ife.li-..;. ■■ 'v- . -'V [ .Am mam 91 tloluntfcr BT JOHN B, BRATTON. & VOL. 37. THE 'VOLUNTEER. |' r John B. Brattoik) Editor iiAd Proprietor* P“ 'OAIir.ISI.BVnujnSDAY, FEB. »0, 1851. f T*he Eurofean Advice*.— There is no special fee. Aura of interest in the nows from Europe by the beyond the nevf aspect of affairs in France, h W the settlement of the Scbleswlg-HoJslein qoc*. ■'Sion. Tho. Holstein otory is .oon lolcl. The near >.?ippro.cl. of o'well appointed Hol.lom army haa in , flSftced the Duehiea to conaent to place their cauao in •'felaKn hand. ° r th ° Gorm “ n Fowerl, • Tlia rc ’ lored i Slpi.tm6ny between llioCablnola of Vienna and Beilin, lo the.intercit taken by the Emperor of Russia in (he Danish question, and the. determination of ‘England to bring about the suspension of hostilities, have rendered the further continuance‘of the strife on the part of the Holstein revolutionists useless.— Tho termination of this difficulty, which atone limo ‘‘seriously threatened to embroil ail Europe, is another 'guarantee for tho general peace; but how long that general peace is to continue, it remains for Franco in oil probability to tell. The English newe Is alto-1 •’gethor unimportant. Tho' Duke of Newcastle died pn the ISlh dll.* at Clumber Park, Nottingham, He 'was horn In 1765, his family name being Pelham 'Clinton, and was the fourth Duke oflhe house. From Rome wo hear of constant quarrels between the French and Ponllificial troops, in which the populace always side with the papal soldiers. if" tkpi The Steamer Atlantic.— *Wo aro still without any Intelligence, of the missing steamer Alla-nlio, and much anxiety begins to be fell for her'fate. The 'Philadelphia Ntu>» says;—The more considerate, £;•. liowevs'r, do not yet give up the hope of her safely^ lor indeed doubt tlml she will shortly make her ap pearance. perhaps even before the it hoard from from • other tide. The chief fear, hitherto, has been that she was burned, but it appears by statements made by her owners, that she was well supplied with «|| the necessary apparatus for the extinguishment office, and that'll was the custom ofCupt* West to , inspect this dally, that it might be kept in perfect order, In caso of accidontt She was provisioned for '4 thirty.five or forty days, and if running nut of fuel, .'Coming disabled, she hut doubtless shaped her. rae for the Azores, where after coaling orftepair. ihe has doubtless resumed her trip to Ne#YorJj/ further said—and the fuel is imporTkrff£-m7 lUgh theru Is un abundance of coal at the '»e mode of coaling—by moans onijft(ors-~ia«o •us, that il would require ton or twelve days a ship us the Atlantic (o take on .board a iu|p supply to bring her to Now York.. The next icr duo from Liverpool is the Africa, rfhich was il on the Ist Inst. The Baltic succeeds her on* llh. Neither of these, possibly, may bring »ny of tbe Atlantic; but still she may bo safe, ; •utiibrn Conorms Rmuduted. —Tho Legulatoro lorida adjourned on Friday night, the 24;h ult. mgst. the most important business transacted, the orgtui’Udllon of a separate Supreme Court, a rd of Internal Improvements, und u Board of (culture ; lho Incorporation oftho Allantio and v . Central Riilroad Company, ahei of some half or more plank road companies; the incorpora* %' lion of tho State Dank, tho passage of a law to sc* j'cure tho swamp and overflowed lands, die. The took no action ut all upon the slavery lion. , Tho Senate never had a proposition upon! lubjoct buforo it during the session. The House a good many, but none of them had ever pressed le» The committee on the .Nashville Convention leedings, dtc., never reported, and the proposition led delegates to the Southern Congress Was laid ho table* [oh. Darisi*' Wrmtriu— By a resolution, pasted Lhe Second Municipality of New Orleans, and re- lly concurred In by the Third Municipality, and .ioh will no doubt bo Adopted by the First. tho city ' Orleans will be authorised to offur to this Ha-'MdlallngpUlijßd jurist and statesman a retaining Too of • / : i j|9. t f nn . {n order to secure his services In maintaining rigliU of the cit J lO ll >° 0,1,110 °f 1,10 *“ l ° Jo,m • ~ ' * ' ( SMohstie Cattle.— The Mctir*. J. P. &W, Eyre. uChester, have in iliclr possession a pulr of cattle, §blcli. in poinl of beauty, aico and weight, are aaid B exceed any ever raised in Delaware county, and Mrbape in the State. They measure six fool in height* f|p f ee i in length, ten fuel six inches in girth, and - '!% : r’J| fttfeel seven and a half Inches oeross the hips, end tt estimated by competent judges lu weigh, when Meed, thirty-ii* hundred pound*. They were Iked end fed by the Messrs. Eyre, under the care If Robert Dlylhe. ’ ■l'iO’Mis* llcsiKß, of Juniata county,'hae recovered 71,725 by a eull Inellluted agalnel Mr. Martin, of *ounly, fur a breach of promUo. It wua tried >k In LowUtown, after eovoral ycara* delay. * r V'- vl A Plain Spoken Judge* McClure, of Pittsburgh, is decidedly the spoken Jurist wo think wo ever heard of.— ,noof ♦•shouting upon the wing," and liis allot* tell with terrible effect. .In a recent trial for , In that city, the jury brought the defendant, telly, In a* guilty of murder in tho second The Judge did not like .'this, end when be •entonco him, ho addressed the prisoner a* (—'•You, James Kelly, well merit the gal. ,d that VOU have not got It Is no fault ufmtne. sd the jury pointedly that you were guilty of Invtiiu Jint degree. The blood that will r bo shed, on account of the verdict of the whom you are tried, will not be upon roy tad I charged otherwise, 1 would have cun. that 1 might as well have loft a wild ilgor the streets, or placed a rattlesnake under iw of an Infant. There U no doubt as to irociour guilt In the fiendish and diabolical of John Cox. You stand before this Court aM ovor with the crime of wlllul and prsme. murder—unparalleled in tho annals of orlmo, lead of passing a sentence consigning you Jo r the Penitentiary, wo ahould at tills lime bo sentence of ©iutu upon you—you richly U." PitAiunte of Patino Debt*.—What plcasUro ntty ones dobU? I remember to Imvo heard Littlejohn make Iho fame observation* II lo flow from a combination of circumstances, 'which it productive of pleasure. In the first I remove! that uneasiness, which a true <M»lrit iron) dependence and obligation, it affords , to the creditor, and therefore gratifies pur i .limUl affection: it promotes that future confidence, v Which t» so very interesting to an honest mind} It t fV’ - I’Viritiflll f rfIPT" 01 being roudily supplied with what occasions; it leaves a conscious* * own virtue; and it is ameasure,w* know 1 ‘ffg’-Ti both la point of justice and of found Ul< U Wa * ll lUPP ° Tl ' ° f ,liPpl# MR. BONHAM’S REPORT, On tba Subject at tha # Tirlff, Wda In - tha House of hcpreMnlstlTei) Monasy* F«srii ary 3, I»s*. . •. *|’ho undersigned, iwo of. the select committee to which was referred, bill .No. 35, on Iho files of the Hoube, on the subject of the tariff, submit the follow* ing report:. That they regret exceedingly there should have jbocn any difference of opinion in the committee in reference to the duties assigned them by the House* The sulgect,'however, submitted for their considers* tl|n> is ona about which there has long been a great contrariety.ofvibws,' involving as it does vast inter ests, and being more or less oonnected with the poli tics of the country, .from the. commencement of the government. But from the best Jighlri before them, the undersigned cannot see the propriety of the pro posed change in the existing Uyiff laws, either , as a matter of principle or expediency. If the coal and iron interests of Pennsylvania, are depressed, ee ls alleged, it may bo fairly attributable to other causes than a want of a fostering care by the government. That, We believe, has already been exorcised to the extent of the constitutional powdr vested in the gov ernment —and that the manufacturing and mining interests of the*country should not complain, when a tax of thirty per cent, is levied upon the agricultu ral, commercial and feafUimc interests of the nation, for their peculiar benefit, . . ' •. The excess of capital employed in Ihe manufacture of iron, superinduced by.the tariff act of 1843, is no doubt one, of the leading causes of Us present embar rassment, Such s cause would produce revulsion, and ruin in any business. Another cause it, no duubi, the failure uflarge enterprises in the construc tion of railways in Great Britain, and throwing the surplus iron lull unemployed by that event upon the markets of iho world. To attribute, therefore, the depression nf the iron interests.to Iho rale of duties affixed by Ihe tariff ul 1646, without reference to.the onuses above named, the laws of trade, the plethora of the business, and Ilia thousand disasters incident to all the pursuits ofllfu, is both illogical, and op wc believe untrue. Be this as it may, the policy of passing instructing resolutions on a subject of this kind, ahd after public opinion has been matured by repeated and piulongcd | divdussiun and ngtlaiion.K la suy the least, a mis* taken one. Our representatives in Congress arc re* fpoiisiblelethoir constituents, and were elected when 1 this issue, which is now sought’to be brought for*, .word again, was mndo up before, and decided by/tho people. With those representatives, then, rests the responsibility, and the whale subject will, no doubt* receive respectful and anxious attention and dclibo* ration at their hands. We arc (icro us the represen tatives of the peoplo for local and spocUl'imrposes. Why then consume the time of thru House, and (he ‘ of lldHnple, in attempting to do that widely in (he end, re no power to do7 r Besides, in* ■structions sometimes defeat (ho very object desired t'tdbo effected,* A'memorable instance of this kind : occurred When the turiffoflB46 was passed, and our I members of Congrepl were tied J)und and foot, us ,*hcy conceived, in j'flivor of (he tarftf'of 1843, and . rejected lho*vory proposition as to Pennsylvania in* i tercsis, that is now pressed upon our consideration. VjfiH The Democracy ofPjjnn<ylv«nla are doubtlessio favor of lilPevenuu larifT, affording such incidental pMtcotion wilUmWlho revenue limit, os the imposi* tmefot-sueh tf*Wx will provide, Thtjl is also the Democratic pmiy-uf the-Union on lhiS , 'Hiffl^^^^Bul'in tho imposition of such a latifli wogttMuld bo. careful nut to discriminate so fur in favoruf our own peculiar interests, as to pass beyond llie revenue standard, and afford a protection - that amounts to almost a prohihilion of the imported at* licte, or increases the duty so’ much as to materially lessen the revenue. ’'Protection would then no longer I be-the incident, bnt* (lie principal object aimed at! and attained, while tho purposes of revenue would bo defeated. Thus, if twenty per cent, on an import | bo necessary to support tho government, and forty) per cent, bo levied. In order to favor, or, as it is said, to protect one branch of industry, tho additional twenty per coni, is levied for a distinct object, soldo from that of the support of government. This ia not only inexpedient, but av wo conceive, uncon. slilutionel ' Dythe firstd-imo of the’eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of Hie United States, Con. grets *|to toy and collect taxes, duties, to pay (he debts, and to provide lot tho cupimon defence and general welfare—but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform through* out the United Stales,** This does not give power to lay duties lor the purposes of protection, no more than it would authorise the levying a direct tak for tho same purpose—as tho laying duties and levying taxes are grants given in the same clause of tho Constitution, and could both be exercised In the same i way, lu tho mtno extent, and for the same purposes. | Now no one would seriously contend that Congress would h>ve power, to collect a lax in kind upni the, mass of Ilia community, to be paid over by the ex* ciso oißccrs Into (ho pcokols of the manufacturers. I Yet this is tho solecism into which (he advocates of 1 tho doctrine of protection, and of (he power of the government to enforce it, aro driven. ‘ . ’ , It is instructive to. trace the history of tho tariff laws which have boon enacted since tho formation of, the government, and the gradually increasing de mands of those who sre in the habit of looking to government as the almoner of all kinds of bounties, when they should roly upon themselves. The pro .teolionists have besieged the -National .Legislature attempted to influence Us enactments with a pertinacity and seat worthy of a hotter and more i j righteous cause. They.have Increased in their de. munds, until they now ask' as a right, what they I would havo boon ashamed to receive as a gift in the I early days of the republic. Built Is the tendency of the system to dofcaHtsoir, and the exercise of the I privileges of protection begets the necessity fur more —and for a very simple reason. So fur as the man nlucturer is concerned If the protection afforded him, increases his profits beyond llio overage profits of other employmunts, cotnpuliloln will ryUgw. and capital will flow into it, whatever may^bewladvan* logos, until Us profits shall fall to tho general levelJ Hence wo see the reason why, when onco a duty Is imposed fur Die protection of a particular branch of manufactures, it is not long before an increased pro tective duty is demanded. IIonco ; we see tho reason also why s protective duty which at first is attended by great munuiootuiing enterprise and success is so universally followed by a depression of tho business thus supposed to bo peculiarly favored. The first tariff under ou.r Constitution was passed July 4, 17fi9. Our population at (hat time numbered, bpiy 3,500,000, and wero encumbered with a debt to the amount of, 966,000,000. And yet so moderate wero the views of mop of all parties at that day, under such that thqjlax levied by the new mw amounted to five per cent, only on man. uf.cturod good.. Til. plan qfcllial tarlfi wo. very ilmllar la that tof llia dulle. worn fur lower. Th.ro wa. wilh a view | to protection. The amount of Imports tmoefthts act Syas $33,. 000,000, and the revenues derived from It wore 92,239,746, being rather less than an average of ten fier cent. A tax of twelve and a half per cent, was mposed.on toss and China goods, thus discriminate ing against proleotion rather than in favor of It, as the duty on manufactured goods was only five per cent, as nboto staled. This Would show thn dispa. sitlon of tho fathers oftho Republic to tox what wore then considered the luxuries of life highest, and the necessaries lowest—tho reverse of the rule adopted in those lall.cr days. . The tariff of August 10.1700,.Went Into operstidn December 1. of that year, and continued Until June 80 1793. It wos entitled “An Act In make further provision for the payment of tho public debts” and the preamble set forth, that "to'discharge said debit” u w „ neoesaary to Increase the duties. By this act the tax on woollens, cottons, silks and most menu, faclurea, was advanced ftom five to seven and a half] per cent, ad wlorsm, which was considered so lm. portaht aa to ftfiulre a apodal report from Alexander ‘ocß.ootfNTßr—*ur italwars o* right— bvt monroß, w*oaa t ov* cocwtrY** CARLISLE, PA-, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1851. Hamilton, the then Secretary t»I the Treasury, exi plaining and Justifying Iho ihoreaso at great length* That report spread abroad at that early day the fsla clos and delusions oftho protective theory, which was the settled policy of England, with whoso insti tutions and form of government ho was especially enamored. Strange as it .may soom> however, ho considered seven and a half per cent, a sufficient Srotcclion. Under this law, the imports were $60,. 00,00tf>aud tho’duties raised wore $8,401,666, be. ing an average of thirteen and a half per cent. The discriminations being again in favor oftho consum ers, of manufactured articles which were iho ncees. series of life, and against those who used imported luxuries.. In May, 1792, a new to riff law,entitled “An Act, to raise a further sum of money for Iho protection, of the frontiers,was passed.. It took- offotl the j 31UU June, 1793, and continued two years* Under 1 it the importations wero $65,700,000, and the duties $15,186,823, being twenty-two and a half per cent. In 1794 a new tariff, law was passed, and look ef-, feel inJunc,.which,.with an act of the following year, continued in force until Juno 30, 1797. Under it iho Imports wore $236,571,838, and the duties $37,6117521, or rather more than sixteen percent. > . , The net of March 3,1797, was an act u /br raising a further sum of money by additional duties, 1 ' Ac. This continued until Juno 30,1800, and under it Iho imports wore $238,673,516, and iho duties $43,657,- 876, or eighteen per cent.' Tho act of May 30, . 1800, imposing additional duties, took effect in Juno following, and continued anlilJmio, Under (his the imports were $337,- 363.600, and iho duties $69,959,912, or twenty-one per. cent. - ' The tariffs of March 26 and 27,1804, continued iin force until July 1812, The imports during the I eight years were $720,730,000, and the duties $141,* 379,824, being an annual average of tw.bnty per cent. The act of July 1, ‘.1812, doubled all duties during the continuance of '- This act remained in force four years, until July, JBl6. Tho duties were levied as a war tux, b'dt being .100 high failed to produce the desired* revenue, '•During the four years the imports were $295*, 114,274, and tho duties $82,. 315,140, or twenty-eight jiop cent. Hud tho law produced the revenue anticipated, the duties would haye been ono hundred and thirteen millions of dot- Isrsv'or forty mistake consisted in supposing that a high duly would yield ,mqro revenue (bun a fow onp. but being.high It merely excluded foreign fabrics, and consequently failed to produce revenue. duly -imposed, and the com* mercial Influence, of the war ifsfcir, produced a-tnosl - stringent protective policy* Hpnfco wa And at the conchiaios of the war of 1812, that an increase* nor- i lion oCour populatitfc-had been tcihptq|l byJtieihopo j of largo profits inti manufacturing pursuits, who 1 'found it impossiblu to compete wilii thylhdfdors of ; j large stocks of similaiagoods, (hut had aqcamuldted ' 1 abroad, and only awaited'the lelurn of peaep to flow I out to tho markets world. Our manufacturers therefore demanded of the government to prolong the duties which hud I»coo imposed for war purposes, and hud only been endured as evils attendant upon a statu of hostility and non-inlcrcpurse between two grout powers. Thaso interested In such legislation ■ werb'unfortunutcly but too successful. BetlcMo havb mol the crisis then, than for tho government to have adopted, oven Ibr a limited period of lime, principle and an injurious policy* t’ll Tko tariff of 1616‘followed, and., was the firpl - |framud_£u recognize protection a» u- princl[)ljj, Cnd.|| not at an Incident of the laxing power.- - None ofihtl> tariffs before that period, except that 0i‘1787, hadb recognized protection,and .that wus mer ®Jy incident to** fivjaier cent. duly. The tariff of 1816 first minimum valuation, or a fixed value at.which gtfftts wore to bo taxed. This tariff continued in' opetotion two yours, and under it the imports woro $221,000,000, and tho duties $47,794,- 133, or twenty-one per coni. But tho protection afforded by this tariff, was thought by incompetent and unskilful experimenters in manufacturing to be insufficient, and more protection was again deman dcd. In 1818 a new tariff wasenaolcd, which continued in force six years, end under it the imp'urla were 8465.530,53?, and the duties $128,192,685, or twenty eight per ccnr.r-being about the sumo average lux*, lion os during the war. The operation of tills tariff was soon found to bo injurious to all other interesls, and the commercial and maritime Interests of New England felt themselves particularly nggrived bj its provisions, Daniel VVebsler said, in relation to this subject, at a meeting held in' Fanout] Hall, October 3, 1820, that “For Ilia part HB*hsd supposed that re* strictions on trade and commerce, in order Id benefit particular plassos of manufacturers, were now very generally understood to be mischievous, and Incou* sistonl with Just notions of political economy.*', The tariff of 2824 followed, end continued.in.ope ration four years, during which time tho imports wi'.ro $319,308,444, and the duties 8115,037,962, or thiiiy.unu per cent.—higher than any tariff previous to that period. Notwithstanding the high rate of duties, many and ruinous failures look place among the manufacturers. The Jaw of 1828 was passed, and continued. In operation two years, The Imports under It were 8145,369.447, and the duties 856,078,206. or forty nor cent. . In 1830, a law reducing (ho duties on tea; coffee, soil und molasses, wan passed.end (ho import* far ibo two yanrs, to 1833, wero $304,330,390, and tho I duties $65,937,694, or Ihlrly.lwo per cent. The! diminution of the average arose from the reduction of dulios bat mentioned, but did not affect the high and oppressive duties on; articles which came in com petition, with our own manufactures. The average of taxation had increased from ten to forty percent., and the rotnufaolurori wero as clamorous aa ever for protection—protection to itmariean Industry I—as if no other industry wut American but that employed In manufacturing pursuits. The point of non Inter* course with the rest of the world was almost reached. I The act of 1833 was passed and continued In force 1 one year, during which ihtflmporls wore $108,118,* 311, and the dutlea $24,177,578, or twenty-clghl per coni. , . In December, 1833, the compromise act took ef fect. That tariff increased largely the list of frcol articles, and clung to discriminations less for revenue than protection. Tho. principle of protection was in' It fully recognlscdi but provision was mado also for' Its final abandonment, when in the course of ten years the dulios wero to bo gradually reduced to the uniform rale of twenty per cent. Under tho descend ing scale oflhia act, the average ranged from fourteen and a half to sixteen per dent., and at tho lowest rale tho amount of revenue was larger than over before or since. By an act of September 30,1841, twenty nor cent was laid upon all fine goods, .which were Uomplod hy Iho .ol of 1833. In llio l..t■ of the coim.rami.il law. lb. import, woro »100,169,087, And tho dutioß, together will! llio.o r.i.cd by Ih" twenty percent, la* on llio froo li.l, In »j* 1 " 1 '"" ° r Iho stipulation, ol llio compromise, were #10.800,740, or sixtoon and a hulfper cent., • ’ Tho tariff, of 1843 followed, and took effect Sept. I, of that year—and In tha Aral nine month, of It. operation. Ih. whole import, wero but #04.753,709, Of which about #24,000.000 only woro dutiable good., paying nearly Chlrtysl* per cent, average duly. In Iho next two years of Its operations the Imports wore 0935,089.599, and tho duties $00,188,774, or twenty seven per punt.', with a long Hal of free articles. Ihe Imports for 1845 amounted to $108,435,035. Ofthl. amount #53,315,303 waa charged duty on llio ad valorem Principle, #31,353,803 on Iho .pccifio and minimum, and about $24,000,000 admitted free ol dillyi Groat inequalities existed by means of the minimum and *pocirto duties, some of the more fa* vored articles being taxed at ouonnous mice—over throe hundred per cent. On cotton goods tho Ine* qualities were very striking. There were throe minimum* which applied to fairies, all or a psrt of which woro cotton—the SO cents, SO cents and 35 cents minimum*.' But one need be mentioned for illustration. “On all the -manufactures of cotton,’ or of which cotton is a component part, not dyed, ool* ored, printed or stained, not exceeding In value twenty cents porjsquaro yard, thall be valued at twenty centt. perisquare yard*, 1 ’ and on that assumed value' a duty of thirty per cent was imposed, which amounted la slxcents on overy.squaro yardt Take for instance coaVao. Colton shirting#, which cost three cents per yprd in England.- The tariff of 1843 professed to leVy on nil cotton manufacturosj Coarso as well as I fide, Imported into this country, only ft duty of thirty I pel 1 cent ad valorem. At that rate the duty would have been nine mills. But the cotton fabric was estimated at the custom house, by the provisions of the adt, for purposes of assessing the duty, as costing twenty cents per yard, and a duty, of six cents was accordingly paid on that valuation. la Iho matter of iron In its various forms of man* ufaclure, the lax by moans of specific duties, when reduced to ad valorem, on Iho average importations, and as calculated from actual importations, ranged from thirty-four to two hundred and seventy per cent. On the article of coat there was a specific doty of' one dollar and seventy-five cents per ton, which rc>- duced to ad valorem on tho average importations amounted to sixty-one per cent, and da calculated from actual importations from sixty-two to one hun dred and sixty per cent* 1 On this subject we would refer totho tables sp pended to tho report of (bo committee of ways end means, 98th Congress, Ist session, doc. 306, House of .Representatives—also to .the report of Mr. Bibb, late Secretary of tho Treasury. .Thus from this brief history, two things are man ifest— first, that a low duly is productive of a large revenue, end that & high duly diminishes revenue pnd cripples commerce. From 1790 to 1806 when wo bad a low tariff imposed only for revenue, our exports' increased from 820,205,156 to 1108,843,150. Prom 1607 to 1815, which embraced tho period of Hie continental system of Napolcod, iho British orders in council, our own embargo, and the war with Great Britain which followed, the restrictions upon trade were utmost as absolute at could b&vo been produced by a prohibitory tariff—and our commerce was ne cessarily circumscribed and limited. In 1816 was imposed the first tariff avowedly for protection, which wi>s increased in 1820, and still further increased in 1824, 1828 and 1632. In 1816 our exports were 861,990.432, and in 1631, they were only 861,310,- 563. Had they increased from 1816 to 1831, When wo had a protective tariff, as they did from 1790 td 1806 when wo had none, they would have amounted in 1831 to an enormous sum—equal to the whole amount of (ho surplus products of (ho country, stim ulated by an active commerce, with the farming and planting interests unfettered and tree from onerous exactions. From. 1833 lol|B4l, during tho existence pf tho compromise act, the exports increased from about 881,000,000 to 8121,851,603. Since the pas sago of'the act of 1846 they havo perhaps averaged !«130,000,000. f Such huvo been.the fruits end such tho demstids vf (he protective policy- Aleander Hamilton declared in 1791 that a duly of from five to seven and a half per cent was sufficient, and yet the staple interests I of tho country have been taxed by unjust laws since (that period tu an amount that Is disgraceful to sn enlightened people having the power to control their owurilegislalion, and highly detrimental to thejr own best interests, as is susceptible of tho oloarosl demon stration. Aft- tjpiany fluctuations and changes Clio tariff of moV tho Jaw of ihe land. The absurd system toftjfittimnhrnura duties has been abandoned sense of iho country, as is to bo I ItopwTwvTor.'and oil imported orticles, except what io'ofTtfflrtr eo lUt. are duW'U'xeJ thirty pit oettWon ltliolr«cbal value. It might'be eappoted that thirty \ dollars in iho hundred would be a sufficient tax upon llio consumer for the agricultural, cummercial and niuriUujo interests of Iho nation, to pay to tJio manu* laclurrjs, for it ii no longer seriously denied (hat ti)fm£nty impoacd la added to the coat of the article* The present tariff yields a revenue of nearly 040,000,. 000, and the duly imposed raise* the price of the domestio article under the law, perhaps to (he extent of the levy. By a fair estimate, therefore, it may be Bel down, that the consumers who pay this amount into the treasury for the support of the government, pay in Addition $10,000,000 more into the pockets of the manufacturers, mailing an annual tax upon the consumers of manufactured articles of 830,000,000. Under the tariff of 1843, it can bo satisfactorily shown by alatistics, that during the year 1844, when the whole amount of revenue raised on foreign im» porta was $38,980,556. that in order to raise this sum for the benefit of the government, the consul' ers weroKaXcdiu (he whole to the enormous amount of one hundred and twenty five millions of dollars, and mainly in (he form of bounty to the manufuc* lurers. la the article of pig iron alone, white the consumers paid as duty on the imported article $134,498, into (ho treasury, the people of the country wore compelled to pay the sum of $3,973,000 $134,490 in the shape of duty to the government, «nd $3,808,504 in bounty to the iron masters. .In the matter of bur and rolled iron, by (he sameealou* iutim), (he. people wore obliged to pay tho sum of $6,361,454, in order to gel $1,148,263 into the trea* aU ry~m other words, $1,148,263 irt (he shape of duly to the government, and $4,668,713 In tho sbspo of bounty to the iron roasters./ Tha amount of pig iron manufactured in the U. States in 1840, was 986,003 tuna and animated al an increase of twelve per oont. was supposed to bo in 1844,809,391 tone. The amount of bar and rolled iron in 1640, Was 197,933 tons, estimated in 1844at| 920,901 tons. It is now much greater, but we have no method of knowing the exact amount, until tbo census bo again published.' We have no correct data by which to Judge of the amount oftho manufacture of iron in Pennsylvania. By the published proceedings of the Iron masters* convention, which was hold in Philadelphia JrpJune last, it appears, that the whole number ut Iron works la the State, including furnaces, bloomericS, forges, tolling mills, &0., Is five hundred and four, in which lis invested a capital of $20,502,076. This published 1 statement is mado by gentlemen interested in tbej business, and is no doubt as large as the facts will i justify. Yet when Ibis interest is compared with Lite agricultural and other interests of the Common, wealth, it holds an entirely subordinate position in regard to . the capital invested and the number of persons engaged, The assessments of real and per* sons) properly of the whole State may he safely set down at 8300,000.000,t0 which may be added thirty percent, lor omissions and under valuations in as* , Bailments, slso,ooo,ooo—total, 8650,000.000. This does not tho capital employed in merohan* dialog, which pay* a license, nor the bank and other corporation stocks, and moneys at ’lnterest hold by nor a vast, amount of other property not made taxable by law. We have ns fliMOi at hand of approximating an estimate of the capital employed In tho Stale, which *!■ not assessed and valued; but we apprehend we wodld not err much in setting it down ul 8136,000,000, which added to the above would make the .whole capital of tho stale $800,000,000. Tho Iron inlorcfkj|oreforo is riot more Ilian onodbrllelh part of (hoipwblo oupltul of the Commonwealth. The agrlculluAUfts and other classes oftho citizens of Pennsylvania,hftvo, it would I seem, some Interest at stake important question. They will* not objaotWdgmroliaslng the I iron they use at moderate and rgumuftle rales—and 1 under equal and just laws ail of industry may flourish wilhodl further InvtfKfng tho aid ol government. The agrleulluralisltask'forno proleo* liont and all the protection that oan be afforded them is to prevent unequal exactions bomg made upon th9gfby special and class legislation/. JJVitfcf tUe tariff of.lBlB, when tho duty averaged per cent, and on on Increased duty oe* ing proposed in 1834, Mr. Wobslerin the discussion 1 oftho bill 40 the floor of the Henattf made Use of the following Idnguagu in reference to the iron interest,' w |,|ch may bo repeated with profit in . the present ICf1 Cf "Tho bill proposes to raise the duly from $l5 to I $33 50 per ton, which would be equal to a tax of $1,135,000 on the whole annual consumption, So, that suppose the point of prohibition which ia aimed at by eome gentlemen, to be attained, the consumed of the article would pay this Uil mentioned aura every year lo (he produqers.of it) over and above the price at'Which they could aupply themselves with (he itme artieUf from other source*. There would be no mitigation from thia bbrlhen, except'from the ■prospect, Whatever that might he, that iron would fall in value by domestic competition, after the itn* portatlon should bo prohibited*' It will bo easy, I think, to show that it cannot fall; and supposing for j tho present that it shall not, the result will be, that we ahali pay annually a mm of $1,125,000, constant* ly augmented, 100, by increased consumption of the article, to support « business that cannot support ri se//." If tho manufacture of iron cannot 'be sustained when the home demand is for twenty-three millions of people, by a duly of thirty per cant, then from past experience and tho proieclion it haa enjoyed, it ii useless for the government to support a business that in the language of Mr. Webster In 1624, “cannot • support itself.’* He also stated that the tax at tnat lime paid by (he consumers to the iron interest was i $1,125,000 per annum. - Thia at we have shown, I has since largely increased. But, taking that as an , average, the amount paid lo protect the manufactur ers of iron from 1791 up tu this period, would be $07,000,000 or a sum greater than the debt of nation at the close of the revolution, incurred to achieve our liberties. j If our iron masters observed a rigid economy and frugality in. the management of (heir business, so generally practiced .by the agricultural portion of the community, and if they relied more upon their own energy and skill, and less upon the government we have little doubt they would soon forget lb* cry of ruin and distress, which for many yeara haa been so common among them. It is ndl lo ba denied.that those Iron establishments unfavorably situated, have not beun’able to sustain themselves, and others will not be able, no matter what duly may be imposed by 1 the government, but the cause is attributable lo their being far from market, and hawing other disadvan tages of locality to contend with, which must remain 1 insurmountable barriers to the successful prosecution of tboir business. The truth is, the manufacturing classes of the community are far too clamorous for their num bers, The whole number of manufacturers in the ! United Slates was by the census of 1840, 791,545, and of these only 284.361 were of the protected Glasses, out of a population of nearly twenty mil lions. The amount of capital invested in agricul ture In this country is estimated by the ablest and most Intelligent siaotletkians at four thousand] millions of dollars, while the amount of tho cap. ital invested in manufactures of all kinds is about four hundred millions, according to the best au thorities. Prom.careful estimates mads from the census of 1640, it appears that the annual products of agri culture in the U. States amount to twelve hundred millions of dollars; while, the value of manufac tures of all kinds, (he cost of the raw materia! end labor included is only about three hundred millions. The disparity of persons employed, and in those branches of manufactures' claiming protection, is still greater. In the manufacture of wool only 51;842 persons are employed. In that of cotton only 72,119 persons. In the iron bust. ! q|ss and other branches of mining, 33,843 per- I sons aro employed. ■ So that not only does \ho agricultural Interest employ ten times the amount of capital, fourteen timet the number of persona employed In the branches of manufa'Ctures claiming protection, and produce four times as much in value, but it fur. nlahes four'fifiha of the exporls i frora this to for/ oign countries. The annual exports of this coun try now average at /cast one hundred and thirty millions ofdofiare. Of this more than four-fifths are produced by tho planters and farmers, as ap pears from (he roost reliable authority, the custom rouse returns. These surplus products must find a market*. It is a settled axiom or political economy* that trade between nations must be barter, or an exchange of commodity for commodity# If oob nation buys ihe products of ihe labor and capita) of-another nation, It most pay In the products of its.own la bor and capital. If one nation will not buy the products of another, the latter cannot boy the pro ducts of tho former, unless it can sell the same) amount to other nations. When the duties are, levied beyond the revenue standard, the importing) merchant cannot buy the manufactures of those | countries, bring them here, pay the duties imposed upon them and sell them at a profit, fla cannot, therefore, purchase of our planters and farmers tho products which he must pay in exchange for the manufactures of other countries. The conse quence is tho products of the farmer roust be sold at a sacrifice. Thus in this country, producing large surplus agricultural products, a tariff beyond 1 tho revenue standard causes a fall in tiro price of those products. And this system causes the home manufacturers to increase their profits, by exclu ding the foreign article, and manufactures rise in price. . , Thus, tho tendency of the,tariff, laws is Ip cause a fall in the prices of the agricultural products of this country, as well as a rise in the price of man ufactures. Tills position can be abundantly sus tained by facts and figures. In thlb connexion we must glance at tho boasted homo market. What can the iron masters and miners do, numbering less than forty thousand persons, towards consuming the-one hundred mil lions of dollars worth of tho surplus agricultural 1 products of this areal country t . Tho home mar-1 ket, caused by.all the manufacturers in the Unlonfl is but a sorry market for the vast agricultural pro ducts of the valley of lbs • Mississippi, and the widening fields of agricultural enterprise. But] the Idea of the home market Is a fallacious one. The manufacturers would, consume the same amount of agricultural products were they en gaged In the nuslness of agriculture themselves, r that they now consume. They roust eat to sus tain nature j and the home market In the end, Isj ; but the. effect produced In tho diminished supply of agricultural products, to the extent of lbs dl . version to manufacturing pursuits and the con \ sequent enhancement to that extent of the value of those products.' What is celled protection changes only the mode of labor t thalis it takes men from on. mod. of labor* to employ thorn upon another* In both mode., however, thoy aoniume the same amount of product., or vary nearly eoj and tho exchange of pursuits, lha inoreeio of the one branch of bn.in.M, and the diminution of an other, to the extent of the petaona thus shifting, la tho length end breadth of the homo market, i about which ao much Kaa been laid and writ- ' ten. The time ij fiat approaching, when the doctrine I of prolerrtflhj.elther incidental or direct, will be an ■' übwlhte idea." It la a ayilem of gratuities and bountiaa and in tho worst (looalble form— < It would be much cheaper to give the manufac- 1 turora what they a.k In money, to pay them 1 a certain aoro, außlolenl to place their bualneas ! beyond the fear of absolute failure, or givb them any reasonable proßt. By the system of bounties 1 we would pay only for what la made, while, by di.crlmiuatlng duties we pay the asms, whether anything Is made or not, For instance We nay a heavy duty on cutlery in this country, while not , hundroth pan of the cutlery used la.mado here. If that be the pronotllolt, between the quantity made here end used It would hoonehundred times cheaper to pay a bounty equal to hia present duty I on cutlery to the manufacturer end It would bo Jual aa beneSolel to him. Ope bad iribol of the mode of encouragement by means of dl'Uilmina-1 ting duties, le that the whole community Is taxed | in the purchase of articles to enhance the price of. ATUOOPE As»tf KO. 87. the article* of manufacture here, whlo.h may J»* bo Vew -as not in any degree to atipply tbb ajh 'mand. ' I The people are beginning to understandable | system, ll originated Id a dark age, add. was adopted ae a cunning to rob the laboring masses for the benefit of the protected-feW* jX has been tried in Great Britain, where It has en riched her nobility and impoverished heLP eo P] 0 » and even there the Iron grasp of the monopolist, under the protective system, by the force of ttath and the power of public opinion, has been both* pelted to let go the fruits of the poor man's toil. And while this is so, the relaxation of commer cial restrictions by that great power, the abolition of her corn lays* end the opening of her ports to our increasing agricultural products, give us no excuse at this day for making a relrogade move* merit on the subject of the tariff 1 , whatever might have beeb deemed a sound policy by our earlier statesmen—When our manufactures were |n tbfe/r infancy, fn time of war when the restrictive sys tem closed almost all the ports of the world ’ against us. But bow .long are our manufactures , to be considered in their Infancy.) - The days bf , pupilage have long pince, gone. ,by» and what Is now asked, is to pamper the pride/)f,manhpod, I rather .than guide the tottering steps of infancy, i We expe'oi no incrqape of duties eVer to be made by an American Congress.. The next change will be a farther reduction unless the signs of (be times mislead os, and we are happy to say from a careful review of this whole subject that a. bet ter day is dawning upon us. We are striding for ward In (he light of truth made manifest by tbs great advances of modern civilization. The undersigned therefore see no necessity for the contemplated modification of the tariff of 1846. Pounded on the. ad valorem principle, it Is just and equal in its operations—and we cannot dole this report without adding the testimony of one* who has long been looked to by (he country, w an. able and patriotic statesman, in favor of w. valorem duties, Mr* Clay, in a speech delivered In 1844,ea1d— 1 “For one,l sra willing to abide by that principle. There are Certain Vague na tions afloat as to the utility and necessity of epb cifto dutlea and discriminations, which, I amber? , auaded arise from a want of a right understanding of the subject. We have had the ad valorem , principle practically In force ever since the cbm . promise act was passed! and therp has been no I difficulty in administering the.duties of the Trees . ury on that principle.** Again, he says—** Com pare the difference between specific end (he ad vs ■ lorera system of duties, and I maintain that the r latter is justly entitled to preference. M>«R» upon the whole, that is (he best mode, 1 beUpv* . if wo adopt a fixed rate ad valorem whenever it can be done, the revenue will be subjected to few er frauds than the injustice and frauds incident to. , specific dories. In England (as all who have r read the able report made by Mr. Hume, a Scot (■ ilsh member oi the House of Commons, must l perceive) they seeetn to be giving up specific du . ties, and the tendency of the public mind appears > to be, instead of having a variety of ad valorem duties to have our permanent fixed rate ofduty for it all articles.'* Neither can the undersigned see the propriety of changing.the foreign to the home valuation, at aal out in the joint resolution referred.to. thU com mittee. If that were done, the duly would no longer be levied according to the coat of tbe ar ticle, but on the cost of the article* with the e*> pensea and the profile of (ho importing rhercberit added** It would no longer be an ad valorem do ty, but a duty that professed to be ao, and wa» deceptive in its character. Frauds as stated, b&. Mr-, Clay, are incident to specific duties* The frauds alleged to have been committed under the present system, could in a great measure be pre vented by the appointment of competent apprais ers at (he different ports of entry) who were ca pable of attending to their duties, and knew the markets of the world. The undersigned therefore recommend the adopt lion of the following resolution® t ' Hetolvtd, by the Senate and Heine of ReprttenU alive* of the Commonwealth nf Theft Congress ought not to repeal or modify the lirifl* of 1846, unless by eo doing there can be eubstim tod a moro just and equal system of taxation, without affecting the revenue* Ruolvcdy That the ad valorem rate of duties, by which olt foreign productions are taxed according lo their quality and value, justly apportion the burthen of (oxation on the people of all classes, so far as it can be adjusted by levying duties on foreign imports, and therefore ought not .in skty case lo be abandoned,.or the foreign valuation ex* changed for that of a home valuation. Hetohed, That speolAo duties exact an uniform rate on foreign productions of the same material or fabric, without regard to tbelr qualily or value, thereby demanding of the people a double tribute, one lo the government, and the other to the home producer, and that 100 without discriminating be tween the ability of the rich and poor to bear the burden of taxation. That as ths. people would resist such an abuse of their rights, if attempted by ditecl taxation', therefore- they ought not to be deceived by the sophisms of a protective thrill, founded on specific and minimum dullest JUtohed* That the great interest of thle coun try is agriculture, and if not more entitled to atderatiouon that account, ought, at least to hf proioeted against the atiempi, how making; 16 drive lie product* out of foreign matastii . fitiohed. That the Senators and ItopresenUk Uves in Congress, from this State are hereby re* spectrally requested In their legislation on the subject of the tariff, to observe and adhere lo Ml principles and soDilistnta'fxpreised la the forego ing reebluilons. . • - ,n -7footed, Thfit a copy of these retplptloh* be forwarded to ttof iSehslofa end /fepressoisr/ves M Congrels, by tho Speaker, with the request, thdi they will present the same to their respective bod ies. 1. KLUS BONHAMI WM. DIUNDLB. . IU«» oiiT tub Stan.—Sereral yoong ladled feeling ogrioved by lha severity with whloh their frienda (peculated on their gay plumes, flounoet), neoltlacei, ringi.pto., went to their pastor to leifd h'li opinion. “Doyou think,” said they, “thdfh can be any Impropriety In bearing thaao things V •> Dy no meane,". was the prompt reply, “ when Ibeheart is fuller ridiculous notions Il ls perfect ly proper to hang out the elgn." Dla.ckelone,' speaking of the right Of a'wife to dower, assorts that if land abide in the huabknd for a (ingle moment, tho wife Iratl ba endowed thereof t and he adds, In ri note, that this doctrine was extended very far by a Jury In Wales, wham the father and son Were both hanged In ohe cgtt | but the eon Was supposed to have aurvlved the father, by appearing to struggle the' longest, whereby ha became salted of en estate by aufvji yorihlp, In consequence of whlbh bis widow trl). talced a verdict for her dower. Baturv.—Whatever you base, have beauty; iwl beauty be oa tbs paper on your walla. It Uta easy to choose a paper suggestive of the lovely in color land form, as tile uncouth. • -Why should pot erery household object bo sanctified with this gralsfel charm T Each chair, each object, o.bh lea bir service, and ataty ohjeoll ferjallobea oraerMf, (br lha home of the poor. I would have them all worthy oft homo oftaetei
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers