A
THE
Gerxr Alber? Sianey Johnston
?
By ELMO SCOTT WATSON
EBRUARY 3 is the anni-
versary of the birthday
of two American soldiers
whose careers afford
some striking similari-
ties and some equally
striking differences. They
bore the same family
name, yet were not re-
lated. They were grad.
uated from the same
military school, both achieved distine-
high ranks in both the United States
army and the Confederate army, yet
one rose to the heights as a military
leader only to be cheated of his re
ward by death, while the other lived
to see his fame as a soldier end in
something of an anti<limax. The two
were Albert Sidney Johnston and
Joseph Egglestom Johnston.
Albert Sidney Johnston born
on February 3, 1803. in Washington,
Ky. the son of a Connecticut country
physician and was graduated from the
United States Military academy, eighth
in his class, In 1526. He was as
to the Second infantry and served as
chief of staff to Gen. Henry Atkinson
in the Black Hawk war in 1832. Re-
signing from the army in 1834,
was a farmer for a short time
8t. Louis, then in 1836 Joined
Texas patriots in their struggle
freedom.
was
ved
he
near
the
for
Although entering the Texan army
@& a private he rapidly rose through
all the grades to the con mnd of the
army and in 1838 President Mirabeau
Lamar of the Lone Star republic made
him secretary of war.
he led a campaign 1inst hostile In-
dians and in two brilliant battles de.
feated them and drove them out of
Texas. Next we find him a planter in
Texas but at the outbreak of the Mex.
fean war he was in the field again as
colonel of the First Texas rifles. This
regiment soom disbanded but Johns.
ton comtinued in the service and was
inspector general of Butler's division
at the battle of Monterey. Although
Gen. Zachary Taylor called him “the
best soldier he ever commanded,” and
his superiors recommended him for an
appointment as brigadier-general, he
was passed over (for political reasons)
and again retired to his farm.
There he lived in poverty and neg-
lect until President Taylor in 1840
suddenly appointed him a paymaster
in the United States army and six
years later President Pierce appointed
him colonel of a new regiment, the
Second cavalry,
In 1857 he was placed In com-
mand of the expedition to restore or-
der among the Mormons In Utah, who
were In open revolt against the gov-
ernment. By a forced march of 920
miles in 27 days, he reached his little
army of 1,100 men, to find them lost
amid the snow-filled defiles of the
Rockies, with the temperature at 16
below zero, thelr supplies cut off by
the hostile Mormons and their starv-
ing teams their only food. By an ex-
traordinary display of energy and wis-
dom Johnston led the army safely in-
to winter quarters and by using equal.
ly commendable diplomacy he put an
end to the rebellion without a drop
of blood being shed. For this exploit
he was brevetted brigadier-general
and a short time later placed in com-
mand of the department of the Pa.
cific,
Loyal to the army and the nation,
the coming of the Civil war brought
the deepest distress to Johnston, But
when Texas seceded he resigned his
commission—but he regarded his com-
mand as such a sacred trust that he
concealed his resignation until he
could be relieved—and went at once
to Richmond where In September,
4861, be was placed in command of
-
‘he next year
N
W
;
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YY
Ww
all the Confederate forces In the
The fall of Fort
Donelson to
and
leader
West,
and Fort
forces under
Grant followed and the
fell back to Mu
boro where he began reorganizing
troops. Then he Cori
Miss, the key of defense of
railroad system in
Henry
the Union
Foote
new frees
moved to
the
the lower Missis-
sippi valley, where by April 1, 1882,
he had about 40,000 men, poorly armed
and badly supplied. Grant, command-
ing the right wing of the Union army,
was concentrating at Pittsburg Land
ing on the Tennessee river with some
40.000 men and Buell was rapidly ap-
proaching with 40.000 re. With a
Napoleonic flash of Johnston
to beat the enemy in detail
and to attack Grant before Buell could
arrive.
the
aenius
decided
On April 8 he started his 25
mile march to Pittsburgh Landing
he was delayed by bad roads and did
not arrive until the 5th. At a council
of war General Beauregard, his sec.
ond in command, protested against
attack and advised a return to
Corinth. Johnston overruled him and on
Sunday morning, April 6, he led
army to the attack. It was a com-
plete surprise, for Grant was not even
on the field
on
but
an
his
The struggle lasted all day and was
proceeding successfully just as Johns-
ton had planned. The Union army was
being crowded into an angle between
Snake creek and the Tennessee river
and was facing annihilation. About
2:30 o'clock In the afternoon Johns.
ton, while leading a charge which
crushed the left wing of Grant's
forces, fell with a mortal wound. Bean-
regard, with enough daylight left to
complete the victory, vacillated and
ordered the attack to cease, That
night Buell’s army came up and the
next day the Confederates were driven
from the fleld. Had the bullet which
struck down Albert Sidney Johnston
reached another target, the history
of the Civil war might have been vast-
ly different.
Unlike Albert Sidney Johnston, who
was a Southerner of Northern an-
cestry, Joseph Eggleston Johnston
was a Southerner of the Southerners.
He was born In Cherry Grove, Va., on
February 3, 1807, the scion of a Vir
ginia family which had been In this
country for nearly 200 years. He was
graduated from West Point in 1829 in
the same class that gave Robert E.
Lee to the army and commissioned a
second lieutenant in the Fourth ar
tillery. With the exception of service
in the Black Hawk war in 1832 most
of his first six years in the army was
spent in garrison duty at various posts
along the Atlantic seaboard,
But in 1836 he became aide-de-camp
to Gen. Winfield Scott in the war with
the Seminole Indians in Florida and
won a brevet as captain for gallantry
in action when troops under his com-
mand fell Into an ambuscade, from
which Johnston extricated them skill
fully. On this occasion his uniform was
perforated with no less than 30 bul-
lets! In 184243 he was again in
Florida serving against the Seminoles,
In the war with Mexico he was at
the siege of Vera Cruz and in the
batties of Cerro Gordo, Contreras,
Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and the
attack on the City of Mexico. He
was severely wounded at Cerro Gordo
and agnin at Chapultepec, where he
was the first to plant regimental colors
on the ramparts of the fortress. For
his gallantry at Cerro Gordo, he was
brey etted lieuten
nel and 8
years performed
the West
ingpector-g
ant colonel and eolo
the next fifteen
various duties in
(including that of acting
neral for the Utah expedi-
on commanded by the other Jo
Albert Sidney) ied fin
to his « quarters
the United States ar
$13
dur
ot
ton which
ommission of
general of
Johnston
when
resigned from the
seceded, was
army
Virginia commis-
sloned ir-general of volunte
Robert E
soldiers who poured
to Richmond to defend the Cap
the Next he was appointed
ander of the army of the Si
andoah and led it to the ald
Beauregard w McDowell
tacked Manas
as Beauregar
and so that he is ered
victory at Dull Run
th he was appointed one
sinte,
comin
eral hen
<1, 1861, nat
anked
on July
Johnston outr
and took comm
ited with the
The next mon
of five full
by Confederate (among
them Albert Johnston) but
was placed fourth on the list. Johns
ton against this, since he
felt that his high rank in the Un
States army when he resigned should
the generals authorized
the CONgress
Sidney
protested
ited
have placed him first on the list. and
in this he was justified by a previous
hi is said
to have been the beginning and ecanse
congressional net 8 protest
of the hostility towards him shown bey
President Jefferson Davis throughout
the war. The quarrel between the two
men, according to Allen Tate in his
recent blography of Davis,
outinast the Confederacy and have on
paralyzing influence upon its career.”
After the Battle of Seven Pines in
1862, at which Johnston was seriously
wounded, Davis replaced him In com
mand of the Confederate forces in the
East with Gen. Robert B. Lee and the
eclipse of Joseph E. Johnston ax an
outstanding military leader began
The next year he was sent to take
West. “Johnston was one of the three
or four best soldiers In the South.”
writes Tate. “But he tended to avoid
assuming responsibility ; he wns
touchy and quarrelsome: and his in
stinctive dislike of offensive warfare
had, inconsistently enough, wunder-
mined the President's confidence in
him since his retreat up the peninsula
before McClellan in the spring. In
the end, Davis’ lack of confidence may
have been sheer dislike; Johnston had
not handled him, in his rancorous let
ters, with kid gloves. 80, when Johns
ton went west his instructions were a
little vague , "
Both Davis and Johnston have their
ardent partisans in the historic dis
pute between the two and it seems
impossible to arrive at any conclusion
a8 to who was most to blame. But
the net result was disaster in the
West which further weakened the
“Lost Cause” and contributed its
share to the downfall of the Con
federacy. It fell to his lot to play a
leading role in the last military scene
of the great tragedy which befell the
American people between 1861 and
1865, Just ns he had been in command
at the first major engagement of the
war, so was he in command when the
last important armed forces of the
Confederacy laid down their arms, On
April 20, 1865, Johnston surrendered
his army to General Sherman on the
same terms under which Lee had sur.
rendered to Grant,
After the war Johnston was presi-
dent of a raliroad in Arkansas, presi
dent of an express company of Vir
ginla and agent for various insurance
companies. In 1877 he was elected to
congress from Virginia and ten years
later he was appointed United States
commissioner of railroads by Presi
dent Cleveland. He died In 1801,
(@® by Western Newspaper Union.)
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