rei THE #2, (All pictures from Fay's “The Two Frank. lins: Fathers of American Democracy,” courtesy Little, Brown and Company.) he + By ELMO SCOTT WATSON HEN political orators have ocea- glon to speak of “the great Democratic principles,” they in- variably mention the names of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson as though they were the first exponents of those principles. But now a scholarly historian, whose opinions, based upon patient and diligent study, certainly should be more acceptable than the windy, vote-catching platitudes of a campaign orator, tells us that the true “Fathers of American Democracy” were two men named Franklin—Benjamin Franklin, whose memory we honor on Janpary 17, his birthday, and Benjamin Franklin Bache, his grandson. This historian is Bernard Fay, a Frenchman who divides his time between France and America, and his thesis Is uttered in the book “The Two Franklins: Fathers of American Democracy,” published recently by Little, Brown and Com- pany. So much has been Franklin (including Mr. Fay’'s previous book, “Benjamin Franklin: The Apostle of Modern Times,” which has been pronounced “Incompar- ably the best blography of Franklin yet pub- lished”) that there seems to be little left to add to the record of his life and services to the American nation. But very little has ever been sald about his grandson, or the historical impor- tance of Benjamin Franklin Bache, Students of the history of American Journal- ism have known him as the founder of the Phil- adelphla General Advertiser, which later became the Aurora, in which, while attempting to break the power of the Federalist party he attacked the symbol of Federalist faith, President George Washington, even going to the lengths of declar- ing that “If ever a nation was debauched by a man, the American nation has been by Wa ton.” He attacked John Adams, and his atta on the second President of the United Stat led directly to the passage of the Allen and Sedi- tion laws, under which statutes Bache was ar- rested for libel but was jut Bache was more than a “scurrilous young jour nalist who yapped at the Father of His Country.” Fay presents him as the man who carried on the “fathering” of Democratic principles in this written about Benjamin not prosecuted, dead and of bringing about a “second American Revglution,” one of which most Americans are unaware. In the preface to his book, Fay says: “A revolution is a change of mind. There have been few more radical changes of mind than the one which took place in America between 1700 and 1800. But when historians describe the down. fall of the Federalists and the victory of the new Democratic-Republiean party during these years they always speak In terms of Jefferson and Hamilton. They do not exhibit a change of mind. They merely stage a picturesque fight between two very great men, two very attractive men. “As 1 see the matter, while Hamilton opposed this change and Jefferson made use of it, it was other men who effected this change of mind, I propose to deal mostly with these other men, and, above all, with one of them who strikes me as the most outspoken, the most reckless, the most generous, and the most neglected. His name was Bache” lenny Bache, as Fay likes to call him, was born on August 12, 1760, the son of Sarah Franklin and Richard Bache, a Philadelphia merchant, described as “simple-minded man, friendly and jovial, with nothing of a great man about him.” So if Benny Bache had any elements of greatness In him, he didn't get it from his father. He got it from his mother, who passed on to him some of the greatness of her father, The boy soon became a favorite of his grand- father's, so when Franklin went to Paris in 1776 to negotiate an alllance with France for the re- bellious colonies he took his seven-year-old grand- son along with him. There the boy soon became “too French,” so his grandfather, resolved to make him “a Presbyterian as well as a Repub- Hean” sent him to Geneva for his education. Franklin had another grandson in Paris with him—Temple Franklin, the {illegitimate son of his own {illegitimate son, William “Franklin. But Temiple Franklin was an aloof, frigid sort of boy, so far as real affection for his grand- father was concerned. Therefore, Franklin, in 1783, brought Benny back from Geneva and, de- lighted by the warmth of feeling that was imme. diately apparent between them, he “decided to make the young man his masterpiece.” So for two years Benny Bache breathed the intoxicating air of Passy, Paris and Versailles where he was made much of as the grandson of Franklin, the “oracle of two worlds,” He shared in his grand. father's talks with the philosophers and the sei entigts who came to see Franklin and he fol lowed his grandfather's footsteps In pursuing those intergsts which made Franklin “the most versatile American” Then Franklin decided “in order to round off Benny's philosophical apprenticeship, to make a printer out of him. At the outset, from Novem. ber, 1784, to March, 1785, he gave him as his master a printer and type founder, M. Emery, who eame to Passy every day. He supervised thelr work himself; it revived In him delightful memories of his own adventurous, hard child. hood.” Thus Benny Bache was pointed toward his later career as a printer and a journalist, But France had done something else for him. There he absorbed some of those democratic principles (for the French Revolution was al ready In the air) which were to make him a future fighter against aristocracy In American | government. y “Then Franklin wrote an attack on the Society of the Cincinnotl which was also an attack on and -t skh + . A va os Roni HE Fame, vp to dy ot Baw Ay ey 4 ge , rer gal bal wader t wa § of » ‘ o fom . BEA fan mii a ; le fot Al foe cratic society, Near by him is the devil. a famous astronomer, He is recognizable by his big belly. On a plat- The man who was a Washington. John Adams denounced him in con- gress as a aitor who had sold himself to France. Although Franklin's prestige in Eu vas undiminished, his fellow-countrymen has gun to suspect him. Fioally In 1785 came mission” from congress for him to return this ssion In reality being a recall Thomas Jefferson was sent as ambassador France to replace him. So Benjamin Franklin and Benny Bache back to their native lan¢ iklin fo go to the Constituti ig] al convention, there to lal nigh — perm came as a who men the were for ’ 5 Unive to library. ] France and throned it as a prophet: Ff nn Tr Of purope, those where he had reigned as no eg oy # ” H ps tw had Intl American assemblies, where he had laid associations and the federations d the conventi , where his -fil] this was Others 1 a Crowd Wm again. proposals carried the ended. He would never see tl reigned In his stead™ So the career of one of the really great men of the earth ended In anti-climax. But he was still the teacher and comrade and Inspiration of the grandson whom he had desired to make his masterpiece. He set up a type foundry and a printing house for Benny, although the forme had to be given up later. But in the latter two collaborated in the publication of of books. They also printed Latin and but found neo sale for them. Then 1790, Franklin died. Toward taken Benny's hands in his and "spent long in happy dreaming.” Franklin was given ever held in Philadelph Both Europe and America mourned his pass. .ig. “Everybody as the occasion required. Only the a fine funeral, the finest lenny one weeps when life does not seem worth any longer. , . . He had lost his ] and his youth, He had lost a great deal haps he had lost everything. Nothing to him but to serve his country.” There was goon need for his beginning that. Already thege was dissatisfaction with the way the Federalists were running the country, but the opposition to them was still unorganized, The Republican, later the Democratic party, had not yet been organized. The cupital of the coun- try was moved from New York to Philadelphia, which was soon boiling with politics, as a later capital, Washington, did from the day it was rand Eranais mained to do i Hag — Wo, bind Af Sod FH an FL sn ol fmt AD for fl sip o wren wlan pw his cn fp (np nf Sets ol ns wri Be ny ty we A ot “sn Code Bons mands wast wll AK” pow flog wv Be o_o wif Poet or 2 ety a | flea nto le AED PJD fed Chik, Be fos FE sail sti Hs? wf of Fi Er PH pe om Bp By wiry gl op he - oa, Lt ss it a Pa Lop wn wnt ws Wh why Re BY pd ny fe pon Br re le wy gf wl of of Ae wy a — — Lael A we Rest wes’ wl mf WP Fmd } A os gf whe. ad, his open Jr dah od Cnn vo Ge Pp gn Sid SE rth Moh Po vad wo pwn 0 Wk Sup: poponn wn PL po at gon wpe Ant wry As wr pu ot ne # Bor yo Bony oo ods dn SE. wir saw. sinin wily & i Wn lots md Pisin on? gps fog WHER Co stp. wt sis + mth sit Ll wo wos fw FLD. wh gp tan B sai Hani Png bt IER Beng poll a, Wt up Lud RD po ss of Ms i“ LLY flown Pos lr it rg Mes ats rs Bt vt Wns yo ops A Hn Mas . pe Sop ot Bn lve He pod ap rt puntos PE ng Hon 0 Lo HEI ap Pin Jie 0 Hope wo fol pre Wo Jr sd ped Gp — Jas nts iooy oe Eh 2a Ba a SEP ———— — hon wn AH un op Hf AA Jens Cons Jf Jf aly fw lr A wr HY pe Ay Sst aphos wr Wy gh Kyt wr BE Eh Fs a pst Hale pof Aon dar » Wa ut I Re wt Ji Ls 4 uhh on pve I~ G 44 i 4 Vad sends ns y Pr ~~ ait A ni 1A bos Lr of es pind foamy Seis BD Sant - “wr rl fo pod 3 ho. nadir Aon 4 - ey WV ergs wr SV ad ls pon wt Ak for low oan Pond Mone, to ve ado) A PAGE FROM BACHE’'S NOTEBOOK While editor of the Aurora, Bache used to lis. ten to the speeches in congress and taxes them down himself for his newspaper. To pass away the dull hours while sitting in the gallery he made sketches such as these. The sketch of his grandfather, Bonjamin Franklin, may be rec. ognized at the botiom of the page. Poon sonst 4 E B wes sn Wttui Bn puss WC ————— » od founded and occupled by arg Markoe and soon there was a fam ly i suppor. Jache decided to publish a a bookshop on the side. T for newspaper their organ, Fenno's Gazette mched Robert ” f 3 of the United Morris on yoged the g is prog newspaper to ! i ie bh al. Next he COn- ] friends led Philip Fren- BOOT there But and Jefferson, th ington's cabinet, were wis and prin great events way. Han Wash. te poles as to theo. ton inbhers of ries of government. The feud between them creased. Under va each other in Fenno's Gaz States and In Freneau’s Natl nal Gazette, And Bache added discontent with ih tte of the fuel to the rule of George Washington, the Virginia crat. Then the storm of the broke and Republican enthusiasm was Yan in America. Citizen came to and Bache became his friend and the Advertiser his mouthpiece, override “Old Washingt to the people and aristo- ant Genet un" by appealing directly sache shared In that failure, But he lost little power In the years that lowed when Americans were split into two tions—English sympathizers and French sympa thizers, When John Jay went to England ated his “infamous treaty” mendous and ang Bache scored a tre. newspag wp. While Washington per soo Yael 5 Ma ¥ » *y Fyre 1 : dark, Bache obtained a copy of it and gave it citement all over country. But despite the shrill cries of Bache and the Republ the Federalists had sold their country to En land, the treaty was ratified. Then the French Directory, with its bluster and its corruption, played squarely into the hands of the Federalists, who almost succeeded in embroiling America In a war with France, Bache's resistance had a great deal to do wit averting that. During this period of violent political conflict he became one of the most pow erful men In the country and one of the most bitterly hated. Esen the mob, once Republican and Jacobine, turned against him. He was in constant danger of bodily violence. But through It all he persisted In fighting for what he thought were the principles of true democracy, the prin. ciples which he had learned from the lips of his grandfather. During this period also he had re christened his newspaper the Aurora and on the front page of it he placed “fairly and squarely in the middie, the fine sign of a rising sun.” When John Adams succeeded Washington as President, at first Bache praised him-—in a left- handed way, to be sure, by contrasting him with Washington. But the editor of the Aurora was soon at outs with the new President and his Federalist ways. So he carried cn his war of vituperation against Adams as he had against Washington. But the yellow fever which swept Philadelphia every summer at last did what none of his enemies had ever been able to do it silenced Benny Bache, On September 5, 1708, “he caught the yellow fever. For five days he dragged himself down to his office to get out the Aurora. On September 10 he printed his last issue and In that he called John Adams a lar. He fought the Federslists to the last, for he died at midnight. As for Bache’s place in American history, Fay states it In these words In the epilogue of his book: “It was Benny Bache who led this Second Revolution, that broke Federalism and the Eng. lish alllance. He had not the genius of Jefferson, or that of Washington, or that of his grand. father. But, like them, he loved his country, and to him, as to them, life was really worth lving only when he could stir the people, when he could merge himself Into the warm mass of mankind, into their passions, into thelr desires, More than those other men, he suffered; for a short suffering with defeat is harder than a long suffering that finally blooms Into the joy of suc. cess. Denny Bache had died--and died too soon” & by Western Newspaper Union. 7 Few Little & " ¢ ; < Re — CLOCKWORK Briggs, the owner of the new store, neked manager how trade been progressing during his absence, Manager sir, Briggs- at the books. his Like clockwork, books, he turned to his manager: Briggs--You're right, like clockwork-—every blessed i { Chelsea Record. 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Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers