rms A, PH hy Prepared by National Geogr Washington, DD, C.~-WNU Service. HE Andes, rooftops of the West- ern hemisphere, have frequently stirred the imaginations of engl- neers, he building of early Spanish tralls across these mountains Was among the feats of colonlal days; the Trans-Andean rallroad was one of the outstanding engineering achieve- ments of its time; and more recently the laying of the cable that links Ar- gentina and Chile by volce added an- other chapter to engineering progress in South America. Braving ice, accident and avalanches, North American and Chilean engineers, by sheer strength and persistence, dragged the heavy cable up and over the freezing, windswept mountain passes, blocked with drifts for months each year. Deep snow here causes requent slides, or avalanches, before hich even the stoutest poles are as wheat straw In a Kansas cyclone. So, to keep the cable from being swept eway, workmen dug a ditch many miles long, over the higher Andean wastes, and buried the eable In it. Near the tiny hamlet of Las Cuevas, on the Argentine side of the Andes, the line reaches a point 12,300 feet above sea level. By contrast, the sub- marine telegraph cable off the coast of Chile rests on sea bottom In 21,000 feet of water, showing the amazing physi- cal geography in this part of the world, Dangerous and difficult though these lonely Andean are, stubborn man has long used them In his rest less transit across America, Tolling on foot or shouting and ston ing their lazy llama pack trains, na. tive races of long ago traveled the worn trails that parallel the winding Aconcagua river, up ever-narrowing canyons, under cliffs, and along the edges of dizzy preeipices, In the glittering days of Spanish viceroys, when the'king of Spain ruled much of South America through his agents at Santiago de Chile, pack trains and soldiers used these same Andean tralls to reach Tucuman, Cor- doba, and ancient Cuyo country, Broke Off From Spain. In these same bleak passes where the big cable now carries spoken words, once echoed the shouts of San Martin's famous “Army of the Andes” when Chile and the Argentine, more than a century ago, wrested indepen dence from Spain. For much of its length cable paral- lels the well-known “rack” railroad crossing the Andes. It took years to bulld this difficult railway, whose max- imum grade is 8 per cent. At Mendoza, on the Argentine side of the Andes, you leave the standard track and transfer to narrow-gauge coaches, For several hours a locomo- tive of the “adhesion” type draws the train, Finally when grades grow steep- er, your engine crawls on the toothed ralls of the “rack” system. As you climb slowly higher and higher, tun. nels and snowsheds increase in num- ber and length. Vegetation disappears, To make this trip In June or July, which Is midwinter there, is to see the Alps of South America in all thelr glistening glory. Sometimes snowplows precede your train. In July, 1930, scores of passengers were delayed many days at each end of the Trans Andean line, walting for 25-foot drifts to be cleared. Up in these passes re- sort hotels have risen, and holiday seekers come from Valparaiso, Santi ago, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo for winter sports. One even sees soldiers training on skis, Winding ever upward, the road runs in the shadow of Mount Tupungato, 21,550 feet high, and past an odd rock formation known as “The Penitents” from its resemblance to a procession of cowled monks, Then you stop at Puente del Inca, a strongely formed natural bridge which gives the district its name, Just beyond this bridge, if the day Is clear, you can glimpse great Aconcagua, highest mountain in the Americas, whose snow-capped peak rubs the sky 23,080 feet above the sea, > Soclety, passes South Christ of the Andes. At Las Cuevas the westbound traln erawls Into the mountain side from Argentina to emerge on Chilean soll, Over the hill through which this two- mile tunnel runs is laid the telephone cable; and, If the day be clear, just as your train emerges in Chilean sun- shine you can look up at the hilltop and behold that famous peace monu- ment, the Christ of the Andes, which stands more than 12.000 feet above sea level, on thé Chlle-Argentine frontier. Far below, though still at 0.000 feet peaks. Still descending, your creaks, squeals, and winds in and out dignity and distance, rattles emerge at last Into fertile, green val leys of Chile. In clean, safe, steam-heated trains, this Is a fascinating trip. You may sit comfortably at lunch and look out the world's most astounding panoram- as. But you merely see It. The work- engineers on snowshoes and the crew driving the rotary plow against the drifts—they not only see but they feel and smell the Andes. Aud they hear the volees of the high passes, the and hiss of the snow roar of avalanches, Down the smooth, ered slope of one visitle from the slides, steep, Snow-cov. mountain, train, an plainly Countless tons of rock. the very clouds leaves a long, perpen down the mountain side?’ No one answers. To save their eable from Juncal, in Chile, Safety Comes First. laying our cable over the Andes It was not with the view of keeping close to roads and tratls” sald an official of the American-owned telephone and telegraph company. “What we sought was a path that would give the eable the most shelter and minimize the dan- slides or earthquakes. heavy cable on the last lap of its hard Journey up steep mountains and over cliffs, to where we had blasted a sunk- en way for it. Only pleked men could stand this tremendous physical ordeal. for years In high altitudes. Even the blasting and digging of our cable's un- derground path over this roof of the a back-breaking task.” In a commercial way, but also formed a barrier against intellectual, social and artistic relations, Now, by this cable, friendly intercourse is easy: and not only can Santiago talk over the Andes and across the far pampas to busy Buenos Aires, but by a GG-mile cable under the great River Platte she can talk to Montevideo, in Uruguay, and from. there on by radio telephone to Europe, the British Isles, and the United States, When the Alrplane Survey party, which was sent to South America In 1930 by the National Geographle so- clety, reached Santingo de Chile, one of Its members called the society's headquarters In Washington, D. C. Over thousands of miles of gon, jun. gle, plains and Andean snows this long-distance dialogue was held as ens. fly as If the speakers had been face to face, What a contrast since doughty old Tupac Yupanqui, the Inca warrior, braved these Andean passes! Prob. ably It often took him weeks to wet his runners through, Now, when the passes are free of dangerous storm clouds and fogs, planes fly every week between Santiago and Mendoza. The Andes are as high, eold and vast as ever. Only they seem less so now because trains and planes are faster than mules and llamas, and be. cause our volces on the new telephone cable carry farther than the volces of General Ban Martin and old Chief Tupac Yupanqul shouting across the canyons, Improper Pruning Cuts Fruit Yield Better to Leave Tree Alone Than to Follow Program of Butchery. . 8B. Marsh, Horticultural Specialist, College of Agriculture, University of Hiinols.~~WNU Service. In spite of the fact that pruning has been practiced for more than 2,500 years, there are still many miscon- ceptions of this horticultural opera. tion affecting the fruit income on farms. In the 10 years of 1023.1032 inclusive the state of Illinois’ apple and peach crops alone averaged 88. 021,100 annually, natural habit of growth and in insects and adverse tions, butchery. The principal accomplishment In pruning is the modification of the tree form and size, although the practice will affect the color, size and quality of the fruit. The form of the tree should not be changed radically, and its size must not be reduced too much, if maximum yields are to Le obtained, On the younger apple, pear and cherry trees, the more wood that Is removed by pruning, the smaller the crop pro- duced and the longer it takes the non. bearing trees to come Into production, On older trees the removal of non- vigorous wood thins out the branches #0 that resulting fruit Is of improved color and size. This thinning does not reduce the yield on some varleties, | done carefully, and does permit a more thorough job of spraying for the con- trol of insects and diseases. When fruit trees are first planted, important training can be acc plished by pruning and disbudding. During the first two seasons of growth, proper training will strong trees that will live a long time. Such trees will require less pruning later on. "Oi produ © Lack of Iron in Rations Cause of Anemia in Pigs Anemia In suckling pigs Is caused by lack of iron In the ration of the pig, says the department husbandry at Cornell university. It is pointed out that at the present time it is impossible to Increase the iron content of the milk by feeding Iron to the sow and other means must be used to prevent anemia When sows and litters are confined indoors on concrete and wooden floors, members of the department say, the pigs may they die hefore recommend the solution of ferrousssulphate to prevent anemia, The Iron solution may be pre. pared by dissolving one pound of dried ferrous sulphate, or an ordinary grade copperas, In one quart of hot wa weaning time, and use of a of fer, Treatments solution outlined by the department are: swab- bing the udder of the sow once daily until the pigs are six weeks old: or drenching the pigs once a week until with this ns In a creep or self-feeder, until they are six weeks old, Alfalfa Long Favored and then was carried to Italy, farming. UtUmes a year, and because it improves the soil” Plowing under crops for green manure was known to be good, especially before planting corn. Clo ver and field beans were recommend. ed by the best Roman farmers as good cattie feed. They recommended a three-year rotation for crops: the land was left bare one year, planted to grain the next, and followed by some legume the third year. Many of the methods we consider quite modern to use on our farms, observes an author ity, are really centuries old.—Ex change, Home Lard Production When lard is rendered at home, it should be graded and as much neutral lard as possible produced, says Miss Flora Carl of the Missouri College of Agriculture, Neutral lard Is the lard rendered from Internal fats at such low temperatures that it Is almost, If not entirely, free of taste and odor. Neutral lard is of high quality but it is seldom that it can be purchased for cooking purposes, since most of It gees into the manufacture of olecomargarine, More lard can be extracted at a lower temperature If the fat is run through the sausage mill Instead of chopping before rendering. The fat from the rinds Is more difficult to extract and gives a softer and a cheaper grade of lard. The rinds can be rendered by roasting in the oven, White Sweet Clover White sweet clover Is a good varl ety to use for plowing under, as It makes a ranker growth. Sweet clover may be sown any time until mid-sum- mer, The earlier it Is sown the more growth It will make by fall. Being a biennial it requires two years to reach its full vigor and produce seed, so the early part of the second season the heaviest growih may be expected. The best time to plow It down Is when the plants have reached a height of from eight to twenty Inches of Spring Lamb Many Methods by Which It May Be Utilized for Second Meal. “Spring lamb” 1s considered among the seasonal delicacles, and chops and crown roasts are priced accord- ingly, Some of the other cuts are not so expensive even when “baby” lamb Is used, Most of us, however, will be content for everyday use with plain lamb, Even 80, for economy's sake, it Is well to take occasional advantage of speclal cuts of lamb, The possibilities in preparation are £0 numerous and its accomplishments are so attractive that the meal in. cluding lamb may be especlally ap- pealing, A portion of the lamb not often thought of as particularly “meaty” and yet which welghs ffom two to three pounds, Is the neck. Slices may be cut and boned, then skew- ered together to make very econom- eal, yet filling, servings of meat. There are many Interesting WHYS of using cooked lamb for a second meal. To reheat the slices, for in- stance, In currant and mint Jelly or in either Jelly, makes a savory dish, A molded gelatin salad, well flavored with- taragon vinegar, with diced lamb and delicious. Sometimes the gelatin is flavored with mint as well, Here are a ways of combin- Ing lamb with appropriate foods for er or supper: Sliced lamb, mint and currant sauce, alone, fow luncheon, dinner Stuffed potatoes Asparagus Hollandaise Caramel custard Coffees Braised nec) KX slices jelly salad i peas with Mir aw berry shorte Molded coasted rye russe sirips Choe olate Braised Neck Slices. The neck should be cut in slices about one Inch thick and boned with a thin knife. Fasten each slice into the shape of a round cutlet with a skewer. Sprinkle the surface with salt and pepper, cover with a radi eg and then In both sides, add cover and braise in a ¢h paste, dip the crumbs. Sear of fir baking one cup } tender, Make a gravy of the liqui ” - the pan and serve over the slices. Lamb Steak With Apples. from the shoulder be used may this casserole dish: added ; nicely gaute until Place the slices In casserole, season well and cover with sliced tart ap- ples, Cover the dish and bake slow- Iy (275 degrees Fahrenheit) hour, for one Molded Lamb Salad, Put several tablespoons of well gcasoned aspic jelly in the bottom of a mold and arrange hard-cooked fill the mold with chopped cooked lamb with diced green peppers, celery, chives and Nhard- cooked egg. Fill the mold with more Jelly and chill, Serve on a bed of watercress or endive, chilled Lamb and Lima Beans. 1 pound lamb (from neck). 1 can lima beans 2 cups tomatoes 2 tablespoons flour 2 tablespoons drippings is teaspoon salt %% teaspoon pepper Cut lamb In cubes, dredge with flour and brown in drippings. Add tomatoes, seasonings and lima beans, heat to boiling point. Place in casse. role and bake In a moderate oven (350 degrees Fahrenheit) about one hour, Lamb Terrapin, 3 tablespoons salad oil 2 cups cold diced lamb 1 teaspoon dry mustard 2 tablespoons flour 2 cups stock 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce 2 bhard-cooked eggs Heat oil and cook meat in It one minute, Stir in mustard, flour, stock and sauce. Cook until thick and add the yolks of eggs strained and the whites of eggs chopped. Serve on toast or with rice, ©. Dell Byndicate «WNT Service. Sad “But I thought you were on Easy street?” “We had to move.” Authority Shows That « Beds Preceded Chairs The bed Is the ancestor of the chair. Such is the conclusion of Dr. Walter Hough, head curator of anthropology of the Smithsonian in- stitution. He bases his conclusions on a systematic study of primitive furniture and primitive human pos- tures, His study of the furniture of the most primitive “houses” shows that rest was the prime motive. First ap- peared the rudiments of the bed when man learned to interpose some buffer between his body and the hard, cold ground. At first the bed was only a plle of furs, grass or leaves. Then came the banquette, a raised pile of earth, upon which the family lounged and slept. And the ban- quette was the forerunner of both beds and benches in some parts of the world. The chalr made its first appearance In the form of a throne, either as the seat of a king or a god. From this it presumably de. scended, through various gradations, to become a common article of fur. niture.~Pathfinder Magazine. Ferry's Seeds are sold only In fresh dated packages. When you buy Fer- Irrigation Helps Birds magle with the Colorado, bird population in says Nature Magazine, supported only small numbers of arid-land birds, wide stretches verdant green flelds now furnish ideal homes for numbers of Brewer's blackbirds, mourning doves, several varieties of sparrows and swallows, and an abundance of the resplendent ring-necked pheasant, an species, on CREATE ADVANTAGES Bhed no tears over your lack of early advantages, No really great man ever had advantages that he himself did not create, Dr. Pierce's Pellets are best for liver, bowels and stomach. One little Pellet for a laxative—three for a cathartic. ~Ady. Atlantic Paradise The Bahamas have no public debt, no income tax and a mild cost of liv- Ing. Bermuda has no unemployed, and only one pergon In its poor house, Banish Freckles, Weather-Beaten Skin Weeks Quicker It is 80 easy now to clear away black- heads, freckles, coarseness; tohavesmooth, white, flawless new beauty. 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Divide the Good Work If everyone would mend one, all ance returned my skin cleared up.” of the blood, drug stores \mere economical, yo found out my trouble” | GRAHAME FAMOUS RADIO ANNOUNCER says: “I'l announce to the world that THE EDISON is a great Hotel” Ea Lg 4 ¥ UNUSUAL SAMPLE ROOMS DINING ROOMS (Table d'Hote and » ls Carte Service) “Do you enjoy politics? “Very much,” said Miss Cayenne. “Anything the matter with - the car?” “Well, there's only one part of it to clothes or opinions” the horn” FOR BETTER GARDENS
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers