By ELMO SCOTT WATSON HENEVER President Hoo- ver an important state document, there is another ceremony which is necessary before the docu- ment becomes official, That consists of signs affixing te it the great seal of the United States, which is in the safekeeping of the secretary of state, a metal disk two and a half inches in diameter and engraved with the of arms of this nation. And when that is done, the document bears the imprint of the oldest national arms in the despite the fact that the United States is a J‘young” mation. For our coat of arms has retained its original design for nearly 150 longer than has that of other are much older than ours The history of the back to the founding of the republic. Soon after the adoption of the Declar ation of Independence in 1776, a reso lution was passed by the Continental congress naming Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams as a committee to design a coat of arms for the new nation. gestion for the coat of arms was that the be into six quarterings, each bearing the emblem of these countries whose made up the greater part of the pop ulation of the United States. Two of the 1 mittee’'s design were late the present coat of arms, hut nothi cont world, years, nations which great seal The original sug- divided shield should colonists features included definite was accomplished at that t March 25, brought On 1779, the matter was again and a design In which the tion of thirteen appearance. [It thirteen alternate red ‘und stripes which were to be plac onally the shield committee’ design not Then a third committee tried its hand at the job and the members of this one called to their assistance a noted authority on heraldry, Dr. William Barton of Philadelphia. The design submitted by this com. mittee was a complicated one. It pro vided for thirteen stripes or pales, a constellation of thirteen stars, sn eagle poised en the summit of a Dorie column, a helmet of gold on which was & cap eof dignity, surmounted by a cock armed with gaffs; en the right eide was a figure of the genius of America and on the left a man in armor. Over all gleamed the eye of Providence and below the shield was the motto “Deo favente” (Favored by sod). Above the crest was another motte “Virtus sola invicta” (Virtue alone is unconquerable), consideration submitted a radiant constelia- for committee op 1y up second miude its stars” first fniso provided for white ed ding. But this accepted, Across was Finally out of the suggestions put forth by the three committees the cont of arms in its present form, proposed by Doctor Barton and making use of some of the elements contained in the previous designs, was adopted by congress on June 20, 1782. By this time the seal had been stripped of every emblem that suggested mon archy and ipcluded those which em- phasized the idea of democracy. The outstanding features were the eagle, the shield and the stars. The eagle, typical of those found in this country and unlike those which appear on the imperial arms of Aus. tria, Germany and Russia, stands for power and authority. In its right talon it holds an olive branch and in its left a bundle of thirteen arrows, these denoting power In peace and in war. The ancient symbol of peace, the olive branch, was placed in the right talon to indicate that the first gesture of the new republic should be peace instead of war, but the arrows in the left talon’ Indicate that the na- tion stands ready to defend itself if need he. The escutcheon was sot across the breast of the eagle without any other support to show that the United States was to rely on its own strength, The Journals of the Continental congress afford an interesting analysis TY rad 4 AL Great Seal of the ited States of the coat of arms. This tells of the significance of the between escutchieon in individual In terms is composed of a “chief” relationship the states and the federal dry it Union, of hera aid “azure” that is, an resting stripes “gl * (red) alten with “argent” (write). “ps he 0n nated reads the the several stat pleces paly,” text, Joined in one solid supporting a Chief and represents alludes to this Arms chief and the "represent compact the The Union. The kept elosely chief de pends on that Union and the strength resulting from- 1It for iis the Confeders which unites whole Motto pales in the 1 Congress, are mited by the support to the United preserva enote d States of America oh tab " I CONSTess, heon the flag resolution of June and inno and ¢, perseverance, kK the which on purity rainess YRior eagle are » words “E many). the con {One out of Above this is the “glory” or stellation of thirteen stars on an azure field, breaking through a surrounding halo of clouds—symbolical of the new nation from the storm and stress of the Revolution, The white stars against the background of blue also point to the unity of the states, since if a line be drawn between the outer ones it forms a perfect six pointed star, At the same time that this seal was adopted another one, intended to be the reverse of the coat of arms and to be used for stamping the wax on a ribbon attached to an important state paper, thus making a hanging seal, was also adopted. On it is a pyramid of thirteen steps with a cul minating triangle suspended above it. On this is the all-seeing eye of Prov. idence looking down upon the unfin- ished pyramid, by which it was in- tended to indicate that the United States had not attained a final state of spiritual perfection, a goal toward which it must strive, According to heraldry, the pyramid stands for strength and durability. The eye is the symbol of the eternally vigilant Providence which had favored the American cause so many times and this thought is carried out in the Latin motto “Annuit Coeptis” (God has fa. vored the work) across the top of the seal. The date MDCCLXXVI at the base of the pyramid is 1776. when the nation was founded, and the Latin motto béneath “Novus Ordo Reelo. rum” declares that then began “A New Order of Ages.” ht The original seal was cot in brass and is believed to have bagen used for the first time on » commission dated September 16, 1782, in which congress granted Washington the power to ar. range with the British for an ex change of prisoners of war. This was signed by John Hanson, president of the congress, and countersigned by Charles Thomson, secretary. The de sign of the seal remained unchanged in any particular for more than fifty years. During the time Danlel Web. ster wag secretary of state a second senl was cut, On this occasion the artist placed six instead of thirteen arrows in the eagle's jeft talon. This seal wae used until 1880 when a new emerging Sec Unuted S the and traditional Hrrows was restored one was made number of to the American but it the seul been remarked ths be by the superstitious fear of the num her thirteen keynote of the thirteen stars and thir. thirteen thir malin faire there only teeen stri there are ' talon and $ ! glory The E luribu num ntaln thi thirt ICNvVes Arrows } igle's teen i teen on ne num The eich HiNs sey ns which symbolize the fact was founded by rele! tyranny of that the nation Hon ugza the England, it is worthy of note that one of them, h origin, in that Adams hy Brit. this inst the eagle, is of Engl it was suggested to John Sr John Prestwich, an eminent ish antiguary. The of bird, which came to be popularly re garded as the national emblem. very distasteful to another member of choles was the national great seal committee, Ben Jamin Franklin. In a letter to his daughter, Mrs. Sarah Bache. written on January 26, 1784, while Frank/in was in France, he sald: “For my own part, 1 wish the bald eagle had not been chosen as the rep resentative of the country: he Is =» bird of bad moral character: he does not get his living honestly: you may have seen him perched on some dead tree where, too lazy to fish for him self, he watches the labor of the fish ing haw ; and when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish and is bear ing it to his nest for the support of his mate and young the bald eagle pursues him and takes it from him, With all this injustice he is never In good case, but like thase among men who live by sharping sand robbing, he Is generally poor and often very lousy, lesides, he is a rank coward” Modern science, however, has re futed some of these charges, especial ly the one of cowardice, ones The eagle ag a symbol of racial and national power dates back to the time of the Etruscans, the race that pre ceded the Romans, Rome, after the days of Marius, also adopted the eagle as it standard of legions, It was rep resented with outspread wings. Later the Byzantine emperors adopted the double-headed eagle, which symbol. ized their claim to the eastern and western empires, In the Fourteenth century the Ger man emperors adopted the eagle us their national emblem. Other Euro pean countries followed Germany's lend. Prussin’s emblem was digin guished hy the biack eagle: Poland's by a white eagle. Napoleon made the eagle represent imperial France The emblem was dropped by the Bourbon rulers. but was restored in Louis Napoleon on Jaouury 1, 185. (Communi vo Building Geod Roofing Material Less Costly Than Poor It Is only natural for you to want your You vant it to the best house that buy, Even if it be your pride demands You don't and you home tv look beautiful. be money will looking should look well. feel ant it two, that it wiant to don’t w ashamed of it to look shabby after a roof usually has the I The maostg ing. strike writ of gites a Stroys a Wise prominent surface nnd therefore color the note, Post, or inter dominating Chicavo esting uppen beautiful effect produ odd designed he properly chitectural ornaments, The otherwise roof is the point looking zood ng houses fail, So often the home | cuts his roof, thinki that he usually finds his He ruins through the flat Incks distinction and which soon loses its original and fres Inci- dentally, it mentioned that the cost of repuir- the corners he will on save money, In saving to be costly, Det A {f his rooiing and uninteresting, the home use of material which is which color hness, might be he finds iit goon Ing and replacing this roof costs more than nu roof of bs would He has snent This again. auty and pern nee have cost him in the first place, but money in doing sd happened time and has not only sacrificed beauty ore has Good Business Reasons for Beautiful Factory The successful of the ture fu- of ba jor It i ings construct { extent the | ledge gals in the laboratory and throush studies of ae tual fires «111 will the destru { of properts decrease, Would Extend Zoning All the Limits land lying within five miles « limite of a would included in ity's for establishing proper control over sub corporate he Jurisdiction municipality that municipn division platting, according to the pre- liminary edition of the standard city planning enabling which just United merce proposed act, has been issued by States Department of The preliminary edition heen issued in order that the act may receive the criticism of associations and individuals familiar with eity planning problems before its form has been determined upon, Com Celosr Combinations Besides the snow white and cement stucens there Is a wide of gray colored stuccos requiring mings, mitting the widest individual sion. 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Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers