services a* chief supervisor, including SSOO or S6OO for clerk hire. He expressed a decided opinion that there were from 3500 to 5000 names on the list of Boston city voters which ought not to be there. Witness ac knowledge*! that hy hi* interpretation of the law a man voting tor ."State officers only, and yet not being entitled to vote according to the Federal law in a Presi dential election, would be liable to ar rest, and partially admitted that Fed era! interference was not essential to a free and fair election in Massachusetts. Ex Mayor Wightman testified further as to the charges that names of men not entitled to vote are on the voting list. As chairman of the hoard of regis trars of voters, in the campaign of 1878 the Young Republicans established what they called a bureau of inspection, a volunteer organization, to investigate the voting list, and aid in purging it of names which mere nol properiy record ed. Thar made twenty-nine complaints Aaring the campaign, but all the appa rent discrepancies were explained and ahown to be right, save one or two names, which really were not those of legal voters. Witness explained delib erately and lucidly the intricate details of the mode of ascertaining with accu racy the list of qualified voters, end claimed that the Boston system was as efficient as any in the State, (if the 896 names that came from the super visors to the hoard of registrars ques tioned, less than 100 were men upon whom a just suspicion could rest. The board at preeent consisted of one Demo crat and one Republican. Witness wax of the opinion that TIIE IOC AI. LAW WAR RKTIRXI-V SltrflCIINT to insure an honest and pure ballot, and reiterated his assertion that by the sys tem inaugurated by the board of regis trars a pure and free election could bo had by the city without Federal super vision of any kind. There was no ne- cessity, as far on the witness could hoc, for tho present nalionul law. Ex-Registrar Howard testified that only b small portion of the lint of voters actually voted, and explained the plana of tho registrars before election" and the detail" of their work ; "aid attempt" at fraud were not infrequent, hut not by holders of naturalization paper" alone. The question of domicile WON one which made a great deal of confu"ion to the registrar", for men moved from ward to ward with entire freedom, and "imply from this cause 100 to3oo hearing" were annually necessitated. The registry lint* now were a" accurate as they could be made under the present law. The lists were as nearly as possihlo correspond ent with the spirit of the statute. In answer to a query as to the ne< easily of a Federal supervisory ordinance, wit ness thought that the State might find an intelligent body of men who would n ake a list complete and effective to niPet all ttie demands of a fair, pure and free election, and thus be wholly inde pendent of tho general government, lie diil not believe that the Slate was made any bettor by the too common practice of paying the poll tax of large numbers of poor voters toseruio their suffrages, as no doubt was done l>v can didates for various political positions in every city of the State. \\ itness had no impression and could give no esti mate of the number of names on the registry list which should not he there. Fewer, however, than what -Judge Hal lett said lie thought. There was prob ably less than lUOO. CAMPAIGN KXTKAtIU>INAIIY. MINISTERS AM MINI E "fits TRANSFORM' ED INTO fOLITICAI. STRIKER*. George C. Crocker, secretary of the Republican Stale committee of 1878, testified that the following official cir cular was sent to the ministers of Mass achusetts : REIT HI.K AN STATE COMMITTEE OF MASS- Ai UL'HETTs : llkaioi'rs, 376 Washington Street, 1 IIOSTON, September 26, IM7H. / [Skai.. J Adiii Tnaycr, chairman. t>. 11. Su-bbins, treasurer. George ('. Crocker, secretary. Dear Sik IN order to enable us to dis tribute document* etfectively, will you kindly furnish us immediately with a list of the inale members of your church slid parish mid with such other name* s* you uiay deem expedient. Hy so doing you w ill sid u* in saving the honor of our com monwealth. With esteem, yours, Akin That eh, Chairman. Gkoruk C. Croi kkr, Secretary. Witness, in explanation, testified : We got tlieir namea from the* list* of each denomination ; we got replies from the clergymen with lists of their con gregation* and supplied them with doc uments ; 1(1,1**1 men were influenced in their votes in Boston hy liquor and oth er influences brought to hear. Adin Thayer, chairman of the Repub lican committee of Mitsaachusetis of 1878: No contributions from Federal otticial* to funds of committee in 1878 ; had all the money we needed ; think our funds were about $25,0011 last year ; called together a number of gentleman late in I tetober, at the Parker House, Boston, to consult : made them a speech; they were all Republicans; wanted to arouse them up ; all would vote the Re publican ticket any way; roost of these gentlemen being interested in tnanulac luring establishments iny effort was to get their influence exercised in any way I could and I urged them to do so: another meeting wo* called at Mr. Washburn's office in Worcester soon after this ; it was a meeting of the man ufacturer* of Worcester county : they were urged to exert all the influence they could to defeat Butler; think elec tion in Massachusetts honest and am in dignant that a committee is here to ex amine into any such question. •lohn I>. Washburn, Republican, (jive in Worcester ; called a meeting of man ufacturers at my office in October, I*7* ; the pur;>o*e was to get them to influence their employes; Mr. Thayer, the Re publican chairman, was there ; he urged the gentlemen who were there to get their j eople to vote the Republican ticket; 1 thought this right, and saw several f>( the employers of labor after wards, and urged this u|>on them; the men who were at this meeting were all Republican*, and all would have voted without this meeting, hut wo wanted their influence exerted. INTIMIDATION. KANfEArTvaaas' "txi.t axca"—WHAT IT MEANT IK RANCH*IO. The Hon. Eli Thayer, Democratic candidate for Congress, in 1878, against Hice: He (Rice) had s|K>ken in hall owned hy Manchaug coronation, in that town, and I went there to speak ; they refused to allow me to speak there, and I spoke in a barn ; the hall had been used for minstrel troupes and for other public Ttsea. Saaon Watera testified: At the elec tion of 1878 Mr. McArlbur, superin tendent of the Manchaug ror;>oration s was selectman and saw the ballots of the employes a* they voted ; Chase and Knox, other employe* of the corpora tion, stood hy the polls and saw the votes and controlled the employea as they voted ; voters had to pas* up be tween rows of corporation men to vole. Terrence Kennedy : Was active as a Butler man in 1878; occupied a tene ment house owned by the Manchaug cor;>oration ; son and niece worked in the mill on the day of meeting held by Eli Thayer; I got notice to vacate my house within two weeks ; I saw Chase, the agent; he said he did it hy order of Mr. McArthur: I said I would stay and vote ; he said I should go out; I said I would not, and I fought for my posses sion, and did stay there and voted for Butler ; the fact of my notice to leave became public, and bulldosed and in timidated every Butler man there; the houses sre ownsd by the Manchaug corporation; Chase votes men there who have no votes; the men are hauled to the polls by the teams of the corpo ration, and Chase received them there and saw that they had Republican tick ets and voted them. McArthur would look at the tickets aa they were put in the box ; I objected to this and he stop per! it, My son was discharged from the mill four (lavs after I got my notice to go out of the house; he and my nieces all left. They lived with me j 1 left tlio town and live in Connecticut now. Frank Kenne<ly ; Lived at Munchang from September 15, 1878, till after the election ; before the notice to father to leave hi* bonne the men who were work ing in the mill there subscribed toward raining a flag for Butler : ufter that they were very shy, and would do nothing; I got a French speaker to apeak the Saturday night before election ; there were a number of Frenchmen employed there ; the apeaker told them in French I would furnish them with tickets; they already hud been furnished with Itepublican tickets by Chose, in sealed envelopes ; I watched on election day, and a* the men would come up in the company's wagons to vote I would slip them Butler tickets in envelopes, and get from them the tickets they had. I exchanged twenty-seven tickets in this way, and found the Itepublican ticket in those they gavo me We were careful not to let Chase see us making this exchange of tickets. They showed mo three tickets the night before elec tion, given them that morning hy Chase. Etch of the Frenchmen sought rne to tnake the change of ballots. I'imor W. Putnam, Prohibitory Re publican: Live in Sutton; was at elec tion November 1878 ; beard Chase, em j rilove of Manehaug corporation, say be hid carried bis point; a settee was tilled with men by whom the voters 1 weie Watched as they went up to vote ; i MoArthur employe of corporation, was chief selectman in charge of ballot box ; men were brought (Iran the mills ami voted, and taken back in same wagons. •lohn O. Parker: Saw voters of the Manehaug corporation hauled to polls in their wagons and taken back in the same aft-r they voted ; s.nv ('base take tickets out of the hands of mill hands and give them another, and said : "CAKKV THAT IV.'* I'hey did so; am n |>e<ller and a Repub lican. Henry .1. Whiten : At election of 1877 saw Knox take tickets out of the bands of several of the employes of the corporations and give them others ; tore those up he took from them. Chase told me lie could control the men and and would, but he would not lose six of ) the men employed by the corporation. ( Know a good deal of the State and its ! elections. R. 11. Hutchinson : The Manehaug corporation controls the affairs of the | town of Sutton ; < 'hose controls its votes ■; and assesses the property of the town. Mr. McCafTerty : Live in Dorclic* ; ter : had a talk with Adin Thayer about I manufacturers' meeting in <>ctoler; I *atd there was a meeting of roanufac turers, but nothing done wrong ; would agree there was if Crompton would say j so; talked with John D. Washburn about the same meeting ; be said there was such a meeting, but it was not wrong; said it was right to try to in fluence a.id control the men ; know 1 Terrene© Kennedy ; was his tatinscl in Manrhaug cose; be would have been turned out of his bouse l>efore election had they began right ; they had to take : two processes to get him out; I regard- I ed it a* a case of bulldozing for voting for Butler. Frsnk Kennedy (reexamined): Was at Manehaug and beard a con vernation lietwecn Chose, mill agent, and Stevens, barber ; Stevens said he was going to vote for Butler; Chase said he thought it was not to his interest to do so ; after wards heard Steven* say he was all right, he was for Talbot, and woci.o r.rr |IO roa ins VOTE after the election ; the money had come to town the night I-ong, Republican candidate for Lieu tenant-Hover nor, bad come there ; he said the ballots would bo marked and tlicy could tell how each man voted. "INFLUENCE." ITS APPLICATION IV M EIUTER A*T> ISI cm. AS, Andrew ,1. Waters lives in Webster, Worcester county. The Plater company own cotton and woollen mills in the town ; have a large number of employ es ; most of the voters there are Irish and French. Ashcr T. Moore is the agent of the corporation in control of the woollen factory. HP is selectman of the town. He had charge of the hailot l>ox lietween 12 and 2 o'clock at the November election, 1878. He was not there before or after these hour*. The mill hands were brought to vote lav tween 12 and 2, in teams, and taken bark the same way ; after voting, Lnv ery and Fletcher, two other officers of the cor|>oration, were there and furnish ed tickets to the men to vote as they got out of the wagons; they were Re publican tickets; the men who voted were nearly all l>emoorats ; Moore could see how each man voted ; the ballots were open ; we had thirty of these men on the mils of the Butler club who were voted against us; the men said they could not vote as they wished, as they would lose their job : they had to be very secretive about who they were for for (loTernor ; was a Republican myself until lost fall. John I. Loves Live at Webster; a Butler man ; know of the conduct of the election in November, 1878; Bart lett is the agent and in control of the three State eor|>orations in the town of Webster; Hilton is superintendent of one, Moore of another and Fletcher of the third ; Sabresy is su|>erinten<lent of the store; all theae men are Republi cans, and all of tbem, except ltartlett, were present and active on election .lay controlling votes ; the men came up to gether generally and voted between 12 and 2, while Moore had charge of the ballot box ; if they voted open ballot he could tell what it was; one of the oper atives, Lynch, subscribed money to and joined the Butler club, but voted the Itepublican ticket; from twenty to thirty of our men voted Itepublican or absented themselves; one or the opera tives, Sherlock, came to me with a seal ed envelope and said his overseer gave it to him ; he did not know whether it wee Democratic or Republican, but did not want to vote it as he was told to do: I gave him a Butler ticket in a sealed envelope; don't know if he voted it; he was afraid of being discharged if he did not vote the ticket they gave him. J. M. Draper: Live in Itouglas, Worcester county; work at Douglas axe factory ; Moore, the agent, and Al bert Butler, foreman of the shop there, were distributing tickets on election day in 1878; Butler told the man they MIST VOTE THE MEPtULHAN TICKET; it was the interest of the company they should do so; Democrats among them voted the Republican ticket ; Butler stood at the ballot-box mid watched how the men voted ; lie could tell, for the hoi lots were open ones; Moore stood at the front of the room where the men catno in ; Butler in the rear of the rootu and at the ballot-box. Wurreu Casey : Discharged lrorn Dou ! glo*' works for voting for Butler; was wurned when he voted for Huston. Charles A. Stearns ; More constraint in elections in Douglas in 1878 than for thirty years; never saw the agent of the company peddling tickets until then. BULLDOZING AND BRIBERY. AS IT WAH lUACTHKD IN CHELSEA AND OAKIiNEK. W. J, Dowd, Chelsea : Heard Curry, oil manufacturer, tell a colored employe on election day, 1878, that he must not I vote for Butler or be coul.l not work for him. -lames .P. Creed, Chelsea, age] twenty five, employe of the Elastic Fabric Com pany in Chelsea, said they could not vote for Butler or they would lose their places ; Bell, the foreman, stood at the | polls all day to see how the men voted ; ] Sullivan, the official of the company, j told the employes they must not vote 1 for Butler. Frank McHovern, Chelsea; Heard | Burry, oil manufacturer, say to his col ored man (Cray; on election day, if he voted for Butler he did not want him any longer. Robert N. Gray; Lived with Curry thirteen years; on election day he told me if I voted for Butler In* did not want mo any longer; In- said I might vote f r Morse, but he wanted me to vote for Talbot ; Mr. Curry discharged me this morning; was in his employ since unfit today; last November a* lie was going down to City Hall to vote, Curry asked him whom he was to vote for, and, not | answering, Curry said : "lea k here: I have done a good deal for you, and if voir vote for Butler I will discharge you. *1 ou can vote for Morse if yon want to, | but I want you to vote for Talbot." ' (By .senator Wallace.) What did vou say when you came back ? A. Nothing. Did you go on with your work ? A. 1 went on with it. \N li.-n did you get your summon* to appear here 7 A. Last night at 10 o'clock. , 'j. When were you discharged ? A. ; This morning at 7.3(1. 'I. Did Curry give any reason for <lis- a I charging voir ? A. No; he said I needn't take the team any more, i 0- Did he seem to bo angry? A. ! Yes, he seemed to be. (By S-nator I'latt.) How long have you worked for Mr. Curry? A. ! I Thirteen years. j tj. Ever l*-en discharged by him for anything? A. No, sir. I. A. l'erham, Hardnor, Worcester county: A man named Newell, from Boston, 1-osrded with me 'rnm July un- j til after election : three or four .lays be j ! fore election, in November, '7B, he came | in with A BOM. OF BASK BILLS, ; took them out and said be had got them down at the national bank : he offi-red me $lO of it if I would vote for Talbot ; or $-'. if I would not vote : I am a I >einoerat and so was he : I refused to lake the money and voted for Butler. Kemp V. Lynde proved dismissal of a man from employment by an overseer of poor in Hardncr, for voting for But ler. THF. PLYMOUTH CASE. XATITEIIOKN CITIZENS roN<Bt> TO Besom IIATC BALIZEn. Thomas D. Shumwav: Live in Ply mouth; a decision of the selectmen was made that young men born of foreigq parents within the Slate could be regis - tered ; this made difficulty, and preven ted many registering : this decision was made ten davs before election, and was ■ reversed on Slondoy evening, about 1(1 ; o'clock, l>eforo election, but too late to ! register and vote; know of two who 1 got registered, but beard of a dozen ex- j eluded; one of them got naturalised ; his name is Morrison. This is the na j turalisalioti paper, it read* that he was born in Massachusetts. One of i these men born within two rod* of 1 Plymouth rock. Four selectmen Re publicans and one an Abbott Democrat, ■lohn O'Connell went o pay hi* poll tax. Nelson, chairman of the board, told me ho had the opinion* of two lawyer* on ; this |oinL. I told him I was not satis- ! fied with this opinion. Hot opinion from clerk of court in Boston reversing this. No action taken until Mnn.lav night, bforo election. Foiled 110(1 votes in the town. W. 11. Nelson : Davis L. Ixtrd gave an j opinion that person* born within the State of alien parent* were not entitled to registration until naturalised; in 1878 Mr. Healy of Boston, city solicitor snd clerk of our county, coincides! with the other opinion ; Ueneral Butler gave hi* opinion against this; the attorney general did not give his opinion, al though asked; we decided that they were entitled to register, and made it public either on Saturday or Monday afternoon Wfore election ; we held they must le naturalised before they regis tered ; I stn chairman of selectmen. WITHIN TURKS ML I.E.* OF PLYMOUTH MOCK. Andrew Corr i Born within two miles of Plymouth rock ; my father was an alien, born in Ireland ; they refused to register me liecause I was not naturolit e<l an.l my father was not; i went sev eral times and finally found they had registered me on Monday before elec tion. Alexander Morrison : Born in Sand wich, Barnstable county. Moos.; my fa ther born in Ireland ; wanted to be reg istered ; the selectmen refused to regis ter roe because I was not naturalised ; Hodge advised me to get naturalised ; I did so in the court; and this is my paper. U. B. OF AMKKICA, ) COMMON WEALTH OP MASSACHUSETTS, - PLYMOUTH COUNTY, RS. ) To all people to whom these presents shall come, greeting. Know ve, That si a superior court, begun sn.l holden at Plymouth on the fourth Monday In October, In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sev- enty eight, Alexander Morrison of Ply mouth, in the county of Plymouth and ,State of Massachusetts, born In the town of Sandwich, in the county of Barnstable, Massachusetts, imvlng produced the evi dence, and taken and subscribed the oath required by law, was admitU-d to become a citizen of the said United htat'-s accord ing to the lot* of Congress in such cases made and provided. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of said court, at Plymouth, in said county, this •lret day of November, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and seventy-eight. (Higncdj Wlmiak H. VV hitman, (Hl.> Clerk. I wo* sworn and *n were my witnesses; after that I went to the selectmen and they registered me, and 1 voted for Jlutler. F. W. Bobbins; .Selectmen at Plym outh refused to register the young men, and 1 think ne.ar a dozen of them lost their vote* who were born in the Htate because of this refusal to regi*ter them. Lemuel Bradford : Selectman at Ply mouth ; Hodge removed to Boston with hi* family in October la*t: came hack when hi* name was off"and wa* allowed to vote ; he wa* and i* in the Boston customhouse; men born in the Htate of foreign parentage were refused regis tration because not naturalized. IN i.E.NXKAI.. McCarty; Supervisor in Ward 12, Boston, carefully examined the list* given liiui by chief supervisor, and found but three name* to check a* doubtful. I he*e name* did not present therim-lvc* on election day; 400 in the precinct. Kilduff and i'aily : in employ of gov ernment on new post-office building in Boston lust tb- o .e, ; w< e known a* Butler men ; were dicharged lefore election day ; think ot voting for But ler ; both soldier*. •''Conner : I'iscbarged in Cambridge port on evening of election day for vot ing for Butler. Plymriton, Worcester: All the board of registration in Worcester last year were Republicans; rejected I'euiociat* from registering because presented by the democratic committee; they pre sented themselves through the Repub lican con nitt-e arid were registered; the effect of the rumor* at>out the man ufacturers' meeting, held in Worcester in "ctober, wa* to cause tbe employe* to t.c silent and decline to act with the Republican party. The Federal Union. The following disquisition on our sys tem of government, which we clip from the Philadelphia /freer,/, should le read by all men. ami bv them repeated to the children. The enemies of the Re public are busy in poisoning the minds of the young, with a design, at no dis tant day, to break up our free Federal system and Iran form us into des |>oti*m : "Siovereignty is one of the many words of our great composite language which come to u* from the Norman French, lexicographers define it a* signifying the supreme jower or rule. Authority is one of it* synonyms. Bouvier, in hi* law dictionary, quotes Judge Story as declaring that in the United States the atwnlulr sovereignty of the nation is in the people, while the residuary sovereignty of each State, not granted to any of its public func tionarie*. i* in tbe people of the State. This idea of a divided sovereignty wa* quite familiar to our forefather*, and none of the authorized spokesmen of either of the two great parties which existed in their day denied it. Feder alist* and Republicans alike admitted it. This they oould not well help doing with the recently adopted Federal Con stitution before them. That instrument, It is to be feared, was more thoroughly and oftener studied then than now. There i* reason to Itelieve that many of our politicians, including some who have reached high station, have never read it more than once or twine. XA a few of our present public speak euHN writer* are indulging in dentin n* of State sovereignty, as if tbe Trty idea of such a thing were a vision ary notion and a wild and perilous her esy. They see. or pretend to see. the l>os*ibility of hut one sovereignty in a single governmental system. They for get the fact, or knowingly ignore It, that, in the complex scheme construct ed bv the ingenious wisdom of the founders of this government, the vari ous flower* of sovereignty—which are not a unit, hut distinct and several— were deliberately distributed between the nation and the States, and that each in it* separate sphefe, and a* regards the subjects allotted it, is supreme. An intense and eager devotion to consolida tion runs into absolutism. A single sovereignty is the equivalent of pure autocracy. It ia nothing less than des |iotism. This was tbe especial evil which the Ranters of the Union sought to avoid by a discreet partition of the supreme authority. The Federal Constitution realised the dream of Cioero, whose ideal optima em nMuta rfpyjtlifa was a government organ ized with a proper balance of tbe ele ment of regal, aristocratic and popular power, a* expressed in executive, judi cial and legislative departments. The people being the primary source of authority in the new republic, the laws are made by their immediate represent stives. The ariscotratic principle be comes concrete in the judiciary which expounds them. The regal integer ap pears in the executive which enforces them. The same three fold system was adopted hy the Ntatee, and is tbe arch etype or standard of that "Republican form of government" which the United Slates guarantees to every Stale. Not only are the attributes or func tions of sovereignty in this country separated into theee three distinct j/ji independent classes, hut there Is a further division as to its subjects be tween the States respectively on tbe one band and the nation on the other. Within its prescribed sphere, and in all things which relate to its own juriadic lion, eeeh ia sovereign. The national jurisdiction is more august and impos ing, embracing, as it does, those larger and more general functions which are the marks of peerthip in the family of nations, and armed which it con -1 fronts the world. These are the power* vested in the Federal Government rr|*. tiva to security from foreign danger, for regulating intercourse with foreign nation* and for maintaining harmony and proper intercourse among thn , Htate*. To these are added power* concerning certain mi ncellaneoiM object* "f general utility, such aa the grant of patent* and copyright* to inventor* and author* ; exclusive legislation over the Jhalrict of Columbia and the fort*, magazine*, arsenal*, dock-yard* and public building* of the United .SUte* ; the power to declare the puniahment of treaaon ; the admi**ion of new Ktate ; the control of the Territorie* and the protection of the State* against invasion and domestic violence. Another cbi>* of provisions in favor of the Federal authority consists of re*triction, some ; absolute and other* qualified, upon the ! power* of the several State*. The State* are prohibited from making traatie*, from granting letter* of marque and re ; prisals, from coining money, emitting hill* of creditor making anything ex- i cept gold or * Iver coin a legal tender, : from pa*ing hill* of attainder, er jtoxt 'fur-to law* or law* impairing the obliga tion of contract*, and from granting title* of nobility. Without the consent of Congre**, no Slate can levy impost* or duties on ini|>orl* or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it* inspection lsws ; nor can it lay any duty on tonnage, keep troop* or ships of wsr in time* of peaoe, enter into any compact with another State or Willi a foreign I'ower, or er 'age in war unles* to repel invasion. This specific enumeration i* thus minutely given ( j here because ail other government jiower* of every kind whatever belong j under our American polity to the sev , | eral State*. The tenth amendment to ' he Federal Constitution declare* that j : 'the powers not delegated to the Unit- ' I <1 State* l,y the Constitution, jor pro hibited by it to the State*, are reserved to the State* respectively, or to the j>eo pie." 'I h:s great ma** of reserved power* c institute* what i* meant by the resid ue *y sovereignty of t..e States. The phrase i* a favorite one with the bc>-t ; constitutional jurisconsults. State sov reignty includes tin* right of eminent domain and the jowerof life and death, Iwth of which are acknowledged attri , butes of supreme authority. While the functions of the pe.tcral Govern ment are few and definite, the j-ower* : of the State Government are va*t in ! extent and multitudinous in their oh j jects. Tuey l ve, in fact, no limit— subject to the restriction* above noted— -ave in that unsurrendered ruu/trum of individual liberty the protection of ; which i* the one purpoje of free gov ernment. It is the States that admin : liter, through the machinery of their j municipal codes—that g.-and common | law of Kngland which investigate* and | unishes offences against public justice, : which maintain* and regulate* civil ' privileges, and which secures the *l*o- Itite and inalienable rights of the j-eo ple. It is the State* which redrew* our i grievance*'; which gusrantee the rigl-ts lof j>er*on an<l property; which make operative the franchises of habeas CO.- ! pus and tri*l hv jury, and which every where surround u* in our daily avoca tions with an overreaching and all j>er vading atmosphere of protection." True Heroism. As we go to press the yellow fever is ravaging Memphis, with no hope of the dread scourge Abating until frost shall have come to blight it* virulence. The mortality in the hapless city of Memphis i lev* formidable than it was during the yellow fever visitation of last Summer, simply because there is leas material for it to feed uiKin. Warned by the awful malignity of the contagion last summer, a majority of the citizens abandoned home, buine* and property, to seek safety in flight. Prominent among those lhat have voluntarily remained is Fred. Xicholls. one of the staff of the Mem phis Ava/anekf. All of his colleague*— editorial writers, reporters, compositors, pressmen—have fled from the stricken city to preserve their lives. Mr. Nicta olls remains alone, and unaided gets out a weekly edition of the Avalanche, It is a small sheet, yet its preparation must keep the brave man busy all day of every working day of the week. He is in himself ail the editors, reporters, compositor*, and pressmen. There is no tone of despondency in the greatly reduced Avalanche: in every number the heroic journalistic factotum cracka jokes at the expense of grim Yellow Jack himself. lie gives all the local news, and a strange picture it is —shot ted cannons commanding deserted ware houses and mansions to keep off thieves; # uniformed negro militiamen, armed to the teeth, patrolling the streets, guard ing the property of the alisent citizens; a ghastly record of the fever's deadly work. Mr. Fred. Xicholls wears no glittering uniform ; no journals record his heroism; for all that, be is far hiaver than the soldiers who are foremost in mounting an enemy's work, and flaunting their own flag amid a rain of fiery death on * the ram|>arU of their foemen. There i* ...m* no excitement to sustain the courage of Fred. Xicholla, as alone he plods in the solitary rooms of the Avalanrkt office. The niter loneliness ol the place would alone he sufficient to strike terror to less heroic souls. That he went through the same perilous duty during the visi tation of the epidemic last year, does not detract one wbit from the credit due him as a man of extraordinary courage, capable of the greatest sacri fice ; for neatly all the reel of the Mem phians who remained at the post of duty last year fled this season, even the citizen soldiery joining in the stampede with the excuse that they had stayed once and braved death to protect the possessions of others, and that it was some one else's turn noww. Mr. Xieh oils did not make any excuse, nor does he indulge in any boasting. He does hit heroic journalistic work without any self laudation. If he livee through the present term of the |>estilenoe— end we sincerely hope that he may—the journalists ef the United States should, in some way, unite and pay a tribute to the bravery of a man who ia a rare honor to hia profession. A rorr say* ; "How sweat the music of # the Sabbath bell," and yet there are men who prefer to listen to it a mita or . to away in the vicinity of a berry patch. ]
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers