VOL. 42. The Huntingdon Journal J. R. DURBORROW, PUBLISHERS AND PROPRIETORS °glee in new JOURNAL Building, Fifth Street TILE HUNTINGDON JOURNAL is published every Friday by J. It. DURBOEHOW and J. A. NASH, under ,ho firm name of J. It. Duasonaow dr Co., at $2,00 per DIIIIUM IN ADVANCE, or $2.50 if not paid for in SIX months from date of subscription, and $3 if not paid within the year. No paper discontinued, unless at the option of the pub lishers, until all arrearages are paid. No paper, however, will be sent out of the State unless absolutely paid for in advance. Transient advertisements will be inserted at TWELVE AND A-HALT• CENTS per line for the first insertion, SEVEN AND A-HALT CENTS for the second and FIVE CENTS per line for all subsequent insertions. Regular quarterly and yearly business advertisements will be inserted at the following rates: 13m 6m 19m Ilyr I 3m l6m 19m lyr 11n $3 50 450 5 501 8 001 1 / col 900 18 001327 36 2" 500 800 10 00112 00' %col 18 00 36 001 50 65 3 " 700 10 00 14 00118 001 34 00 50 001 65 80 4 " 1 8 00;14 00120 00118 0011 col 36 00,60 001 80 100 All Resolutions of Associations, Communications of limited or individual interest, all party annon,cements, and notices of Marriages and Deaths, exceeding five lines, will be charged TEN CENTS per line. Legal and other notices will be charged to the party having them inserted. Advertising Agents must find their commission outside of these figures. All advertising accounts are due and collectable when the advertisement is once inserted. JOB PRINTING of every kind, Plain and Fancy Colors, done with neatness and dispatch. Hand-bills, Blanks, Cards, Pamphlets, &c., of every variety and style, printed at the shortest notice, and everything in the Printing line will be executed in the most artistic manner and at the lowest rates. Professional Cards• DR. J. G. CAMP, graduate of Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Office 228 Penn Street. Teeth ex tracted without pain. Charges moderate. [Dec7 '77-3m fICALDWELL, Attorney-at-Law, No. 111, 3rd street. . Office formerly occupied by Messrs. Woods & Wil liamson. [apl2:7l Wt. A.B. BRUMBAUGH, offers his professional services to the community. Office, No 523 Washington street, one door east of the Catholic Parsonage. C STOCKTON. Surgeon Dentist. Office in Leister's L. building, in the room formerly occupied by Dr. E. J. Greene, Huntingdon, Pa. Lapl2B, '76. QKO. B. ORLADY , Attorney-at-Law, 405 l'enn Street, Huntingdon, Pa. [n0v17;76 ("t L. 8088, Dentist, office in S. T. Brown's new building, U. No. 520, Penn Street, Unntingdon, Pa. [apl2.'7l T j C. MADDEN, Attorney-at-Law. Office, No.—, Penn 11. Street, Huntingdon, Pa. [apl9,'7l TSYLVANUS BLAIR, Attorney-at-Law, Huntingdon, . Pa. Office, Penn Street, three doors west of 3rd Street. [jan4,ll TW. MATTERN, Attorney-at-Law and General Claim 0 • Agent, Huntingdon, Pa. Soldiers' claims against the Government for back-pay, bounty, widows' and invalid pensions attended to with great care and promptness. Of fice on Penn Street. T 8. HELSSINGER, Attorney-at-Law and Notary Public, L . B. Huntingdon, Pa. Office, No. 230 Penn Street, oppo site Court House. [febs,'7l E. FLEMING, Attorney-at-Law, Huntingdon, Pa., 1.3• office in _Monitor building, Penn Street. Prompt and careful attention given to all legal busineee. • [augs,'74-6moe IVILLIAM A. FLEMING, Attorney-at-Law, Hunting- TV don, Pa. Special attention given to collections, and all other legal business attended to with care and promptneas. Office, No. 229, Penn Street. [apl9,'7l School and 'Miscellaneous Books. GOOD BOOKS FOR THE FARM, GARDEN AND HOUSEHOLD. The following is a list of Valuable Books, which will be supplied troth the Office of the Huntingdon JOURNAL. Any one or more of these books will be sent post-paid to any of our readers on receipt of the regular price, which is named against each book. „.. . - Allen'e (ILL. & L. F.) New American Farm Book IF2 50 Allen's (L. F.) American Cattle.* 2 5W Allen's (ILL.) American Farm Book Allen's (L. F.) Rural Architecture 1 50 Allen's (K. L.) Diseases of Domestic Animals 1 ('0 American Bird Fancier 3O American (ientleman'a Stable Guide* 1 GU American Rose Calturist 3O American Weeds and Useful Plants 1 75 Atwood's Country and Suburban Houses. I 50 Atwood's Modern American :oniesteadse 3 5u Baker's Practical and Scientific Fruit Culture* 2 5U Barber's Crack Shot* Barry's Fruit Garden Bell's Carpentry Made Esaye Bement's Rabbit Fancier 3O Bicknell's Village Builder and Supplement. 1 Vole.. 12 00 Bicknell's Supplement to Village Builder* ' 6 00 Bogardus' Field Cover, and Trap Shooting* 2 00 Bummer's Method of Making Manures 25 Boussingault's Rural Economy Brackett's Farm Talk , paper, ;•Otts.; c10th.... 75 Breck's New Book of Flowers Brill's Farm-Gardening and Seed-Growieg....-....... Broom-Corn and Brooms paper, 50cts.; cloth Brown's Taxidermist's Manual Bruckeer's American Manures* Buchanan's Culture of the Grapeaud Wine making 75 Buel's Cider-Maker's Manual* Buist's Flower-Garden Directoly ...... ....... Buist's Family Kitchen Gardener 1 00 Burges' American Kennel and Sporting Field 4 00 Buruham's The China Fowl* 1 00 Burn's Architectural Drawing Book. Burns' Illustrated Drawing Book. 1 00 Burns' Ornamental Drawing Book* .... 1 00 Burr's Vegetables of America. 3 00 Caldwell's Agricultural Chemical Analysis ...... ... Canary Birds. Paper 50 cts Cloth Chorlton's Grape-Grower's Guide Cleveland's Landscape Achitecturee 1 3,, Clok's Diseases of Sheep* Cobbett's American Gardener 75 Cole's American Fruit Book 75 Cole's American Veterinarian 75 Cooked and Cooking Food for Domestic Animals.... 20 Cooper's Game Fowls. - 5 00 Corbett's Poultry Yard and Market.pa.socts., cloth 75 Croft's Progressive American Architectures.— Cummings' Architectural Details lO 00 Cummings & Miller's Architecture* lO 00 Cupper's Universal Stair-Builder 3 50 Dadd's Modern Horse Doctor, 12 mo 1 50 Dadd's American Cattle Doctor, 12 mo 1 50 Dadd's American Cattle Doctor, Bvo, cloth. 25 0 Doable American Reformed Horse Book, 8 vo, cloth* 2 50 Dada's Stuck Manual 1 25 Darwin's Variations of Animals & Plants. 2 vols [new ed.] Dead Shot; or, Sportsman's Complete Guide* 1 75 Detail Cottage and Constructive Architecture* lO 00 De Voe's Market Assistant* 2 50 Dinka, Mayhew, and Hutchison, on the Dog* 3 00 Downing's Landscape Gardening 6 50 Dwyer's; Horse 800 k.... ........... . ........... Eastwood on Cranberry 75 Eggleston's Circuit Rider. 1 75 Eggleston's End of the W0r1d.... 1 50 Eggleston'e Hoosier School Master 1 25 Eggleston's Mystery of Metropolisville. . 1 50 Eggleston's (Geo. C.) A Man of Honor Elliott's Hand Book for Fruit Growers. Pa., 60c.; clo 1 00 Elliott's Hand-Book of Practical Landscape Gar dening* e - 1 50 Elliott's Lawn and Shade Trees* 1 50 E liott's Western Fruit-Grower's Guide 1 50 Eveleth's School House Architecture. 6 00 Every Horse Owner's Cyc10p5edia........... ............ Field's Pear Culture . . 1 25 Flax Culture. [Seven Prise Essays by practical grow ers Flint (Charles L.) on Grasses* 2 50 Flint's Milch Cows and Dairy Farming. 2 50 Frank Forester's American Game in its Season. 3 00 Frank Forester's Field Sports, 8 vo. 2 vols.. ..... Frank Foresters Fish and Fishing, i 100 Engs 350 Frank Forester's Horse of America, 8 vo., 2 vols lO 00 Frank Forester's Manual for Young Sportsmen, BTO 3 00 French's Farm Drainage Fuller's Forest-Tree Cultnrist Fuller's Grape Culturist Fuller's Illustrated Strawberry Culturist 2O Fuller's Small Fruit Culturist 1 5 Fulton's Peach Culture Gardner's Carriage Painters' Manual. * 1 00 Gardner's How to Paint. Geyelin's Poultry-Breeding Gould's American Stair-Builder's* .... 4 00 Gould's Carpenter's and Builder's Assistant • 3I 0 Gregory on Cabbages paper.. 30 Gregory on Onion Raising. Gregory on Squashes .paper.. 30 Guenon on Milch Cows Gnillautne's Interior Arctute,......_ Gun, Rod, and Saddle* Hallett's Builders' Epecifications* Hallett'e Builders' Contracts* . 10 Harney's Barns, Out-Buildings, and Fences*.......-_. 6 00 Harris's Insects Injurious to Vegetation... Plain $4 ; Colored Engravings 6 50 Harris on the Pig Hedges' on Sorgho or the Northern Sugar Plants 1 50 Helmsley's Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Plants* ...... Henderson's Gardening for Pleasure Henderson Gardening for Profit 1 50 Henderson's Practical Floriculture 1 50 Herbert's Hints to Horse-Keepers 1 75 Holden's Book of Birds paper 25c.; cloth.. 50 Hooper's Book of Evergreens . ......... ..... 3 00 Hooper's Dog and Gun paper 30c.;; cloth 6O Hooper' Western Fruit Book* 1 50 Hop Culture. By nine experienced cultivators 3O How to get a Farm and Where to find One 1 25 Husmann'e Grapes and Wine* Hussey's Home Buildings* Hussey's National Cottage Architecture Jacques's Manual of the Garden, Farm and Barn- Yard* 1 75 Jennings on Cattle and their Diseases* . 1 75 Jennings' Horse Training Made Easy... ..... ...... Jennings on the Horse and his Diseases* 1 75 Jennings on Sheep, Swine, and Poultry* Jersey, Alderney, and Guernsey C0w*..... ....... John Androes (Rebecca Harding Davis) Johnson's How Crops Feed . 2 00 Johnson's How Crops Gr0w........ ............. ...... ...... . 2 00 Johnson's Peat and its Coos : Johnson's Agricultural Chemistry... ...... Johnson's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry 1 50 Kern's Practical Landscape Gardening* 1 50 King's Beekeepers' Text Book.. Paper 40c.........c10th 75 Klippart's Wheat Plant* 1 75 Lakey's Village and Country Houses Leavitt's Facts about Pest* . 1 75 Leuchar's How to build Hot-Horses 1 50 Lewis' People's Practical Poultry Keeper* 1 50 Long'. American Wild Fowl Shooting• Loring's Farm-Yard Club ofJotham* 3 50 Loth's Practical Stair Builder* lO 00 Lyman's Cotton Culture 1 50 Manual of Flax Culture* Marshall's Farmer's Hand Book* RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES of Huntingdon County, from the let day of January, 1877, to the Bth day of January, 1878 : J. A. NASH RECEIPTS. Balance at last settlement in hands of Treasurer $ 7,972 17 Received from collectors of 1876 and previous years, county tax 4,411 68 Received from collectors of 1576 and previous years, State tax 353 93 FOR THE YEAR 1577—COUNTY TAX. Alexandria borough. Barree township 9OB 72 Brady " Broad Top City borough lO6 36 Carbon township 365 09 Cass 362 84 Ca.ssville borough SS 6:1 Clay township. Cromwell " Coalmont borough 6l 52 Dublin township 364 47 Franklin " 2,143 41 Henderson " 291 67 Hopewell " 251 32 Huntingdon, lot Ward 1,017 49 2d " 3d " 4th " Jackson township 1,307 15 Juniata " 145 99 Lincoln " 435 76 Mapleton borough 139 00 Markiesburg borough 147 12 Morris township 1,090 65 Mount Union borough 556 52 OrbiJonia 324 82 C neida township 372 25 Penn 665 38 l'orter " Shade Gap borough 37 58 Springfield township 433 90 Shirley 1,126 01 Shirleysburg borough 249 09 Tell township 438 09 Todd " Three Springs borough 9O 34 Union township 331 OS Walker " Warriorsmark township 2,131 40 West township 1,377 04 Saltillo borough lO4 54 Dudley " 102 50 $25,729 65 State tax for 1877 from same townships and bor oughs 621 12 Received from Justices of the Peace for 1877: Alexandria, Clifford Graffus $ 155 63 I3arree, R. A. Ramsey 1,084 94 Brady, Thos. Marlin 522 56 B. T. City, C. K. Horton B7 85 Carbon, P. Madigan 766 69 Cass, E B Hissong. ...... 354 25 ap Clay, J. M. Drake 145 60 Cromwell, B. F. Chilcoat 5OO 00 Coalmont,Samu'l Brooks 4O 00 Dublin, J. E. Harper 73 76 ranklin, J M. Leach 1,997 81 Henderson, Jesse Henry 296 SO Hopewell, G. W. Putt lOO 00 Huntingdon, Ist ward, J. 0. Murray 597 00 •` " .34 " S. W. Collura SS9 82 4th " " " Jackson, Elias Musser 521 6S Juniata, Wm. Geissinger B4 95 Lincoln, H. Richardson 176 40 Mapleton, A. W. Swoope l4O 25 Marklesburg, A. 11. John ston 74 60 Morris, Peter Tippery 746 85 Mt. Union, J. G. Stewart 344 51 Oneida, Henry Wilson 215 08 Penn, Jacob Haley 555 57 Porter, J. E. Robb 1,789 73: Shade Gap, H. C. Zeigler 52 40' Springfield, Sam'l Weight 225 66 Shirley, John Maffit BBO 09 Shirleysburg, J. M. Good man Tell, James Rhea l7O 04 Tod, W. W. French 397 90 Three Springs, P.ll. Bence 49 56 Union, A. W. Swoope 321 26 Walker, Jos. Isenberg 491 30 Warriorsmark, J. M. Stone road 1,339 29 West, Juo. P. Murphy 1,036 52 Dudley, Jno. S. Harney.— 81 94 $17,955 45 I Received from Justices of the Peace, State tax for 1577..115 82 Borrowed Money. John & James Russel Joseph Watson J. Garretson Miller Jacob Summers John A. Wilson. 1,240 00 Agnes Wilson 542 00 Sterret Cummins l,BOO 00 Miss Kate Cummin. Samuel P. Smith 1,445 77 D. Clarkson, Guardian 662 50 First National Bank 3OO 00 David Cunningham l,OOO 00 David McMurtrie 1,500 01! A. W. Swoops From Enterprise Insurance Co. l5O 00 Fines and Jury Fees front Sheriff Henderson: Jacob Sollers 5 00 Wesley Kooken 5O OD Alexander Norri. Samuel March.. 2OO OD Joseph Strouse Jury Fees 24 DO 2 00 75 75 .579 00 From A. W. Kenyon's Estate in full__ 352 48 J. G. Stewart, for Myere. 20, it " Biees Estate.... 9 72 16 92 George Smith for killing squirrels out of season 5 00 From James B. Moore, fine l2 aft From Directors of the Poor 207 40 Refunded by A. S. Harrison. 3 OH From J. A. Pollock. From Longnecker & Lightner, for fish- ing with rein2s 00 Tax from John Mierly not on the du- plicate 8 30 From J. R. Simpson, esq., Attorney for the Directors of the Poor 45 84 L. M Stewart, fines and Jury fees -47 50 On Commonwealth prosecutions paid to Prosecuting Att'y, Prothonotary, Sheriff, Witnesses, &c $ 6,550 68 Grand and Traverse Jurors, Court Crier, Tip Staves, ttc 5,660 61 Constables for making returns. election fees, &c ..... 1,063 30 Judges and Inspectors of elections 1,450 17 Assessor and Registry lists_ 1,377 77 Inquisitions on dead bodies.. ........ 261 50 Road and Bridge views-- 473 88 Road Damages, as follows Wm. H. Breneman, JuDizta...sl4o 00 J. Peter Snyder, Juniata........ 105 00 Geo. Eby, Hendersoa_ lOO 00 John Hood, Penn. 5O 00 :1!',45 Road Tax on Unseated Lands.. Wm. Hallman. Barree $ 72 0 David Fouse, Lincoln 3 73 C. 11. Glazier, Huntingdon.— 37 35 74 10 School Tax on Unseated Lands. R Mcßirney, Jackson $127 79 John P. Murphy, West 13 57 George Glazier, Huntingdon 16 20 John Hathey, Carbon 9O 95 E. J. Jones, Broad Top Bor 760 256 11 Refunding orders lB6 67 Blank books and stationery 371 73 Postage Court House Janitor, Carothers 74 50 Court House Janitor, Decker lOO 90 175 40 Watchman at jail, W. A. Jacobs Si DO Watchman at county bridge during riot Washing for prisoners 5O 00 135 00 Sheriff Henderson, boarding prisoners, conveying con victs to the Penitentiary, summoning jurors, &c 2,921 44 Boarding Jurors and IVihrea•rer. John S. Miller, in Reese ca5e...5279 00 3 00 1 00 1 75 " I " Fleming& M'Neil 700 256 00 Gas at Court House Insurance on Court House 3OO 00- 430 09 Western Penitentiary, 1876 317 2rl .. 500 ... 600 _ it t 4 " 1877..... 264 00 , 581 28 State Lunatic H05pita1........... - 1,838 28 Premium for killing foxes, wild cats, skunks, hawks and owls 4,535 15 County auditors Court Reporter 513 70 Teachers' Institute Commissioners. D. B. Weaver $358 0l A. G. Neff A. W. Wright Comes traveling expenses 214 41 T. D. Newell, Comes. Clerk 7OO 00. 3,971 44 A. Tyhurst $217 10 A. L. Guss S. E. Fleming & Co 709 03 J. R. Durborrow Jr Co 637 95 1,864 11 Fuel for Court House and Jail 322 98 L. M. Stewart, Proth'y, Clerk : - i• 1 n ti n gdon i. Journal. County Finances. $5,054 7S 2,000 00 , 200 00. 200 00' from other sources $76,720 31 EXPENDITURES- Printing, County Finances of Seesions, &c 294 54 Geo. B. Orlady, auditing Pro thonotary and Register l5 00 Physician to jail, D. P. Miller 112 00 Repairs to Court House and Jai: ISO 62 Shaving prisoners 5 55 607 71 Jury Commissioners lBl 24 Mdse for Court House and Jail 83 96 Suit of clothing for C. A. Reese 21 00 Fines Paid to Attorneys. Speer & McMurtrie, for Mount Union borough, collected from Postlethwait and Thompson 100 00 David Blair, for Mapleton bor ough from sundry persons, 160 00 David Blair, for Carbon town ship School District, from sundry persons 5OO 00 D. Caldwell, for Huntingdon borough School District, front sundry persons 6OO 00 D. Caldwell, for Shade Gap bor lOO 00 S. T. Brown, for Walker twp lOO 00 L. S. Geissinger,Att'y for Com missioners, in full of salary for 1877.. 5O 00 Percentage for collecting $4,900, for 1876, and previous years 245 00 Percentage in full for 1875, 47 50 " on money from Ken yon's estate 34 45 Expenses to Harrisburg l5 00 :391 00 Borrrowed Money. Samuel P. Smith 654 00 Joseph Watson. 3OOO 00 J. W. Russel AL Bros D. INlcMurtrie 5OO 83 First National Bank, Hun tingdon 2OO 00 7,067 74 Interest paid on Borrowed Money J. W. Russel & Bros 413 42 Sterrett Cummins 420 23 Joseph Watson 132 70 John A. Wilson. 59 30 Agnes C. Wilson ..... 32 52 J.GarretsonMiber l2 00 David Speck. 36 00 A. W. Swoope Isaac Hawn 26 73 Samuel P. Smith 5 19 Repairing Bridges, Isaac Rorer for propping bridge at mouth of Augh wick creek Jackson Lamberson, for re pairing same bridge Hugh Madden, repairing bridge at Ennisville, and extra work Hugh Mauden, repairing bridge near Orbisonia,and extra work Hugh Madden, repairing bridge near fair ground, Walker township Hugh Madden, repairing bridge near Mcslevy's Ft. Hugh Madden, repairing bridge at Meadow Gap John Madden, repairing bridge near Cornpropsts Mill. Henry Davis, repairing bridge at Cottage, West township Ira Jenkins, repairing bridge at Hawn's,Juniata township Nicholas Rider, repairing bridge across Shade creek, in Cromwell township Nicholas Rider, r-pairing bridge near Beersville Nicholas Rider, repairing bridge near Orbisonia Nicholas Rider, repairing bridge near Shade Gap, in Dublin township. Hugh Madden, repairing bridge at Orbisonia Luden Dean repairing bridge across Shy Beaver Creek Loden Dean, repairing bridge across Crooked Creek Lambergon do Dean, repair ing bridge at Barree, in Porter township Building Bridges John Leonard, building bridge in Tell township, including extras lO2l 00 llugk Madden, building bridge in Shirley twp 220 00 Jno Madden,buildiag bridge near Mt. Union, across the Juniata River, origi nal contract Extra for double arches..... Award of referees, for extra work claimed by contrac tors Paid Huntingdon County Poor House Treasurer..... 15 042 76 Paid indebtedness to the State County Treasurer for collec ting as per Act of Assem bly Treasurer's Commission on $53,304.21 at 3 per cent Balance due the County by Treasurer 3764 22 76,720 31 In testimony whereof the undersigned Commis sioners have set their hands and seal of office. A. W. WRIGHT, } Commissioners. D. E. WEAVER, We the undersigned Auditors of Huntingdon county, Penna., elected and sworn according to law, report that we have met, did audit, adjust, and set tle according to law, the account of G. Ashman Mille , esq.. Treasurer of the county, and the or ders of the Commissioners and receipts for the same, for and during the past year, and find a balance due the county, by the County Treasurer, G. Ash man Milicr, esq., of three thousand seven hundred and sixty-four dollars and thirty-one cents ($3,764 dl.) EXPLANATION We fnd that the commissions allowed on $,,- 000 00, in the account of L. S. Geissinger, Attorney for Commissioners, was not really coin missions, as the order states, but was paid for services as Attorney. SUGGESTIONS. Each order drawn by the Commissioners should, on the face of it, bear a full explanation of itself, which would cave much time and trouble at the Annual Settlement. As a large amount was paid for extra work on bridges, we would recomnend that contracts be so drawn as to prevent such charges. And, also, that the Commissioners see that the Assessors make a proper return of all property subject to State tax, as we found several townships having no State tax assessed, Given under our hands this twenty-fifth day of January, A. D , 1878. .TAS. HENDERSON,} W. 11. REX, Auditors Feb 8] J. J. WHITE. L 330 SC: IGeogra ph ies, cog rap h ics Geographies, Arithmetics, Arithmetics, Arithmetics, Grammars, !Grammars, Grammars, Readers, Readers, leaders,) SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL SCHOOL Spellers, SCHOOL Spellers, SC HOOL ,Spellers, Dictionaries Dictionaries, Dictionaries, Copy Books, Copy Books, Copy Books, Drawing Books, Drawing Books, Drawing Books, Drawing Cards, Drawing Cards, Drawing Cards, Teachers' Keys, Teachars' Keys, Teachers' Keys,l BOOKS BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS SCHOOL BOOKS And every other kind of BOOKS used in the schools of 'he county, together with a full a•Jd complete line of SCHOOL STATIONERY, at prices to suit the times, at the JOURNAL STORE. HUNTINGDON, PA:, FRIDAY, MARCH 1, 1878. 6butational Historical Sketch of Education in EARLY ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. Previous to the adoption of the common school system in 1835, educational affairs were very loosely conducted, and the pre servation of statistics almost entirely ne glected; so that it is impossible to give an accurate history of our early educational facilities. The first settlers of the county, though occupied in felling the forests and securing themselves homes in the wilderness, doubt less taught their children, at least, the elements of such an education as they possessed themselves. The first schools, of which we have any account, were started at private houses.— The children of a few contiguous families were gathered together in one school and taught a part of the day, for a short term, during the year. As the forests became cleared away and the country more thickly settled, school houses were erected by subscription. These were "few and far between." One house had to accommodate a large area of country. Children frequently traveled a distance of four or five miles to attend school. The houses were of a very rude character. The following description of the primitive schoo!-houses of Trough Creek valley, we take from Mr. Lytle's history of Hunting don county : "They were built of round logs, and were covered with clap boards, which were kept in their places by heavy logs laid on them. The floors were made of logs split in halves and laid together, with the flat sides up. Snakes could crawl through, as they often did. In the end of each build ing there was a great fire place, with a wooden chimney. The light was admitted through large cracks in the walls, from six to ten inches wide, covered with greased paper for glass." From all that we can learn this may be taken as a fair representative of the school. houses of a former day. The furniture was in keeping with the houses. The writing-desks consisted of boards arranged around the room, against the walls, sup ported by wooden pins; and the seats, in most cases, were slabs with the flat sides up, the'rfaces of which had never some in contact with a plane, and without backs. 1,f'.05 59 3 00 19 41 191 00 130 00 270 00 152 00 144 00 209 00 S 50 25 00 Here and there a school could be found fortunate enough to pos.9ess a map and a globe, the property of the teacher, hut black-boards were unknown. 99 00 191 00 17 00 Formerly, there were as many classes in each branch of study, as there were pupils pursuing it. Two books of the same kind could seldom be found in school. At the opening of the term, book cases and libra ries were ransacked by pupils in their am bition to have a book different from any other in the school. Teachers themselves were ignorant of the value of classification, and did not encourage it. The only branches taught were spelling, reading, writing, and arithmetic. The last named branch was not recited; but when the pupil reached a problem he could not solve . , it was taken to the teacher, who placed the work upon the slate, handed it, without explanation, to the pupil, who de parted with his new acquisition and re sumed his work. 40 00 110 00 53 00 15 00 2,090 86 422 95 3375 00 415 00 In those days, high scholastic attain ments were not required of the teacher.— Ira man had a fair knowledge of arithmetic, could write a legible hand, read tolerably well, and possessed muscle to wield the birch, he had the necessary qualifications to teach. 5,933 41 899 41 2310 00 Teachers of fifty years ago gave no at tention to professional culture. Educational meetings were unknown.— Works on theory and practice of teaching were not studied. It is true, many of the teachers were men of experience in the school room ; but they plied their calling in "tread mill" style, few of them knowing anything of the laws of mental growth and development, or of the science of educa tion. 700 00 1599 12 In the "good old times" of subscription schools, none but men (?) were employed to teach. We have no record of any fe males teaching in the county previous to the adoption of the free school system. Teachers "boarded round" among the pupils. The tuition charged, averaged one dollar and fifty cents a quarter for each pupil A reduction was sometimes made when several children were sent from one The schools were kept open only two or three mouths at most, during the most io clement season of the year. From failure to agree on a teacher. or from other causes, a school was, sometimes, not opened for several consecutive term. , . With the advantages possessed by our ancestors, it is not surprising that they seldom attained to eminent scholarship. The enactment of the free school law, in 1835, met with much opposition in this county. .Notwithstanding this fact, most of the districts soon accepted the system, and fornially put it into operation. Shirley township was the last of the tardy ones to fall into line L. BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS BOOKS During its first few years the system bad to strug,gle, as it were, to maintain its existence, and, consequently, did not make much advancement. The directors elected, in many cases, were its bitter enemies, and failed to enforce its provisions Gradually its enlightening influence be. gan to dispel the ignorance and prejudice arrayed against it, and, as it more fully established its claim to support, opposition lessened. SCHOOL GROUNDS AND HOUSES, School architecture has not yet reached a very high degree of perfection in our county ; but most of the houses built lat terly are neat,comfortable,and commodious. They are generally about as good as the means of the districts justify, and are cer tainly far superior CO the buildings used as school-houses half a century ago. In the report of the county Superin tendent for the year 1865, appears the following description of a room then used for school purposes in one of the wealthier districts. "The room is a basement, sixteen by twenty feet, with two small windows. It has been occupied alternately as a stable, a butcher shop—of which it is more sug gestive than anything else—and a school room. The floor is composed of boards laid down loosely, and scarcely raised above the damp, cold earth. The back part of the room has never been walled, and from the yielding soil, issue continually small streams of slimy, disagreeable moisture, which trickle down its sides. There was no ventilation, and the musty, damp, and vitiated atmosphere was suggestive of Huntingdon County. BY PROF. R. M. M'NEAL. FREE SCHOOLS disease and death." This room, however, must be regarded as an exception, rather than the represen tative of the houses then used for school purposes. A marked improvementon school-houses, is noticeable within the last decade. They are not only built more substantially, but they are constructed and furnished with reference to health, comfort and con venience. Although few of our houses can be regarded as first class in every par titular, they arc generally as good as those found in country districts anywhere The best houses are in Alexandria, Mount Union, Morris, Mapleton, Petersburg, Por ter, Todd, Walker, Warriorsmark, Frank lin, and Huntingdon districts. Shirleys burg has a house in process of erection, which, when completed, will be one of the best sehoJl buildings in the county. The natter of ventilation has been very much neglected. Some good houses have been balk without any provision fur ventilation, except that furnished by raising and lower ing windows. The house in Shirleysburg will be the best ventilated building in the county. . . . School-houses are much better furnished than formerly. The best houses built now are supplied with patent desks and seats Wherever patented furniture has been tried, it has proven a hundred per cent. cheaper, and better in every respect, than the old pine desk, that still reccommends itself to certain boards of directors, on ac count of its "cheapness." Our schools are not as well stocked with apparatus as they should be. All of the houses have blackboards, although many of them have not a sufficient amount of sur face. Most of them have maps, and a few have globes, charts, and dictionaries. The practice of selecting as school sites, pieces of ground that cannot be used for any other purpose, is being discontinued. Healthful and suitable locations are se lected, and in many cases the grounds are fenced, and planted with shade trees and shrubbery. SCHOOLS It is difficult to ascertain the number of schools within the present bounds of the county bef;ire the formation of Blair. As nearly as can be estimated, the number in 1842, was one hundred and thirty six.— The increase since that time, has been as follows : In 1857, there were one hundred and seventy four ; in 1865, one hundred and ninety two; in 1875, two hundred and fifteen, and at present about two hundred and twenty. At the beginning of the free school sys tern, there were no graded schools in the count). Now there are about thirty-fire of that class, all oi•' which are in the - bor oughs and villages The grading of schools in the rural districts has been -,proposed, but the project has never been carried in to effect. The average length of term in the county, has been as follows : In 1842, four and one sixth months ; in 1857, four months; in 1865, four and one half months, and in 1875, five and one fifth months. Some districts in the county would in• crease their term, had they the means of doing so. Others keep their schools open five months only, because they cannot otherwise obtain a share of the State ap propriation. In nearly ail the schools of the county, are taught the branches required by law, viz : spelling, reading, writing, mental arithmetic, written arithmetic, geography, grammar, and history of the nited States. In a number of the schools, vocal music, algebra, and drawing are taught ; and, is a few of the higher grades are also taught, geouiet ry,etyrnology.physiolnzy,philosophy, astronomy, and other branches. The methods of teaching these branches have been much improved; especially, those employed in teaching grammar. In stead of encumbering the mind of the child with unintelligible definitions and principles, the subject is now introduced by means of language lessons. The more practicable parts are taught first; and the technical parts deferred till the pupil is able to comprehend them. We have at present nearly a uniformity of text-books. The series principally used are the new American spellers and readers, Brooks' Mathematics, Mitchell's Geogra phies, Fewsmith's and Bullion's Grammars, Goodrich's and Barnes' Histories. The schools are well classified, and the grade of scholarship has been steadily in creasing, and it is at present creditable alike to teachers and pupils. The number of children attending the schools at different periods, embracing more than the third of a century, the average attendance, and the cost of instruction per month, for each pupil, are shown in the following table : A verage Total. 1 attendance. ATTENDANCE. Ma'am. I Females. I. 2774 I 1841 70,67 I ;;480 85755088 I 8976 5734 The receipts and expenditures for school purposes, in the county, are shown by the following table, the figures exhibiting the increase from a time but a few years sub sequent to the commencement of our free schools: RECEIPTS. 1842. 1857. 1865. 1875. From State 54,779 CO $ 2,020 90 2,603 76 $ 5,570 22 Taxes, &c 7,299 57 21,469 30 25,371 23 62,349 32 $12,078 57 $23,490 20 $27,975 01 $87,919 54 Total. EXPENDITURZS. School houses. $1,786 42 $ 2.558 15 $ 2,496 96 $13,573 66 Fuel, &c 589 83 1,653 76 4,237 02 12,569 11 Teach'rs sal'ry 8,069 03 19,319 50 22,839 72 39,756 10 Total TEACHERS That our teachers are not as well quali fied for their work as they should be, is an undeniable fact. That they have gr. at ly improved as a class, is equally true. The business of teaching furnishes them employment but for five or six months in the year. Teachers, who have families, must necessarily engage in something else during the balance of the year, in order to gain a livelihood. They cannot, under such circumstances, be expected to make much special preparation for teaching. Those who have leisure and means to educate themselves, find more lucrative employment in other professions, and con sequently leave the business of teaching On this account, a large percentage of our teachers, each year, are young and inexpe rieuced, and come directly from the pub lic schools. The teachers of the county, as a class, manifest a commendable zeal in their work. They attend all educational meetings, for their improvement ; readily receive sug gestions for the improvement of their schools, and strive to perform their duties as teachers, faithfully and efficiently. It is true we have a few fossilized fogies, who think that the former times were better than these, and who refuse to come out of their grooves and ruts." and do all they can to discourage teachers' institutes and other educational meetings. lam glad to say that these are exceptional cases. Female teachers in Huntingdon county, as well as in other counties of the State, have met with violent opposition. They have had to battle against the grossest ig norance and the most unreasonable preju dices; but, in the fight, they have come off victorious They have established their title to pa tronage by their worth Results prove that they have met with more uniform sue cess than have male teachers. Some of the best disciplined, the most carefully trained, and the best taught schools in the county, have been conducted by female teachers. In 1812 there were one hundred and thirty male teachers in the county, and six female. At the present time, about one third are females. During the late war about one half were females. One of the most serious hindrances to securing better qualified teachers is the fact that no discrimination is made in the way of salary. The teacher who can just manage to pass the examination and secure a low grade certificate, gets as much wages as the teacher in the same district who holds a "number one," a professional, or a permanent, certificate. So long as this state of affairs exists, there is no 'induce ment for teachers to qualify themselves for the work. A few boards of directors have abandoned this custom, and are now gra ding salaries according to the scholastic and professional attainments of teachers. In 1842, the average salaries paid male teachers was $20.08, of female teachers, $lO 92 ; in 1857, males, $25.39, females, $l9 12; in 1865, males, $29 26, females, $24.72 ; in 1875, males, $35.45, females, $3l 60. From the comparison just given, it will be perceived that salaries of male teachers in the county have been increased a little over seventy per centum since 1842, and that the salaries of female teachers, in the same time, have been increased nearly 200 per centum. TEACHERS' INSTIT UTES Teachers' institutes have been one of the most efficient agencies in the profess ional training of teachers, the education of public sentiment, and the general promo tion of education. The first institute in the county was organized at Huntingdon, February 23, 1853. A preliminary meet ing was held at the public house of Mrs. Hampson, where the following agreement was drawn up and signed by forty five teachers : "We, the undersigned, teachers of Hun tingdon county, hereby agree to meet in convention this day to promote the cause of general education and improvement of our profession ; and we agree to be govern ed by a constitution and by laws, adopted by a majority of the members of the con vention." They then met in the town hall, and the convention was opened with prayer by Reverend James Campbell, who on motion, was elected president, Miss C. T. Benedict, Messrs. S T Brown, and Robert McDiv itt, were elected secretaries. A committee was appointed to prepare business for the meeting. They reported a number of res olutions, among which were the following : One resolving the convention into an association to be called the "Teachers'_ In stitute of Huntingdon County;" one pro viding fur the appointment of a committee to draft a constitution and by-laws; one recommending the Legislature to provide for the appointment or election of a county superintendent, and one recommending the Pennsylvania School Journal to teachers and friends of education. The institute then adjourned to meet in Huntingdon, April 21, 1853. The first annual session was held as per adjournment, continuing two days In the absence of the president, (Rever end James Campbell,) J. S. Barr was made president pro tent. The constitution and by-laws were read and adopted. They provided that the necessary expenses of each session should be defrayed by equal assessments on all male members present, and any member refusing to pay his quota was to he sus pended for one year. . The sessions of the institute were taken up in discussions' on the methods of teach inn the alphabet, spelling, reading, and arithmetic. Lectures were given on teachers' insti tutes, by Reverend R. Pierce; on general education, by S. T. Brown ; on school discipline, by D. Baker ; and on phonetics, by R. McDivitt. An essay, on the influ ence of the teacher, was read by Miss C T. Benedict. The subject of uniformity of text books - was also discussed_ The second annual meeting of the insti tute was held in Huntingdon, December 22, 1853. J. A. Hall was president, and S. T. Brown and R. McDivitt, secretaries. The principal subjects of lectures and dis cussions were the common school system. duties of parents, language, history, music, the school law, and education. Cost per month, pr pupil. 43 cents. 55 cents. 72 cents. 87 cents. An adjourned meeting was held at the Cassville Seminary, commencing June 28, 1854. At this meeting the subject of text books was discussed at some length, and a committee appointed to examine the various series of readers and arithmetics offered to the public, and report their respective merits at the next meeting of the institute. The committee consisted of D. Baker, G. W. Smith, E Pletcher, J. T. Tomlin, J. A. Hall, H. J. Campbell, and R. McDivitt Addresses were delivered by D Baker, Professor Tomlin, and Reverend Doctor McLeod. Before adjournment a number of reso lotions were adopted, among which were the following : Resolved, That every reputable teacher in the county should be a member of the institute, and, if possible, attend its meet ings on every occasion Resolved, That the late amendment of the school law, which provides for the election of a county superintendent in each county, is a decided improvement in the school system, and will be the means of improving our schools, and of elevating the standard of teaching. _ _ General George W. Speer, of Cassville, and William P. Orbison, Esquire, of Hun tingdon, were elected honorary members. The third annual session was held in Huntingdon, commencing December 21, 1854. County Superintendent J. S Barr was elected president, and R. McDivitt, secretary. The principal subjects dis cussed were, "order and system in the school room," "best methods of securing recitations," and "articulation." Essays were read by Misses Nannie McDivitt and Narcissa Benedict; and ad dresses given by A. W. Benedict, Esquire, and Mr. Brigham. George P. Eldredge, at present of the firm of Eldredge Brother, was then a prominent teacher in the county, and took part in the discussions of the in stitute. The fourth annual meeting was held in Huntingdon, commencing, December 24, 1855, and continuing in session two days. The chair was occupied by J. S Barr, county superintendent, and R. McDivitt was made secretary. The subject or uni formity of text books was taken up, and after occupying- most of two sessions of the institute, was, on motion of M. H. San garee, indefinitely postponed. Appropriate resolutiot s were passed by the institute, relating to the death of William P. Brown and D Baker, two members, who had died since the last meeting Deputy State Superintendent of Public Schools, H. C. Hickok, was present on Monday evening, and addressed the institute. The fifth annual session of the institute, assembled in Huntingdon, December 22, 1856, J. S. Barr presiding, and R. Mc Divitt acting as secretary: — The meeting was in session three days. The principal subjects receiving attention were : penman ship, school exhibitions, arithmetic, study , of the English language, blackboard ex ercises. County superintendent Albert Owen gave a verbal report of the condition of education in the county. A resolution was passed recommending the Bible as a text-book in our schools. Lectures were delivered by Professor A. D. Haron of Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, Professors Morrison and Pollock, of the Huntingdon Commercial School. The institute next assembled ire Hunt- ingdon, February 22, 1858, and remained in session two days. H. Miller was elected president, R :McDivitt secretary. Discussions were had upon the best methods of teaching orthography, geography, gram mar, and composition The question, "Should the superintendency be abolished?" was discussed at some length. An inquiry was instituted as to the probable cause of the absence of so many teachers from the institute. Mr John Baker gave, as a rea son for the absence of teachers from the lower end of the county, the fact that the county superintendent had used his in fluence against the meeting, and has en deavored as far as possible, to prevent them from attending Mr. Baker was followed by other teachers, from different parts of county, who corroborated the truth of his statements. There were thirty teachers present at this meeting. The seventh annual meeting was held in Huntingdon, commencing December 27, 1860, in response to a call, issued by the county superintendent, It. McDivitt. J. B. Kidder, of Shirleysburg, was elected presi dent, and R McDivitt, secretary. Previous to this time, the institute was subject to the call of the board of managers, elected at each meeting. Immediately after the organization of this meeting, It. McDivitt offered the following resolution : Resolved, That we, the teachers bete assembled, organize ourselves into a per manent association, adopting the name, constitution, and by laws, of the Hunting don County Teachers' Institute, formerly in existence here, and that officers, for the coming year, be elected during the present session. On motion. the resolution was laid over till next day, when it was brought up for consideration. The original mover asked permission to withdraw it, vihich was on motion denied, and the resolution as offered by Mr. McDivitt, was adopted, except that a few amendments were made to the con stitution. State Superintendent Thomas 11. Bur• rowes addressed the institute, on Thursday evening. Thirty-five teachers were in at tendance at this meeting. The election of officers, for the ensuing year, resulted in the election of J. B. Kidder, as president, R. McDivitt, as secretary. An adjourned session was held at - Mount Union, February 22, 1861, at which Pro fessor Edward Brooks, of Millersville, Pennsylvania, was present as instructor. The eighth annual session was held in Huntingdon, commencing December 26, 1861, and lasted two days. The chair was occupied by the president, J B. Kidder. The subjects of arithmetic, geography, grammar, physical education, and school government, were the chief topics discussed. Previous to the adjournment, R. Mc Divitt offered a resolution, commending the patriotism and self-sacrificing devotion of the teachers of the county, who had ex changed the "rod and ferule" for the sword and musket, and had gone to battle for the cause of liberty and free institutions The resolution was unanimously adopted after which the association adjourned, to meet at the call of the board of managers. Our country was now engaged in a great civil war ; many of the best teachers of the county were in the field, and interest in the cause of education was largely absorbed in the conflict for the preservation of the Union; so that the institute did not again assemble for five years. In April, 1367, an act of the Legislature was passed, making it obligatory on the county superintendents to hold a teachers' instituta.annually. The first meeting in the county, under this act, and the ninth annual meeting, was held by Mr. Tussey, commencing December 17, 1867, since which time, the institute has continued to meet regularly once a year. To give an account of each meeting, from that time till the present, would occupy more space than is alloted to this sketch. Each meeting has continued in session four days. The time has been partly oc cupied with lectures, elocutionary, and other entertainments The day sessions have been given to the professional train ing of teachers. The topics of discussion have embraced almost every question grow ing out of teachers' work. The institute has been of it.calculable benefit to the teachers of the county, and especially to the younger and more inexperienced ones. These annual meetings have been well attended by teachers. The refusal of some boards of directors to grant their teachers the time to attend, has interfered some what with the attendance. A special law was passed, two or three years ago, ma king it obligatory on directors of certain counties, of which Huetingdon is one, to allow their teachers the time to attend the institute. This law has secured better attendance than was bad before its enact ment. District institutes are held in but few of the districts of the county. During the last few years, local insti tutes and educational meetings have been held in different parts of the county by the superintendent. They have done a good work, not only for teachers, but in the way of educating public sentiment, and secu ring co-operation of patrons and directors. SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENCE. Before the adoption of the common school . system, no examination was required of those who wished to teach. From that time until the establishment of the superintendency, the examinations were made by the directors, or by persons selected by the board. This was, doubt less, better than no examination at all ; but still the plan did not improve the qual ificatioul of teachers to any considerable extent. While some of those seleet4cl to examine teachers were competent for the work, the great majority were not, and the examination was simply a matter. of form. Improvement in the qualifications of teachers only became perceptible after more thorough methods were put into op• erasion by the superintendents. Supervision, under the present system, is more direct than any previously exerci sed, and the less the area over which it is distributed, the more effective it is in pro ducingresults. Although the territory embraced in Huntingdon county is too large for one of ficer to give the schools the attention they should receive, still the results have been quite satisfactory. and the superintendency has been a valuable auxiliary in bringing the schools of the county to their present condition. The office met with considerable opposi tion after its establishment. Citizens of the county joined with those of other coun ties in petitioning the Legislature to abol ish it. The superintendents were poorly paid, and failed to receive the co-operation of school officers and patrons. When the efficiency of the superintend ency, as an educational agency, becalm recognized, opposition ceased; and, at pres ent, it receives the generous support of di rectors and friends of education. CONCLUSION. Progress in education, as in all moral reforms, is necessarily slow. "As we per ceive the shadow to hive moved, but did not perceive it moving, so our advances in education, consisting of such minute steps, are perceivable only by the distance." Slowly, as it may seem, we are steadily ad• vancing. Every department of cur system is more perfect, than when it was estab lished; the grade of scholarship is higher, teachers are better qualified, and popular intelligence is more general. elect Piste POPE LEO XIII. Cardinal Pecci's Elevation to the Pon tificate. ROME, February 20. The smoke of the burning ballots having again been seen at 12 30 P. M , to-day the crowd before the Vatican, thinking the ballot was again without result, had almost dispersed. when, at 1.15, Cardinal Caterini appeared in the grand gallery of the Vati can Bisilici and announced, in the custom ary formula, Cardinal Pecci's succession to the Papacy. The few bystanders cheered most enthusiastically, and a large crowd soon assembled, densely thronging the open space before the Vatican and the approaches thereto. At 430 the newly elected Pope, surrounded by all the Cardinals, appeared in the inner gallery of the Bssilici, and the crowd vociferously shouted : "Loug live the Pope !" The Holy Father at length made a signal for silence, then in toned the Benedieite and pronounced the Benediction. After this the cheering was renewed and continued until the Pope withdrew. The circumstances of the election are as follows : At this morning's ballot Cardi nal Pecci received 36 votes, which was 5 short of the requisite two-thirds majority. When the voting was finished and the pa pers were burned, Cardinal Franchi, and those hold* the same views with him, ad vancel and knelt before Cardinal Pecci. This example being followed by others, Cardinal Pecei's election was accomplished by the method known as "by adoration." Count Segur immediately informed the Pope that he purposed to present him with one million francs, as the first donation of Peter's pence from the French Episcopate. As soon as the result of the election be came known the bells in all the churches of Rome was rung, and the Diplomats went to the Vatican to congratulate the new Pope. The Cardinals will remain an the Vatican until to morrow. Perfect order prevails everywhere. PEN SKETCH OF THE NEW POPE. LONDON, February 20.—The Rome cor respondent of the Times, in a letter to that journal under date of the 14th of the pres ent month, spoke as follows of Cardinal Peed', who was to day elected Pope and assumed the title of Leo XII : Cardinal Pecci is tall, with a fine head, high fore head narrowing at the temples, long faCe and straight features. Ile has a large mouth, prominent chin, cheerful, open cauntenauce, and large, well shaped ears. His face reminds one of Conalvo, the re nowned Minister of Pius 111. He has a tine, sonorous voice, great dignity, even austerity of manners iu public life, but privately is affectionate, unassuming, socia ble and witty. As Camerlengo he has been at the head of that moderate party which, without formally renouncing the Holy See, acknowledges the wisdom of sub mitting to the decrees or Providence, ac cepting what seem to be irrevocably a cp oni . phshed facts. The general opinion is that for learning, tact, energy, dignity, amia bility, real moral worth and sincere piety the Sacred College could not find a more deserving Pope than Cardinal Pecci, At Perugia, he followed the same policy recommended by the late Cardinal Rig rio Sforzia. At Naples he advised good Catholics to fulfil their duties as citizens at municipal and provincial elections even when the clerical press, professing to in terpret the mind of the Vatican, enjoined the policy of absention. Cardinal Pecci spoke with great effect against the proposal for the removal of the Conclave from Rome and other measures advocated by the re actionary party. He enjoys the con6dettoe and support of the Liberals, or at least a reasonable majority of them, in the Sacred College, and plays the same part as was sustained by Cardinal Gizzi in the Conclave of 1846. Cardinal Pecci's private life at all periods is above reproach He has con siderable literary talent, and has written poetry. He never has bad intercourse with the functionaries of the present Italian Government, but is esteemed by them all, . and those with whom the necessity of his duty brings him into contact are perfectly charmed with him. THE USE OF LIQUOR.-Dr. DeMar mon, in the New York Medical Journal, says : "For the last ten years the use of spirits has, 1. Imposed upon the nation a direct ex pense of $6,000,000,000. 2. Has caused an indirect expense of $7.000,000,000. 3. Has destroyed 300,000 lives. 4. Has sent 100,000 children to the poor house. 5. Has committed at least 15,000 peo ple to the prisons and workhouses. 6 Has determined at least 1,000 suicides. 7. Has made 800,000 widows an 4 ;Woe 000 orphans. NO. 9.
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