VOL 40.
he Huntiugdon Journal,
J. R. DURBORROW,
PUBLISHERS AND PROPRIETORS.
(Nice in new JOURNAL Building, Fifth Street.
HUNTINGDON JOURNAL ig published ev ry
Friday by J. R. DURBoRROW and J. A. NASH, under
tno firm name of J. R. Duaßoanow k CO., at $2,00 per
aanunt IN ADVANCE, or $2.50 if not paid for in six months
from date of subscription, and S 3 if not paid within the
year.
No paper discontinued, unless at the option of the pub
lishers, until all arrearages are paid.
No paper, however, will be sent out of the State unless
absolutely paid for in advance.
Transient advertisements will be inserted at TWELVE
AND A-hALF CENTS per line for the first insertion, SEVEN
AND A-UALF CENTS for the second and FIVE CENTS per line
for all subsequent insertions.
Regular quarterly and yearly bil,iness advertisements
will be inserted at the following rotes:
6m 19rullyr
1 In .;." . 3 50' 4 5411 5 50' $ 00 9 (0118 005271 36
26. I 5 0.1 8 0:1110 00'12 00: 1 ,4co1121 00 , 36 001 50 65
3 " ! 7 0)10 00'18 00Nc01134 0050 001 65 80
4 .. 1 00114 00120 00;21 001 t c 01136 00 60 001 80 100
Local notices will be inserted at FIFTEEN CENTS per line
for each and every insertion.
All Resolutions of Associations, Communications of
limited or individual interest, all party announcements,
and notices of Marriages and Deaths, exceeding five lines,
will be charged S EN CENTS per line.
Legal and other notices will be charged to the party
having them inserted.
Advertising Agents must find their commission outside
of these figures.
All advertising accounts are due and collectable
when the, rtdvertisement is once inserted.
JOB PRINTING of every kind, Plain and Fancy Colors,
done with neatness and dispatch. Hand-bills, Blanks,
Cards, Pamphlets, &c., of every variety and style, printed
at the shortest notice, and everything in the Printing
line will be executed in the most artistic manner and at
the lowest rates.
;111 I 6m I tini I 1
,yr
Professional Cards.
S. T. BROWN
BROWN & BAILEY, Attorneys-at-
Law, Office 2d door east of First National
Bank. Prompt personal attention will be given
to all legal business entrusted to their care, and
to the collection and remittance of claims.
n. CALDWELL, Attorney -at -Law,
eNo. 111. 3d street. Office formerly occupied
by Messrs. Woods lc Williamson. [apl2,'7l.
I.)it. A. B. BRUMBAUGH, offers his
professional services to the community.
Office, No. 523 Washington street, one door cast
of the Catholic Parsonage. [jan.4,'7l
GEO. B. ORLADY,
ATTORNEY-AT-LA •ti',
n0v17 . 75] HUNTINGDON, PA,
EJ. GREENE, Dentist. Office re
• moved to Leister's new building, Hill street
Iluritingdon,
(Z_ L. ROBB, Dentist, office in S. T.
.kA • lirc w a's new building, No. 520, Bill St.,
Huntingdon, Pa.
KW. BUCHANAN, Surc,eon Den
• tint, No. 228, Penn Street, Huntingdon,
Pa. [mehli'7s
H UGH NEAL,
ENGINEER AND SURVFYOR,
Cot.. Smithfield Street and Eighth Avenue
PITTSBURGH, PA
S,eon:l Floor City Bank
C. MADDEN, Attorney-at-Law
-A-A-• Othee, No. —, liill street, Huntingdon,
Pa. [ap.19,'71.
J FRANKLIN SCHOCK, Attorney
ci • at-Law, Huntingdon, Pa. Prompt attention
given to all legal business. Office 229 Hill street,
corner of Court House Square. [dec.4,'72
1 SYLVANUS BLAIR, Attorney-at
t., • Law, Huntingdon, Pa. Office, Hill street,
hrte .loors west of Smith. Lian.4'7l.
1 it. DURBOItIWW, Attorney-at
e-, • Law, Huntingdon, Pa., will practice in the
several Courts of Huntingdon county. Particular
attention given to the settlement of estates of dece
.lent,
o;,ice in he JO URNAL Building. [feb.l,'7l.
IV. MATTERN, Attorney-at-Law
ci • and General Claim Agent, Huntingdon ' Pa.,
Soldiers' claims against the Government for back
pay, ',minty, widows' and invalid pensions attend
ed to with great care and promptness.
Lice on 11111 street. [jan.4,'7l.
S. taISSINGEIt, Attorney-at
L
Law, Huntingdon, Pa. Office one doo
East of R. M. Speer'Woffice,
13 1 A. ORBISON, Attorney-at-Law,
-A-_
kJ• PAtents Wbtsineel, Niue, 321 Hill street,
ii.Allcingdon, Ps.
s i ,l E. FLEMING, Attorney-at-Law,
K- 7 • Huntingdon, Pa., office 31t Penn street,
nearly opposite First National Bank. Prompt
and careful attention given to all legal business.
Aug.5,'74-6wom.
VILLIAM A. FLEMING, Attorney
at-Law, Huntingdon, Pa. Special attention
given to collection', and all other hgal business
.tended to with care and prousptness. Office, No.
'z:., 11111 street.
Hotels
jUMATA. HOUSE,
JULIANA STREET,
BEDFORD, PENN'A.
This well-known house has recently been leased
by the undersigned, who, having had the experi
ence of a nainher of yearn in keeping a first-clash
hotel, respectfully gullets the patronage of the
public. AS'pe , ial attention will he yieen hi tranNient
boardete.
Arrangem•nte will be made by which persons
can have meals at all hours.
Boarding $1.50 per day,
boarders taken by the day, week, month or year.
wyZ,'7s-yJ MARY J. RIFFLE.
D ICKSON HousE,
(Formerly Farmer's hotel,)
North-east corner of Fourth and Penn Streets,
HUNTINGDON, PA.,
SAMUEL DICKSON,
Having lately taken charge of the Dickson
House, (formerly Farmer's Hotel,) I am now pr -
pared to entertain strangers and travelers in the
moot aatisfactory manner. The house and stable
have both undergone thorough repair. My table
will be tilled with the best the market can afford,
and the stable will be attended by careful hostlers.
May 5, 1875-y
- 1 f t ORRISON HOUSE,
.2/
r;TOSIIE PENNSYLVANIA R. R. DEPOT
U UNTINGDON, PA.
J. H. CLOVER, Prop
%oil] 5, 1871—ly .
Miscellaneous.
TOYS AND GAMES OF ALL KINDS
Just received at the JOURNAL Store.
ALSO, WRITING DESKS,
WORK BOXES,
ALBUMS, &c,
CRINDALL'S BUILDING BLOCKS,
MENAGERIE and GYMNASTS
PARLOR CROQUET, &c.
WM. WILLIAMS,
MANUFACTURER OF
MARBLE MANTLES, MONUMENTS.
HEADSTONES, &C.,
HUNTINGDON, PA.
PLASTER PARIS CORNICES,
MOULDINGS, &C!
ALSO SLATE MANTLES FURNISHED TO
ORDER.
Jan. 4, '7l.
GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE.
Gentlenvn of the &over a)1 IL•tc3 of
Representatives:
J. A. NASH,
- We have assembled to dedicate ourselves
anew to the performance of the duties of
the responsible trusts confi.lA to our care.
We cannot be unmindful of .11:: magnitude
of these trusts and the wiAoin ant cour
age necessary to administ,n. thAn with fi.
deli'y and justice. and that we may not be
wanting in our concepti,n of, or halt in
our efforts to enfOre., whit is right, let us
reverently a•dt :or the Divine a.sistance,
that out: e,m-e:, , 0,,s miy be enlightened
and our h,artJ ;;:eii.Ltlierieli for the task.
Tile condition of the finances of the
State, as exhibited in the subjoined state
ments, demonstrates clearly the ability of
our people to pay all their indebtedness as
it accrues, and is an interesting commen
tary upon the simp:ici!y and efficiency of
our tax system, ba; I:kewis,: as plainly
shows tie neces:-ity for some modification
of existing lays ibation of the
revenues, if L , ,,s that he',et le•
gislation the ta,t. ;ire to be avoid
ed.
During fiscal year ending November 30,1875 :
Five per cent. luau 54,112 43
Six per cent. loan 1,241,362 72
Relief notes l2 00
Interest certificate lO 48
Total
Receipts.
During fiscal year ending November 30, 1875 :
Balance in Treasury November 3 , 1, 1874 81,054,551 65
Receipts
.1. H. BAILEY
Total
Ordinary expenses.
Leans redeemed....
Interest on loans•..
Total
Balance in Treasury November 30, 1875 993,207 27
Six per cent. loan
Five per cent. loan
Four and a half per cent. loan
Total
Relief notes in circulation
Interest certificates outsLAndiug.
405 Penn Street,
Interest certificates unclaimed
Domestic creditors' certificates
Cl:ambersburg certificates outstanding.
Cliambersburg certificates unclaimed...
Total
Total public debt,
Sinking Fund Assets.
Bonds of Pennsylvania railroad company,
$1,300.000, representing an indebtedness
January 1, 1876, as per schedule on file in
office of State Treasurer 515,132,544 26
Bonds of Allegheny Valley railroad com
pany 3,400,000,00
[a,p12,11
• 8,532,544 36
Cash in sinking fund November 30, 1875 034,088 49
Indebtedness unprovided for.
The appropriations made for the fiscal
year ending November 30, 1875, exceeded
the receipts (4f the general revenue fund
five hundred and fifteen thousand eight
hundred and twenty-one dollars and twen
ty two cents, and with like appropriations
and receipts the deficit for this year would
be doubled. It is estimated, however,
that the revenue of this year will be five
hundred thousand dollars less than that
of last year, which would make the de
ficiency at the end of the current fiscal
year about one million five hundred thous
and dollars, unless the appropriations can
be reduced. The appropriations are al.
ready made for that part of the fiscal year
embraced between December 1, 1875, and
June 1, 1876. Moreover, the principal
appropriations, such as for schools and the
ordinary expenses of the government, are
fixed by the Constitution or by law, ex
cept those for public charities, and these
will demand unusually large amounts at
this session by reason of their failure to
receive anythini , ° at the last. It is mani
fest, therefore, that the appropriations can
not be materially reduced, and the defi
ciency must be provided for either by the
imposition of new taxes or the diversion
into the general fund of some of the rev
enues now flowing into the sinkinir ° fund.
To levy new taxes at a time when the bus
iness and industrial interests are prostra
ted wouli be unwise and a great hardship,
and would justly meet with public con
demnation. The necessity, therefore, of
the re-distribution of the revenues is ob
viously a duty that is urgent, and demands
your immediate attention
By virtue of a constitutional amend
ment, the Sinking Fund was created for
the purpose of gradually reducing the
public debt at a time when it exceeded
forty millions of dollars. An annual re
duction of two hundred and fifty thou4and
dollars, and the payment of interest of the
entire debt were its only requirements,
and they have been faithfully fulfilled by
the Sinking Fund Commissioners since
the creation of the fund in 1857. It rill
also be observed by the following state
ments, the most sanguine hopes of the
framers of the constitutional amendment
have been more than realized, during the
last eleven years the annual reduction of
the debt averaging nearly a million and a
half of dollars.
feb.l7-ly
[Feb.s-1
Lmay3l,'7l
Public debt December 1, IS6I
Public debt December 1, 1875.
Total reduction in eleven yell's
Average annual reduction
The appended statement will show the
balance of the estimated receipts of the
Sinking fund, at the expiration of the
fiscal year after the requirements of the
Constitution will have been complied with :
Tax on corporation 'stocks 52,100,000 00
Commutation of tonnage tax 4130,000 00
Allegheny Valley railroa !Kind lOO,OOO 00
lutere4 on Allegheny railroad bonds 170,000 00
- Proprietor.
2130,000 00
Constitutional requirement of annual reduc
tion Of public .lid B2- 5 1,000 00
lutereot on public debt 1,300,000 00
Sur!,lug
It will thus be seen with the present
distribution of the revenues, there will re
main each year in the Sinking Fund, after
the payments which the Constitution re•
quires, over a million and a quarter of dol
lars, and which it is remembered that the
amount of interest to be paid will annually
decrease, and the receipts be greater, ow
ing to the natural accretion of the taxes,
the amount of this balance will be aug
mented from year to year. if this sur.
plus is annually applied to the extinguish
ment of the debt, a careful calculation
will show, that in ten years the entire in
debtedness of the State will be redeemed.
However Jesirable this reduction may be
and gratifying as it certainly would be to
the Executive, under whose administra
tion a large portion of it would be made,
yet the diminution of the taxes in 1873,
to the amount of one million of dollars,
and the five hundred thousand dolldrs ad
ditional expenses made necessary by the
new Constitution in behalf of common
schools, the Judiciary and Legislature, and
the claims of deserving public charities,
forbid this large reduction as the revenues
are now distributed. By another calcula
tion it appears that by taking one-third of
the corporation tax, which the Legislature
assigned to the Sinking Fund, and dedi-
0 4 * 1 !? .:
r .
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-...
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1 INNCLS
ii„il Jl. ~~~ i.~r~l,
1,335,497 63
T,53 L 6.50 67
Disbur.emnts.
$3,806,769 29
1,335.497 63
1,399,176 48
6,541,443 40
Funded Debt.
$18,153,380 00
4,869,241 58
87,000 00
.„ 23,109,621 58
Unfunded Debt.
$06,184 00
13,038 54
..... . 4,443 38
...... 25 00
9,620 99
199 34
... 123,516 16
23,233,137 74
$9,466,572 85
13,766.564 69
$39,379,603 94
24,20,137 74
10,146,418 24)
1,t87,860 ErG
1,550,000 00
1,280,000 00
eating this one-third to the uses of the
general fund, the whole indebtedness can
still be liquidated in fifteen years. With
out additional taxation, a fund may thus
be created, that with the other revenues of
the general fund, will, with prudent man
agement, possibly be sufficient to meet all
the necessary and proper . expenses of the
government, and I recommend that this
change be made
At the end of the last fiscal year there
remained in the sinking Fund the sum of
nine hundred and thirty-four thousand
and twenty-eight dollars and fifty-nine
cents. There can be no further redemp
tion of public debt until August, 1877, as
all State bans reimbursable prior to that
time have been paid ; and in the meantime
the Sinking Fund, in addition to the above
amount, will continue to accumulate a
large bslance, which there is no authority
to invest. I therefore recommend the
enactment of a law authorizing the Sink
ing Fund Commissioners to invest the
surplus funds in the bonds of the State or
the United States as they deem most ad
vantageous, which, in accordance with the
new Constitution,
.are the only invest
ments that can be made, and that these
investMents be directed to be made
monthly.
EDUCATION
The prosperous condition of our public
schools affords abundant occasion for just
pride. The exhibit nu.de in the report of
the Superintendent of Public Instruction
is a gratifying illustration of the liberality
and public spirit of our citizens and an
earnest pledge of what may he expected
of them when any great or beneficent ob
ject enFsts their sympathy and support.
Ten years ago the Commonwealth had one
thousand seven hundred and forty-three
graded schools within her limits; to-day
there are five thousand six hundred and
twenty-five During the last decade the
value of her school property has appre
ciated from five hundred and sixty-four
thousand eighty-eight dollars and eight
cents to two millions one hundred and
fifty-nine thousand four hundred and fir
teen dollars and eighty-three cents. In
1865 the State expended upon her public
schools three millions six hundred and
thirteen thousand two hundred and tbirt -
eight dollars and fifty-five cents. In 1875
the outlay for the same purpose was nine
millions three hundred and sixty three
thousand nine hundred and twenty-seven
dollars and seventeen cents. Thirteen
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three
teachers attended, during the last year,
the Teachers' Institutes held throughout
the Commonwealth. In 1865 there were
only two thousand seven hundred and six
ty-five in attendance upon their sessions
These figures are eloquent of the gener
osity of our citizens and their ardent de
sire to facilitate the attainment and pro
mote the progress of education. It is in
teresting to observe, likewise, that those
employed in the instruction of our youth
appreciate this liberality of our people and
are zealously striving to make our school
system so comprehensive and thorough
that there will be a fitting and just return
for the expenditure incurred. It is an ac
cepted maxim that the enucation of its
youth is the most important subject that
can engage the attention of a community.
There is no capital more productive, nor
any more solid or safer basis fOr the wel
fare of a State than the inculcation of
sound principles and habits of industry
among its children. It is as trite as it is
a true saying that idleness and vice are
great burdens to society and that of virtue
and industry contribute to its welfare and
dignity. Our title to the respect and
gratitude of posterity will therefore largely
depend upon our efforts in behalf o;" right
education, and it is for us to gravely con
sider whether we perform our whole duty
by providing each year fur the necessary
expenses of the School Department and
make no endeavor to extend its usefulness
and benefits to new fields of instruction.—
Is
it not a reproach upon our wisdom, and
when we think of the thousands of ne
glected children in our midst may it not
also be said upon our humanity to expend
ten millions of dollars annually upon pub
lic education and find thousands of chil
dren who will not avail themselves of its
privileges. No people have contributed
more to the advancement of human coin
6mt and the abridgement of labor by the
application of mechanical principles, or
are more prolific of invention of a useful
kind than Americans, and yet few c,)un
tries give less attention to the develop
ment
of this genius and the stgdy of these !
principles in their instruction than our!
own. With such capabilities and the op
portunities for the application of me
chanical principles at our very doors in
the unfolding and manufacture of our
great resources, does it seem the part of
prudence and common sense to permit all
this vast expenditure to be made without
embracing in the plan some methods of
instruction that will at least fit a small
number of children for some special trade
or occupation.
My opinions upon the subjects of com
pulsory education are well known and it !
is unuceessary for me again to advance
them. They have discovered themselves
to me after mature and conscientious
thought and investigation, and are founded
I believe, upon principles of sound policy,
and as their discussion and necessity are
enforcing themselves upon public atten
tion, I respectfully ask if the nature and
importance of your trust as legislators do
not exact of you some consideration in this
regard.
NORMAL SCHOOLS,
The methods of teaching have been vastly
improved in the last few sears ' and it is
conceded many of these methods are the
outgrowth of the Normal schools of the
State, the teachers from which have con
tributed very materially to the character
and efficiency of the public schools. Some
persons have a natural fitness for teaching,
but in most instances the qualifications
therefor are acquired, and in no way can
they be so readily obtained as by the spe
cial preparation and technical instruction
received at the Normal school where the
principles and practices of teaching are in
culcated by experienced preceptors. The
greater the number of these schools, the
higher we raise their standard, ando the
more thorough the instruction imparted
within their walls the more widespread
will be their influence, and to secure com
petency and promote the welfare of teachers
and pupils alike, I trust the Legislature
will extend to the Normal schools what
ever assistance may be needed to insure
their increased efficiency and usefulness.
SOLDIERS' ORPHANS
The continued favor of the Legislature
to the schools wherein the orphans of our
soldiers are maintained and taught, is an
agreeable proof of the patriotism of our
people. What prouder monument could
we erect to the Pennsylvanians who fell
in battle than to care for and educate their
HUNTINGDON, PA., FRIDAY, JANUARY 14, 1876
children ? There will be little hope for
our institutions, when we cease to be
grateful to those who bled or died in their
defense. No more responsible charge,
and
one which does wore honor to her head
and heart, has been assumed by the Com
monwealth than these schools for the sup
port and instruction of our soldiers or
phans ; and it is of the gravest importance
that this trust should be administered not
only in good faith to the State, but with a
special view to the comfort and careful
education of these unf)rtunate children.—
Ten years have elapsed since the close of
the war, and many of the children of our
deceased soldiers have reached years of
maturity. livery year the number for
whom the State must provide becomes less,
and it is apparent that there is no necessity
for the continuance of so many schools of
this kind, and that under the present sys
tem, with the number of pupils decreasing
each year, and the receipts for their main
tenance and instruction cmespondingly
diminish ing,the proprietors of these schools
cannot conduct them without loss or neces
sarily reducing the food, clothing or tui.
tion of the children. These proprietors
are paid a stipulated sum for the care, tui
tion. clothing and food of each child. The
sum paidls upon a basis that gives to each
school, we will suppose, two hundred chil
dren. It is manifest, when this number
is reduced to one hundred, and all ar
rangements have been made for the care
an I instruction of two hundred, either the
proprietors or the children must suffer;
and to rescue both from any misfortune, I
recommend that the Superintendent of
Public Instruction be directed to select
the best schools at the most advantageous
points, to which shall be transferred all
the children for whom provision is now
made, and that this process continue un
til the last orphan child is educated. Un
der this system, there will be no tempts
tion to maintain these schools perhaps to
the detriment of the children, and the
State wili be assured that its bounty is
properly and fully bestowed.
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT,
There is no political problem that, at
the present time, occasions s) much just
alarm, and is obtaining more serious and
anxious thought than the government of
cities, whose administration in many sec
tions of the country, is fraught with perils
not only to the material prosperity of our
people but to the welfare and permanence
of the republic. Is it not therefore in
cumbent upon those who are charged with
the conduct of public affairs, as well as
those who are concerned for the good and
honor of the country, to carefully and dil
igently inquire into the causes of these
mischiefs that attend upon the rule of our
cities, and see if they spring from or are
the actual development of any inherent
defect in the existing systems of govern
ment, or are the outcome of a merely
transient tendency to extravagance, that
by its abuse will work its own efLetual
cure. A glance at the enormous debts
and stupendous schemes for public im
provements undertaken and in progress.
or in enutemplation by the numerous cities
of the country, is sufficient inducement to
this investigation, and will convince the
most skeptical that a speedy and radical
remedy...must be found to arrest these ex
travagant expenditures or the credit of
our cities will be destroyed and repudia
tion, to which resort some have already
been driven, will be the only recourse
from ruin. It will not do to mock at the
voice of warning and entrench ourselves in
the belief that the natural growth of our
cities and the consequent accumulation of
wealth and appreciation of property there-
in, will liquidate all the bonds this genera
tion can impose upon the next, for expe
rience and history alike teach that extra
vagance grows with indulgence, and the
only safe, wise and honest course for indi
viduals and communities to pursue is to
live within their means and pay as they go.
The exercise of a local jurisdiction by
towns and cities had its origin in the re
motest antiquity. The vestiges of this
power can be traced in the exhumed re
mains of the ancient cities of Phcenecia
and Egypt. In the municipalities of
Greece political rights were clearly defined
and each city was sovereign and acknowl
edged no authority but that of its own
creation. Under the rule of Rome we
discover our ideal of the modern munici
pality, as described by a distinguished his
torian : "A community of which the cit
izens are members of the whole nation, all
possessing the same rights and subject to
the same burdens, but retaining their ad
ministration of law and government in all
local matters which concern not the nation
at large." Of like character were the im
munities and rights wrested from Feudal
ism by the cities of the middle ages.—
These cities of the past were the conser
vatories of science and art, the abodes of
industry and the nurseries of political,
moral and religions freedom, and to them
we are indebted for the principles of con
stitutional liberty and a knowledge of the
practical methods of government so useful
in the administration of our municipal af
fairs.
The cities of England obtained the right of
local self-government about the beginning of
the thirteenth century, and their growth in
population and wealth kept pace with their
independence and freedom from the exactions
of the Crown. Their political importance
likewise Increased as their political power was
augmented, and we find them graciously fa
vored by kings and parliaments, in the latter
having a representation. of their own election.
With enlarged privileges nod greater prosper
ity, however, there grew up intolerable abuses,
and measures hid to be taken to restore them
to their original design as institutions for lo
cal government to be controlled by those in
terested, and not by a favored few whose only
concern in their management was to accu
mulate fortune. It was manifest that these
corporations had outlived their usefulness,
and became a positive evil, All their powers
were exccded ; they arrogated to themselves
others never conferred ; their councils were
self-elected and chosen for life, and their leg
islation hag no sympathy with and never reflect
ed the wishes of the citizens whose rights and
property it was to affect. Mal-administration
was the rule rather than the exception in their
management; property was wasted; money
thoughtlessly and extravagantly expended ;
the officers were the creatures of their irre
sponsible counsels, and looked to them and
not the people for continuance of favor, and
every form of corruption, peculation and
fraud were the product of a system which was
originally inspired by a love of freedom, a de
sire for equal and exact justice, anda conviction
that this local or home rule would best con
serve the rights and property of citizens. So
flagrant had abuses become in the administra
tion of these cities that in 1835 the English
Government appointed a commission, of in
quiry to investigate the condition of her mu
nicipal corporations; and upon the report of
this commission, which was a painful recital
of mal-administration,extravagance, misappli
cation of revenues, corruption and favoritism,
a law was enacted, under the provisions of
which these corporations were made to con
form to certain uniform regulations, and their
powers restricted to the legitimate and use
ful purposes for which they were created.
Our cities, counties and towns are similar to
the sub-divisions that for centuries have ex
isted in England, and form a system, which,
iu the language of a learned American jurist,
"seems a part of the very nature of the race to
which we belong;'' and upon this very point
an eminent foreign writer, having in view
our Republic, sigtificantly says; "Local
assemblies of citizens constitute the strength
of free nations. Municipal institutions are
to liberty what primary schools are to science ;
they bring it within people's reach ; they teach
men how to use and enjoy it ; a nation may
establish a system of free government, but
without the spirit of municipal institutions it
cannot have the spirit of liberty." It is the
genius of our institutions to bring the agen
cies of government as near as possible to the
governed, and municipal corporations are the
instrumentalities by which this intention is
most effectually observed. Our cities, coun
ties, towns, road and school districts exercise
powers of local control, and it is a favorite
theory of our political system, that those who
are immediately and directly interested will
be more likely to administer their affairs with
intelligence and economy than a central gov
ernment at a distance, and upon this theory
the States have been divested of almost all
authority over their municipalities, upon
which latter have been conferred most of the
agencies by which the government is brought
into direct contact with the people. In the
distribution of power these corporations hav
ing received the potential share in regulating
the concerns of a large portion of our people,
and their health, comfort, enlightenment and
prosperity must depend, therefore, in a great
measure upon the wisdom and justice of this
local rule.
Until a recent period the municipalities of
the country enjoyed and deserved the confi
dence and favor of our people. They were
simple in their constitutions, economical in
their expenditures, in the main admirably
governed, with men of intelligence, experience,
character and property in their councils, who
deemed it an honor, without compensation, to
assist in their administration, and as the pub
lic improvements were limited and only what
were necessary, the temptations to avariceand
corruption were few, and peculation and fraud
unknown. To-day it is humiliating to observe
the cities of the United States expose our in
telligence and civilization to reproach and
compared with the malversation and misgov•
ernment of some of them, the mal-administra
tion of the English cities in 1835 seems re
spectable. In the managment of a few of
them justice has simply been mocked, taxa
tion meant confiscation, and debts were ac
cumulated with such rapidity that the annual
interest thereon is now greater than was the
whole tax levy, for all corporate purposes fif
teen years ago. The aggregate of the debts
of the cities of the United States, according
to competent authority, reaches the enormous
sum of seven hundred and sixty nine millions,
and this amount is believed to be rather un
der than above the actual indebtedness. It is
strange that the annual tax levy, instead of
being a few mills, now averages in our most
important cities two and a half per centum
upon the assessed value of property ? It is
with reasonable apprehension, therefore, that
the people are earnestly addressing themselves
to the study of the causes of this evil, and the
conviction is becoming wide-spread that some
remedy mast be provided that will go to its
very core and work a radical cure.
A tendency to extravagance began to mani
fest itself in this country in 1867; and was ex
hibited most conspicuously in the innumera
ble propositions for public improvement of
every conceivable kind. Magnificent Parks,
extensive water works, splendid city buildings,
wide streets, with new and improved pave
ments, are some of the projects upon which
lavish expenditures were made. In the fre
(pent and immense outlays of moneys thus
authorized, numerous avenues for fraud and
peculation were opened, and officers connect
ed with the disbursements of these great
amounts, suddenly grew rich, and having,
by reason of their control of these expendi
tures, scores of adherents, they mon became
the arbiters of the taxation of these cities.
Irresponsible themselves, they aimed to secure
the election of irresponsible men to city coup.
cils, that their corrupt practices might have
the forms of law, and emboldened by impuni•
ty and the supineness of respectable citizens,
they endeavored to control, and it is alleged
in some municipalities did corrupt the
channels of justice and shaped its decrees to
suit their nefarious ends.
Our cities formerly had but few wants ; their
charters were simple in their provisions, easily
understood,and conferred all the powers neces •
sary for local government. Within the last few
years, however, every department of local gov.
ernment from the great city to thesmall school
district, has been constantly applying to the
State Legislature for extensions of authority.
The rights of taxation and appropriating private
property for public use, are extraordinary
powers that no government should delegate,
except in cases of absolute public need, and
the use of the power should be limited by the
necessity that invokes its exercise, and yet the
Legislatures of the vrious States, in the last
few years, have scattered these extraordinary
powers broadcast over the land, and in the
hands of inconsiderate and irresponsible men,
they have been made, under the specious plea
of public improvements, the engines of op—
pression and robbery. Many of the burdens
our people have to bear, have been created by
the vicious habit of issuingbon Is at high rates
of interest for contemplated improvements.
Multitudinous national, state, city, county,
ward and school bonds have been issued,
the smaller intimating the larger local
interests in making these drafts on
posterity at rates of interest ranging from
four and a half to ten per centurn per annum,
and the payment of the interest on these bonds,
:Lnd of the bonds themselves, as they mature.
necessitates an anneal taxation that is op—
pressive, and a constant drain upon industry
and enterprise. The contrast afforded by a
comparison of the government of the Con.—
monwealth of Pennsylvania with the govern—
ment of her cities, is curious and instructive.
Twenty five years ago a like spirit of extrava—
gance and the mania for public improvement.
„prevailed throughout the State. and her policy
was marked by tremendous outlays in behalf
of canals and other public works, and was the
parent of a debt of forty millions of dollars.
and of the corruptions and evil practices that
aroused the people to the extraordinary effort
which resulted in the constitutional amend—
ment prohibiting an increase of the public
debt, and providing a sinking fund for the pay—
ment of the interest, and nn annual reduction
of the principal. flow different and gratify
ing is the spectacle to-day. With a yearly
income scarcely exceeding six millions of dol
lars, and a State with four millions of inhab
itants, the taxes have recently been decreased
and annually a large portion of the debt paid
off, so that now the indebtedness amounts to
but twenty-three millions of dollars. Of the
revenues for sonic years past, two million five
hundred thousand dollars have been alloted
to the payment of interest and the reduction
of the public debt, leaving three millions and
a half to be devoted to the payment of the
expenses of the government, which include
provision for our magnificent system of char
ities and schools, upon the latter of which
alone, common and soldiers' orphans, one
million five hundred thousand dollars are ex
pended each year. The debts of our munici
palities on the contrary, have been increasing
enormously, and apart from the public im
provements for which a large bonded indebt
edness has been created, the expenses of our
cities and towns have been growing annually
with a pace that seems out of all proportions
with their necessities. One source of this
additional expense is the increased number of
officials. The powers of government are too
diversified, and require too much machinery.
That mechanism is the best which contains
the fewest parts and governments are not ex
empt from this law.
The deplorable condition of some cities
that are overburdened with debt and with
public improvements unfinished, that must be
completed, is the result largely of the undue
and strained assistance accorded to these
municipalities by the State governments. Leg
islatures voted them the largest possible
grants of power, Executives approved them,
and the judiciary in some of the States have
sustained every grant of power to tax, where
the amount to be raised was to he dedicated
to a public Improvement, even if the benefit
was remote and contingent, as in the coo.-
struction of railways, at a distance from a
city to divert trade to its marts and other like
projects. A well known and able writer as
serts, that our cities are the prey of jobbers,
and the curse and puzzle of our civilization,
and that this is more the result of the system
than the fault of the city officials. Honest
men cannot be made by legislation, but to the
power for evil of those who are dishonest or
careless a can and shonlil
The principal squirc„• of ifirise na in the
disposition to do wrong, Out in the license
peculate and plunder. It is the power to
that which done and not those who to it.
wherein we must tiod the evi'. Ivisplaee
those in the present local legislatures. and
others will take their positions who will soon
be given to like praci.im23.
IVe must not forget that then! is a ,!rave
differeuce between the con,ienee of the iodi
victual and the public conscience. A man will
hesitate, unless he is thoroughly dishnir!=t.
before he takes advantage of his neighbor. but
the same man will not scruple a moment when
his approval i 3 a:ked for a pr.j,:t. which.
under the guise of a public impr,vement.
to despot the whole community of a part of
its property. Again, it is an i lru iti h fset,
that every public enterprise always rots
more, and sometimes twice as much as a pri
vate one, and the cost to administer to so;eral
departments in our cities is a stritiing illus
tration of this truth.
13 there any good relson why the en-a r.f
the management of these departments should
in some instances be four or five times in ex
eeS3 of the amount paid fifteen yea! , ago :
while compared therewith the increase Of pop
ulation and appreciatioA of property ;ia4 been
merely nominal.
Does the indifflrence and itiertaess with
which this subject of the governmeat of cities
has been lieretoiore regarded, forbid th e it
that there can be unanimity of sentinumt
among citizens to devise and enforce measures
that will emancipate our cities from the in
evitable consequences of these reckless ex
peuditures, or will they await until their prop
erty is irremediably ni,rtgageo, and then.
honor and fair fame smutched with the stains
of bankruptcy. The immunity from criticism
and investigation which these schemes for
public improvements enjoy, gives encourage
ment and protection to every invention of
fraud and plunder, an•l people who are tared
and who snpiuely submit year after year to
these exactions, arc to a great extent respon
sible therefor.
The hulk of the taxation in our gr'.tt cities
falls upon the property holders ; the msss of
the citizens do not feel its hnrileas, an.! are
unconcerned about the public expenditure
or rejoice tberat and approve them when they
minister to their enjoyment, as do the parks,
or add to their protection and benefit, as do
the police and schools. This mass of citizens
forgetful of that cardinal principle of our in
stitutions, "that those must vote the Cut who
pay it," control the elections and send men to
the municipal Legislatures, who, :ike them
selves, frequently bear none of the public bur
dens, and are consequently improvid•rnt
wasteful. A large portion of our population
is therefore taxed without representation, for
no sane man will contend that this sort of
representation is the right fur which our fath
ers waged a seven years' war with Englan.l.
Can laboring men believe that persistence in
this policy will not work them serums :►n-1
permanent injury ? Does it require much
foresight to see that this appropriation of pri
vate property by means of taxation. will drive
manufactures, trade and wealth from our eit
ies to more congenial localities? Capital and
enterprise will seek channels where the fullest
freedom and the great-4st profits ran be obtain
ed, find it is suicidal thus to dry up the very
scource of our prosperity.
This sketch of the municipalities of other
countries than our own will, I hope, serve to
show how essential they are to republic to in
stitutions and how liable they are to abuse,
and admonishes us that the question of their
government is a delicate one, the considera
tion of which should be approached with the
greatest caution.
We must take care that our efforts to miti
gate the evils we feel do not be . get others
equally oppressive, and we will thus. have
change without benefit. Fortunately. the
charters of municipal, unlike ()thin- k
tions, are subject to alteration by the Legis
lature, and that body can amend them at
pleasure. In view of the importance of the
proper regulation of our cities, because of the
vital relations they sustain to the traik4 and
manufactures of our wost thriving communi
ties, and the welfare and happiness of their
citizens, I recommend that the Leziihsture
authorize the appointment of a commission of
experienced persons to examine into the
condition of our municipalities and prepare
such legislation for the consideration of the
Legislature as will, in their opinion, meet the
abuses sought to be remedied. It is my can
did opinion that all the legislation upon
the statute books referring to municipalities
should be repealed and a comprehensive and
uniform code enacted, the main features of
which will not be the subject of perennial al
teration.
Appended to this message w:11 be found a
detailed statement of the debts of a nurnher
of prominent cities of the country in I +47 am!
1875, which affords a striking contrast and i 4
an instructive context to the discussion herein
made. The table also shows the east of the
several departments of these city governments
and is a valuable help to a proper understand
ing of the expenditures of the various cities
named. The materials for the statement were
kindly furnished by the authorities of the
several cities.
CENTEINIAL.
Whatever misgivings have hitherto poss
essed the public mini about the ! mere,s of
the Centennial are now happily , fissipated,
and it is evident the country has awakened
to the conviction that the exhibition ils!el.l
of being merely local. with which character
the indifferent and il , .stritstlial wonld nave in
vested it. will transcend in dignity and mag
nitnde any of the expositions that have pr
coded it in Europe.
It becomes Pennsylvania, therefir•.t..!,stir
herself and strive to have a full represeatation
of her resources and industries on exhibition.
The Commonwealth baa Made vast contribu
tions of means, and the energies of her hest
citizens have been ceaselessly devoted to the
promotion of the enterprise, and she will be fake
to best interests if the display she makes is
not creditable to her people and in keeping
with her position:mom.; the States. Every city.
town, county and townshipthat has a product.
whether of the Aoil or manufacture. should
take care tlia it has a place in the exh'bition.
Our mineral resonrrea ;honld all he shown.
and our iron, oil. coke, i umber. railmauf, ship
building, and all manufacturing interests
should be fitly represented. Every beneficial.
trade and commercial ;association should hare
charts or designs to show their purposes or
benefits. The collections of seientifie and art
societies should he exhibited, and our penal
and reformatory institutions, and those of
charity, beneficence and learning. shmilti in
some manner illustrate their management.
Opportunities should be afforded to study our
forms of government, public and private im
provements in building!, churches, bridges,
water, gas anti other works, and every weans
and facility furnished to the stranger to he
come acquainted with the character, extent
and variety of our products and the advan
tages of our state as a place of residence and
a field for enterpise.
To make this display will require conetant
and unremitting work on the part of individ
uals, firms and companies during the short
time that remains before the exhibition noene.
and publio and private liberality should com
bine to effect this object. In conformity with
an act pasted at your last session. the Exert)
tire appointed commission of gentlemen to
he entrusted with the soperintenilence and
collection of the exhibition which Pennsylva
nia shall make at the Centennial. To per.
form this duty it is obvious they most have
financial aid, and when we consider how vast
and multiform must be its labors, and the short
time left to discharge the same, the sum allow
ed to defray the expenses should he liberal
and commensurate with the important share
the Commonwealth has taken in this great
National enterprise. The character of the
gentlemen who were appointed is a surety
that the exhibition of the State will tie all that
zeal and fidelity to Its interests ran make it.
if means are afforded them to fulfill the filar
poses of their appointment, and I recommend
that an appropriation therefore he made at
Once.
In this connection it is proper your attention
should be invited to the necessity of waking
provision for the transportation and eneasap
ment of the military of the State at some
per . od of the exhibition, so that suitable die
play may he made of this branch of the public
serv:ce. Several of the States are making es
tens ye preparations in this direction, and the
military feature of the exhibition promises to
be creditable to the volunteer system of the
country. The various commands throughout
the Commonwealth are perfecting themselves
r.srAprt, , ,t. I I
An , ' twarinT of
upon our troom, from. tics *let*
w,:l proh:shly ,o-srospo-± f , or p0 , r,04 of
or too,, w.pko siettso•y th• .srh , -
hition. to .-rve withoor posy :snot uspwry
own ration*. hat thron2lt the swt/so.-
tie+ they Ask viost ir:11 faer•reh these
wd!l Ira 7 vmrNtiii.ml tn.t",•t fro.a ,thstioo.
sirol pro•A • 44,1 f for toe thongs //frivol.
Whe:l • r ic:o.st ;lathe , rcovosp.,.so.oos
,i4tiongo t: I
•1 sr, re , eiee+ orrif ;roe.
thl4 rPnoon i mle rrorpo:, of !by root/win , * /Ws►
will usititer. nons.o.ril! no.rhooo eight .!fsoes
s.tn,l Men , w:11. I .ans 1,1!, z:33
co - kr favor.
It IA apparelt t r !is" moat r stn-a!
111:11 the !).11iiit? ti ; for the ear.. .;a.arte .3
t!.ii Star, are ininfEeient f..r tho rws ) .li,
ee..itielt. it i 4 repeat/J.lly a...red lost -
Aanity ii inerra,inz ali4.4t, Agri ir.:a...t•
divoht:there Arr many nor )13 n te ..f r: 3 4.
infpr,son,; Irr in, t , fpn..7tr.
3re awe ,ar - traYe. x 1,3.
teceiveol proircr trestrm-nt • tn.ltst irov•
rr4toreol to rei.on 3 , 1
.4114 cuariq of the State est* the:.
;., ••s" ,, iveit n.. plan l'oat take eflarse :,(
their ere:attire. in i p.a..- !hens •in•ter 'Tv*
41pervi.Lin W.,. Jr, ..:1!» , l eh,
tr.-moment the .in.l ran per 437, 3T
r...t It. prrerr—ii hef6ire LAI Virtralt4 h3V. SP
c,me iernentek The hosopmaie st
D.xmont tn.l Warr", skie
for tise next few v.:tea to sceetnetno.ittte tisii
t!ie w.•:tern 3. I rs.irttv- , s-4 , ..-eit ph ,
tion, net., r„„ • Ft.„,
.„,•1
the ..(the re-it.
and north-eaorril 0,-60(14. T.ier. o , n, 3
titeu the faro iii pureLons e..ti:t7e4 .!
ineio.tiog wars .. - rr •
fourth of the wituto ropo admit .4
monwral7!). without h arrurnmo-Int:urt•
fur thr in: A n.. other !:,.in ,;) pc...rale,. hr
ni. , -honst•A AWL prof.. Its tie. rhata
tielph:a alm.honie atone twrr'.r. 9osn.fro4
the inmate's are Insane. an.f
mote nee •ientry by ! see-nufsiee.ihsttrow•.
-azzravatr itteteadi of rritev,n?: !nett.
Contentment an.t eltecr•o:ll44 Ire
promote the rerovery of tise*opettonatv. It re
covery pos;iire and ratt ther. hr any ...nllgtot
en...l or Arientitl., trtritment no.fro. .neh
dition4 No hoapitalg t loaf the `state ennastrvel
would' afforil arcionrainehatioas ,Or all lbw.
helpless creator,. 11.sst of them are inrar
ably ins.ine, ant no i•oorse of tnratraient. he .t
ever so hitinane or - 014 alleviate
their nii.ers. There are. however. name
mates of this shush...ie. who If they 'tail ,eines
properly treated! in the first ilia.; • of tiseir
aii.zlit Sore revs-wit (von toe
fleplorah'e mein...4 that shits them ant front
ill hope. r•initraini. , l .0 woh sail
constontly '.ink noon inionits in every eon
eeisah!e t .rot if W. 4 goof ctr*eff, !PIM the lift
intrllig .nre that still 1111..4..re.1 in their mini*
wcat out tit a:ter dar . erie44, ne - ier to ne re
kinilleii. It is for this el:Latish., illff reee n i_
ly hoen itrivkeii with the disay sal for
corers reasonahlo hope e l se ts. eut,e5.,....j .
that a ciinrerient hospital stioal‘i he howl*.
where the insane of Piiiiiiialreita
ailjoinintr ronat irs eonld he ?mates( 'spots
ir, lent i pri i riles aa.l sr herein the $4,, , WW1411.
.660 , 14 Wr)Wol h. a na pt, .4
the hospital at It.rr.n ha. prove... 4 so for
a. 4 the appropriation ovule in its istia.aif w .nil
permit. This hospital was one .senow: t3rlstw.
institutions of the SI vie that stiffer-4 Sy the
fisiiurr of the apprope.stions to , horiti..• s•
sons last session. i sinsoirety tenet last imita
ble provisions will he wade at this session Sir
the work neon this t! by ti -orapletion,
;14 there is is pressing 71 • ••1 iit the sccomiso--
ilation it will supply.
The reeornmeoilations of the , namesimire es
inquire into the cots•ii,ious he
intone of tilt- State. enahseliesi is their report
male :Al por !,unspra+,..• lodate. WE t 4 taw
session. .ire worth of soils nriperttn: attentiow
Serer.il .4 i.ei trentlerneo whose 11.1 •4 are
appen.l-1 to this report. are ecierititie
"133.. W.I. flue rtmi carp-4 ats.l ..tterefir4
etperieu,e tre-..inbree of Vvre
while the .3:her4 .srezent,eniei of caltnew. lam
bare given the probl,ns 301.1 erenttireerf •
in•estigation. nisi the opinions of :Is, emus
mission therefore upon tills imports*, mews
Lion. should cons-mend themselves to vow. es
the best possible nitre thst could be obtain.'
upon toe subject within the stste.
ioorotates sty painful ivory to lime toter
attest... to the lawless , lispositose thst .11
portions of the Coemons...sieb. *Mow tureeett sod
not at time* ber• e.pre feetatreettie. thee the to
p”.yr, •)( , hor irate led to ;se issrobe4l tw
leen the iistsrsamoo.o. These terhstteet emiifte.
Liaises are begrooging sisregosirly !?..want. mime to :
repress them snare itorgrity mast Se lerviss.4 Mat
the Auteuil.. , 4 the F. seratir"..irraelle else partsee
pan.. thoma, way a.O qr. I.ll4wwilPir I
plsis soil -err einsprefevaleel peilletple• Wit
troopo.l roortigor to risogr shot sill so the rate '
•is the eyes, sate".....l¢ if s
•f tovertiotio
rinotito•sl sothoriry will tie
ose the pie
Dation.MT.. No of 11, - I.IIZ,
will er slisil ;entire , "isles,. 'a
isilessni , y reit• peep...es sps.o
.11111. i P.
nests es, sill he ...Wrist Illvery raw saw
sllswed es sell Ivo saws ;she,. at 3rs ..rs
his ir , orising snit 0.4 .0. iotoroov••••1 either sr
fore* -yr ml'lol,llo , iSln. IF .1, fesseiv.i-er
met, re4re.• inns? n. "resew is •.0.0. leinsiver
isw pri•i4es, sail nn net. MIMS •••rolTl.ll.
If ,fiteri• rill riw-wes,e. 'Sr's ono
tiplr• %in •!...tr •
th.-• oyit 3.••••••••iltl, OK Ir. rff •
tester's,. en p•..: ?v. the p•-•r0..5.41 moo:
•gig•ier•foo•l. •sass. for sit, :hi., ins v a
▪ if. r .: • • •,.:••••”• • 11' . 401, w
▪ ii...!gmtp- th..or late. sari ere issemearity
-test? with. snit if tiro .14 ''%••
•if - ...11 1 11Ty t , NW fire , in* *NAT
whey ,f •he isr , Oren the inesi+ep,seer *lliee'rim
.1, 0 1 ha if iseemeasee, .0 ;
respect fin' We OVA ti • • ••••••
liar .s reearres,..4 heirless "sem,
yont.re ft/ qt. .r.
triehirreal ".t" ...mt. 'lgo .iteseeleept feetires drirlf •
efi•lo. and eMrw v• •
sail rept.g....l ••otisregiga. m..f •%•.: is,,. ...yr.—.
tf th, try• .isseifire
• of 'lgo mmtgoriti••• torlosio • 1.1.•
..0-1/ lotto. .imog , 4 No: sew_ rapt
penalties iseirieel 'bet *71104 ..iiierpol
erril•• see emus re•ieqe.... owl
*pint stew know ?hey iesee •ta. stria -.
poorr of ego.' esaiseeinereseels. aside's w. ere
piiet theist, ',is sieve in, reisoissia's ...alit 4 la.,
shales. r., rep?' • every farts •if irs.lesee. ,f :go
the fare of s ii-setasseee. •heir fog! to illf•
••borigg thaw !Dory .h.,404 An 4.4 U.
fall reinsies•ilelite • tie., iroxf...
tr.... IVY it t. Mr, rips?
tan..? om....••••••foitir toot., i s,rli tho .••••••••••••4
pnw.•r 4 U. ittate. sal 4 fit** agony of ow .41...
• s 41..trrog.n.stoot to mt• prmortif sad 0.00
lately fir prooortrotoog 4 opplior. 4..t0r• spit
VW it I, slissoioll.laii•
sea eh. .wir. g . is theme "...soya. rivesea, suet U.
teeters of ties edema eke.. switho.resT fawns.!
wpm* 8.0.4 *hear 1
tarsals's: seat I. 4011•••• twoll
feseireity SII•l rally puree,. s
he is levelly reireired fie pewee setts stir
lily sat,{ rM smelt seesaw. pesserefilass tlsw
throat.. tire pear. sal reewietty rte. iroo.l.
inanity. sail •le.a.siwishil• !sell tbs. ifegeor•••mogo.
antittotta fot tho arittiorp. so it ttor 4••••••
12 sohyorte.l to •onnever• •sp••••••• •-• ••,,ine so
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