TW,,'ywHU' f w 6 EVENIHG- PUBLIC LBDGER-PHILADEtitelA, SATUKDAX DUOBMBER 13, ,1919 - i ',.,., i .... f . . V Ty"J,V K "MANY INNOCENT PRIESTS SHOT," MERCIER GERMANS OFFER FAKE PROBE IN KILLING Cardinal Answers Inquiry by Giving Names of Clergy in His Diocese Who Had Been Put to Death by the Invader Explanatory Comment THE Germans had a favorite blanket "excuse" for most of their wanton slaughter of Belgian civilians. Militar; headquarters smacked its lips over "Man hat geschoKsen" (Somebody has fired). At 'Charlcroi, Herve, Bllgny, Hougaerde, Monceau-sur-Sambrc, Goegnics and Termonde the invaders insisted that the uniformed townspeople had deliberately attacked the Hun troops. Had this been so and such a situation would not have been surprising considering that Germany had been the first to break faith by regarding treaties as scraps of paper international law would have supported her ease. Such assistance would have been extremely welcome to the empire which was continually running afoul of the accepted codes of civilization. And so the cry of "freeshooters" (francs-tireurs) was repeatedly raised. It is significant that it was particularly loud whenever the German army suffered a check. The troops would fall back into a town from which hostages and fines had been taken during the advance, and on this return trip the orgy of atrocities murder, fire, rape, massacre would begin. The contention was always the same. Civilians had been shooting the Kaiser's soldiers 1 Hoping to range American public opinion on his side, Wilhelm formally notified President Wilson on September 8, 1914, that Belgian civilians had fired upon and maltreated the conquering troops and on the next day ordered the government in Belgium to make an investigation of the facts. The two proceedings were pretentious, but as regards each other badly timed. The Emperor had been characteristically hasty. A week later, when the German commission had completed its inquiry, this significant sentence appeared in the report: "We have been unable to find a single case of civilian attack on German soldiers I" In the deliberate and dishonorable baiting by the German chaplain of the Cure Tagnon, described below, one more effort to revive the disproved charge was made. For the hundredth time the civilians were stigmatized as "francs-tireurs." It would not be astonishing if the chaplain of Arlon actually thought he was speaking the truth. For forty-four years "franc-tireur" has been a chronic bugaboo in German military education. A swaggering Uhlan became a "chocolate soldier" at the utterance of the word. The German army had never recovered from the shock of French resistance in the Franco-Prussian war. The Boche dreamed of "francs-tireurs." They were his nightmare. He saw them in every dark corner and at the Imaginary spectacle he receded to savagery. Cardinal Merciers Story Including his correspondence with the German utho"ritie in Belgium during the war, 1914 to 1918, edited by Profesaor Fernand Mayence of Louvain University and tranilated by the Bene dicttne Monka of St. Augustine', Ramsgate, England. CHAPTER VI Proposal for an Inquiry Into the Murder by German Troops of Priests Belonging to die Diocese of Malines TOWARD the end of 1914 and at the beginning of 1916 the German Government established in Belgium various commissions of inquiry, composed entirely of .imperial officials, whose object was to proclaim to the whole world that the German army was innocent of the crimes of which it had been accused by its enemies, and if now and then severe measures of repression had to be taken they must be ascribed solely to the brutal ..and savage conduct of the Belgian folk. The result of these one-sided inquiries appeared in a White Book, which will remain for future generations one of the most convincing witnesses of the duplicity, insolence and also of the folly of Prussian militarism. The Kreischef of Malines proved himself a worthy representative of his Government. Pretending that he had learned from a newspaper article that priests of the diocese of Malines had been killed, though he knew by the Christmas pastoral letter the assertion of the Car dinal that thirteen members of the clergy had perished as victims of German barbarity, he communicates to his Eminence his scheme for an inquiry in the following terms: The Kreischef, Malines, No. 26811. January 20th, 1915. To His Eminence the Cardinal, Archbishop of Ma lines. According to a newspaper article, several guiltless priests have been killed in the diocese of Malines. In order to be able to start an inquiry, I beg your Eminence to be so kind as to let me know if this in formation be correct, and if the answer is in the af , firmative to supply me with the names of the victims. I should very much like to know under what circumstances these priests have been killed and which troops incurred the guilt of these crimes and on'what date these events came to pass. The Kreischef. (Signed) G. VON WENGERSKY, Colonel. Gives Names of Slain Priests The Cardinal answered without delay: Archbishop's House, Malines, January 24th, 1915. To the Count von Wengersky, Kreischef, Malines. Sir I have the honor to acknowledge the letter 268 11, bearing date January 20th, which you have had the kindness to send me. The names of the priests and religious, of Ma Hnes diocese who to my knowledge have been put to death by German troops are the following: Dupler reux, of the Society of Jesus; the Brothers Sebastian and AUard, of the Congregation of Josephltes; Brother Candlde, of the Congregation of Our Lady of Mercy; Father Maximin, a Capuchin; Father Vincent, a. minor conventual; Carette, a teacher; Lombaerts, Goris, Dt Clerck, Dergent, Wouters, Van Blaedl, par ish priests. On Christmas Day, when I published my pastoral letter, I did not yet know with certainty what had been the fate of the cure of Herent; since then his body has been found at Louvain and identified. Other figures quoted by me in my pastoral let ter ought now to be added. For instance, for Aerschot I gave the number of victims as ninety-one, but the total of Aerschotois dug up now reaches 143. How ever, the time has not yet come to insist on these detailed facts. Their enumeration will come to light in the inquiry which you lead me to expect. It will be a consolation to me to see full light thrown upon events which I had to recall in my, pas toral letter and on others of the same kind. But it is indispensable that the results of the inquiry should appear to all with an authority beyond dispute. With this end in view, I have the honor to pro pose to you, my dear Count, and to the German author ities through your kind intervention, that the, Com mission of Inquiry be composed equally of German cklegates and Belgian magistrates to be appointed ky ur Chief Justice, the whole to be presided over 8 by the representative of a neutral country. 1 cherish the hope that his Excellency the Minister of the United States would not refuse to preside either him self or through a delegate of his own choice. Accept, I beg you, dear Kreischef, the assurance of my sincere esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, Vicar General Summoned On February 2d the Kreischef summoned one of the Vicars General. Mgr. Van Roey went to the Komman- " dantur at 11 a. m. He found himself in the presence of an adjutant, who asked him the following questions: At what place had priests been killed? What day? By what troops? Do you aver that they were innocent? Mgr. Van Roey replied that he had not been directly concerned in the project for an inquiry, but that, as far as he knew, his Eminence had corresponded about this matter with the Governor General or with the Kreischef. "Yes," replied the adjutant, "we have hleard his Eminence's letter. The Governor General has taken cognizance of it and has sent it to us with annotations. We do not wish to disturb his Eminence again; we had hoped that you could provide the information we de sire." The interview ended by Mgr. Van Roey's declaring that all he could do was to submit to the Cardinal the Kreischef's wishe The Kreischef of Malines, February Sth, 1915. To His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, Malines. I should be much obliged if your Eminence would fix a 'date for receiving my adjutant. He is commis sioned to ask your Eminence for precise details re garding the priests of N the diocese of Malines who were shot. I beg your Eminence to accept the expression of my deep respect and I have the honor to be your devoted servant, (Signed) G. VON WENGERSKY, Colonel ,and Kreischef. The Cardinal replied, fixing the interview for Feb ruary 9th, but his letter was delivered to the Kreischef after some delay so that the adjutant was unable to present himself at the Archbishop's House on the ap pointed day. Von Wengersky told the Cardinal of it: The Kreischef of Malines, February 9th, 1915. To His Eminence the Cardinal Archbishop of Malines, To my great regret, I have to inform your Emi nence that, as the result of a mistake, your letter was not delivered to me till 2 o'clock this afternoon. My adjutant has therefore been unable to proceed to your palace at the time mentioned. If convenient to your Eminence, he will present himself tomorrow at the same hour. I beg your Eminence to excuse this mistake and to accept the expression of my profound esteem. (Signed) G. VON WENGERSKY, Colonl and Kreischef. Agrees to Receive Adjutant This letter from the Kreischef crossed the following from the Cardinal: Archbishop's House, Malines, February 9th, 1915. To the Count Wengersky, Kreischef, Malines. Dear Count I am afraid you did not receive my letter this morning in time to enable you to see your adjutant. I hasten therefore to inform you that I shall be delighted to receive your delegate tomorrow, Wednesday, at 4 p. m. (5h. German time). However, to prevent his taking a step which he might believe fruitless, I think it my duty to warn you that as regards the priests of my diocese shot by German troops, I refer to my letter of January 24th, last. Accept, my dear Count, the assurance of my sin cere esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, On February 10th, at the appointed hour, the ad jutant, Von Fleming, presented himself at the Arch bishop's House and renewed the questions already put to him by the Kreischef. His Eminence answered them in writing. The following is the text of his reply signed by himself and the adjutant: The adjutant, Von Fleming, asks me in the name of the Governor General: (1) In what parishes priests have been shot? (2) What troops put them to death and on what date? (3) Is the bishop of the diocese ready to de clare positively that his priests were innocent? The names of the parishes have already been printed in my Christmas pastoral, 1914, on page G5. The German headquarters staff is better informed than any one else as to what troops were occupying a parish on any particular day. While the popu lation easily recognize the German uniform, they are for the most part unable to distinguish the regiments of which the army is composed. I have good reasons fpr my personal conviction that the priests whose names I have cited were inno cent; but in justice it is not for us to prove their inno cence: it Is for the military authorities who have pro ceeded against them to establish their guilt. Witnesses called to give cvidencp before a biased commission will in general be afraid to tell the truth. This can only be obtained fully and be universally accepted as such on condition that a mixed commission be formed to investigate it and to guarantee an im partial and exact inquiry. And, therefore, I cannot but renew for the third time my proposal to confide to a mixed commission made up partly of German magistrates and partly of Belgian magistrates the task of throwing full light on facts ahout which the Governor General, has had tho happy idea to institute an inquiry. In order that the results of the inquiry may have all desirable weight, it were well that the tribunal should be presided over by some delegate from a neutral state. Malines, February 10th, 1915. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, (Signed) VON FLEMING, Major and Adjutant of the Kreischef of Malines. The proposals of the Cardinal achieved no result whatever. CHAPTER VII Release of the Belgian Doctors and Chemists Confined ut Heidelberg TJEFERENCE has already been made in a preceding " letter to a group of Belgian army doctors and phar maceutical chemists confined at Heidtlberg and threat ened by the camp commandant with reprisals, to be undertaken as a sort of protest against the supposed bad treatment to which it was falsely alleged the German officer prisoners in France and Belgium had been sub jected. The Cardinal, who had interceded with Von ' Bissing on his compatriots' behalf, received the follow ing reply: Government General, Brussels, January 30th, 1915. To His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. The letter which your Eminence wrote me on December 17th, 191i, led me to obtain precise par ticulars about the twenty-three doctors and twelve pharmaceutical chemists who have been deported to Heidelberg. The result of the, inquiries I have made is tlial the competent authorities Jiad at first the intention of attaching them to the Belgian Medical Service quartered in Germany, but that this plan was never .put into execution, in the same way as it was not found possible at the beginning to send them into Switzerland. Under these circumstances, it was found neces sary to intern them provisionally in the officers' camp at Heidelberg. ' Already on January 3rd orders were sent to con duct them to S'witterland: they will have by now reached the place which they themselves chose for their residence. I present to your Eminence the expression of my sincere esteem. (Signed) BARON VON BISSING, A copy of this letter Iiut never been found. 1 The Cardinal thanked Von Bissing for his inter vention: Archbishop's House, Malines, February 6th, 1916. To His Excellency Baron von Bissing, Governor Gen eral, Brussels. Sir In reply to the letter I had the honor of addressing you on December 17th last, your Excel lency has been so kind as to inform me that twenty three doctors and twelve dispensers, prisoners at Heidelberg, have been released. I rejoice at the result of the steps taken by your Excellency and think it my duty to express my grati tude. Please accept, dear Governor General, the assur ance of my sincere esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, CHAPTER VIII ' The Cardinal's Protest Against the Behavior of a German Military Chaplain Archbishop's House, Malines, February 9th, 1915. " rpO His Excellency Baron von Bissing, Governor Gen-- eral, Brussels. Dear Governor General An incident has taken place at Forrieres, in the province of Luxemburg, to which I would call your kind attention. In conjunc tion with my venerable colleague, Mgr. Heylen, Bishop of Namur, I should like, in addressing your Excellency to forestall any painful controversy. At Forrieres on Thursday, January 7th, the Cure Tagnon had a conversation in the sacristy with the chaplain of Arlon which can be more or less summed up in these terms: "Many" innocent priests in the diocese of Namur have been shot." "Pardon me," answered the chaplain, "our staff headquarters is in possession of proofs that many civilians were francs-tireurs and that the clergy in cited them to fire on the German troops." "You must not believe all these talcs; if one were to pin one's faith to all one hears, I should also believe that the Germans have attempted to violate our nuns." That very same day the chaplain, in com pany with a German doctor, paid a visit to the pres bytery in order to induce the cure to repeat the state ment he had made that morning in the sacristy. The cure acknowledged that, materially, he had made the statement, but in a vague manner: "people say," "there is a rumor that" and conditionally, "Ger mans may have violated our nuns." Imprisonment of Cure Nevertheless, the chaplain made a categorical and detailed accusation against the cure, the net re sult of which was the imprisonment of the cure and his condemnation to either a hundred days in gaol or a thousand francs fine. M. Misson, a public notary, accused of having in the course of familiar conversation with his friend, M. Tagnon, made the same statement, was condemned to undergo the flame' penalty. , I am convinced, dear Governor General, that the Cure Tagnon has not made the damning accusation against the German army which the chaplain has put Into his mouth. But it is not my intention to lay stress on the accusation itself. It is the behavior of the chaplain that I find odious. A conversation held In the anteroom by two brother priests cannot be the subject for a summons to court The aforethought behavior of the accuser who tries to impose on the good faith of his brother priest, airily accepts, a cigar which he smokes in his company, enjoys the hospitality of his table, in order to extort from him a confidence with which to trump up a case against him this premeditation aggravates the guilt of the accuser and the odious character of his accusation. The military tribunal of Arlon must have been badly informed of the case to have accepted such an accusation and not, to have proceeded against tho nc cuscr, rather than the accused. Calls Dominican "Ungcntlemanli" , We, Mgr. the Bishop of Namur and myself, deem that our respect for the dignity of the priesthood and our solicitude for the maintenance of good fellowship, which ought to reign among priests to whatsoever na tionality they belong, will ndt allow us to let pass without censure the ungentlemanly behavior of the Rector of the Dominican Priory at Dusscldorf. We are minded therefore to refer the case to the Reverend Father General of the Dominican Order and to the Holy See at Rome. Nevertheless, if the chaplain will consent to with draw his accusation and if your Excellency will con descend to remit the penalty inflicted on the Cure Tag non and on his parishioner, M. Misson, we shall be pleased to consider tho incident as closed. Kindly receive, Governor General, the assurance of my sincere esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, Archbishop of Malines. I join with His Eminence in begging the Gov ernor to take in hand the cause of my diocesans. (Signed) TH. LOUIS HEYLEN, 1 Bishop of Namur. Following this intervention, the punishment in flicted on the cure Tagnon and on M. Misson was re duced by one-half. CHAPTER IX Phe Cardinal Intercedes on Behalf of F. Van Bamheke, S. J., and of the Abbe Cuylits. VAN BAMBEKE, S.J., and the Abbe Cuylits had P. been condemned by the German military tribunals for having helped Belgian youths to cross the frontier. As a result of the Cardinal's intervention, the Governor General consented to set the Abbe Cuylits at liberty and gave permission to F. Van Bambeke to do his punish ment in a Belgian prison. In communicating to the Cardinal this act of clem ency, Von Bissing complains for the fir3t time of the pa triotic attitude assumed by the clergy. This theme of discussion, which is here only hinted at, will later on form the object of extensive correspondence between his Eminence and the German authorities. Pleads for Release of Priests Archbishop's House, Malines, March 27th, 1915. To His Excellency, Baron von Bissing, Goverrior Gen eral, Brussels. Sir The Reverend Father Van Bambeke, S. J., prefect of the Central Art and Mechanical School, Rue d'AUemagne, Brussels, has been condemned to two years and a half penal servitude for having pro vided facilities to two or three young men to pass the frontier, andi the Abbe Cuylits, cure of N. D., at Cureghem, has to undergo one year of the same penalty for a similar offense. The two ecclesiastics are in poor health, which would be shattered for good and all by residence in a foreign land. For this reason I appeal with confidence to your Excellency's humane sentiments and ask you to arrange that both the religious and the secular priest n;sy undergo their punishment in our own country. Lwould be extremely obliged to you were you to comply with my request, and I beg you to accept, sir, the expression of my sincere esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, Governor General's Office, Brussels, III b. T. L. No. U3S. ( April 4th, 1915. DECREE Grant of Pardon to the Abbe Cuylits and F. Bambeke, S. J. To His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, Malines. To "my deep regret I have often been forced lat terly to talne a decision about appeals for reprieve in the case of ecclesiastics who have bean puniihed for having behaved toward the German authorities in a manner unwor.thy of their stale. If I again adopt great clemency tu the case of the Cure Cuylits, of Cureghem, and of F. Van Bambeke, S. J., it can only be an exception; I haiv onlydecided to do so in consideration of the pressing recommendations 1 have received on behalf of the Cure Cuylits, who is indispensable to his parish, and in view of F. Van Bambekc'tt poor state of health. I would observe that in future, if priests arc again found guilty of offenses lagainst the German authorities, I shall not avail mysflf of my prerogative. nail Th e Governor General. (Signed) BARON VON BISSING, Lieut. General. Your Excellency's "Kind Act" Archbishop's House, Malines, April ICth, 1915. To His Excellency Baron von Bissing, Governor Gen eral, Brussels. Sir I have had to be away from Malines thet,e last few days and have been unable to reply as boon as I should have liked to letter No. 1422, which your Excellency did me the honor of addressing to me. In allowing F. Van Bambeke to undergo his pen alty in a Belgian prison, your Excellency has done a very kind act for which the prisoner's friends will be grateful; and in authorizing the Cure Cuylits to re enter his parish at Cureghem, you have done a good service to the religious and moral interests of our diocese. We thank you in all sincerity and beg you to consider this letter as lin expression of our grati tude. , Your Excellency is afraid that you will not in future be able to see your way to show leniency to the clergy, land you warn me of the necessity in which you might find yourself to meet me with a re fusal if I should again have recourse to your right to grant a reprieve. I hope there will no longer be any oc casion for it. Your Excellency can hardly forbid me from thinking that, should recourse to your prerogative be eventually justified, you should again see your way to taking such steps as equity demands. Accept, sir, the expression of my feelings of gratitude and Mncere esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, Archbishop 'of Malines. CHAPTER X Scheme for an Inquiry on the Subject of Assaults Committed by German Sol- diers Upon Nuns WE HAVE seen how, the Ktelschef of Malines had communicated to tho Cardinal a scheme for an in quiry about priests put to death by German troops during the first Weeks of invasion. Tho Cardinal, having in his letter of January 24th replied that he would lend bis aid only to an international commlttco of inquiry. CHARGES; OF CLERGY wh'ch alone could offer guarantees of impartiality, lemaincd unanswered. The scheme for an Inquiry vaa shelved. Von Bissing raise'd tho point once again. Only, without trying to throw light on all tho horrors which had marked the entry of the Germans into Belgium, ho would have liked to limit his inquiry to a single point, viz., the outrages committed against nuns by German soldiers. The- Cardinal, while he hinted that accusa tions of this character were not so void of foundation as tho Governor Genoral seemed to; imagine, declared that -he could take no part in an inquiry about facts of so delicitu n nature Von Bissing made a pretext of this refusal to declare that his Eminence thus recog nized the falsity of the accusations brought against tho German troops; once again ho distorted his correspon dent's views: Government General of Belgium, Brussels, I. No. 1213. March 30th, 1915. To His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. , The foreign press, -in addition to a whole series of criminal charges, which, for the most part, have been recognized as false, has put forward lately at various times the following grave accusation. German soldiers passing through Belgiuhi hate gone so far as to outrage Belgian nuns. It is enough to remark that such crimes, if they can be proved, would certainly incur my severe con demnation, as well as that of the German Govern ment; but, on the other hand, justice requires that every care should be taken to set aside accusations recognized as false. I venture to think that the sentiments of justice and the interests of the Church will derive equal ad vantage from a full establishment of the truth. For this reason, I believe I can rely on your Eminence's willing support to second my efforts in thoroughly sifting the facts. If your Eminence would be so hind as to forward me the documents which you may possibly have deaU ing with the cases of violation of nuns in your diocese I shall then be in a' position to take whatever further steps the situation may demand. I present to your Eminence the expression of my sincere esteem and remain your devoted servant. (Signed) BARON VON BISSItfG, Governor General. Archbishop's House, Malines, April 16th, 1916, To His Excellency Baron von Bissing, Governor Gen eral, Brussels. Sir I have duly received the letter No. 1243 with which your Excellency has honored me and I am sorry I, was prevented from answering it earlier. Rumors are indeed being bruited by certain news papers, and denied by others, about outrages alleged to have been committed by German soldiers upon .Belgian nuns, and in agreement with your Excellency I protest against those who thus in a light-hearted -way'and without proof spread broadcast among the people br entertain such odious accusations. But when your Excellency asks me to help you in throwing light on the grounds, whether true or false, of these imputations, I find it necessary to ask you a preliminary question. Has civil authority the right to institute an in v quiry about so delicate a matter? Whom would one question? The confessor? The doctor? They are bound by piofessional secrecy. $ Should it be the superiors? Do they always know the whole truth? And if they do know it, through having learned it under the seal of secrecy, have they th? right to speak about it? Would any one venture to interrogate the of fended parties. Would not this be cruel? Would any one attempt to induce the witnesses to speak at the risk of making known the hapless victims of a violence which would,' in the opinion of the public, bring upon them the stain of dishonor? So far as I am concerned, I would not dare to submit anybody to un interrogatory on so delicate a subject, and any confidences which have already, been extended tq me spontaneously, or in the future will be made to me on this subject, my conscience forbids me to reveal to others. Our duty, your Excellency, is to prevent by every means in our power the public from indulging in such wanton and immoral allegations; and I shall approve with all my heart any effort at repression which jus tice chooses to adopt with those who either of set purpose or through an unpardonable .levity invent these tales or spread them broadcast. But I think we cannot proceed any further without encroaching upon the rights of conscience and without also ex posing them to violation. Accept, dear Governor General, a renewed as surance of my deep esteem. (Signed) D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, Archbishop of Malines. "Honor" of German Soldiers Government General of Btlgium, Brussels, P. A. J. No. 1877. April 20th, 1915. To His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. I have the honor of expressing to your Eminenct my hearty thanks for yoilr letter of the 16th instant. 1 perfectly , understand the feelings which hin-t dered your Eminence from undertaking any painful inquiry in order to unsu'er the questions which I had addressed to you. J had indeed no intention of ex acting such an inquiry. I had reason irather to be lieve that if, after all, these reports had -any solid foundation, the ecclesiastical authorities would, in one way or another, hav,e had cognizance of them. It is enough now to state that neither your Eminence nor the other bishops can furnish any proof based on facts of these reports, and I feel bound again to de clare indignantly that they are purposely propagated and with malicious intent. 1 willingly agree that an inquiry, having for fta object the refutation of these lying accusations, would be of a nature to wound the modesty of nuns. Never , thelesa, I cannot refrain from pointing out to your Eminence that in presence of such allegations I my self and all who have at heart the honor 'and good name of tho German soldiers experience like senti ments. It is in the name of these same feelings which your Eminnco finda'justifiable, while intervening on behalf of the nuns confided to your care, that I claim the right to check with every means at my command the slanders that areVei'eled at our troops. It is with all the more gratitude, than, that I ae knowledge that your Eminence, in the most peremp tory way, disapproves of the propagation of such ties in the press, and that I venture to count on your benevolent co-operation in defeating these maliciout machinations. Allow mo to offer' to your Eminence the express sion of my sinc&re esteem, and I have the honor (o b your devoted servant. (Signed) BARON VON BISSING, t (CONTINUED MONDAY) Coplriehl 1019. hu PubNfl l.rAtli n i Copyright, Canada, tilt, by t'utHo Ltdeer C. 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