Pa,caott iiddrwon.
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 1865
printing presses shall be free toevery,
person who undertakes to PlCAThille the pro
ceeding& or the legislature, or any branch of
government; and o law shall ever be made
to restrain the right thereof. The free commu
nication of thought and opinions is one of the
invaluable' rights of men; and every ciLis , Pn
may. freely speak, write and print on any sub
ject; being responsible for the abuse of that
liberty, _ln prosecutions for the publication of
papers investigating the official conduct of offi
cers, or men In public capacities, or where the
matter published is proper for public informa
tion; the truth thereof may be given in evi
dence."—funatihdion of Pennsylvania.
Why We Cannot Have Peace.
The war in which we-are engaged
differs in many respects from any the
world has ever seen. It is hot a war of
cenffictinginterests so much as a war of
antagonistic ideas. On each side there
is intense mental excitement and much
bitterness of feeling. The divided sec
tions are at the present moment more
widely separated from each other in
sentiment than they could have been
if they had never been united. While.
the material interests of each would
seem todemand a speedy re-union, there
is, on the part of the South at least, a
deep-seated aversion to anything of the
kind. They regard themselves as having
been outraged and wronged beyond en
durance. They do not believe that the
North are fighting for the Union from
any love for the form of Government
established by our fathers. They look
upon the war as a crusade by a fanati
cal party against their rights, their pro
perty, and their social institutions. In
defence of these they have shown them
selves to be a unit. The course of events
has given the lie to the oft-repeated as
sertion that this is " the slaveholders'
rebellion." The leaders may have been
mostly slaveholders, but those who have
given bulk and proportions to the rebel
lion have been the non-slaveholding
whites of the South. Except in a few
unimportant localities these have be
come fully as bitterly hostile to us as the
wealthiest slaveowners. They will be
as difficult to reconcile to any new order
of affairs, and may, in the future, prove
by far the most unmanageable portion of
the Southern population. They would
resist with the most desperate determi
nation any of the impractical schemes
of fanatical philanthropists to ele
vate the negro to any other than
the dependant and subordinate position
he now occupies. The master might
consent to free his slaves and agree to
give them wages sufficient to support
them without affecting either his ma
terial interests or his social position.
But the non-slaveholding whites, who
would be brought into more immediate,
contact with the freed negroes would be
seriously affected. How long does any
one suppose it would take to reconcile
these people, raised as they have been,
to even such degrees of negro equality
as are advocated and adopted in some of
our Northern cities. They would consti
tute an element of society in the South
easy to disturb and almost impossible to
control. With little to lose they would
be ready to rush into any strife, and
Would, from their excitable natures, be
come pOwerful instruments for evil in
the hands of demagogues or partisan
leaders. It is this very class of the south
ern community who would be found
most bitterly hostile to the favorite
plans of our leading Abolitionists, be
cause they are the class which would be
most seriously affected by the proposed
changes in social relations.
How is it possible, under such circum
stances, to confer any great benefits upoi.
the negroes of the South by the proposed"
plans of the radicals? Whatever laws
may be passed by Congress, the negro
must still remain to all intentsand pur
poses a slave; so long as he is left de
pendent and exposed to all the incon
veniences of a position so completely
subordinate as is the only one possible
to him in the South. Why then should
the war be continued merely for the ad
vancement of impracticable and impos
sible theories? There might be an end
of this horrid strife if the radicals would
but consent to waive their fanatical
notions. Even out of the apparently
unsubstantial negotiations now going
on peace might come, if all efforts to
obtain it were not opposed and overruled
by the leaders of the radical Abolition
party in and out of Congress. They
will not consent to any cessation of the
strugglewhich will not,in their opinion,
ensure the success of their peculiar
views. In vain is it to show that their
plan is completely impracticable. Blind
ed by passion and maddened by fanati
cism, they will persistently continue the
struggle for the attainment of an imagi
'nary and impossible good. We have
little hope of speedy peace, because we
believe that the radicals will control
Mr. Lincoln, and through him the im
mediate destinies of tins most unfortu
nate and sadly distressed nation.
Legislative Pay
The Solons at Harrisburg are in serious
trouble about their pay, board is high,
and no matter what may be the chances
on snug " diveys," a term well under
stood by all who have books in," they
are not satisfied. Mr. Smith, of Phila
delphia, has moved to increase the pay
from seven to twelve hundred dollars.
Should this chauge%e made it may
have a serious influence upon the gold
market, and upon the price of boarding
in Harrisburg.
The Duty' on Paper
Yesterday the House passed a resolu
tion to reduce the duty on printing paper,
sized and unsized, used for books and
newspapers to 3 per eentunt ad valorem.
Among those voting in the negative
we notice the name of Thaddeus Stevens.
The resolution passed by a majority of
97 yeas, to 40 nays. Thd Senate has yet
to act upon the matter, and there it will
remain to be seen how much the price
Will be reduced. It xvill undoubtedly
afford some relief to a business which is
now more oppressed than any other in
the country.
The Latest Oil Strikes
The latest Oil strikes in Venango and
Clarion counties are briefly summed up
by the Pittsburg Commercialup follows :
The Collins' Oil Company struck a line
well at their works at Walnut Bend, at
300 feet,.last week, The well is said to
yield about twenty barrels. A good
well was struck two miles above Plu
mer, on the headwaters of Cherry Run,
last week. We learn also that a well
was struck on Pit Hole Creek,
about two and a half miles
rpm the mouth. The well has not
yet been tubed. The Franklin -Oil
Company have struck a good well on
their property on Patches Run, one mile
from French Creek. This haS given a
new impetus to the oil excitement in
that locality. A new well has also been
struck on the Pope farm, a few miles
below Franklin, on the river which is
Sowing about teu barrels per day.
Cheap Paper—A New Process to be Tested.
In a fortnight or less, an Austrian
patent for making paper out of corn
husks will he thoroughly tested in this
country. If the experiment succeeds
according to expectation, steps will be
immediately taken to manufacture
printing paper on an extensive scale by
the new process. It would be well for
farmers to carefully save all corn husks
now in their possession, and to stop feed
ing them to their cattle, as they may
command a high price, within a few
weeks, if delivered at railroad stations.
As it requires hut little and inexpensive
changes of machinery to adapt paper
mills to the manufacture of husk-paper,
it is the intention of the American own
ers of the patent to contract with mills
on liberal terms to make paper of all
grades out of this new material.
Will there be Intenention?
The great danger, ever since the com
mencement- of our civil war, .has been
foreign intervention ; and that danger
has been Increased'orlesSenedAn exact
proportion to the success or fail* of
the Federal arms. So long asthe*tult
seemed to be about evenly bals;need,
without any marked preponderance on
either side, there appeated to be but
little danger of either England or France
interfering with arms in our quarrel;
but now that the Confederates are re
ceiving more blows than they are able
to giye in return, the danger of inter
vention becomes more imminent. The
course of these Powers for the last four
years has been such as to leave no room
for surprise at the rumor that they in
tend. recognizing the Southern Con
federacy on or about the fourth of
March next. Their pretended neutrality
has all been a sham from the first, and
was intended to serve as a blind, so as
to enable the rebels to procure muni
tions of war with facility, and build
and launch vessels to prey upon our
commerce with impunity as privateers.
The reason given for intervention now
is, because President Lincoln, at the re
cent election, did not carry any of the
Southern States, and that, therefore, he
is only the Chief Magistrate of the States
that actually participated in the elec
tion. But this flimsy excuse might
have been set up at any time during
the last four years, on the ground that
all' the Southern States voted against
him in 1800. The truth of the matter
is this: Whilst the South was sufficient
ly strong to carry on the war unaided,
the two sections of the Union were per
forming the work of destruction well
enough and fast enough themselves,
and the crowned heads of Europe could
look on with complacency and.see their
fondest wishes in course of consumma
tion without any cost or risk to them
selves. All that wasnecessary on their
part was to exercise their skill in di
plomacy and court flattery to keep the
sectional spirit at its height in Wash
ington, thus precluding any possibility
of reconstruction between the sections,
and thus wait until both had so far ex
hausted themselves as to fall an easy
prey to . their ambitious designs.
It would seriously disappoint this
scheme, says a cotemporary, if the
fires of ancient patriotism should be
rekindled at Washington and Rich
mond, a reconciliation between alien
ated brethren take place, and the armies
of the North and South unite in
defense of the old Union. We cannot
hope fo• such a turn in events, how
ever, while the present miserable dy
nasty holds sway at the Federal capi
tal. But we cannot avoid contemplat
ing the gratification it would afford us
to see the contending American armies
side by side, instead of face to face, bid
ding defiance, as of ,old, to the haughty
despotisms of the Old World. Such an
issue would retrieve much of our folly,
and bring us back to the line of noble
patriots from which we have so widely
departed.
The Coming Dra
The rumors of peace, which so lately
filled the air, are effectually silenced.
Under the impracticable policy of the
leaders of the warring section, there is
no reason to hope for a speedy end of
the war. It must go on until other and
wiser councils prevail. In the mean
time very little etlbrt is being made in
any part of this State to fill the quota.
It will be large, very large, even if
amended. Vie next draft will be more
terrible than any which have preceded
it. Volunteering is almost completely
at a stand-still. TliesountrY is drained
of men who are willing to go into the
army at ally price. In some of the more
sparsely settled country districts of the
State, where they have suffered from
former drafts, there are very few men
left who are liable to conscription.—
Multitudes of them went 611" last spring
and summer to localities which were
paying high bounties, and enlisting
were credited to the localities from
which they received bounty-money.
Others, not a few, " skedaddled " for
parts unknown. There are townships
in some localities in this State where
there are not enough able-bodied men
within the proper age left to fill the
quota which will be demanded under
the present call. That such is the actual
condition of affairs in many localities
in this State is a well ascertained filet.
What are such districts to do? Will
the cradle and the grave be robbed, in
order that new victims for the slaughter
may be found ?
Lancaster city and county have been
lucky enough heretofore, in conse
quence of being rich enough to fill their
quotas under the influence of larger
bounties. It is not likely that this will
be done again. From all appearances,
there is every reason to believe that this
county, which has filled its quota in
every past call, to the very last man de
manded, will have to suffer from a draft
of most unexampled and unmitigated
severity, to fill alleged deficiencies. The
15th of February is not far off. The
Abolition leaders will neither listen to
any terms of peace or reconstruction
which do not give them the assurance
of perpetual power. Slavery must not
only be abolished, but, if need be to es
tablish the power of those now in office,
the negro must he allowed to vote. Such
is the alternative which they demand.
More men,
.many more, 'are needed to
carry out this impracticable scheme,
and preparation must be made to meet
draft after draft. This is but one of
the legitimate consequences of Lin
coln's reelection. How will the con
scripted loyalists relish being forced to
don the blue; shoulder a musket, and
step into the ranks to fight as they voted
—for emancipation and negro equality.
The Reasons for Sending British Gun
boats to the Lakes
The telegram from Canada an n nu neing
that a fleet of British gunboats were to
leave for the northern lakes on the
opening of navigation, is thus explain
ed: On the 23d of last of November,
Minister Adams, in pursuance of in
structions from the President, informed
the British authorities that this Gov
ernment desired the termination of the
Treaty of 1817, which' to each
power the naval armament to be kept
on the lakes during time of peace, and
therefore gave the six months' notice
which was required. During the last
session of Congress, the House passed a
resolution of the same purport; but it
was not taken up in ,the Senate until last
week, when a substitute for it was
passed which legalizes or ratifies the
act of the President of November la4t.
This substitute, of course, went back to
the House, and at the present moment
is before the Committee on Foreign Af
fairs. Great Britain, however, acting
upon the President's notice, seems to
be preparing its fleet of gunboats to send
over after the six months' notice has
expired. Of course, this Government
will take similar measures to increase
its naval armament on the lakes, and
thus prevent all raids on its commerce
from Canada, under tho cover of rebel
emissaries.
Intrigues are on foot in Central
America for the purpose of bringing
about, the absorption of the. Spanish
American republics of that region by
Makiruilllan's Mexican empire. French
agents are reported to have been for
some time past negotiating for the con
summation of this object with Carrera,
President of Guatemala, and actual,
though not nominal, dictator of Salva
dor, Honduras and Nicaragua. If
Carrera can succeed in making these
republics a portion of the empire, he
expects, in return for his cunning
handwork, to be made imperial viceroy
over them.
WM There be Peace ?
We would fain hope so, and hope'for
it speedily. But we have our serious.
misgivings, notwithstanding the pre
dictioiisand adumbrations of the North
ern and Southern papers, and the m
inors that are flying thiclr and fast of
the probable appointment of Peace Cana
.missioners by the governments at Rich
mond and Washington. We believe
that the masses in both sections are
heartily tired of the war, and would be
willing to do anything in an honorable
way to bring about% cessation of hos
tilities ; but the voice of the people is
not heard by their rulers, or, if heard,
not heeded by those who have the reins
of power in their hands, and who are
wielding that power rather for the de
struction than the benefit of our com
mon country. Believing this to be tbe
state of the case, we see no prospect of
a speedy termination of the war, and
are fearful that the next campaign will
4ie the most bloody and terrific one of
the contest, and leave the two peoples
more than ever embittered against each
other. Heaven grant that our worst
fears may not be realized; but we look
forward to the future with fearful fore
bodings.
--We are now more than ever satisfied
in our own mind, judging from the tem
per of the Southern people, that had
General MCCLELLAN been elected to
the Presidency, or rather, we should
say, had he not been cheated out of the
office by fraud and corruption, the con.:
Ilia would have ceased, and a restora
tion of the Union taken place within a
few months after lkis inauguration. As
it is, we cannot prom ise ourselves peace
short of a total subjugation of the South,
unless, indeed, Mr. LINCOLN should
take warning from the past, retrace his
steps, and change his entire policy with
regard to the rebellion. This he can
only do by cutting loose from the radi
cals of his own party, and governing
his actions in accordance with the un
doubted sen time n ts of the great body of
the people. Could lie do this, and then
administer the lovern flout according
to the principles of sound and enlight
ened statesmanship, we should soon
have peace and Union, with a gradual
return to the ancient prosperity of the
Republic. But this is too much to Wipe
for from an Execu tire of Mr. LINCOLN'S
intellectual cal ihre and want of decisism.
We must, therefore, in all human pro
bability, bear the ills we have for four
years longer, should no ex traneouseir
cumstances or Providential interference
put astop to the horrid carnival of blood;
and then realize, if not before, that the
American people have paid dearly, very
clearly, for the experiment of elevating
a sectional party to power.
We may be mistaken in our anticipa
tions. We sincerely hope it may turn
out to he so. But these are our honest
convictions, and we would not delude
our readers with the syren song of peace
when there is no peace in prospect. We
would lie faithless to our trust if we did
not sound the note of alarm, and essay
to disabuse the minds of the people.
There is no well-founded hope of peace
except in a radical change of Govern
mental policy.
The Mission to Richmond
It is announced in the Washington
papers that Mr. Francis P. Blair has
again gone on a visit to the Rebel Capi
tal. This second mission may or may
not possess a significance which the first
did not have. After his former visit it
was intimated by the Richmond papers
that Jefferson Davis signified to Mr.
Blair his willingness to treat for peace
either by sending, or receiving Commis
sioners duly authorized to open nego
tiations. If this he true, and WC; have
no reason to doubt its verity, may it not
be possible that President Lincoln has,
to some extent, yielded his prejudices,
and is now willing to meet the Con
federate Chief half=way in an etlbrt to
reconcile our National difficulties, and
put an end to the effusion of blood?
May he not have made up his mind to
cut loose from the radicals of his own
party, who have heretofore controlled
the policy of the Administration, and.
make an honest and energetic effort tp
close his first term or commeiMe his
second one in a spirit of peace and
unity" sincerely trust this may be
so, and that the time is near at hand
when we shall again be one people, with
one Constitution, one Flag, and one
Destiny.
Should Mr. Lincoln change his policy
and give the radical Abolitionists the
go-by, he will be abundantly sustained
in his efforts for peace and union by the
conservative masses of all parties—
Democrats as well as Republicans—and
his second term of °dice will he peace
ful and glorious, as his first has been
turbulent 1111(1 disastrous to the best in
terests of the country. The country
will look with the deepest interest to
this second visit of Mr. Blair to Rich
mond, in the hope that something will
be done to bring about a pacification.
The next ten days may tell for weal or
ilbr woe upon the destinies of the country
for ages to come. Heaven grant that
the earnest longings of the people may
not be disappointed.
Forney's Plan for Restoring the Union.
In Forney's Pr, 5, , ; of yesterday we find
a remarkable editorial. The writer
handles his pen as if lie feared to speak
out his meaning openly and boldly.
From What he dues say, however, his
opinions can be unmistakably inferred
Though the negro is not once mention
ed, the article is beyond question a plea
for conferring upon him full rights of
citizenship. The Abolitionists, as they
imagine themselves to he drawing near
to a period when there will no longer lie
organized rebel armies in the field to
Contend against,- are cudgeling their
brains to devise sonic method by which
they may he enabled so to govern time
South as to perpetuate the dynasty
which now sits enthroned at Washing
ton. They seem to feel that there is no
hope of their doing this in any other
way than by opening the way to the
ballot-box for the negro. This they
would do everywhere and at once if they
did not fear that public sentiment was
not yet yet ripe for it. In the mean
time attempts are made to educate the
minds of the loyal masses up to the
proper stand-point by language such as
the following:
We assume this proposition: when
the laboring people of the Southern
States are enabled to exercise their po
litical rights we shall have permanent
union. In other words, when labor is '
allowed the ballot labor will assume
dignity, and when once its dignity is
assured we shall have perpetual free
dom. If every owner of a Northern
mill were allowed a power in the State
to which his workmen could not aspire,
we should have aristocracies in Phila
delphia and Lowell as offensive as those
in Richmond and Charleston. But our
laws make all meti equal, and labor
with a ballot becomes manhood in the;
.North; while labor without a ballot be,
comes treason in the South. We think
this principle, once established, will se
cure us a true and rapid method for re
constructing the Union. Let us slay
the leaders and strengthen the people.
That means, in plain English, kill the
masters and let the negrocs do the
voting.
fie- The Washington correspondent
pf the Boston Journal thinks that Gen.
Burnside will soon be appointed to an
important command. The rumor that
he had tendered his resignation is true,
but the Government would not accept
it. Government has yet dirty work to
be done, and cannot dispense with the
services of so useful and unscrupulous
stool as Burnside.
iffecti - Of War Upon oar ikiloi•fri:
The State Superintendent of Common
Schools, in his report for last year, thus
speaks of the effects of the war upon our
schools :-- '
The war has operated - more' disas ,
trously upon our) schools the past year
than in any former year. A very large
portion of our male teachers have vol.,
untarily entered the army, or have been
drafted. An effort was made to ascer
tain the whole number in the State and
the positions occupied by each, but ow
ing to the difficulties attending the
matter, it was not wholly successful.—
Still enough statistics have been collect
ed to establish the fact, that there ,are
more teachers from Pennsylvania in the
Union army than there are from any
other class composed of the same num
ber of individuals. • There were, as
reported for the school year ending on
the first Monday of June, 1862, the first
year after the commencement of the
war, 7,987 male teachers thathadtaught
during the year. Taking the numbers
given in the counties that have reported
as the basis, and applying it to the
whole State, we find the whole number
that have entered the army to be a frac
tion more than 2,009, and the number
who have volunteered, is to the number
drafted, as 1,0.51 is to 124. These teach
ers, it should be remembered, are to be
taken from the very best teachers in
their respective counties. Those who
have gone voluntarily have been those
who are most needed 'in our schools,
men of the greatest experience land
best success in the school room. Of
the volunteers, so far as could be
ascertained, there have been two colonels
three lieutenant colonels, three majors,
twenty-five captains, thirty-five lieuten
ants and thirty-eight non •commissioned
officers. The withdrawal of great num
bers of men from other departments of
industry has opened other avenues for
our teachers in which to seek employ
ment that is far more lucrative than
teaching. Many of our most competent
teachers have thus been withdrawn from
the profession, and are now receiving
for their services double what they can
get for teaching. The war is acting in
juriously upon our schools in other ways.
The increased taxation has induced the
directors, in some few instances, to
shorten the length of the school term, so
that the pupils in such districts have but
about two-thirds of the amount of
school they had in those districts
three years ago. The increase of taxes
would indicate that the wages of teach
ers should be reduced ; but with the in
crease of taxes comes the increased ex
penses of living, and teachers, as,.well
as others, must have higher salaries or
they cannot support themselves And
their families ; hence many havollift
the business of teaching because fliey
could not live by it. Still most of our
citizens feel the necessity of sustaining
good schools, and employing good
teachers at this particular time more
than ever before. They are willing to
be taxed all they can bear for that pur
pose, and on the whole the system has
not suffered more, in consequence of the
war, than we had good reason to expect
it would. The greatest draw back is in
the loss of so many of the best teachers.
The State Superintendant, in view of
this great draw upon our male teachers
urges an increased employment of
females, and the arguments which he
employs in their favor are not only well,
based but supported by facts. In com
batting the prejudices which are still
entertained against them in some sec
tions of the State he says :
The principal argument is that they
cannot govern schools in which there
are a great number of large scholars—
boys who have no respect for themselves
nor any one else. This is doubtless true
to a limited extent, and in comparative
ly few instances. Considerable pains
have been taken by this Department to
get reliable information regarding the
comparative success of male and female
teachers, both as to teaching and gov
erning, and with but two exceptions,
the result has been that the females have
succeeded as well as the males, having
the sam e a m mint of experience, and that
in counties where both have been en
gaged in schools of the same grade and
of equal size, the total failures have been
greater with the males in proportion to
the number employed, than with the
females ; and, also, that as a. general
thing, they have been as acceptable to
the public.
A view of the fluctuations in tioj.wiee
of go/d—we conform our phrase to the
false language prevailing in the money
market—from 150 . 2 to the present time,
may not I,te without interest to our
readers. The subjoined table presents
the highest and the lowest prices pre
vailing at the dates specified. The
highest point, it will he observed, was
readied in July of last year, when it
was quoted for a short time on the II th
of that month at 21 3. The price on Fri
day was 21m), which is lower than it lute
been since October last, when gold sold
at 159:
15112. Lowest Price. Highest.
January 101 105
.•February 102 04
Mardi 101 02
April 101 02
May 102 01
Zane 103 09
July 109 20
August 112 10
September 110
October 122 7
November 129 33
December 130 :11
150.
January 134 60
February 153 ' -
Mardi 139 71
April 140 59
May 143 55
June 140 45
July 123 45
August 122 29
September 127 43
October 140 50
November 143 54
December 147 52
15)14.
January 151 flO
February 157 CO
Mardi 759 WI
April 100 s 7
May 105 90
June 159 251
July '"" 255
August ''ll 202
September Iss 255
()ember 15) 221)
November 'No 201
December "11 244
1505.
January 1 ''27
11 '223
"1., *l6 219
-
.218 2""
.217 2:21
.218 221
.214 217
.215 217
.204 215
200 207
The Rumored Changes In the Rebel Ar-
my and Cabinet
It was generally understood yesterday
that the Confederate States Senate had,
in secret session, passed resolutions re
commending that Gen. Lee should be
put in command of all the armies in the
confederacy, and that Gen. Johnston
should be restored to the command of
the Army of Tennessee; and rumor has
it that only two Senators voted against
it. This report is probably not without
some foundation ; but further than this
the rumors on the street yesterday of
changes in the War Department and the
purging of bureaus are, at least so far,
" of the wish father to the thought."—
Gen. Breckinridge is in town, but states
positively to his friends that no official
word has yet been written or spoken to
him on the subject of any civil position
in the government. We caution our
readers agaist catching at what they
hear just now on the subject of cabinet
changes, and taking broken doses of
comfort in the rumors of every twenty
four hours.—Richmond Dispatch.
>l .The Canadian Parliament con
vened at Quebec on Thursday. The
Governor General, in his address, al
ludes to his desire to preserve friendly
relations with this country, and.the ef
forts he has made to prevent further
raids by rebels from the province into
the Northern States. In addition, to
the volunteer militia now in service for
this purpose, he has distributed a force
of detectives along the border. He asks
for such legislation as will enable him,
more effectually to accomplish his ob
jects in this respect.
- Forty Thonsanaltin — Waibbigtoii. -
.
By the following extract from the
proceedings of a meeting held on the
39th inst., in Washington, it will be
seen how much the -condition of the,
negro has been ameliorated- Vie aid
of his philanthropic Abolition friends.
Stich things, under the shadow of the
Federal Capitol, may serve to thdiatte
-the state to which the unhappy " freed
men" have been reduced in other parts
of the country. The Xational Intelli
gencer more than confirms the state
ments made by the chairman of the
meeting, Rev. William Channing:
Mr. Channing read a report setting
forth the startlihg and most heart-sick
ening condition of these wretched out
casts under the shadows of the National
Capitol: In June last the census showed
at least 30,000 colored population in this
District, nearly all in the confines of
this city. There are now not less than
40,000. There are at least 900 families
of these poor people in the city. A few
of them have been ableto buildshanties,
paying for the miserable ground on
which to place them $25 and S3O a year.
Not more than twenty-five of these
families pay for their hovels less than
$6 per month, and not more than fifty
pay less than S 5 monthly rent.
The following cases are reported as
those which met the visitors in every
direction :
An old woman on Eleventh street was
found with the melting snow dripping
through her hovel upon her pallet of
rags. She was sick ; had buried two
children ; no fire, fuel, or food, and no
means to get any ; was hungry • had
begged a match to light in the night, so
that the night might not seem so long.
In another hovel near by was a mother
and a babe without dress. No fire, and
twenty-four hours without food. A girl
nine years old washing rags gathered
froth the mud to sell.
A few squares away, Sally Clayton,
daughter, and two grandchildren. - The
daughter had an undressed infant ; no
food nor fuel and in a perishing condi
tion.
An old man, many years a preacher
while in slavery, sleeps in a hovel on a
board, with a stick of wood for a pillow;
no food nor fuel; no shirt. His collar
bone has been broken, and he cannot
work.
In a shanty on the island were six
children huddled in rags together like
a hock of sheep. The mother, Mrs.
Jackson, is recently dead. No food nor
fuel.
On Capitol Hill, in a space in a stable
smaller than two stalls, are two families
—an old man, a cripple, and agirl twelve
years old, with the consumption ; a
young child dying of starvation ; a sick,
motherless boy, and another old man ; a
plank bed for the old people, and broke
boards with rags on them, for the
children ; a widow, fifty years old, their
only support; rent, $l2 ; no fire nor food.
On Sixteenth street, a woman ninety
years old, in a stable ; no light, no food,
no fuel.
When the report" had been read Mr.
(banning requested Mrs. Gritlin, the
agent of the association, who has been
laboring among those pitiable human
beings some months toexpress her views
on the matter. They need everything.
They tied from slavery, taking nothing
hut a few rags on their backs. Food,
fuel, clothing were all equally needed,
and the reports stated likewise :
The women need clothing. They
cannot get employment. People spurn
them from their doors, refusing en
trance to creatures half covered with
filthy rags. She spoke of the women
as brave and determined. They had
conic here in desolation, and in the face
of every form of discouragement had
done the most of them well and many
of them nobly. Their destitution of
clothing was absolutely shocking. A
dozen and more persons are crowded
into a single small room. More than
four-fifths of the families have no fuel.
Fifty families are to be turned into the
street immediately for non-payment of
rent. A man and four children have
already been thus turned out of doors,
and another family, mother and three
children, all barefooted. Almost every
family has a sick person.
The New York prints the
above extract, and adds: •
We aright quote at greater length from
these proceedings. We might comment
upon the condition of these negroes now
and before the war. We might state
that the negroes here described are but
a type of the class all over that portion
of the Southern country visited by our
armies, and especially in Louisiana, on
the Mississippi and elsewhere. We
might point to over 80,ouo negroes de
stroyed in and near New Orleans since
the war begun—but we forbear.
The Habits of President Lincoln
Rev. Mr. Adams, of Philadelphia, in
his recent Thanksgiving discourse,
speaking of an early morning call upon
Mr. Lincoln, made the following inter
esting statement :
" Morning came, and I hastened my
toilet, and found myself at a quarter to
firc in the waiting room of the l'resi
dent. I asked the usher if I could see
Mr. Lincoln. He said I could not.
But. I have an engagement to meet
him this morning." At what hour ?'
At five O'clock." Well, sir, he will
see you at five.' I then walked to and
fro for a few Minutes, and hearing a
voice as it in grave conversation, I
asked the servant : ' Who is talking in
the nexteroom It is the President,
sir.' Is anybody with him?' ' No,
sir, he is reading the Bible." Is that
his habit so early in the morning?'
Yes, sir, he spends every morning from
four o'clock to five in reading the Scrip
tures and praying."
To the Editor of the _Boston Courier:
The above extract, which I clip from an
evening, aper, "puts me in mind of a
story."
A few years since a somewhat distin
guished pugilist resided in this city,
who had the misfortune of always
being in debt. To relieve himself
from his difficulties, he g(t up a
subscription among his pupils for a
gymnasium, which in due time was
erected and at first proved quite suc
cessful, but after a while the interest in
it began to flag, and the pupils were be
coming fewer and fewer. In order to
recuperate, and fill his school once more,
he called on several clergymen and told
them the great benefits which would
accrue to their physical condition, i f they
took regular gymnastic exercises, and
invited them to call and see his gym
nasium,
~on a certain day, at nine
o'clock in the morning. The clergy
men went accordingly, and on enter
ing, Annul our pugilistic friend seated
at a desk, at the upper end of the
hall, habited in the tight costume of a
gymnast, with a large bible before him,
reading aloud, anti one or two pupils
(who happened to lie present, and had
been let into the joke,) standing in a
reverent attitude. After finishing the
chapter he closed the book and looking
up, appeared, for the first time, to be
aware of the presence of the clergy,
whom lie had invited. lie apologized to
them stating that it was his universal cus
tom to read a chapter in the Bible every
morning before the commencement of
gymnastic exercises. We peed not tell
tire result; the clergymen werecharmed
and at once entered their names as pu
pils, preached the necessity of physical
exercise, recommending the gymnasium
to all their friends, which soon gave the
professor, once more, a school full of
pupils. This was said to have been the
first time old Jack
his Bible.-
From Wilmington
From Wilmington we have a con
firmation of the blowing up by the
Confederates of Fort Caswell: This fort
was situated upon the western side of
Cape Fear river, about ten tulles south
of Fort Fisher. It commanded the
southern entrance to the river, and was
a larger work than Fort Fisher, mount
ing nearly ninety guns. It was south
of New Inlet. On Monday last, three
Federal gunboats crossed over the bar
at New Inlet and entered Cape Fear
river. They had gone a short distance
up by Wednesday last, but the torpedoes
and obstructions were so thick that
they had halted below Fort Fisher.
Above the fort the Confederates are hard
at work obstructing the channel. They
have a strongly-intrenched position
across the narrow neck of land, about
six miles above Fort Fisher, and are ob
structing the river near this line. The
loss by the magazine explosion was
about three hundred and twenty-five
killed and wounded.
A Mr. Vaughn, a patient in the Com
mercial Hospital, Cincinnati, died on
Saturday from the effectsof chloroform.
The contributions in New York city,
so far, for the relief of the _Savannah
sufferers, amount to over thirty-two
thousand four hundred dollars.
The lidubige - of Prisoners.
It appears from the following com
munication of the Secretary: of War,
that the entire subject of exchanging
pr loners is placed-in the hands of Gen.
Grancimithat, although but ft partial
exchange is thus
_far made, there is
reason to &lien a full exchange will
soon be effected. We are glad to be as
sured of this. The sooner this is done
the better. There is no good reason
why it should not have been accom
plished long since. If the war must go
on, let it be as little barbarous as it can
possibly be made. The following is the
letter of the Secretary of War to Mr.
Colfax :
WAR DEPARTMEXT, Jan. 21, 1865.
SIR : In answer to the resolution of
the House of Representatives, of the
21st December, 1864, calling for the cor
respondence in reference to the exchange
of prisoners, I have the honor- to sub-
Mit herewith the report of the Adjutant
General, together with such coinmuni
cations on the subject as have-not here
tofore been published.
The correspondence of General Butler
details the action in regard to the
exchange of prisonep under the
authority conferred upoll him by order
of the War Department.
On the 15th of October, the subject of
exchange was placedunder the direction
of Lieut. General Grant, with full au
thority to take any stepshe might deem
proper to effect the release and exchange
of our soldiers and the loyal persons
held as prisoners by the rebel authorities.
He was instructed that it was the design
of the President that no efforts consis
tent with the national honor should be
spared to effect the prompt release of all
soldiers and loyal persons held in cap
tivity by the rebels as prisoners of war.
or on any other grounds, and the subject
was committed to him with full authori
ty to act in the premises as he should
deem right and proper. Under this au
thority the su Itiect of eXchanges has from
that time continued in his charge, and
such efforts have been made as he deemed
proper to obtain the release of our pris
oners. An engagement was made for
the supply of our prisoners, the articles
to lie distributed under the direction of
our officers paroled for that purpose, and
the correspondent privilege was extend
ed to the rebel authorities.
In order to afibrd every facility for re
lief, special exchanges have been offered
whenever desired on behalf of OM' pris
oners, and such exchanges have, in a
few instances, been permitted by the
rebel authorities, but in many others
they have been denied. A large num
ber of exchanges, including all the sick,
has been effected within a recent period.
The Commissary General of Prisoners
has been directed to make a detailed re
port of all the exchanges that have been
accompished since thegeneral exchange
ceased, which he will furnish the House
of Representatives assoun as completed.
The last communication of General
Grant gives reason to believe that a full
and complete exchange of all prisoners
will speedily be made.
It also appears front his statement
that weekly supplies are furnished to
our prisoners and distributed by of
of our own selection. His letter is sub
joined as follows:
.1 - lEADQtAnirmis ARMY Ir.
WASH tN(rrox, Jan. 21, Isli3.
Hon : E. .11. St., 'don, Seeretary
have authorized Col. Mulford,
Agent of Exchmge, to renew negotia
tions for the t diange of all prisoners
now held by t :ter party.
The first i, tercours; , between our
agent and Col. (Mid, the rebel agent,
has already been 'had. N' doubt but
that an arrangement will heentered in
to. Indeed, on the strength of that in
terview, an exchange, a limited Wile, is
110 W going on near Richmond.
v. 4 igned
Yours truly,
ti S. (iIitANT,
Lieutenant General
P. S. We zoo sending. supplies to our
prisoners at least weekly. They are re
ceived by officers a our own selection,
released Federal prisoners, who dis
tribute them as directed, V. S. (;.
Supplies furnished by the friends of
prisoners are also forwarded in the same
manner. The nature of the supplies
authorized to he furnished by individu
als is specified in the annexed order of
the department.
Very respectfully,
Your obedient serv't,
EDWIN M. STANToN,
of War
To the Hon. Schuyler Co
Oil Trade or Pittsburg
The Pittsburg Crofton(/ cial says, below
will be found the statistics of the Oil
Trade of Pittsburg for five years, endine .
January, 1511.). For many years, Roc!:
Oil or Petroleum was used as a medicine ;
in fact, by a number of property owners,
it was looked upon as little better than
a nuisance. 'I n many places wells that
were sunk for the purpose of obtaining
water had to be abandoned on account
of the large quantities of oil that would
rise to the surface, preventing the parties
from obtaining water that could be used.
This was the state or affairs until
after the oil wells at Smith's Ferry,
on the phi() river, began to attract at
tention du ring the su m tiler of I (-i59. Some
enterprising individuals then volumene
ed operations for the purpose of develop
ing the hidden mysteries of the regions
around Oil Creek and Oil t'ity. At first
they met with but poor success. The
first successful individual (as it after
wards proved) had spent all his means,
his credit was gone, and he could not
procure another day 's work. The work
men engaged, to whom money was due
for previous services, had come to the
conclusion that the " boss" was insane,
but as he was a good fellow they con
cluded they would put in'that afternoon
and then quit for good. This turned out
to be a fortunate circumstance for the
proprietor, for during the afternoon oil
was struck, and at a less depth than
any well from that time to the present.
The man whose credit was ex
hausted on that memorable afternoon is
now worth hundreds of thousands of
dollars. Millions of dollars have been
realized in that vicinity. Oil flowed
like water. Prices of crude oil have ad
vanced from 3!, 0,4 c. per gallon, and from
500i:70e. per barrel to twelve and four
teen dollars—although the world has to
a moderate extent been illuminated by
the coal oil of Pennsylvania. Agencies
have been established in all the leading
cities of the old world. The real pro
ducts of the various wells will never be
ascertained, as thousands of barrels have
been lost by pond freshets and in other
ways. Below will be found statistics
not:before published. It will be observed
that our city has received a revenue,
since the opening of the t rade, on 9-12,19-1
barrels of oil.
THE ILEUM:NV RIVER OIL TRADE.
The following are the official receipts
ofoil by the A legheny river for live years,
ending December, 1563 :
Pss , l
1 , 61
1'4,2
1663
Total for live •ottrt..
Receipt , : Istll
The Draft—Opinion of the Solicitor of
the War Department.
The opinion of the solicitor of the
War Department, published last August,
is semi-officially reproduced, as appli
cable to the present enrolment and
quotas for :;00,ouo men to supply defi
ciencies under the former calls. In that
opinion the solicitor said : " If the num
ber of men were taken into account
without regard to the time of their ser
vice, it is clear that the grossest ine
quality would exist in the respective
contributions of the different districts
to the aggregate military service of the
country, and that at each successive call
all accounts of service preceding that
call be made imp, and the call for quotas
should be such as shall equalize the
amount of service required from each
district, in proportion to the persons
therein liable to military service.
"That district which, in the present
draft, furnishes one-year men, cuts up
its burden into three parts, and shoul
ders only one part at the present year,
and leaves the rest to be met at the next
call.
" That district which furnishes three
year men now gains at once in its ac
count with the Provost Marshal General
the same benefit in the quota of the
next draft' as though it had furnished
three times as many nieti for one year's
service.
" It is the duty of each district to fur
nish the full number of men designated
as its quota, and these men should be
received, whether for one s two, or three
years, service: Those districts which
furnish three-years,men will be entitled
to the full benefit thereof in all future
calls.''
The Prospects of Peace.
If any man supposps that peace, with
all its great blessßigs, is near at hand,
he is sadly mistaken. - As yetthere is not
the slightest hope of a speedy end of the
'Tar. 'We have rumors, but they are
idle as the wind. r lt turns but that the
Blair mission meautnothing, and it has
accomplished nothing, Mr. Blair, it is
now said, went to - Richmond, not to
negotiate for peace, but for the return
to him of valuable private papers and
documents carried away from his resi
dence at the time it was in rebel occu
pation last summer. Among these, it
is said, were many valuable papers and
documents entrusted to him by General
Jackson, from which a life of that old
hero was to be compiled. He has re
turned, to Washington without being
able to give an, promise of peace.
Neither section is ready to submit to
terms of adjustment which would be
acceptable to the men who control the
affairs of the other.
On last Monday, Mr. Cox, of Ohio,
offered the following preamble and re
solution in Ccingress
WHEREAS, The country hails with
manifestations of patriotic joy and con
gratulation the victories recently achiev
ed by our brave armies ; and whereas,
the recognized object of war, at least
among civilized and christian nations,
is an honorable and satisfactory peace;
and that although we do not know that
the insurgents are yet prepared to agree
to any terms of pacification that our
government either would or should deem
acceptable, yet as there can be no possi
ble harm resulting from ascertaining
precisely what they are ready to do, and
in order to refute the imputation that
the administration contemplates with
"satisfaction a continuance of hostilities
for their own sake, on any grounds of
mere punctilio, or for any reason than
because it is compelled by an absorbing
regard for the very ends of its existence ;
and whereas, an established and rightly
constituted government, combatting, an
armed and menacing rebellion, should
strain every nerve to overcome at the
earliest moment the resistance it en
counters, and should not merely wel
come but seek satisfaction, however
informal the assurances, that its end has
been attained: therefore,
Resalrf (1, That now, in this hour of
victory, which is the hour of magnanim
ity, it is eminently the duty of the Pres
ident, on the basis of the present right
fully constituted government, either to
send or receive commissioners or agents
with a view to national pacification and
tranquility, or by some other rational
means known to civilized and Christian
nations, secure the cessation of hostili
ties and the Union of the States.
Mr. Cox said that this resolution was
modified since it was first read here, by
striking out of the same the words.
"Before any action be taken to change
this Constitution of the United States. -
'Phis was done at the sug.gestion of mem
bers opposite: This, lie said, is Mr.
Greeley 's preamble and my resolution.
Mr. Washburne, of Illinois, moved
that the resolution be laid upon the
table. The rebels would accept no
overtures except such as would be dis
graceful to us.
- The question having been taken, the
House laid the resolution upon the table.
On the saute day a bill being up for
the reorganization of the insurgent
States, Mr. Kelly, of this State, made
a speech, and proposed so to amend the
bill as to allow ucgroes the full rights
of citizenship. This was to be made
universal, with the single qualification
that those negroes only should vote who
should be able to read and write.
We have no doubt that the proposal
of Mr. Kelly has many more friends
among his party than any peace propo-
sition could possibly obtain. The lead
ing Abolitionists are moved by two
springs of action. The one is fanaticism,
the other lust of power. The politicians
among them know very well that the
moment the Southern States are back
in the Union the end of their rule is
fixed—not even the forced abolition of
slavery, unless rights of citizenship
were conferred on the negroes, could
prevent them from being speedily hurl
ed from power. Hence they are opposed
to peace, and bitterly hostile to any
proper terms of adjustment.
While this is the spirit at -Washing
ton, the leaders of the South are un
bending. There is no evidence of a dis
position to yield. Until there is an en
tire change of policy on our part, iv e
cannot hope to detach the people front
them. Only a few days since, Tlnu•s
day, 12th inst., resolutions introduced
into the Virginia Legislature, declaring
in favor of an armistice and an appoint
ment of five commissioners to treat for
peace, were, in the language of the re
solution to lay them on the table, " dis
posed of at (nice and forever" by a vote
of 101 to '', the nays being Messrs. Mil
ler, of Lee county, and Smith, of Rus
sell.
While such isthespirit of the two sec
tions, while we refuse to make any offer
that can be honorably accepted by the
South, peace is simply impossible. We
may as well prepare our minds at once
for at least another year of war, more
terrible and bloody than the last. While
an Abolition Administration eau allot
just such quotas to Pennsylvanians they
see fit, and drive the conscripts into the
ranks, we need not expect them to at
tempt to stop the tide of war, orstay the
shedding of blood. They have ends,
desirable to them, however evil they
may be in themselves, to achieve, and
they will not now cease of their own ac
cord to strive for their attainment.—
Let no man fool himself into a belief
that peace is near at hand. It is as yet
afar off.
A Card from Lieutenant-Governor Jacob
of Kentucky.
WASHINGTON, Juii. 19.
Ti the Editor of the World:
I find the following in the Glob,:
The Washington correspondent of the
'World says Lieutenant-Governor Jacob,
of Kentucky, who returns from Rich
mond with Mr. Blair, predicts that
there wtll be a cessation of hostilities
within two months, and a proposal of
peace upon some terms of reunion from
the Confederate government to ours."
Your correspondent has been misin
formed; I never used such language,
nor the reverse, that I have heard as at
tributed to Inc, that the rebellion could
not be crushed." I will not attempt at
this time to state what I believe at large.
At the proper time, over my own signa
ture, 1 may give my impressions.—
I do not wish to be accountable
otherwise. I have two reasons for
this. First, that erroneous opin
ions, without being corrected, might
prove detrimental to the public interests.
Secondly, that I do not wish to do in
justice to a brave, determined people,
who, when base men in my own gov
ernment, notwithstanding that I had
fought and bled in defense of my flag
and the unity of my country, had me
kidnapped and forced within their lines,
treated me with distinguished respect
and kindness. Nor did I accept their
hospitality with a lie upon my lips, that
I was not a Union man. I never pushed
my opinions ; nor did I deny my prin
ciples when, incidentally, the conversa
tion would take that direction, and I
was applauded for my candor. I shall
ever feel grateful for their kindness. A
few words more: These people are fear
fully in earnest; they are not suffering
for the necessaries of life ; they believe
that they have nothing to hope from
the present policy of Mr. Lincoln, and
that to fight is gain. Unless the present
policy is materially changed, I predict
a long, bloody, and fearful war to which
the past is but child's play. With
statesmanship and patriotism, under
God's blessing, -we may yet restore
that which is dear to every patriot's
heart, the unity and happiness of the
American people. si
Very respectfully,
RICHARD T. -YACOB.
7,037
17,101
0-1,102
171,774
175,1 K
Age" Since the great robbery of copper
at the Navy Yard, Philadelphia, it is
suggested that so far as the word Navy
is applied to that yarcs it should be
spelled with a K—Knavy Yard.
The West Chester Tefferaonian is
responsible for the abolre. Another'
spiteful fellow, of course not loyal, says,
referring to the pilferers at this knavy
yard, that he would rather belong to
the party of Copperhvadv thah of
Copperthieves.
Business. in New • York
• '" * • z- , Nivi - ycitei; . Jan:
The money market continues easy at seven
per eenL, on call,'
to strictly first•eltiaS bor
rowersrput many of the weaker or suspect-,ed class still ' find difficulty in negotiating
loans at high rates. The opinion is general
among the busineSs community that our
financial affairs are in a critical condition.
The declining tendency in gold produces
naturally lower prices in every description
of property, and increases the desire
to sell and disinclination to buy any
thing not absolutely required for
the immediate wants of consumption.—
The sellers are more numerous than the
buyers in all the markets. Mr. Fessenden's
obstinate determination not to increase, and
to decrease, if possible, the paper-money is
sues of the country, is the proximate cause
of the general dullness and lower prices.—
Mr. Fesseuden intends to pursue the same
policy he did in December, namely, to raise
the money reqiiired for „government expen
diture by loans and taxation, and not by
new paper-money issues. The fall of Fort
Fisher, and the gloomy condition of the
rebels, assist government in its efforts to
bring down the price of gold.
tui the Produce Exchange breadstuffs
were steady, with flour, a shade firmer.
Whisky was also higher, but provisions
were very flat, and pork decidedly lower.
Petroleum was dull and nominal. Cotton
further declined at the close. In proceries
there is little to notice, except in sugar.
The foreign dry goods market is dd' and
few sales are made, under the impression
that the price of gold will decline. Buyers
are holding back'in order to buy chenper,
but importers are holding their goods firmly,
being satisfied that the importations would
be extremely light, In dress goods the
stock is not yet assorted, and those importers
who 11:1Vt. , received pattern cards are not
disposed to exhibit them until the trade
fairly opens. While goods are in moderate
demand. Heavy mantilla silks are in good
demand. • Low silks are quoted: $.1.:17 to
;' , 1.70, and medium .•I. In to Spanish
linens sell at 4Je. to ;O c. Italinn cloths, low
grades, are I !noted at 4:w. to
There was no export of domestic cotton
goods during the past week.
Brown sheeting: are in but slight de
mand, and, with a nominal stock, the late
quotations are Maintained. Standards are
quoted at hoc, to
Owing to the increased supply, bleaelmt
shirtings are lower. The quotations are:—
New York Mills, 612 ; Lonstlale, roe,;
Arkwright, Wathsutta,
tioe.; and Whin , Hoek,
. . •
Brown drills are dull and in nu demand
:u Present gliutations. Standards are quo
ted nominally at tine.
Cotton thtnnels are quiet it 60 0 , for
bleached Natunkeags.
Jeans are rather dull and weak at the
saine quotation, as last week, viz. : Natim
kettgs, Wasliingtom he.: Amloskettg .
Jeans, 411,.: Androscoggin, Bates, Indian
Orchrd, and t Mental, 3:le.
TM. spring style, t,f prints now making
their appearance in the market are mostly
of a neat medium class of work, mottled
grounds and set figures, also a good many
neat stripe,. Some complaint lots been
eaused among: those - who bought in the
early part of the week at 4tlc. by Sprague,
who at tine t lose of the week reduced his
price to :17, The market is quiet, with a
moderate business at 41 . 2 c. for NI errinlims ;
itt`e• net for Rtehltlonds: .I , c. Mr Allen, and
American; and :I:lc.du' . \ rnoleis
Jobbers.' quotati o n s or prints are as fol
lows ::Alerrimac, 4n : 4 'oeheco, :17 1, 1 1.t0 e . :
Providence, StSta:tlic.: Pacitic,:lOc. ; Sprague',
fimcies,:t7a3,e.; Richmond's,
:he.; Bunnell's, 3.5 c.; Allen's, :Cie.:
anchestiir, 34a.11,tic. Anniskeags,
National :12tc.; Arnold's •
110altic. ;
Itutches , , li., 21 1 :1:10c.; Windham, 25c.: Lon-
Nat Mourn ing S prague's ) , 3:tit:l4e. ; At hunk
Nliamiting;3:3;l;)
. .
lous,ettne Del:Linos art,teadv and in de
mand :It 112. t.. tiu• SLlnche.ter,
and 4.a. It Ilhntiltt
Cassinieres continue smady mid in
fair demand, with a light sna c k on hand.
Low and medium qualities are mostly
wanted.
Satinets are dull :nal drooping.
Omni' warps a re in fair demand at
t . or finest grades.
Artn3- lerst..y.s are strongor at $l.-10 for
standards.
Owing the light stocks gind the increased
government demand, army blankets are
decidedly stronger. The quotation for flan
nels is now $l, although sales have been
made during the week at 97
Carpets are dull and inactive. I lartrOrd,
hooted superfine, ; su
perfine, ;.ttlt; imperial tt-ply, ; extra
lirllsSeiS, -
Printing elitths Sr,nt no demand, printers
having supplied their present wants,
Although the supply nt . tick, is
there is but a nominal demand. We quote:
Pearl rivers, Si-4%; Hamilton, titie.(d.7oe.;
Manchesters
For the Intelllgerkeer
Differences between our Political Parties.
As certain reasons lurWe been assigned,
going to show that so far as particular class
es identified t hentsul ves with the Demo
cratic party, it has not been a matter of ar
bitrary choice with these, but rather an in
telligent selection of principles. This se
lection implies, that the principles adopted
have been preferable in the estimation 0
the espousals orthela,li those repu d iated.
lint, we soo, that so fir as has been noted,
it has been rather a prefer-elme between
monarchical and democratic theories of gov
ernment wide!' induced the resp e ctive class
es to attach thenc,lves, some to the federal
and others to the la pular rights party.
It may at this any seem incredulous to
nutny, that a party existed at the 4.inte of
our coo, , i,iotiuu, whudosirod (he o:uahnah
oauu, ot• a oiouar,hy, and that the leaders
of this party, finding themselves bathed in
this object, combined themselves into an
effort to subvert the State governments and
ultimately establish a centralized govern
ment, inveshd with monarchical powers
under the name of a 'public. Such how
ever, is the fact—if a monarchy could not
be ti01•11n 41, the next best thing in their esti
mation was to incorporate into the republic
as many monarchical principles as possible ;
:and that by gradual and almost insensible
innovatiot Is, to be effected by those who
might administer the government, they
hoped to obtain indirectly, what they found
impossible to secure by direct means. The
men who entertained these sentiments laid
the foundation of the Federal party. The
assertion is not intended to be made, that
those who entertained such sentiments as
have been indicated were dishonest and de
signing men; but they simply believed,
with the British and Continental writers
generally, that a representative ilemocrary
would prove a failure. Alexander Hamil
ton, Governeur Morris, Rufus King and
other lights of the L•'ederal party believed
that the people wore not capable of self
go vernment ; that it was necessary to imi
tat'e the ltritish Constitution, and establish
what they termed a strong government.-2,-
So thoroughly convinced of this fact, was
lamilton, that he told the people of New
York, in a public address made in that city,
that they themselves were their worst ent•-
mties. Is it IA tttrango indeed, that nutty
of the wisest men to our country, at thy•
tint, of the formation of our government
were ilicredlleels as to the success of the
Federal - Constitution. Why should it have
been otherwise? The experiment of a
representative democracy was a novel one.
The ancient republics of Greece, were either
real aristocracies or democracies. These
have, in all instances, failed of that object;
and, through designing demagogues and
conflicting factions, lost their liberties.--
Rome, a republic, partly aristocratic and
partly democratic, by the encroachment of
the latter branch upon the Milner, deprived
the Senate of its authority, and next the
democracy bet-Mlle the prey of ambitious
leaders, and the result was, that the Roman
people who had been masters of the whole
world, became at last, the shiVes of a single
despot. The More recent Italian and Butch
Republic;were, properly speaking, mere
oligarchies, subject to the intrigues of hos
tile factions and ambitious individuals, and
were found to afford but tbeble protection
to individual righLs, and a very unsafe
guarantee of national independence. It is
no 'natter of' astonishment, thereftwe, that
honest, intelligent I. and reflective men should
have believed it impossible to effect, in this
country, what !WM' haul before been ac
complished by any people upon the face of
the earth. But there were well found who
Relieved that such a form of Government as
the framers of the Constitution adopted
would be permanent ; and to men of such
opinions are we indebted for our form of
Government and liberty, such:as they be
queathed to us, and it. is for us, who enter
tain similar opinions, to guard and defend
the inheritance of our RepubliCan fathers.
The men who stood pre-eminent as the ad
vocates of the capacity of man for self-gov
ernment, and the hearty opposers of mon
archical innovations were Thoinas Jeffer
son, Benjamin Franklin, George Clinton,
and Samuel Adams—these are the men who,
with others of similar opinions, laid the
foundation of the Republican or Democratic
party.
A FRIEND OF THE , PEOPLE
The Brazilian blockade of the ports of
Tlraguay had deranged trade to a great
extent and produced much political in
dignation.