VOL. 12. The Huutinffdon Journal. J. R. DURBORROW, - - J. A. NASH, PUBLISHERS AND PROPRIETORS. °glee in new JOURNAL Building, Fifth Street. THE HUNTINGDON JOURNAL is published every Friday by J. R. Dratioratow and T. A. NASH, under the firm name of J. R. DURBORROW & Co., at 52,00 per annum IN ADVANCE, or $240 it' not paid for in six months from date of subscription, and 53 if not paid within the year. Nu paper discontinued, unless at the option of the pub lishers, until all arrearages are paid. No paper, however, will be sent out of the Stat. unless absolutely paid for in advance. Transient advertisements will be inserted at TWELVE AND A-HALF CENTS per line for the first insertion, SEVEN AND A-HALF CENTS for the second and FIVE CEETS per line for all snbaequent insertions. Regular quarterly and yearly business advertisements will be inserted at the following rates: 3m 16m 19m Ilyr I l3m 16m 9m I lyr 11n 113 50 4 531 550 803 1 4col 900 18 00 $27 $36 2 `' l 503 8 03110 00 , 12 00 l4col 18 00 36 00 50 6.5 3 " 700 10 00114 00,18 00 4 col ,340050 00 65 80 4 " 1 8 01,14 00;20 00!18 0011 col [36 00160 00 80 100 All Resolutions of Associations, Communications of limited or individual interest, all party annot, cements, and notices of Marriages and Deaths, exceeding five lines, will be charged TEN CENTS per lino. Legal and other notices will be charged to the party having them inserted. Advertising Agents must find their commission - outside of these figures. All adrertisinr accounts are due and collectable, when the odrertigement is once inserted. JOB PRINTING of every kind, Plain and Fancy Colors, done with neatness and dispatch. Hand-bills, Blanks, Cards, Pamphlets, &c., of every variety and style, printed at the shortest notice, and everything in the Printing line will be executed in the most artistic manner and at the lowest rates. Professional Cards _ - FI R. J. G. CAMP, graduate of Pennsylvania College of 1/ Dental Surgery. Office 228 Penn Street. Teeth ex tracted without pain. Charges moderate. [Dec7 '77-3m n, CALDWELL, Attorney-at-Law, No. 111, 3rd street. /. Office formerly occupied by Messrs. Woods & Wil liamson. [apl2,'7l T R. A.B. BRUMBAUGH, offers his professional services I. to the community. Office, No 523 Washington street, one door east of the Catholic Parsonage. [jan4,'7l - 151 C. STOCKTON, Surgeon Dentist. Office in Leister's U. building, in the room formerly occupied by Dr. E. J. Greene, Huntingdon, Pa. [apl2B, '76. rtEO. B. ORLADY, Attorney-at. Law, 405 Penn Street, lT Huntingdon, Pa. [n0v17,'75 G. ROBB, Dentist, office in S. T. Brown's new building, . No. 520, Penn Street, Huntingdon, Pa. [ap12.71 •C.TI Street, li.kDD Huntingdon,tor n ey }. - a a t . L -La w. Office, N o Penn 1 T SYLVANUS BLAIR, Attorney-at-Law. Huntingdon, 13 • Pa. Office, Peon Street, three doors west of 3rd Street. [jao4,'7l T W. SLATTERN, Attorney-at-Law and General Claim ef . Agent, Huntingdon, Pa. Soldiers' claims against the Government for back-pay, bounty, widows' and invalid pensions attended to with great care and promptness. Of fice on Penn Street. Dan4,7l T S. GEISSINOER, Attorney-at-Law and Notary Public, L Huntingdon, Pa. Office, No. 230 Penn Street, oppo site Court House. [febs,'7l t,;: s l E. FLEMING, Attorney-at-I aw, Huntingdon, Pa., . office in Monitor building, Penn Street. Prompt and careful attention given to all legal business. [augs,'74-6mos lITILLIASI A. FLEMING, Attorney-at-Law, Hunting don, Pa. Special attention given to collections, and all other legal business attended to with care and promptness. Office, No. 229, Penn Street. [apl9,'7l School and Miscellaneous Books. GOOD BOOKS FOR THE FARM, GARDEN AND HOUSEHOLD. The following is a list of Valtiablesi.liadaa s se4sich will be supplied from the (Alice of the Huntingdon JOURNAL. Any one or mere of these books will be sent post-paid to any of our readers on receipt of the regular price, which is named against each book. Allen's (R. L. & L. F.) New American Farm Book 52 50 Alleu's (L. F.) American Cattle.. 2 55 Allen's (R.L.) American Farm Book . ...... 1 50 Allen's (L. Is) Rural Architecture Allen's (R. L.) Diseases of Domestic Animals 1 00 American Bird Fancier American Ge n tleman's Stable Guide* ...... American Rose Cnlturist American Weeds and Useful Plants 1 75 At woucl'w Country and Suburban Houses... ...... Atwood's Modern American ';oniesteads* 3 50 Baker's Practical and Scientific Fruit Culture* ..... 2 50 Barber's Crack Shot* 1 75 Barry's Fruit Garden Bell's Carpentry Haste Easy* 5 00 Benrent's Rabbit Fancier 3O Bicknell's Village Builder and Supplement. 1 Vols l2 00 Bicknell's Supplement to' Village Builder* 5 00 Bogardus' Field Cover, and Trap Shootiug* 2 00 Bummer's Method of Making Manures 25 Boussingault's Rural Economy 1 60 Brackett's Farm Talk.* paper, .Otte.; c10th.... 75 Breck's New Book of Flowers 1 75 Brill's Farm-Gardening and Seal-Growing 1 00 Broom-Corn and Brooms Paper, ;pmts.; cloth 75 Brown's Taxidermist's Manua1*.......... ...... ...._.. 00 tiruckser's American Manures* 1 50 Buchanan's Culture of the Grapeand Wine mat:legs 75 Beers Cider-Maker's Manuals Heist's Flower-Garden Directory 1 50 Heist's Family Kitchen Gardener 1 00 Burges' American Kennel and Sporting Field* 4 00 Burnlia.m's The China Fowls 1 00 Burn's Architectural Drawing Book* .. 1 00 Burns' Illustrated Drawing 800k*.... ....... ....... 1 00 Buret' Ornamental Drawing 800k*......... Burr's Vegetables of America* 3 Ou Caldwell's Agricultural Chemical Analysis 200 Canary Birds. Paper 50 cts Cloth Chorlton's Grape-Grower's Guide Cleveland's Landscape Achitecture*... Clok's Diseases of Sheep* Cohbett'e American Gardener Cole's American Fruit Book Cole's Americans Veterinarian 75 Cooked and Cooking Food for Domestic Animals 2O Cooper's Game Fowls* 5 00 Corbett's Poultry Yard and Market*pa.socts., cloth 75 Croft's Progressive American Architecture...—. Cummings' Architectural Details ' 10 tel Cummings & Miller's Architecture* lO 110 Cu pper's Universal Stair-Builder 3 50 Dadifs Modern Horse Doctor, 12 mo 1 50 Dadd'e American Cattle hotter, 12 mo 1 50 Dadd's Americas Cattle Doctor, Bvo, cloth* 2 5 0 Dield's American Reformed Horse Bock, vo, cloths 2 50 Dada's Muck Manual Darwin's Variations of Animals & Plants. 2 Yobs* [new ed.] Dead Shot; or, Sportsman's Complete Guide* 1 75 Detail Cottage and Constructive Architecture* lO 0(1 De Voe's Market Assistant* 2 50 Dinka, Mayhew, and Hutchison, on the Dog* 3OO Downing's Landscape Gardening, 6 50 Dwyer's Horse 800k*... ...................... Eastwood on Cranberry 75 Eggleston's Circuit Rider* ...... ........... ................... 175 Eggleston's End of the World 1 50 Eggleston's Hoosier School-Master I 25 Eggleston's Mystery of Metropolisville... 1 50 Eggleston's (Geo. C.) A Man of Honor Elliott's Hand Book for Fruit Growers's Pa., 60c.; clo 1 00 Elliott's Hand-Book of Practical Landscape Gar dening* e •.. 1 Elliott's Lawn and Shade Trees* E liott's Western Fruit-Grower's Guide . Eveleth's School /Souse Architectures Eva4ry Herne Owner's Cyclopasclias . Field's Pear Culture Flax Culture. [Seven Prize Essays by practical grow ers ] .. . . FlintlCharles L.) on Grasses* 2 50 Flint's Mitch Cows and Dairy Farming* 2 50 Frank Forester's American Game in its Seasons 3 00 Frauk'Forester's Field Sports, 8 C0.,2 v01e5 ...........,6 00 Frank Foresters Fish and Fishing , , 100 Engs* 3 50 Frank Forester's Horse of America, s vo., 2 vols* lO 00 Frank Forester's Manual for Young Sportsmen, Svo 3 00 French's Farm Drainage Fuller's Forest-Tree Culturist 1 50 Fuller's Grape Culturist Fuller's Illustrated Strawberry Culturist Fuller's Small Fruit Culturist Fulton's Peach Culture Gardner's Carriage Painters' Manual Gardner's How to Paint* Geyeliu's Poultry-Breeding Gould's American Stair-11u ildc es* Gould's Carpenter's and Builder's Assistant. Gregory on Cabbages Gregory on Onion Raising* Gregory on Squashes Gueuon on Mitch Cows Guillaume's Interior Architecture* 3 00 Gun, Rod, and Saddle* Hallett's Builders' Specifications* 1 75 Ilallett's Builders' Contracts* lO Itarney's Barns, Out-buildings, and Fence,*............6 00 Harris's Insects Injurious to Vsgetation—Plain $4 ; Colored Engravings 6 50 Harris on the Pig Hedges' on Sorgho or the Northern Sugar Plant* l5O Helmsley's [lardy Trees, Shrubs, and Plants* 750 Ilenderson's Gardening for Pleasure s 1 50 Henderson Gardening for Profit 1 50 Henderson's Practical Floriculture 1 50 Herbert's Hints to Horse-Keepers 1 75 Holden's Book of Birds paper 25c.; cloth.. 50 Hooper's Book of Evergreens ••• 3 Ist Heoper's Dog end Gun paper 31k.;; cloth Hooper' Western Fruit Book* 1 50 Hop Culture. By nine experienced cultivators 3O How to get a Farm and Where to find Oue 1 2.1 Husmann's Grapes and Wine* .. 5 , Hussey's Rothe Bti Ifll ZS* ..... ...... ......... Hussey's National Cottage Architecture Jacques's Manual of the Garden, Farm awl Barn- Yards Jennings on Cattle anal their Diseases.. Jennings' Horse Training Made Ea5y*............., Jennings on the Horse and his Diseases* Jennings on Sheep, Swine, and Poultry*...... Jersey, Alderney, and Gusensey Cows._ John Andress (Rebecca Harding Davie)........ Johnson's How Crepe Feed Johnson's How Crops Grow. Johnson's Peat and its U.% Johnson's Agricultural Chemistry Johnson's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry.. Kern's Practical Landscape Gardening* King's Beekeepers' Text Book.. Paper Rlippart's Wheat Plant* Lekey's Village and Country Houses. ..... Leavitt's Facts about Peat*......... Leuchar's How to build Hot-Houses Lewis' People's Practical Poultry Keeper*.. Long's American Wild Fowl Shootings Loring's Farm-Yard Club o fJotham*.... Loth's Practical Stair Builder* Lyman's Cotton Culture Manual of Flax Cultures Marshall's Farmer's Hand Book* ( iittrtsts. ANNUAL MESSAGE -OF THE - GOVERNOR of PENNSYLVANIA. Gentlemen", of the Senate and Rouse of Representatives : Many important and grave questions will occupy you during coming the session. Among these, the fiances of the State, be ing of first importance, will claim a cor responding share of your time and atten tion. Fortunately, they are in such ex cellent conditima, and the credit of the State so high, that you will probably have little difficulty in re-adjusting the funds to meet the ordinary and extraordinary ex. penses of the yell., without imposing addi tional taxation. Total Receipts and Disbursements During Fiscal Year, Ending November 30, 1877 : Balance in Treasury, November 29, 1876 994,997 62 General fund 4,324,905 43 Sinking fluid, ordinary receipts 2,063,513 24 do. new loan, 5 per cent 8,0(01,04)0 00 do. premium on rew loan 261 922 33 do. interest on sale of new loan 9,161 44 DISBURSEMENTS. Ordinary expenses 54,010,381 30 Loans redeemed 8,035,196 n Interest on loans 1,414,6A 63 Premium on gold 13,726 3$ Compensation, Farmers and Dlechxnles' National Bank. 6,090 00 Coupon i nt. paid at Treasury. 2,497 50 13,482,453 19 Balance in Treasury,Nevember 30,1877. $2,162,046 87 Public Debt. FENDED DEBT. Over-due loans, upon which interest has been stopped and not presented fur pay ment Redeemable loans of 5 and 6 per cent. loan, upon which interest has been stopped and not presented for payment Five per cent. payable in 1878 273,000 00 Six per cent. payable in 1879 400,000 00 Five per cent. payable in 18B' , Four and one half per cent. payable in 1882 87,01;0 00 Six per cent., redeemable in 1877, and pay able in 1832 2,472,200 00 Six per cent., redeemable in 1882, and pay able in 1892 9,995,800 00 Five per cent., redeemable in 1892, and pay able in 1902 8,000,000 00 Six per cent., Agricultural College paya ble 192' , 7)0,000 00 Relief notes in circulation... $ 96,174 00 Interest certificates outstand- jug Interest certificates uuclatim- ed Domestic creditor cert;ficates 25 00 Chambersburg certificates Outstan ling 52 21 Clianibersburg certificates unclaimed ll4 60 Total debt, Dec., 1, 1077. Pen nsylva railroad bonds, representing an indebted ness, January cl, 1878, 0f... .51,686,413 06 • Allegheny Valley railroad bonds 3,200,000 00 Balance in Sinkingrund, No vember 30, 1887 9,501 ,427 03 Indebtedness unpruvided for NEW FIVE PER CENT LOAN, The new five per cent. eight million loan, for the redemption of the maturing loans of the Commonwealth, authorized by act of March 20, 1577, was duly adier tised, and the bids therefor were opened on the first day of May, 1877. The bids above par amounted to over $17,000,000, and the premium realized was $261,922 33. Of the eight millions of bonds redeemed with the proceeds of this loan, over five millions were six per cent. currency inter est bearing bonds, and the remainder were five per cent. gold interest bearing bonds. This reduction of the rate of interest will save the State more than fitly thousand dollars annually. ... 1 Ou Receipts during fiscal year• ending 117-orein be; SO, 1877 : Balanre in fund November 29,1876 Revenue 4,324,905 43 Total roceipts Papneuts Balance ;n fund November n1 , ,1877 $ 454,775 50 Estimated revenue for IS7B Total available fund Estimated expensed. $ 268,925 50 Appropriations fur last year not paid 665,000,00 Deficit The depressed condition of the indus• trial interests forbid the attempt to meet this deficit by increased taxation. I, there• fore, recommend that one third of the rev enue derived from the corporation tax be diverted from the Sinking Fund and paid into the General Fund for the present year There will still be ample funds, after pay ment of interest, to more than comply with the constitutional provisions for the re demption of the debt. The one-third so diverted will, in part, pay the extraordi nary expenses oithe July riots, which are estimated to be about five hundred thous and dollars. The balance of the deficit can only be avoided by the closest scrutiny of all appropriation bills, and the strictest economy in all Departments of the govern ment. 50 Receipts and paynzents for fiscal year end. ng November 30, 1877 : Balance in fund, November 29, 1876 $ 839,992 25 Two-third tax on corporation stock 1,391,013 24 Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, (int erest on bonds) 112,500 00 Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, (bonds redeemed,) 100,600 00 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, (commit tation tax,) 460,000 00 New 5 per cent loans, issued by act, March 20,1877 8,01)0.000 00 Premium on sale of new loan 261,922 33 Interest on sale of new loan 9,161 44 ... 8 00 ... 3 75 1 25 Five per cent. gold loan re deemed 53,1(36,000 00 Six per cent. loan redeemed 4,80,188 38 Relief notes 8 00 1 5 1 50 ...* 1 00 I 00 1 25 400 .paper 3O .....paper 3O paper 3O Total amount of loan re deemed : 7.8,035,196 38 Premium on gold fur pay ment of interest Amount of interest paid dur ing fiscal year 1,414,651 63 Compensation Farmers and Mechanics' Bank, Phila 6,000 00 Balance in fund, Nov. 20,157; sl,7 05,014 87 Amount payable on demand : Over due loan 60,981 58 Called in loans (A5.050 (10 Relies notes, etc 113,080 73 Available forpayment of public debt No vember3o, 1877 5885,200 56 Coupon account, 1876 $ 4,794 00 Coupon account paid, 1877 2.49; 50 _ _ _ ' 2,256 50 Estimated receipts and payments of Sink ing Fund for Fiscal year 1878 : Corporation tax...,, 51,300,000 00 Less one-third heretofore rec ommended for diversion for general purposes.. 433000 CO $ 567,000 04 Commutation of tonnage tax 460,000 00 Allegheny Valley railroad Co. 300,000 00 Total receipts, 1673 Interest .... 1 75 .... 1 75 ... 1 50 ... 150 .... 2 00 ... 2 Os .... 1 25 ... 1 75 lic debt 51,225,000,00 Coupon account of 1877 2,256 50 Surplus for 1878 Available fur payment of public debt during 1678 51,327,200 56 cloth 75 1 75 fi 00 The Constitution provides that the an nual reduction of the public debt shall not be less than two hundred and fifty thous and dollars. It would appear, apparently, by the record of the debt cancelled, that the indebtedness of the State had only been reduced, during the fiscal year just .... 1 50 .... 1 50 ... 200 3 50 10 00 .... 1 50 ,- - . ;1 --- : :-, -.. r tot•O' 14 „r r . 1 1 ' ,s , 'S ....... 'az .. 1 ...., ~. - .. ,_ .. f.a.k. . .. „,- ..4.._ .4 _ 11 11 . f .., . , f .. .: . - •1 , I .--, .:. .. -..: It___ i n i' ./: -. _ Z , ' ,, ' .. '''• 0 . , . ~ ..7..4.- . .-i:„., ... RECEI T 8 $15,6r44,i;00 @6 113,882 73 $13,352.386 38 GENERAL ruND. £4 .465 , 1 5 6 80 4,010,381 30 $4,998,075 50 4,367,000 00 $ 933,925 50 SINKING FUND. RECEIPTS. :.:11,174,589 26 PAYMENTS. 9,4 69,574 39 820,814 31 $1,667; 1 00 00 1,227,256 50 439,743 50 closed, in the sum of thirty-five thousand one hundred and thirty six dollars and thirty.eight cents. But, by a further ex amination, it will appear that the Sinking Fund Commissioners called in for redemp tion the following loans, viz : Registered, 10x15, 8 per cent., call of May 18, 1877 51,710,400 Redeemed to November 30, 1877 4,565,350 Registered G per cent., call of Jelly 6, 1577 $ 250,300 Redeemed to November 30,1677- 220,9,0 Coupon, 10:15, 6 per cent., call of May 38, 1577 $ 369.000 Redeemed to November 30, 1677 2,000 367,000 Coupon, May 4, 1552, 5 per cent., call of May 18, 1577..... Redeemed to November 30, 1877 2,726,000 -59,06 C Registered, May 4, 1652., 1 per cent call of May 18, 1877 $ 460,500 Redeemed to November 30, 157 7 415,000 $15,500 Amount of loan, on which interest has been stop ped and not redeemed 5845,950 The call contained the notice that in terest would cease at the end of ninety days. These loans not presented in ac cordance with the notice have ceased to draw interest since the time given in the call has expired. The principal will be paid, without interest from that time, when presented practically, the constitutional provision as to the annual reduction of the State indebtedness has been more than fully complied with. Under the several acts constituting the Board of Revenue Commissioners, the law is very defective for the purpose of obtain ing a fair and equal assessment of the sub jects of State taxation, and for ascertaining and determining the vable thereof. When the Board was organized in 1844, it con sisted of one member from each judicial district, together with the State Treasurer, and the principal subject of taxation was real estate. The Board now consists of the Auditor General, State Treasurer and Secretary of the Commonwealth, and per sonal property only is liable to taxation. The law, as applicable to real estate, is not adapted to the valuation and equalization of personal property. The reports from the commissioners of the several counties of the returns made by the assessors are so unequal in the val uation of the property, and some of them so deficient in returning full assessments of the various kinds of property taxable for State purposes, that great injustice is done to the Commonwealth, as well as to many counties, in consequence of this want of uniformity in valuations and complete ness of returns. The power of the Board of Revenue Commissioners to remedy this by going behind the returns to make cor rections from information derived from other sources has been questioned, and a bill was introduced into the Legislature at the last session to remedy this defect, and to define the powers and extend the duties of the Board of Revenue Commissioners. But the bill was not passed. The triennial meeting of the Board will take place this winter, and without such legislation, under the construction of the present law, which is contended for. the duties of the Board will be only clerical, and .the meeting a useless ceremony. If revenue is to be de rived from that source, there should be adequate power to ascertain the amount, and to enforce its collection, and this law should be passed without delay, in order that the Rever,ue Commissioners, at the approaching meeting, may avail themselves of its provisions. Many appropriations are asked for an nually for the benefit of the classes of per sons who pay these taxes, but to pay ap propriations it is necessary to have revenue. The accounting and financial officers of the Commonwealth should be provided with the means of ascertaining and collecting the amount of taxes which the laws have imposed. To declare by law that a subject or article of property, is liable to taxation, will produce no revenue unless the means of assessing and collecting the taxes are provided. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES, An examination of the many failures of these institutions during the year demon strates that to allow them to be used as banks of discount is fatal to the interests of the depositors, even where the business is conducted with ordinary integrity and prudence. Banks of discount and ex change, although entitled savings banks, must be conducted as a business and can not be managed as a trust. Money must be loaned to business men upon business paper subject to the fluctuations of trade, and invested in speculations, which, while perfectly legitimate for a business man, involve risks which ought not to be taken by a trustee. The law should separate banks of discount for business purposes from in stitutions designed fur the safe keeping of the earnings of the people, and ought not to allow them to be deceived by the name of savings banks, applied to what are, in reality, simply banks of discount and ex change. A movement is on foot to organize a national postal savings fund. Such a scheme is a subject for serious reflection. It involves not alone questions of a pecu niary nature, but those of a profound po litical character. It invests the Federal government with a vast trust, and clothes it with corresponding influence. It would add intense interest to our elections, and give the dominant party the weight of the conservatism of a great vested interest On the other hand, it offers the people the securest depository for their savings, and excites an abiding interest in the perpetuity and integrity of the National government. Upon the whole, it seems to me to promise enduring benefits to the people individually, and to the n,ation, and to be worthy of support and co-operation. Pending the discussion and organization of such a system, which much, of necessity, require time, I most earnestly renew my recommendations of last year, and urge upon you the passage of a law, embodying the principles and provisions therein set forth. The State cannot be held stainless of these failures. Its charters, incorpora ting as "savings banks" what were really banks of discount, had much to do with the respect and faith the people felt for them. It is, therefore, a duty to draw, at once, the line between a business and a trust, and to prevent hereafter the enor mous losses accruing to the wcrthiest of our people by a deceitful and dangerous combination. As a further safeguard, I believe it would be a most wise provision to create a Bank Examiner or Commissioner, with duties analogous to those of the Insurance Commissioner, who would periodically make an examination of the banks of the Commonwealth, and report their condition. His powers and compensation might be defined and fixed, as thoseof the Insurance Commissioners now are. EDUCATION The views of the Superintendent of Public Instruction correspond so nearly with my own that I need do little more than call attention to his report. He re- HUNTINGDON, PA , FRIDAY, JANUARY 11, 1878. peats the recommendation for a revision of the school laws, and, I trust, you will see the advisability of bringing the original ena'...tinents, supplements, usages, and de cisions into ono concise and logical code. The money appropriated to pay the in debtedness of the Normal Schools was ap portioned among those institutions, in ac cordance with the intention of the Legis lature. Although relieving them from temporary embarrassment, it will be neces sary to provide for their future welfare.— Normal Schools are an essential part of a public school system, and the Legislature will, no doubt, see that those of Pennsyl vania are not restricted in their sphere of usefulness by the want of funds. I fully recommend the trial of the cautious system of compulsory education of vagrant children, proposed by the Superintendent, and have elsewhere given my views of the subject of industrial schools and workshops, which he fortifies by his arguments and facts and examples, proving the feasibility of the scheme. $145,050 29,400 The report of the Superintendent of Soldiers'. Orphans presents a satisfactory record of the progress and heaiith of the wards of the State, and conveys the grati fyinr intelligence of the welfare of those who have completed the course,"nearly all of whom are at work—many engaged in the simpler kinds of hand labor, but many at trades, on farms, or in the professions." Under the laws, the Orphans' Schools close finally on the first day of June, 1579, and it will be necessary for the present Legis latnre. if it desires to continue the bounty of the State, to provide for the two thous and children between the ages of four and sixteen years, who will then be left in them. Of the three plans set forth by the Superintendent, it seems to me that either the first, to repeal the act closing the schools in IS - d9, and allow the system to run on to its natural end, or the third, discharging all children over a certain age, or for whom suitable homes can be found, and providing for the rest in the homes for friendless children which exist in various parts of the State, will close this noble undertaking, as it was begun, in charity. The pride and pleasure they have felt in the work, the satisfaction they have derived from its happy results, leave no doubt that the adoption of either course will meet the warm approbation of the people of Pennsylvania. THE JULY RIOTS. In the early part of July, I arranged for a trip across the continent. At that time the peace of the Commonwealth seemed assured and all classes seemed to have ac cepted with resignation the results of the continued depression in business. As a precautionary measure, however, in con sultation with the Adjutant General, I gave him instructions, in cas: of any un expected outbreak requiring prompt and vigorous action, to order troops to the as sistance of the local authorities, in accord ance with the policy heretofore adopted. On the sixteenth, I left for the West.— Shortly after, trouble arose between the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and its em ployes, which culminated in the strikers seizing the road at Martinsburg, West Virginia. On the nineteenth of July, the train hands of the Pennsylvania rail road at Pittsburgh also struck, and stopped the passage of all freight trains east and west. All attempts of the municipal and county authorities to restore traffic failed, and by the evening of the twentieth, a large number of trains, containing thous ands of head of live stock and merchandise belonging to citizens of the State au 1 other States were massed at Pittsburgh. Every effort to move freight by the company, with the workmen that remained in service, was resisted by intimidation, and where persisted in, by violence. In the menu time, early on the morning of the twentieth, upon the call of the sheriff, the Adjutant General, ordered the Sixth division of the National Guard, General Pearson com manding, to assist in restoring order. Of this division, aggregating one thousand and eighty-two officers and men, but six hundred were gotten together by the evening of the twentieth. Being informed by General Pearson of the gravity of the situation, and that he feared the majority of his troops were in sympathy with the strikers, the Adjutant General ordered the First division of the National Guard, General Brinton com manding, to report to General Pearson at Pittsburgh. The Adjutant General had previously set out for Pittsburgh, receiving, on the way, my telegram to proceed there and keep supervision of all troops ordered out. He arrived at one o'clock on the morning of the twenty first. All traffic was then stopped on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Fort Wayne, the Allegheny Valley and the Pennsylvania railroads.— The force in the city was then about three hundred and fifty men, the Eighteenth regiment being at Torrens. During the morning, just before daybreak, the Four teenth and Nineteenth regiments and Brcck's battery, under Brigadier General Brown, were moved to take position upcn the hill overlooking the tracks at Twenty eighth street, with instructions to keep the hill-side free of people, in anticipation of the attempt contemplated in the after noon, upon the arrival of the Philadelphia troops, to clear the tracks and open the road. This movement was successfully executed and the hilt occupied, at a time when there were few or no people upon it, but, owing to a failure to carry out the instructions, the hill side was covered by noon with an excited crowd of men, among whom were many women and children.— The Pittsburgh troops were surrounded by the crowd, and, in fact, became a part of it. The main body of the strikers were assembled on the tracks in the neighbor hood of Twenty-eighth street. The sur rounding streets and tracks, above and be low, were also covered with people. At two o'clock, in the afternoon of the twenty first, the first detachment of the Philadel phia division, six hundred and fifty strong, under command of General Brinton, bring ing with it two Gatling guns and a large quantity of ammunition, arrived at the Union Depot. After a short delay, to feed the soldiers, the movement to open the road began. Preceded by the sheriff and accompanied by the guns, the troops were marched down the tracks between the lines of freight cars, For some distance the road was comparatively clear, but, as the column approached Twenty eighth street it met a constantly increasing crowd through which it forced its way into the dense mass at the foot of the hill. The lines pressed the crowd slowly and with difficulty back on either side of the road, until that por tion of the tracks enclosed by the hollow square so formed was clear. An attempt of the sheriff to arrest some ringleaders who had been prominent in the previous outrages raised a commotion daring which stones were thrown by the mob. The troops were ordered to charge bayonets and in doing so came in immedi. ate contact with the pressing and excited mass. Several pistol shots were fired and a volley of stones thrown from the crowd, from those on the hill-side as well as others, and violent attempts were made to wrest the muskets from the soldiers. Having been wedged in among a surging body of rioters, growing more and more aggressive, many of whom were attempting to crowd the soldiers from the ranks or wrench the muskets from their hands, and as a few moments more would have broken the ranks and involved the individual soldiers in inextricable and helpiess confusion among their foes, the soldiers fired. Under the circumstances they did right to resist the attempt to disarm or overpower them. A soldier is stationed or commanded to move as a soldier, and has the un doubted right, in the execution of his order, to prevent himself from being forced from his post or disarmed. As soon as relieved of the pressure, the commands of the officers at once stopped firing. From proximity to the crowd, the firing was wild and high, as well as desultory, and took effect, principally, upon the hill. Panic stricken, the crowd upon the hill-side and adjacent streets and immediately surround ing the soldiers, scattered in all directions, carrying with it many of the Pittsburgh soldiers, and the main body of the rioters fell back along the track. In the melee, fifteen or twenty soldiers were wounded, the majority with pistol balls, and a num ber of the mob killed and wounded. At this time the troops were undoubt edly masters of the situation, and a deter mined advance in all directions and co op. eration of the civil authorities, would have driven away every vestige of the mob, and by activity and care might have prevented it from re-assembling. As it was, though unskillfully executed. the movement pro• duced the result intended; but, though offered a guard for each one, the railway officials were unable to move their trains from the impossibility of finding engineers and crews who were willing to man them at that time. The troops held their ground an hour or two during which time the rioters gradually returned and collect ed about in squads. About six o'clock the troops were withdrawn and placed wholly within the roundhouses and adjacent buildings. No pickets or guards were left outside. From this time on, the troops were kept on the defensive, which gave the mob a groat and fatal advantage. The mob, rapidly increasing in numbers and boldness after dark, broke into various gun stores and armories, arming themselves, and a desultory firing was kept up during the night, without effect upon the soldiers and with considerable loss to the rioters. At nine o'clock General Pearson and staff left the round-house, and General Brinton remained in command of all troops at that point. About midnight they resorted to the expedient of burning the soldiers out by setting fire to the freight cars standing along the tracks below the round houses. The . Adjutant General—with a few civil ians and officers in citizens' clothing and ei4h , .eca ,dismounted cavalry, without carbines, and during a part of the night a few members of' the Fourteenth regiment, guarding the provisions and ammunition —remained all night at the Union Depot hotel,about a mile from the scene of action. The Adjutant General, as soon as he was informed of the position of the troops, labored zealously during the night to bring up the other detachments of the First di vision, en route from Philadelphia, and the Eighteenth regiment, stationed at Torrens. Owing to the want of ammuni tion in these comwands and the delay in transporting it by wagons and the inability of the railroad compauy to furnish engi neers to move the trains, making it neces sary to march some wiles, the movement could not be executed in time, At eight o'clock on the morning of the twenty second, General Brinton left the round house, and marching rapidly, crossed the Sharpesburg bridge over the Allegheny river and passed into the open country. On this retreat, four soldiers were killed and a number wounded. The Adjutant Genera? had directed him to effect a junc tion with Colonel Guthrie at Turrens, about five miles from Pittsburgh, and await the arrival of his other detachments, preparatory to other movements. Acting upon his own discretion, the General dis regarded this instruction. The stoppage of all lines running into the city prevented the arrival of the other divisions ordered by the Adjutant General to the scene of the disturbances, and he was, consequently, left in Pittsburgh with out troops. Finding that General Brinton would not effect the junction designed, in the afternoon of Sunday, the Adjutant General arranged for provisions to be sent to his command, and directed him to con centrate his division at Altoona, as the most available point to secure supplies for a large body of troops. In the meantime, disturbances having broken out in various railroad centres throughout the State and country, and all the railroads being ob structed, and fearing a failure of telegraph ic communications, the Adjutant General decided to return to Harrisburg, to prepare and concentrate the troops for a marching campaign. General Sigfried was directed to move to Harrisburg, to take charge of the State arsenal, which was reported in danger. Having made these dispositions, General Latta, late on Sunday evening, left Pittsburgh and returned to Harrisburg. The Legislature and people are familiar with the scenes of arson, pillage and de struction of property enacted by the mob during Saturday night and Sunday morn ing. From the time the trouble commenced on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, I was constantly advised of the situaton ; and gave general orders to meet the emergency. In consequence of telegrams from Gener.d. Latta, received at Ogden, at six o'clock, Saturday evening, I determined to return to the State on the next train, leaving at ten o'clock Sunday morning. At Salt Lake City, at nine o'clock P. M I received a dispatch from Secretary Quay, and im mediately made arrangements to return in a special ear, and started at twelve o'clock, midnight, Saturday. The next morning at Creston, I ordered out the entire force of the State, and called upon the President for regular troops. Traveling continuous ly day and night, the latter portion of the journey by sufferance of the strikers, I ar rived at Pittsburgh on the twenty-fourth. I found the city in a state of great anxiety, and all the railroads obstructed, and, in some instances, run by the strikers. I was immediately waited upon by a deputation of professional men, merchants, editors and prominent citizens of all classes, who asked my stay to organize the militia and take charge of the situation. They particularly urged the necessity of immediately open ing railroad communications, representing most earnestly that, unless this were done very shortly, the supply of coal and pro .wisions would be exhausted; the gas works, mills and factories must be stopped; a large number of idle people thrown upon the streets; the water supply could not be pumped, and the want of provisions among the poor and unemployed, would inevita bly precipitate bread riots. After a short consultation, I left on Wednesday morning, and arrived that evening at Philadelphia, accompanied by the Adjutant General, who joined' me at Harrisburg. At Philadelphia, I met Generals Han cock and Schofield, of the United States Army, who informed me that they had been directed by the President to support the State authorities. As the necessity of opening communications, for the reasons given, was very urgent, it was determined that I should proceed at once to Pittsburgh with the State troops, and that General Hancock would forward the regulars as fast as they could be made available. In accordance with this programme, on the twenty-sixth, with the few troops of the First division remaining in the city, I set out again for Pittsburgh, and gather ing the detachments and divisions scatter ed along the road, arrived there at day light on the twenty eight. The force taken was apparently large, but as it was probable that, in opening the roads, it would be neccessary to guard many depots and several miles of track, it was thought best to be prepared for any contingency. Se fearful were the citizens, even at that time, of a renewal of the outrages, that in spite of the necessity for opening traffic which they had formerly pleaded, they now through the committee of public safety, begged me to influence the Pennsylvania Railroad Company not to attempt to move freight trains. I replied while it was not my duty to run railroads, if the Pennsyl vania Railroad Company desired to pursue their business, and were prepared to do it, I would support them with the whole power of the State. On Monday morning the railroad companies and their employes resumed business; the freight trains were started, and communications opened with all parts of the country. In the meantime, the disturbances spread rapidly over the State. In Phila delphia, by the courage and activity of the mayor and police, supported by the great body of the citizens and the press, and in Harrisburg, through the coolness and promptness of the sheriff of Dauphin .county and the mayor of the city and the public spirit of the citizens, who respond ed to the call of the authorities, the dis turbances were speedily quelled before my arrival. In Reading, the costly railroad bridge over the Schuylkill was burned on the evening of the twenty second and freight trains stopped. The sheriff of Berks county, proving unequal to the sit nation, General Reeder, with two hundred and fifteen muskets, of the Fourth infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, was sent there by General Bolton, and in a severe street fight, after dark, on the twenty third, in which many of his command were injured more or less severely with stones, and eleven of the crowd killed and above fifty wounded, the rioters were dispersed. These troops having been subsequently demoralized by the action of - the Sixteenth regiment, were withdrawn; but the ,next day, the twenty fnirth, upon the arrival of a detachment of United States troops, un der Colonel Hamilton, the road was re opened. In the middle coal field of Luzerne coun ty, the miners, under the prevailing ex citement, struck on the twenty-fifth of July, and all trains were stopped upon the roads running through that region. At Scranton, on the first of August, a large body of men, endeavoring to drive the workmen from the railroad shops and fac tories, were courageously dispersed by the mayor and his posse, in which conflict that officer was severely injured and three of the rioters killed and a number wounded. As the trouble was serious and threaten ing, and rapidly growing beyond the con trol of the mayor and his small force, brave and determined as they were, I directed the First Division, under General Brinton, to hasten the proposed movement to that region, following immediately with other forces; and on the third of' August, the railroads were once more put into regular operation. A body of troops, regular and militia, were stationel there until the early part of November, when all fears of any disturbances being removed, they were withdrawn. Slight outbreakes which had occurred in various other places had been easily suppressed, either by the local authorities or the presence of the United States or State troops; and before the mid dle of August all the railroads throughout the State were running on schedule time, and by the early part of November, all manifestations of lawlessness had disappear. ed. For full details of the military move ment here outlined, I refer you to the re port of the Adjutant General and accom panying documents. When called upon, the Federal govern ment promptly responded, and throughout the troubles the State was greatly indebted for the co-operation and moral support of the regular troops. Upon their final withdrawal, I addressed letters to the President and General Hancock, (which will be found in the Appendix,) acknowl edging our sense of the services of the army, and the increased respect and appre ciation of our people for its admirable c m_ duct in the State. CAUSES AND RESULTS Thus ended the great railway strike of 1877 in Pennsylvania, which resulted in violence, murder and arson; which caused the death of over fifty civilians and five soldiers, and the wounding and maiming of a hundred or more, and the destruction of millions of dollars worth of property. While it is true that the workingmen, who began it, contemplated no such terrible results, it cannot be denied that the manner in which theyproceeded to enforce their demands, by stopping inland commerce and seizing the property of corporations and individuals and driving citizens from their us ual occupations, in defiance of law, made the breach through which the lawless elements of society poured to plunder and destroy. By thus inconsiderately inviting the co-operation of the criminal classes, labor did itself a great and grievous injury, and it will be long before it can remove the suspicion and distrust with which the people will view its strikes and or ganizations. Into the merits of the contest, it is not necessary to go ; whatever be the rights of labor, the duty of the Executive is impera tive. In the Message of 1876, were set forth the principles which govern the present ad ministration in the discharge of this onerous duty, to which recent events have given addi tional emphasis : "No disobedience of regu larly constituted authority will be permitted, whether on the part of individuals, corpora tions, or combinations of men. No sense of wrong, however grievous, will or shall justify violence in seeking indemnity therefor. The rights of property must be respected, and no interference with its legitimate use will be l i tolerated. Every man must be allowed to sell his own labor at his own price, and his work ing must not be interrupted, either by force or intimidation. For grievances, fancied or real, redress must be sought in the manner the law provides, and no one must attempt to override its process. If citizens will recognize these principles as binding upon their consciences and actions, there can be no necessity for Ex ecutive interference to preserve the peace, and it mutt be understood, once for all, that any violation of private rights, or resistance to public officers when in the discharge of their duty, will be summari!y dealt with, and if the civil authorities and the power of the county ,cannot maintain the supremacy of the law, tl en the whole power of the Commonwealth shall be employed, if necessary, to compel re spect for authority." As a sequel to the riots, the grand jury of Allegheny county entered upon an investiga tion, and summarily demanded the attendance of the Governor and the civil and military offs cers of the Executive Department to testify before it. As I did not think it the time or place for an impartial investigation of the troubles, or concede the right of the courts to command the attendance of a co-ordinate branch of the government, I refused to attend, and directed the civil and military officials to refuse also. The question was submitted to the Supreme Court, and its decision according with the views of the Department, all appear ance of conflict between the judiciaiy and ex executive was happily averted. Should the Legislature deem it expedient to investigate the subject, all information in the possession of the Governor or the Department, if any, in addition to that contained in the Adjutant General's report, and the appendix herato, will be promptly given. Passing from these secondary matters, to the broader and deeper lessons of the strike, while there is much to cause solicitude, there is much, also, to awaken confidence in the fi nal solution of the problem. While capital held labor in ignorance and bondage, strikes were rare. Their 'frequent occurrence is a proof that labor is growing, more and more, to an equality in strength and importance to capital. Intelligence has spread itself among the laboring classes, they have learned to read and write, and to interchange their views, and formed associations, according to their new lights, for their protection and advancement. And if in this, as in many other cases, "A lit tle learning is a dangerous thing," it is yet better than no learning at all, and is the pro gressive step to higher intelligence. On the other hand, under the influence of civilization, wealth became more and more diffused, and corporations grew tip to collect the large and small amounts of unemployed capital, to build the gigantic works and conduct the great in dustries required by modern society. These two results are the inevitable consequences of increased intelligence and civilization. These great corporations, from the character of the enterprises, are of necessity, in most cases, mo nopolies. As such, the people have a right to demand that while the profits may accrue to private individuals, their management shall rise above merely selfish aims, and consult al so the public utility and welfare. It has come to pass that in the conflict between capital and labor, the former is almost wholly represented by corporations and the latter by various or ganizations. . The attitude of the people towards these two forces during the great strike has also deep significance. In the general sympathy for the strikers, dulled only by their own unlawful acts, the workmen have assurance that in all right and lawful efforts to better their condi tion they will have the aid of nmrly all class es of their fellow-citizens. And in the preju dices against the corporations, those who con trol them may realize that the possession of great wealth and the control of great enter prises imposes obligations to the public which they cannot afford to ignore. In these facts, we can discern the two roads that may eventually lead to the final settlement of the contest—the diffusion of higher education among the workingmen, and the conviction, on the part of capital, that it has now to deal with an equal competitor, whose claims and rights, together with its own, must be decided and adjusted by arbitration. fu this contest, the primary duty of the State is to keep the peace, and secondarily, so far as laws will avail,to hasten the consummation of the result. INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC TRAINING. It i 3 impossible to read the industrial histo. ry of the country without being struck with toe decline of the system of apprenticeship, the decadence of skilled labor ; and the rapid increase of common day laborers. Many causes may be assigned for these results. The inven tion of labor-saving machines, the minute sub division of labor, and the intense competition among producers and manufacturers have, no 'doubt, served to lessen the pride of the work man in his work, and made it impossible, in many instances, to give any time or opportu nities to mere learners. To counteract these influences, the assistance of the State will be required. But another cause, arising from the misdirected efforts of the workingmen them selves, can only ba removed with their co-op. eration. Trades unions and various labor or ganizations, which profess to elevate the conditimf of the laboring classes, have, in re ality, materially contributed to impoverish and degrade them. Millions of dollars have been collected from workingmen and squan dered in profitless strikes, during which other millions have been lost through enforced idle ness, without even a transient effect upon the natural fluctuation of wages. The independ— ence of individuals has been sacrificed to time tyranny of a class and they have gradually learned to depend for prosperity upon other agencies than their own personal industry and thrift. The regular education of skilled me chanics has been restricted by the same agen cies, forcing the growing generations into the undistinguished mass of day laborers, the low est and poorest paid of any class, and redu cing the nation to the necessity of supplying its skilled labor from foreign countries. These things strike at the welfare of labor and the prosperity of the State. Even from the work ingmen's standpoint, no good that it seems possible to derive from such means can com pensate for their deteriorating effects upon the condition and morale of the laboring class es. The growth of the individual is dwarfed, his substance wasted and his children depri ved of their rights. The doors of his own trade and all others are closed against them by his fellow-workmen, and they must enter another calling, or become the mere drudges of socie ty. As long as the trades are closed, as at present, we must ever complain of over crowd ed professions and commercial pursuits, of a lack of skilled mechanics and an excess of common laborers. In this question, not only the workingmen, but the State, also, is deeply concerned. "The great warfare of the nineteenth century is in dustrial warfare ; the struggle between great nations for supremacy in various industries, and for control of the various markets." Sev eral foreign nations and a few of the States have foreseen the conflict and begun to edu cate their people. Pennsylvania has unrival ed resources, but unless she prepares for the competition, she must content herself with the production of raw materials, and her peo ple become the hewers of wood and drawers of water for more highly cultivated communi ties. The means must be the diffusion of technical knowledge among the laboring class es ; securing the co-operation of the work ing men; creating new industries and diver sified interests, and throwing the ways to honorable and lucrative employment open to all. The work of the school master must undo the work of the demagogue, and the State supplant the bigoted organizations of labor with industrial schools and workshops. If the working men will spend the money now used in keeping up such organizations and lost in strikes, in keeping their children at such in stitutions and co operating with the State, the dignity and average value of labor will be rapidly raised. Heretofore public education has been too much in the interests - of a class. The influence of the old scholasticism has been powerful enough to overbear the force of mod ern industrial and scientific demands. The resultant has learned too much in one direc tion and undue prominence has been given to professional and classical education over in dustrial and scientific training. A thorough system of industrial training must embrace the children, the workingmen and the people. The children of skillful and prosperous mechanics might find in the pri mary schools instruction in mechanical and free hand drawing; and to those who are cir cumscribed by harder conditions, free night schools could furnish the opportunities of a slower advancement, Reform industrial schools, under a wise system of compulsory laws, could gather the children of utterly des titute or vicious parents and educate them for a useful calling, without contact, on the one hand, with acknowledged paupers or orimi. nals, or lowering the public schools, on the other hand, with offensive poverty or low as sociations. In addition to th.. tbeory, it may be necessary for the State to afford practical training in the mechanical arts. It is not probable that the old system of apprentice ship, which has gradually fallen into disuse, can ever be generally restored. Two causes alone would seem to be sufficient to prevent it. In the extensive modern workshops, the proprietor, or master mechanic or foreman can never find time to devote to the instruc tion of apprentices, who are consequently left to pick up, in a desultory manner, what little they learn, and in many industries the neces— sity of producing articles at the least labor and expense, to compete with others in Os markets, requires the highest skilled laborers, for which they must depend upon the over stocked labor markets, of the old countries, as they cannot afford to educate new hands. Believing that, under these circumstances, no remedy can be found except through the di rect agency of the State, I renew my recom mendation, contained in the message of 1875, for the establishment of workshops in connec tion with industrial schools, and beg leave to refer you to the current report of the Super intendent of Public Instruction for the proofs he has collected of the feasibility and advan tages of the plan. It will perhaps, be a slow and difficult task to secure the co-operation of the present gen eration of workingmen. But, in all the large cities and towns, where that class is princi• pally congregated, lecture and draughting rooms could be added to the night schools and such instruction given as would interest and benefit adults. Everything that will tend to recognize the importance and dignity of labor ; that will excite the pride and emulation of the artisan in his work ; convince him of the interest of the State in his welfare and the welfare of his children, and secure the fruits of his industry and thrift, should be done; and I am convinced that nothing' will con tribute so much to these results as the estab lishment of industrial and scientific schools and workshops by the side of our present high schools and academies. Finally, the appreci ation and demand of works of art and skill must keep pace with capacity to create them. Museums. art galleries, and other public col lections, are also important factors in indus trial education. Accordingly, I took occasion last year to recommend the arrangement, for public exhibition. of the specimens colleoted by the Geological Survey, and to suggest that. you consider the advisability of extending State aid to the Philadelphia Museum and School of Industrial Art. The latter institu tion pas, during the year, opened free schools of drawing and design, and as the State, if it decides to add industrial education to the public school system, will need competent teachers in these branches, this fact. gives ;t additional claims to the recognition of the authorities. I venture to hope that this sub ject will early engage your labors, and that the public schools system will receive a sym metrical development correspouding with the conditions of a highly industrial age and the large and varied resources of Pennsylvania. ARBITRATION. It is to the interest of the Republic that litigation should cease, it is still more to the interests of the people that the conflicts be tween different classes should be brought to a close. As it is becoming the public opinion of the civilized world, that the nations cannot afford to submit their differences to the costly arbitrament of the sword, so it is becoming the settled conviction that nothing can be gained by a war of classes, to compensate for the loss c inset' by the disturbance of all in dustrial relations.:and the dangers threatened to individual independence and free institu tions. And in many places the same idea is gaining ground among the trading classes for adjusting the conflicting claims of individuals. Since, therefore, arbitration has been success fully used to settle international questions, and even the petty disputes of individuals, why cannot the same peaceful agency be invoked to adjust the relations of capital and labor? The subject, though important, is not new, but has floated in public discussion for some time, and no apology is needed for calling your attention to the suggestions made in the message of 1876. "Does it Arm practicable to appoint a court of arbitration, composed of three or more of the judges of our courts, as many operators, and a like number of the rep resentatives of the working men, to whom could be referred the disputes arising between employers and employes, so that, at least, a full, fair, and impartial discussion could be had, and the public enlightened upon the merits of the controversy ; and, if there was no legal remedy, the force of public opinion would constrain the parties whose claims were ar bitrated, to do justice to those who were wronged." Any plan is surrounded with difficulties, from the constantly changing re lations of the great interests involved and the doubtfulness of securing a stable settlement with the proper opportunities of revision ac cording to these varying conditions; but since labor now has organizations, and representa tives by whom these organizations will be bound, it seems practicable to devise some plan by which all relations and disputes of capital and labor can be harmoniously ad. justed. POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OT LOCAL CIVIL I have repeatedly represented to the people the reluctance with which the Executive re sorts to military power, and urged upon the Legislature the necessity of devising some means of fixing the responsibility of suppress ing local outlfreaks upon the local civil author ities. At present, any sheriff or mayor can escape under the ambiguous provisions of the law, without having made a single honest ef fort to preserve the peace. Asa consequence, there is growing a pernicious tendency to rely upon the State. It has even been curiously argued that the arrival of the State troops supersedes the local civil authorities, and thereby suspends their functions as peace officers, and relieves them of all responsibility. The military is called in to aid, not to super sede, the civil authority. It would be estrange construction of the law by which the desertion of their sworn duties by the peace officers of municipalities would make the State authori ties, who answer their call for aid,responsible • for outrages committed by a mob in a police less city. The Office of sheriff was formerly one of dignity and power; it has degenerated, stand ing without change in new conditions, until its main duties are those of a jailor and auctioneer. Some means ought certainly to be taken to clothe the office with its original importance and responsibilities. If, upon the written request of a certain number of com petent freeholders of any city or county, hair ag the qualifications to assure their standing and respectability, it was made obligatory upon the mayor or sheriff, under penalty of forfeiture of office, and fine or imprisonment, or both, to summon a sufficient number of citizens to lay aside all business, and serve under like penalties, I am satisfied that many disturbances which nowrequire the interference of the military could be sette without its use. Any citizen of the Co monwealth can now be compelled to leave !us business and travel its length or breadth in the interests of justice ; surely, the preservation or order and the protection of life and property, will justify the exaction of the same service of a citizen within his own county. Such a law would also serve to fix the status of the inhabitants of the county. All who were loyal to the laws would at once respond ;' those who refused would thereby indicate their syrnpateies for the rioters. If such an attempt should fail, the sheriff or mayor, or in default of these officers, the citizens themselves could, with reason, call upon the Executive, and no ques tion, so far as the State was concerned, could ever be raised as to the necessity fo- the use of troops. The people have ; happily, been so unaccus tomed to the use of troops to enforce the laws, that much misconception exists regarding the real position of the military power in thepelicy of the government, and the relative ditties of citizens and soldiers. A simple statement of these relations may enable the line between the friends and enemies of law and order to be drawn hereafter with precision and ad vantage. For the presence and use of troops, the Executive i•responsible ; of their necessity, he is the judge. The law clothes him with that power, and the discretion to use it ; for its use or abuse, he is responsible alone to the representative of the people. The presence de facto of troops at the scene of a disturbance is prima facie evidence of their presence de jure. Whether they are there by authority or not, whether their presence is necessary orun necessary, is no affair of the rioters or their sympathizers. The tribunal to dtcide that question is not a mob, or then ; but the Legis lature or the courts, and afterwards. For the time being, it is the duty of the authorities and all law-abiding citizens to co-operate with them in restoring order or suppressingrioisace. To resist them by force, aeon any Petexi, ii (Concluded on fourth page.) II ... NO. 2.
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