L P f2 & ' m v.. i - -. BRITISH MASTERY OF AIR UNSHAKEN German Inferiority Aloft ' Increasingly Apparent in Recent Combats ENEMY'S LOSSES HEAVY Sixty-two Bochc Machines Destroyed by the Allied Fliers in "Week By the Associated Prtst London, Aug, 24. British air fighting nil the western front during the last week provides a striking Indication of the difficulty now confronting Germany In the air, which must increase In the near future as the growlnr air superi ority of the Allies makes Itself felt. tn the battle area, probably owing to he recent heavy German air losses over the Sonime battlefield, enemy scouts are compelled to operata In large forma tions at a much greater height than formerly. Notwithstanding this, the British airmen continue to take a heavy toll of them. 43 Destroyed, SI Damaged Severe air fighting has occurred on the front between Albert and the Amlens-l'oye road, resulting, according to latest reports, In the destruction of sixty-two enemy machines and' the driv ing down of twenty-one airplanes out of control. Twenty-six British ma chines have been reported missing, Th superiority has been attained without any .diminution In the aerial activity In other 8601078, a large number of raids having been made against en emy positions far behind the Gefman lines, In which more than 1J0 tons of bombs were dropped, and attacks on the Rhine provinces pressed with the ut most vigor. Germany Virtually lefnelea Coupled with a virtual cessation of German air raids on liondon, the in creasing number of bombing raids Into Germany, of which there were twenty one during the past week, must be de moralizing, showing Germany that de spite her utmost defensive efforts she Is unable adequately to protect her air frontier. The effect of the Allied sir supremacy I? seen In var'ous captured German orders, one of which directs. "Within ten .miles of the front small gioups only of from eight to ten men are to proceed together." fly the Associated Press With the American Army tn Franee, Aug. 24. American bombing airplanes flew over Conflans, between Verdun and Metz. twice yesterday afternoon and dropped forty-one bombs. Six bombs were observed to make direct hits. Five of the bombs fell west and north of the railroad station and the other on a warehouse. While , returning from the raid the American aviators were pursued by Ger man flyers. The enemy, however, turned back When they got Inside of the Amer ican, line. The German antiaircraft Are was weak and ineffectual. RED CROSS PROMPTED BY MERCY German Lies to Swiss Quickly Exposed by American Red Cross, Which Established Depot to Care for Wounded By CARL W. Copjrisht. 1918, by the Public Ledtor Co PltEFAOE . To the Germans the United States ftfAe bigpest "bluffer" tit the world. A. German author has written a book entitled "President Bluff." Reports that the United States was in the tear lb a "finish" were considered "more bluff." Statements that we had viore than a million men in France were sim more bluff, Last December when the American Tied Cross began its preparations for the care of Americans -who might be maae prisoners of war by the boche; tohen this great organization made Us irsr invasion of nermann to care for ten thousand men, the German said this was "more than bluff"; that it cnj joohsii, wasteful and extrava gant But as every dav passes this "Amer ican bluff" is making good. We are in the-tear to win. We have a great nrmii nt trance whose military abil ity has astonished every nation, in eluding Germany, and the first inva sion of Germany, by Vie lied Cross . through Switzerland, has been so suc cessful that the enemy is Jiecoming convinced that "Americcn bluff" is simply American thoroughness on a larger .scale than Von Hindenburg ever thought possible. Following is the first of thre articles telling the complete story of our first Invasion, of Germany; of the plana and preparations of the Ameri can Bed -Cross Society to feed and clothe every American who falls into "?, !nd of the Hun. The second article will appear on Monday. Preparing for the invasion "Achtung!" said the Germans to the Swiss. "Die Amerlkaner!" The Swiss, who are having; the pro verbial dimculttts of neutrality, listen ed. "The Americans are going to In vade Switzerland," declared the enemy, "and we can prove it!" The Helvetian Republican became more.attentive. Impossible though th? charge appeared, it had to be investi gated. " "The American army is storing sup plies at Buempllz. near Berne." the Germans reported. "Thousands of boxes of food and clothing from the quartermaster's department of the A. E. F. have arrived already. Carloads ' ef supplies are going to Buempllz every day. 'Die Amerlkaner have purchased , a. box factory where they are hiding these -things:. Take care, or the Amer. leans will come before you 'know It." German propagandists spread the rumor. It could be heard every day in-" the hotels and cafes. The pro German .press was mobilized and the finger of ' hate was pointed at the United 'States. Swiss citizen.; neu tral, jjro-boclie and Indifferent, be came Interested: some were even ex cited. "Could it be possible." they asked themselves and their neighbors, ".that America intended tp violate , Swiss neutrality ?.". -;.TI arrived in Switzerland as the storm z&r&.1, --rrfe.!W . H CZECHO - By WALTER UTTLEFIELD In the N'ew Turk Times. THE declaration of the British Gov ernment, last Tuesday, recognizing the Czecho-Slovaks as an allied nation as a geographical, political and military entirety not only creates a belligerent State tn the heart of middle Europe amid German Austria, Magyar Hungary and Prussian Germany, and recognizes the legality of three armies, one In Si beria, one In France, and one in Italy, but the prestige of the power uttering It, whose protecting wings have through the ages shielded political refugees from Bohemia and Moravia, Is such that It deals a vital blow at the very founda tion of the fabric of which the Dual Monarchy Is composed. It Is worth while. If merely as a text, repeating in full: Since the beginning of the war the Czecho-Slovak nation has resisted the common enemy by every means In Its power. The Czecho-Slovaks have constituted a considerable army, fighting on three different battlefields, and attempting in Russia and Siberia to arrest the Germanic Invasion. In consideration of Its efforts to achieve Independence, Great Britain legards the Czecho-Slovaks as an allied nation and recog nizes the unity of the three Czecho slovak armies as an allied and bell'g erent army waging regular warfare against Austria-Hungary and Ger many. Great Britain also recognizes Uie right of the Czecho-Slovak National Council, as the supremo organ of Czecho-Slovak national Interests and as the present trustee of the future Czeoho-SIovak Government, to exerclfe supreme authority over this allied and belligerent army. Grave Error Corrected One of the most Ill-advised phases of the International policy of the Allies was, for a long time, to assume the status quo ante of Austria-Hungary as a political Integrity to be dealt with after the war. The Pact of Home. April. 9-1 1. changed .at that. Heie not only the .lugc.Slavs received official rec- f'ognltion but delegates of the Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Rumanians and other subject races of the Hapsburgs pleaded their Individual causes and were heaid. The debate at Rome cleared the air It had been different In 18 4 8, when all bad been fighting at cross-purposes and were played o(T against each other by Budapest and Vienna until German Aus tria and Alaayar Hungary reconstructed the empire in 1867 and divided the sub ject races between them. Then they fought blindly and with mutual Jealou sies. Now, thanks to the Pact of Home, they are not fighting blindly. They are fighting to destroy the dual i ealm of 'he Hapsburgs, and thanks also to the asy lum offered by Ihe Allies their director ates have debated and have agreed to postpone the internal questions, which annihilated their common purpose In 1S48, until after the war. The story of Ihe adventures of the Czecho-Sloak army In Siberia reads like another "Anabasis." Originally the army numbered 60,00n men a recent BetiTh dispatch says It has grown to 300.011(1 and was made utf of Bohemians and Moravians and .Slovaks, all ,Slas, who belonged to the Eighth and Ninth Aus-tro-Hungarlan Army Corps, and some to the Second and the Thirteenth, who had freely aurrendeied to Bruslloff In July, 1917, and were sent to Russian prison communities beyond the I'rals. Many Czecho-Slovaks. who had surren dered to the Russians at various times during the war, beginning at Ihe battle of I.emberg, In September, 1914, bad previously been organized Into small units of the Russian army, and had been joined by many of the Czecho-Slovak subjects of Austria who were In business in rtussla befoie the war. "INVASION ACKERMAN ports In Washington or New York of or of Germany. I told the Swiss, with whom I spoke, that "there xvas noth ing to the German rumors: that Ger many was only trying to cause trouble." Just a German I,le "But the Germans can prove It." they answered, ''Buempllz Is filled with armv Hurmliea mid Ruemnlt i nn i,. i j direct line from Berne to Germany." .ouempuz was a uuie tov;n near Berne which was not even known to the great ma&s of Swiss citizens. It had a box factory, a iepot and a few score houses and stores. The box fac tory, had been bought "by American capital," according to rumor, and the American army was buying land and property nearby! Reports of an American Invasion of Switzerland "to. strike t Germany" became so general that the Swiss Gov ernment had to take some action; not that 'Switzerland doubted America 'h Intentions, but because public opinion had been aroused by German agents and the German lie had to be silenced So a committee was appointed to jour ney to Buempllz, ' AVhen.'the commission arrived at the box factory it found a mimlr r,r n.i Swiss citizens, mostly girls and wo.tien, busily engaged In packing boxes. Sev eral men were working at a planing and sawing machine; others were nailing together small boxes. An Amer ican from the Far West, a former sec retary to ai United States Senator, was in charge. The committea looked around, into boxes and barrels. In some rooms the boxes from the quar termaster's depot of the American army in France, with the official army seal stlH Intact, were piled to' the cell ing, 'several rows deep. On some of the boxea some one had hastily painted a red cross. In the habit of marking so many objects at the front with the red cross emblem, the Germans charged that the American army was using this to disguise the supplies- for the American army of invasion. Nailing the Boche Lie The .commission made a thorough Investigation and returned to Berne. A nail was made at the American le gation, and an explanation was asked. The legation had already informed the Swiss Government about ,the work which Ellis Lorlng Dresel was direct ing at Buempllz, but the officials wel comed this chance to clear any mis understandings. The American reply was simple but effective. "Those supplies," said a legation secretary, "are for American prison ers of war who may bo Interned in German camps." This was the sub stance of the statement; the exact words I do not know.' The entire mat ter had been explained to the State Department, however, and within a few days the United State's Govern ment informed the Swiss Confedera tion, ' through official channels, that America would respect Switzerland's neutrality as long as It was respected bv naimanv. England and France, "W.:tWJKinceniy .nw gooa wiiv mmmimbSli eeyutWsad!i an-, . !.' ..i - - .r.&,. - 1W EVtiNiXCl. PUBLIC SLO VAKS AS BELLIGERENTS STANDING A T Britain's Recognition of a Brave and Historic People a Long Step Toward Their Release From Three Centuries of OppressionStory of Their Part in European History Filled With Glamor of Victory and Gloom of Defeat and Hum iliation t It.,, ..J,)IJ WHERE CZECHO-SLOVAKS CLAIM RIGHT OF INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT Drtidenrjt .nov- 'sQ f IfnmlP!, .v.t .::..... ojcii -A. jYlfrhvmnV Liboeh -. ...... Oi"'1" J& SArTlJ tfn Tnllr . It I SM. --,j-""- g- DviceP-TN LOUBV J "S, ,'Mtr. Llml Sml:hv7vrr,ohr,.ly &'" f XL ' r U In- o H' Pllttl ,K!irobjr Ffi'anm Rofmltll" Tlleve 1 1 oops weie tevel'ul times cited I In Russian dispatcher, and their fighting was pilnclpjlly responsible for the Initial successes of the. tusslan offensives in Gnlli-la In ,l.il, 1917. wllch collapsed I when the bulk of the Itusslau trtuops failed tn suppoit the Czecho-Slovaks. ' t'uder the revolutionary governments the prisoners and the previously exist ing uni'l.s vveie cori'-iilldated into the present Czrchu Slovak army, . The (ireen (iuaril Three ariul's three Czecho-Slovak arrnle--have been sjjken of, and .vet there Is a fourth about which little is heaid. It calls Itself the "Green Guard," and, In the mountains of eastern Mo ravia, it is fighting with a halter around Its neck. Aside from Introductory ru mnrs of mime! oils mutinies which took place in the Austro-Hungai Ian armies on June !..;-:!(, followed b.v wholesale executions, nothing was definitely known about th. "Gieen fiuaid" until a Keu- ter agent on .Inly "0 managed to futnish 'the following Information : I "A considerable number of Czeeho- Slovak deserters have conrentiated In the Keskld Mountains, In eastern Mo i ravla. They aie well atmed and offer a .. Hrj.H r ( jcm. nrod . i . ivioncinice t i fuh.tr , m ". s,0nic,rl'ekVdU,"dM.'0 RAVI A V-to ll)K Rubber Wr ''' K. GERMANY v.""u i2--Muj,v' o.l.ny ity) vp - V, ?J,J,)r Tmt( r Zreltd , -i ,." . I "N fcUHe-y (ml LubertCl ,,.., ' - V D-' ft, 7iPrtI.purk L. N.tu C ' Dirmoty JJ ) t , jvj-s? c&iy AUSTRIA ..',SErCiCi - HUNGARY :CFOrVlA: N ,- I . . Buoptta ii . . .i"' i . ' n ' Four United State nailoro in new unifornn eupplicil by the Red Cross. Photo taken in a German camp other German lie, spi'cad In this neu. ' tral country to crttise excitement and hostile feeling, was placed In the huge volume xvlilch history Is writing a volume which bus to he enlatged every rlnv tn hold all tlm fnlso statements' wlilch come, directly and indirectly, from Berlin. Only In one respect was the German charge true! The United States Red Cross Society did Intend to Invade Germany through Switzerland, but onlv tn feed and clothe American pris oners of war, to do something which Germany would not and could not do! .Splendid Kailroad Facilities Switzerland was selected for head quarters because of the splendid facili ties there for shipping relief bupplles to soldiers Interned In Germany. For nearly a half century this country has been the headquarters for the Inter national lied Cross, which was founded in Geneva, and during the war the headquarters for the British, French, Italian, Serbian and Polish Red Cross societies. The Swiss Government, too, had graciously permitted the belliger ents to send mall and supplies on the Swiss railroads free of charge. For those unfortunate men who have been captured by Germany these Red Cross organizations have been their sole ajd, support and comfort, for Fate, the Judge of' a soldier's career In bat tle, Is as merciless as the devil and as ruthless as Imperial Germany, fv'ot every man who goes over the top of the trenches is marked for a hero's death, selected to be among "the wounded or vewarded with a scarless victory. Some are destined to be ban ished to a Hun camp, there to eke out a miserable existence until the end of the war. In German Krlegsgefangenenlacern (war prison camps) there are today more than 2,000.000 Belgians. Serbians. Italians, Rumanians, Russians, French men and Englishmen 2,000,000 men who see the sun rise and set every day over the same barbed wire fence whjch marks, their horizon in every direction. Fate decided their destiny as Fate will determine the lot of our men. To this umpire at the front a i.viuicr i ma u. pawn wnenier ne sfM, .luf ivKUSian,.JjrenchorrtEBgJiah,- F; PMr. W,WI'M ,M1 . W LEDGER-PHILADELPHIA, SATURDAY, "- THRESHOLD OF NA T10NAL INDEPENDENCE GERMANY rtttiu 5 Liberec '", rs v . i-,irB tumor j&icKr . tl.1.VTf0tn vot.it. RiVn v urumiov v.,... oi, riri n . i urumiov,- ., Jif,vy&; vO pkrll. Hrdc jfrv'Mov MI.'BoImUv Kepidlno ,1, P.rJ.iWc. ' lyl ; I m .r V.s ; I L-E SI I A.J .PebrtujV 1 nvFulnek .Telia ijitr.ci ; -. . ,r Vnilr .'" stubborn tesistance to the gendarmerie They obviously reuelve support from the Czech population, since the authorities have already Issued a public order threatening punishment to all those ten dering support tn the movement. "Similar revolts aie taking place also In llalmatla, where the rnllltaiy authori ties are. unable to supptess the revolt of the armed hands of deserters and es caped Russian piisoners. The official organ, Bosnische Post, makes allusion suggesting that similar bands are spi ing Ing up In Bosnia also." Who the Crei'lio-HloTakH Are This brings up back to the. Vzeehn Slovaks In their o.vn country. Who aie they and what Is their country, which (treat Britain has just recognized as a belligerent and an ally? The Czecho-Slovak countries have been Inhabited by Slavs since the dai k ages, and In the medieval period Bo hemia was one of the most powerful kingdoms of Kuxope. The I'nlverslty of Prague was a rival of that of Paris, and the relations between France and Bo hemia were extremely friendly. The Hussite wars of the fifteenth century were the forerunner Of the Iteforms. tlon, but to an even greater degree rep- out" divisions begin to- play a greater part in military maneuvers, Fate will begin to pick Americans .to be herded Into Germany. Fate decides and plays no favorites. By April 15 of this year the mis fortunes of war had placed 1465 Amer icans In enemy camps. A fortnight later, wnen the enemy raided the American sector near Toul, 1S3 others were added. Through June and July the Spanish Embassy In Berlin re ported further additions. One day there were fifty Americans captured; at another time, thirty-eight. One night the boche got ten of our avia tors. The number of Americans in terned In Germany is already in -the hundreds, and day by day It may be expected to Increase because Fute decides. Fate, the Goddess of Mis fortune! One afternoon, as the summer was coming to Switzerland. I was chatting with the American consular airent to Lausanne, when a Swiss soldier, ac companied by an American who had escaped from Germany, announced himself, Entering the room the gen darme saluted, doffed his hat. adjusted his heavy belt and reported that Jo seph Denz. an American from Phila delphia, was arrested for entering Switzerland from Germariy without a passport, i Denz was standing in the doorway. He was )a man of about' forty-fl,ve years,4 Ills lialr vvus thick, black and long; his eyes were deep-set and "ap peared black because of the shadows from his heavy eyebrows. He had, riot shaved for so Jpng that his beard was unkempt and as ragged as hls black coat, which was many, many ulzes too large for him. His green trousers looked as if they had been made for the largest prisoner of war In Ger many, and certainly npt for Joseph Denz. ' When the Swiss soldier had finished his laconic report we looked' at the remnants of Mr. Denz and sized him up In silence until we' noticed his shoes, "For the lpvg of Mike, where did you get those things?" roared th. consul, as all of us laughed, includin - POLAND , cw i ' V.'.' y's.. Cncew rutt 3" .' r- i russia t...JY A I resented a national reaction of the Czechs against Cerman Influence I The troubles of Bohemia began In IRJfi, vv hen, under the lineal of the Turkish luvasiou of Hungaiy. the ciown which was elective, was confer led on Keidlnand of Inpsbuig, Archduke nf Austria, who was simultaneously elected King of HniiRarj. This was .. purely personal union of the thiee ciown. hut Hungary was almost wholly overiun b.v the Tuiks. and the liapsliuigs. who held the ciown theieafter, did their best to (lennanlze and Austrianlze Hohemla llnlieinlann' Kutlle KeTiill In ISIS lliiheinlH in nkc awav and elected a Protestant prince, the i'.U'( or Palatine, hs King; hut In the struggle which followed (IfiliO), anil which was the beginning of Ihe Thirty Veals' Wai. the Bohemians were beaten, and there, after they were Healed as a conquered people. The native nobility was de stro.ved and Its estates given to adven turers who ever blnce have been loyal to the Hapsburgs Kor a century and a half the Czecho slovak people almost disappeared. Theti revival dates fiom the period of the Fiench devolution, which Inspiied patriotic writers to revive the .national many. They took my good shoes away and handed me these. This is the I style In Germany now. They have no leather, so tney make shoes with a fiber top and wooden soles. No one j bothers about the fit. These shoes ' are only made, in one size, so every one can walk In them." MAJOR GENERALS OF MARINES Lejetuie anil Waller Nnniinateil to Rank Itv the President Hy the Associated Press Washington, Aug 24 Nominations nf two marine corps bilgadler generals. John A. Lejeune and Littleton W T Waller, to be major- generals, and of six colonels to he brigadier generals, i were Kent to the Senate today by Piesi dent Wilson me colonels named brigadiers are .lames K. Mahoney, Ben H. Fuller, I John T. Myers, Charles G. Long, W'en dell C. Neville and Albertus W. Catlln. Cyrus S. Hadford. assistant quarter master with rank of colonel, also was nominated to be a brigadier general. 40 AIR SQUADRONS TO TRAIN Four Will Locate in Texas anil Thirty-six on Long lslaiuj By the United Press Walilnton. Aug. 24 Houston, Tex.. Mlneola, 1,. I Cammack, j. 1., Wan taugh 1,. T. and Babylon, I,. I., are the first locations selected In connection with the organization of the forty new air squadrons. Four will be located at Hous Ion and thirty-six on ljng Island. The Hazelhurt Field Is the main base on Long Island, and there arc five sites there yet to be named. Conditions similar to those in Fiance will apply to the training. BKI.Kil.HIH NOTICES ARCH STRKET. Klshteenlh and Arch Hev l B. MACARTNKV. D. D . llinlter 10:43 Or. U. WAI.TOX if Stamfonl Conn , The Essentials nf I'hrlstlanllv " s p. m "Trie Duty of the Church In a 'I'lme of War " Recital on Turner Memorial Oigan al 7 30 llaptUt TIIK TKMIM.K liro.iu and Ilerka Ma (11)00 X ). Sunday, Ausuvt L'a, 7:43 v. m Official War Films. Special Mualcal Proirram and Liberty SlnR. Krynoldi I. Drown apeak on Y. M. C. A. Work in the Trenches. Doora open 7:l& All aeata free. Aasot-iate Paalor William Dvre McCurdv preaches at 10:30 a. m, on "Our Imperiled Liberties." . I'll KSI NUT STREET, II.MTIST CHURCH Chestnut at. west of 40th. Preaching-. 10:30 a, m. Rev. W. H. Main. D. D. of Chlca.o. Sunday School, ll o'clock. No evenlnff service. Visitors welrome. l"rebMerla vt"iirt"RCHKNT" hT' i,RK8Bvtj!:kiXn liKKUISRT U. HUr.REr.Ti. Ptor. 11 a, m. sermon. "History In reran.. live ' Mlacellaneou INASMUCH TET. 00th and Locuat ita "Barabbaa or Jeaua?" by Oeo. Lon- aim. riuy aveninc 7:30; Mrs. Lonc'a Outer Ilnnr 3:30: Teatlmonlea. 10:30: tonight, oYo i if" Randall. Brotherhood of St. Andr.w. lri' lluirr, Hack. II w.l ,... .,": 1 --: "Sunny" Jlmmla Johnaon. and fnltar UNITARIAN SOCIKTV OF UKRM WTllu-v Chellen ave. and Oreene at , JU",,.N 11 a. in.. Hev. W. A. Vroonun win ron duct union aervlcea Jn the pariah hovrae DANC1NO 5 private Dancing bsso.ss $s Th CORTISSOZ SCHOOL. SIIrrra 8 tali a. 1(20 Ch.tlnut at. DTKvi. LoVuSaiiV SUMMER RESORTS ATLANTIC CITY. N. J. Westminster . '&.," Bc Jir. runul runalni .fi. o-wv up TKi7i r.pii ui tjlr. CHAg. ffUHUM. HOTEL 10KOML P&Zp- iwr, atiirw, tit. 'Bltlt. A.. "V. ""Jf.k.t. J.,---., yf--'i .v&&!S&& vjr.wt KiU: .ttl0lBfittT yri'r "s. w zim.T. j,.'r f-sj-i. r ' AUGUST, 24, 1918 , language and culture with sucii success j j that the nation recoveLed self-coni-cioii-i uess and took up its struggle for free- J i'oiii with lenewed vigor. Creel. anil SIothUii Friendly i I The Czech inhabit Bohemia. Moravia I I anil Austrian Silela. which, under the , I piesent constitution, ale crown lands of i the Austrian Umpire and lie between ' 'Austria pioper on the south and ihe i jfterman Kmplre Bavaria on the west.1 Saxony on the north, and Prussian Si lesia on the east The Slovaks live In the upper lesions of Hungary adjoin ing the Czechs to the east and south-r, IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllUlllllllllllllllllKsl 1 1 1 1 1 LllinillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllffllHIlllll! j - m M IT OD- HERO 1 UPPLEMENT will be issued with the Philadelphia T1TTHT XC L"nmi1 m ""iSrfk "mti vtmm mWTmLv EjUKjejH TOMORROW Sunday , Aug.25 Only those who reserve copies in advance can be sure of obtaining this issue. The limited number available- for litis city will be quickly taken. See your newsdealer tqnight. IIJIMiri)ltlllllilllllllll1llllllllllllllllllllllllll"llllllllllllllMii Jl idMiitMGKaLyA l.-i,t ." '- MliB. east. The two peoples aie In effect the same iace: their language has only slight dialectical dlffeiences : the polit ical division between them was elected only In 1807. when, to divide the energies of the people. Ihe Slovaks were put under llungatil.il mle. Czechs and Slovaks I have woiked together with absolute har mony for unity and Independence. The Czechs are one of the most highly civilized peoples in the world, and eco nomically the most prosperous in the Austrian ICinpiie Their romitiy In cludes most nf t lip coal and Iron de posits of the empire, the principal manu factures and Hie most piosperous agri cultural districts. The Slovaks have been held back by Magyar lepresslou. but elsewhete. hs in the I'nlted Stales, have shown that their natural capacity Is .is great as that of the Czechs. . Joint I'npiilnllon 11,000,0110 The are., of the Czech countries Is ap-liruxim.-itelv .in.iini. square miles, and nf the Slovak regions about 18.(100 Ac "Olilitig to the cell.ls of lf.t there weie about ). no.) Czechs and a.ilfio.floo Slovak., but these Hemes were underes timated for politlctl purposes, and na tionalist leaders tay that There are about S.O00.O0O Czechs and 3.000,000 Slovaks Among them live home 3,000,000 Ger mans and sevetal hundred thouand Magyars, and the program of the Inde pendence movement provides for com plete cultural autonomy for these na tional minorities There aie more than 2.000 nun CKcclis anil Slovaks In the I lined States In HIS the Cxeons lame into conflict Willi the Pan-Germans nf thai dav. and the Hungarian revolution under Kosilth atteniped to suppress the liberties of th Slovaks with the lesuit that all the 'revolutionary movements collapsed and left the Hapiburgs supreme. Ciecli t'nnslnlenll)- Anti-lierninii I In 1867 defeat convinced Francis i Joseph of the necessity of taking the I Magyars Into partnership, so the Czecho slovaks were divided between the two parts of the empire Theoretically B"- hernia was and is still-an Independent kingdom, and Francs Joseph even prom ! ised to be ciowneib king at PraRiie; but Bismarck's Influence pievented this Since then the Czechs have maintained a constant striier-le again-! the llaphurgs I and the iiillng races In Austria, a well hh again! the Influence nf tne liennan empire, which regarded them as a gieal j obstacle In its plans The bulk nf the nation lung fnuglit for aulonomv within a fedeialized Austria emplte and under- the Hapslnng crown. , but the reign of tenor with which the people's reluctance In take pari In the present war was met strengthened those wi- demanded complete independence Thousands of military execution", great numbers of confiscations, and arbitrary, Imprisonments angered Ihe people, whose soldleis were already going over ' to the Itusslans and Serbs In great masr.es Klnalty In November 1915, a comm'ttee of exiles In Paris demanded complete Independence and unity of the ce. and this policy at once teceived ; . '..-1 J a. ft .' 07 I f m overwhelming support In the Slovak countries. Ceenw m Freedom In ,SIht After 108 Tr,Vvf The Czecho-Slovak National Commit ,bb ..ui.t ..... ., .i ... ,---- nr ,,..,- ....... . .... .. .a inns, i-oosisieo or or r nomas u. Mai Llt'.'L' ..r..n..n . t a. t, I I .. .. I . . .3 "".". i'i uimnu ui ifiiuuaupiiy bi invu fnlverslty of Prague, president of thi'S committee, and probably destined to bV"".;' the first PiesiHent of the Cr.echo-Slov.lc .epiihlic; Dr. Kdward Ilenesh, of th' I'nlveislty of Prague, and Dr. Milan':" hteranik. a noted astronomer, novr a. vj colonel In the French aviation service.' '7i Branches of the organization were eatab-.!! ii-ne in me various i-.utopean capitals,, JM and another branch In the I'nlted SUtes.-tefij.: ""'" " v zeciio-.-uovaK population. yIAsJ StlOntrlV Stlniim-leri fh. nal.An.l H.A-.AJ .. -.- ..,.,-... . .. ..r ... ..una, mvia- j,i tnent. Doctor Masaryk has been In.1?' nHsrungion tor tne last few months. i-ranee recognized the Independence .efAiX-i le Czech,,. Slnl'd Lro ami (I,. n..t.A.l . ?i3 the Czecho-Slovaks and the authority Atu)JtiM Ihe national committee as a provisional "9Qfa government on July 1 The example was 'ft'H followed by. Italy arid now bv GreaL-,.;i'S jiritnin i ne inn or the war should se .,-,, fhe Czecho-Slovak people free for the llrat. "Ti? time since lf.20 Their International wS policy at present Includes a close alliance. xa-i with tne Poles and Jugo-Slavs, and they,:!; M-llt tln,lnlll.l..H.. ....! .1.- ... -L,.-. ' Jl ..... ......,, cui.v Mriuuine vne esiaoiisn- - ' ment of a league of nations to riinrnt the freedom of the peoples of Kurope. ,t&s i-L', Won't Krturn Orman Colonies I. inlon. Aug 24. "The Rrltlsh Go. rnment has been collectlnr ann will ' soon publish evidence of Germany's ea4vKv-i lousness tn governing her colonies. aftef.Kt Vl wiucn me vvorin win agree that the col- lii- notes cannot he r-.lnroH -,,. n-.-... .. nr.i. declared Urider Foreign Secretary Cecil & Rl in his weeWlv- tnfeet'lonr n-mu JL.-- i tv. Mm ... ---- .- ........ .,ll -vmi jji- r ;j. - eiiueu a. i epiy to unman Colonial! Secretary Solf's recent speech In Berlin ueiuie uir.ui-niian nocrety. ! How to'Pronounce l Todays War Names Following are today's war names is nearly as they can be expressed ' phonetically in Knglish: Chauny Shown' No.x on Xwa-young I-11 t'ere La fiir 'e"0 Ail-et Coucy Coosee Miiriincoui t Jlorlan-coor La01 Lah-ong -iempigny Sem-plnyee PJemont Piay-mohns; Carlepont Car-lepohntr Mont Kenaud -Mohngrenoh Compiegne Kohm-peeak Koye Rwaee U'ay v Bra-ee' Gemmecourt ..A Gum-coor Lihons .V Lee-oni ee A '?$ Ail M Mfl W aiA c. a; S;- tJlkS9lBBKak2L': til ii'irl Am i,S m itM m "-ai m ,i'; $v m .e . S1; M ' V I m Hii mt1 w.l '"Km w 4lJ . .1 xrfK MS Alarm -fJl ' rj Ul itm -"&m iW, oni; o.ttl temp ivm m vmi-i
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers