Foreign Since early August, when Czecho- slovakia's Sudeten area first began attracting Reichsfuehrer Adolf Hit- ler's serious attention, Italy’s Pre- mier Benito Mussolini has been out in the cold. While Germany's chan- cellor talked with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, while the world read about French Pre- mier Edouard Daladier and Czech President Eduard Benes, Adolf Hitler's friend in Rome was asked not once for his opinion. But he gave it nevertheless, thundering six speeches of defiance at western democracies in as many days. Another rebuff came when Frank- lin Roosevelt drafted his first note to Germany and Czechoslovakia (See WHITE HOUSE), sending copies to Britain and France, but not to SERINE SSSR st PREMIER BENITO MUSSOLINI . . . headlong into the headlines. Italy. Sorely hurt, II Duce was ready to jump headlong into the headlines first chance he got. That chance came unexpectedly. Night before, in Europe's capitals, frenzied governments rushed mobi- lization, prepared for air raids. In Berlin, where Adolf Hitler had set a 12-hour deadline on the Czech ques- tion, troops began marching to the frontier. Though the Reich's every demand had been granted, Chan- cellor Hitler's stubborness over de- tail was a barrier neither London nor Paris could hurdle. In such a crisis, as President Roosevelt paved a smooth entre with his second note to the Fuehrer, both Washington and London appealed secretly to the one man whose per- suasion might stay disaster. That man was Benito Mussolini, fellow dictator of Adolf Hitler, southern mainstay of the Rome-Berlin axis. II Duce rose to the occasion, talked 30 minutes to Berlin by tele- phone, soon had wires humming to London and Paris. With a scant two hours to spare, Der Fuehrer had cancelled his march, arranged in its stead a four-power conference next day at Munich. To that Bava- rian city, where a scant 25 years be- fore the bemoustached chancellor had worked as bricklayer and house painter, flew Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini, Edouard Daladier. Nine hours they talked, emerging with an agreement that meant at least temporary peace for Europe and some measure of integrity for Czechoslovakia. Terms: (1) Czech evacuation of Sudetenland by October 10; (2) su- pervision of evacuation by interna- tional commissioners; (3) plebiscites in Sudeten areas with minor Ger- man population; populations; (5) minorities disputes by meeting if nations concerned fail to reach agreement among them- selves; (7) international guarantee of Czech integrity. As Europe's peacemakers headed for home, a world well accustomed to treaty breaking might well won- der how long the Munich pact would stand. Terms were one thing, plain facts another. Among the facts: (1) Adolf Hitler had won every de- mand; (2) by signing the four-pow- er pact, France and Britain with- drew their support of Czechoslovak- ia; (3) Russia, left in the cold, turned cold eyes at all western Eu- rope; (4) by summoning the Munich parley, by winning their terms, Ger- many and Italy now hold a whip hand over Europe's destiny, can probably make further aggressions without much opposition. For peace, only victory at Munich was that the world’s war lords had avoided unspeakable disaster even after mobilizing their armies, a feat unparalleled in history. Transportation Though 928,500 members of 19 railroad unions voted to strike Oc- tober 1 in protest against a 15 per cent wage cut, their walkout has been averted until at least Novem- ber 20 by presidential intervention under the railway labor act of 1926. Starting investigations last week was an emergency committee which has until Oct ber 30 to dig out the facts. Committeemen: Prof. Harry A. Millis of Chicago . university, Dean James M. Landis of Harvard uni- versity’s law school, Chief Justice Walter P. Stacey of the North Caro- lina supreme court. With railroad- ing’s monumental problem brought to a head, labor's protests became secondary to an investigation of why one-third of U. S. railroads are in receivership, why another third borders on bankruptcy. When committeemen finish their inquiry, unions must wait another 30 days before striking. Chief hope is that a solution of railroad financial difficulties will obviate a strike by that time, with congressional aid following close behind. W hite House “This country can best be served by tting in positions of influence men who elieve in peace and who will resist this administration in seeking to give free ad- vice to either side in Europe.” Day after he recited this opinion of Franklin Roosevelt to Chicago Republicans, Iowa's onetime Sen. Lester J. Dickinson might have ad- mitted that he spoke too hastily. Traditionally isolationist, long silent in Europe's crisis (See FOREIGN). U. S. officialdom kept hands off un- til every other effort failed, until Adolf Hitler was poised to march against little Czechoslovakia. Then, to Reichsfuehrer Hitler, to Czech President Eduard Benes, went President Roosevelt's plea: *On behalf of 130 millions of Americans and for the sake of humanity everywhere, I most earnestly appeal to you not to break off negotiations . .." Next day, as lowa's Dickinson was speaking, came Adolf Hitler's reply disclaiming responsibility, maintaining the ‘‘terrible fate” of Sudeten Germans made delay im- possible. By nightfall all Europe had surrendered hope, and by nine | o'clock the President was willing to | try again. To Berlin went another cable. Its highlight: “There are two points | sought to em- phasize; first, that all matters of difference could and should be settled by pacific | methods; second, that the threatened alter. native . . . of force . .. is as necessary as it is unjustifiable.” Craftily phrased to maintain U. 8S. neutrality, the President's message nevertheless contained the word | ‘“‘unjustifiable’” which connoted a | measure of sympathy for Britain | and France. Moreover, he dis- | patched a personal note to Italy's | Premier Benito Mussolini, another to Tokyo, thereby asking Reichs- fuehrer Hitler's two bedfellows in totalitarianism to plump against | war. No President in modern U. S. his- tory has ever taken such a step, nor did much time elapse before tongues started wagging. Would Franklin Roosevelt's intervention embroil the nation in Europe's squabble? Did Washington have a secret “parallel | action’ agreement with France and Britain? And, most important for the moment, would the President's move bring desired results? By daybreak the last question was answered. To Munich, Adolf Hitler summoned Britain, France and Ita- ly for peace negotiations that un- deniably resulted in part from Mr. Roosevelt's intervention. By noon, Secretary of State Cordell Hull as- sured correspondents that the U. S. has no “parallel action” agreement. By nightfall, even arch-New Deal hater Sen. Rush D. Holt admitted the President's course had been wise. Unnoticed, shoved into the back- ground by Europe's crisis, was the U. S. political picture which none- theless may change definitely as an upshot of the President's action. Re- called was last summer's Fortune | War So engrossing was Czechoslo- vakia's problem that both China and Spain (See Below) received scant attention. One press association's total 12-hour report from both bat- tlefronts was 29 words, but U. S. headline writers knew the name of Hankow would soon be flashing from their pencil tips. Reason: Japan's invading army crept closer up the Yangtze river to its ultimate desti- nation, appeared almost certain to capture China's onetime provisional capital before another month is up. Chief question is whether venge- ful Nipponese troops will turn Han- kow into the wholesale slaughter- house they made of Nanking last winter. If they do, it will wreck central China’s No. 1 industrial city, a trading and manufacturing point of inestimable importance. Pioneer of western industrialization, Han- kow's three WuHan cities of Han- kow, Hanyang and Wuchang opened their doors to foreign trade in 1858, became a machine age center of rice, flour and textile mills, dye works, oil refineries and distilleries. Since the WuHan cities head water and rail facilities to all south China, their loss will be a severe blow to Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai- shek. Since China's capital has moved 600 miles up-stream to Chungking, observers wondered last week whether Japan will stop at Hankow, as promised, or push on to drive Generalissimo Chiang’'s headquar- ters still farther back into Asia. Only scant hope for China's fu- ture came from far-away Geneva, where the League of Nations council DR V. K. WELLINGTON KOO He was not too hopeful. invoked article 16 of its badly bat- tered covenant, voting economic and financial "‘sanctions’’ against Japan This was a futile hope, however, since sanctions failed miserably when last applied against her Ethiopian conquest. Moreover, the League agreed that ‘‘co-ordinat- ed against Japan was im- possible, that each member could apply sanctions if it desired. Nev- er before have sanctions been in- voked against a non-league mem- ber Not too optimistic was China's scholarly delegate, Dr. V. K. Well- ington Koo, who reluctantly admit- ted “The only question now is to what ex- tent various members of the League will participate in sanctions.” talv 1 aily in acti # aclion @® Though Spain's war was post- poned last week on account of wet grounds, observers thought they saw clearing skies that bore close relation to the Munich peace parley (See FOREIGN). From Rome came almost unimpeachable word that Premier Benito Mussolini is with- drawing support from Generalis- simo Francisco Franco's insurgent army, and at the same moment Paris heard insurgent Spain would By the time these two rumors up nicely. If Generalissimo Franco remained neutral, he would be use- less to Italy in fighting France. But important reason lay in Premier Mussolini's sudden about- Already credited with proposing since no one IOWA’S DICKINSON No “free advice” to Europe. poll which showed the New Deal's two most favored features were rearmament and foreign policy. Whatever might result from Mu- nich’'s peace parley, the Czech squabble proved (1) that Germany's expansion efforts will continue to threaten Europe, and (2) that the U. 8. cannot escape some measure of participation in world affairs. Will the administration's success thus far bring national approval for con- tinuation of New Deal foreign pol- icy? A safe bet was that political speeches leading to November's election will stress foreign relations, possibly urge important revision of the neutrality act, under which the President may now invoke ‘‘cash and carry” provisions anytime a state of war exists abroad. improve his relations with Great Britain by invoking the Italo-British friendship pact. Signed last spring, this treaty has been dormant because Italy refused to ! desert Generalissimo Franco. Still another reason for Il Duce's act | might be Italy's inability to con- | tinue financing Fascism’s Spanish battle. Whatever the cause, observers hoped a Europe gone suddenly peace-mad would let the Spanish war fizzle out. With Italy quitting, with Germany likely to follow suit, and with loyalist Spain already dis- missing her foreign fighters, the hope was a bright one. Saddest U. 8S. news of Spain's war was the capture by rebel troops of James P. Lardner, 24-year-old son of the late, famed Author Ring Lardner, in the last engagement of his company, the renowned Lincoln- Washington brigade. People Launched, at Clydebank, Scot- land, the liner Queen Elizabeth by Queen Elizabeth, who barely had time to smash a bottle of champagne before the ship slid down to sea ahead of schedule. Will Depend en Citizens, Law Work; Warns By WILLIAM Not Inspectors, to Make Against Chiselers. BRUCKART WASHINGTON.—Mr. Elmer F. long enough yet to become either widely praised or cordially hated, but he has started on his job as ad- ministrator of the new wage and since Gen. Hugh Johnson tried to run NRA. Thus, it seems proper to review and examine some Andrews pronouncements since he came into the adminis- tration. His main theory of proceeding with a new and wholly untried policy of law is to gain co-operation of busi- ness, the business which the law is to effect. He pictures the industry of the country as mainly decent, as willing to do the right thing, and to that extent certainly he is entitled to commendation. For, all too often in | the last five years, all business has | been grouped by first one New Deal- | er and then another, as being | crooked. Mr. Andrews feels appar- | ently that business is honest until its records show it to be dishonest, and then to apply the lash to the in- | dividuals, and not the whole indus- try, as wrongdoers. ‘““We are going to depend upon the | citizens of the United States, not an army of inspectors from Washing- ton, to make this law work,” Mr. Andrews said in a recent speech. times than not is used as a means of vengeance, of ‘“‘getting even'’' with someone who is disliked. It has been many years since busi- ness, generally, was said to have 2 policy of ‘‘the public be damned.” There can be no doubt that business conscience has changed immeasura- bly since those days. It is apparent, for example, that two of the really great sins of employers, namely, op- pression of labor and defrauding of labor, have largely passed out of ex- istence. Competitors seem to be watching each other in that regard and union labor officials have lent a hand. An employer no longer is re- ceived among decent people once it is learned that he has cheated his workers of their wages. Now, Mr. Andrews says that one of the things he hopes to accomplish is to “clean out dark corners.’ That is to say, to finish the job of helping industry get rid of that low level of humanity which, by virtue of its momentary power as an employer, wages earned. Surely, the co-opera- tion of employers and workers alike is required in this effort. Honest having the ‘‘dark corners’ cleaned out and disinfected with a good But again, it is being pointed out in many con- The administrator further es- poused the policy of giving the states the job of enforcement within their jurisdictions as far as that can be done. To this, he added that the law enables a worker to sue for dou- | ble the amount due if any employer fails to pay the minimum wage, ex- | plaining that this provision takes | one enforcement phase out of the hands of the federal government and creates watchmen of every worker. | Since the law, with its minimum of | 25 cents an hour becomes effective tober 24, (where interstate ship- ments of products are concerned) Mr. Andrews obviously believes that individual workers will get pretty well acquainted with their rights be- fore the effective date. Asks for Co-Operation To Minimize Crookedness Mr. Andrews warned against chis- | elers. He took the position in an | interview that chiseling was to be expected and added that ““chiselers will get rich and fair employers will go broke in the short run’’ of things, | but he seems to believe that there | can and will be sufficient co-opera- tion to insure the minimum of crook- edness, undercutting and cheapness. At least, it is hoped the condition will work out that way. Although I never have believed that a federal wage and hour law would prove sat- isfactory, it is entitled to chance to show whether it can or can not be worthwhile as national | policy. And Mr. Andrews is surely entitled to the co-operation for which he has asked unless he develops like so many other New Dealers to whom extraordinary power suddenly has | been entrusted. | From a quarter of a century of | observation, I am inclined to the be- lief that the great majority of busi- ness concerns will “come clean” in their relations with the new federal office. Obviously, some will not, but | the bulk will try to abide by the law as they understand it. So, I think it is not from the bulk of business interests that ir. Andrews will get his load of trouble. There will be cheap skates who try to take ad- | vantage of any and every situation | to gain an advantage on their com- | petitors. That will be one kind of | trouble that can be traced home | rather quickly. Then, there will be another kind of trouble that will not be so easily untangled. It will come from ‘‘reports’’ of alleged violations —some from the ‘“‘watchmen,” seek to cause trouble for or suspi- competitors. tions which reports obviously would not be true. All of these things are due to come, and it is under this drews as a public official. Doubts Value of ‘Watchmen’ In Enforcement of Law As to the sources of information upon which the staff of the admin- istrator may subsequently act, there is some reason for doubt. I men- tioned some of them above. My doubt as to the value of a “watch- man’ in enforcement is based upon what we all saw during the early days of prohibition. “Stool pig- eons,” they were called then. And stool pigeons operated everywhere; some were just plain busybodies, and others were fanatics. The re- sult was that gradually a disrespect for law grew up, and this disre- was blamable to a considera- b of the law encouraged extent upon the fact the early provisions “squealing” and “squealing” more Irreparable harm can public consciousness towards gener- al fairness—of which the wage and Either a Hero or Villain Summed up, then, it seems to me that Mr. Andrews has a job in which or a villain. A very great deal will depend upon the type of individuals with which he surrounds himself in administrative work An illustration of what I am trying to say is to be found in the setup of the national labor relations board. I have watched that outfit through many of the cases it has handled and I simply can not believe it in- tends to do otherwise than play the O. and John L. Time after time, most of claims and protests seem to been justified. The board's staff is full of radicals and quacks and individuals whose government salaries are larger than they ever before drew in their lives. The question of federal supervi- sion of wages and hours takes the government quite closely into the lives of millions of workers, just as many other new activities of the government under President Roosevelt has done. One of these instances has just come to fruition it shows the fallacy of a national government interfering everywhere. This story relates to the effort of the farm security administration, (which was once the resettlement Braintruster Rexford Tugwell) to reform the lives of some of the residents of the Appalachian mountains. These people were moved out to a model town to clear greater opportunities in life. The Bought Liquor Instead Of Paying Grocery Bill Only lately, however, it has come to public notice that the governmen- | one of the families—moved them out | on the sidewalk, so to speak. “Ida | Valley,” the community's name, | was shocked. They were all “hill | billy’* families, and they could not | understand such treatment. ! Well, the crime the man commit. | ted was that he had used his WPA | check to buy liquor instead of pay- ! ing his grocery bill. He had been | warned, of course. But the warn- | ings went unheeded, and finally, the | government, like a private landlord, moved him and his family outside. Obviously, no person is going to condone the failure of this man to pay his debts. But there is some- thing more to the incident. What I am wondering is why a government, anybody's government, should at- tempt to “make over’ a person who does not want to be reformed in his living conditions. This family had lived, its ancestors had lived in the Ap for years. It had its habits, its traditions. It got along pretty well and from what I have seen in many trips through those mountaing, they do not care much s*out the “more abundant life.” hey want to be left alone, and 1 Practical and Pretty At-Home Wearables OU'LL be indoors more from now on—busy at your own fire- side. So it's time to’ make your- self some pretty new work clothes. Here are some that combine com- fort and practicality, and they are 80 easy to make that even if this is your first sewing venture, you'll succeed beautifully. Slenderizing House Dress. Everything about this dress ig designed for working comfort. The although it looks slim unhampering and easy gives enough leeway climb and stretch. are ample, ! loose. This dress is easy to do up, too, because it fastens i and can be laid board. lines and deep v-neck make slimmer than you are. Mak , percale, linen or ging- out flat Its utter simplicity Three Pretty Aprons. Any of the three of them will b and ready, when you pare afternoon pick-up supper guests. Each of ) the front of vou efficiently looks crisp, fem tractive. Make you'll want some for your also to put away for g so preity for bridge © for engagement Choose batiste, dotted Swiss or dimity The Patterns. designed for sizes 34, 3 44, 46, 48 an requires 4% material 80 several ifts Tr 708 rememi 1615 is 38, 40, 42. 4 50 36 take 5 yard. 1585 is designed for sizes 3 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 and uires, for ap rom i $00 apron Nc material, with 11 ya Fall and Winter F The new 32-page Fall and Win- ter Pattern Book wl shows photographs of the dresses being worn is now out. (One pattern and the Fall and Winter Pattern Book—25 cents) You can order the book separately for 15 cents. Send your order to The Sewing Circle Pattern Dept, 247 W. Forty-third street, New York, N. Y. Price of patterns, 15 cents (in coins) each © Bell Syndicate uch ~WNU Service. Happy is the person who rec- ognizes his friends when he meets them, especially when they come in the garb of disappointment, NERVOUS? Do you feel so nervous you wan to scream? Are you cross and irritable? Do you scold those dearest to you? If your nerves are on edge and you feel ou need a good general system tonic, try dia E. Pinkbham’s Vegetable Compound, made expecially for women. For over 60 years one woman has told an- other how to go pmiling thru” with reliable Pinkham's Compound. It beips nature build up more physical resistance and thus heips calm quivering nerves and lessen discomforts from ansoyin, ptoms which often se ¥y Sa unctional disorders. Why not give it a chance to help YOU? Over one m women have written in reporting wonderful benefits from Pinkbam's Compound. WNU-—4 Watch Your Kidneys / 40-38
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers