1—National quartz windows, enforcement commission. NEWS REVIEW OF CURRENT EVENTS By EDWARD W. PICKARD EDUCTION of armaments and other plans for insuring the peace of the world and so saving the lives and money of its inhabitants are oc- cupying the international mind these days largely to the exclusion of other matters. Chief of the week's develop- ments in this line was the virtual conclusion of the conversations be- tween Ambassador Dawes and Prime Minister MacDonald of Great Britain with enough agreement reached to make certaln the calling of a five power conference on naval reduction. England will issue the invitation, It was announced, to the United States, France, Italy and Japan, and the meeting probably will be held In London, starting in the second week in January. Mr. MacDonald complet- ed his arrangements to sail for the United States on September 28 to con- fer with President Hoover and Sec- retary of State Stimson, and it was assumed that this consultation would result only in furthering the plans for the big meeting. Dispatches from Washington as- serted that Président Hoover already had agreed to accept a limitation of the number of 10,000-ton cruisers the United States may build, In addition to a limitation of aggregate cruiser tonnage, which is the point for which the British contended In the futile Geneva conference of 1927. Whether America's big cruisers shall number 18 or 21 is to be decided later. It may be, too, the British will put over their former proposition that there shall be no replacements of capital ships before 19306, when the Washing- ton treaties expire. The extremists in the matter of national defense are rather worried by these reported con- cessions, and cannot see how the United States is to attain naval parity with Great Britain, but Americans in general probably regard the negotia- tions with complacency. President Hoover in a radio address sought to reassure those who might be apprehensive for their country's safety. He declared that naval and land armaments should be held down to the barest necessities for defense purposes, in the interests of peace, and that unless this policy Is adhered to, preparedness may become a threat of aggression and a cause of fear and animosity throughout the world. The proposals now under discussion by the great powers, he sald, “would preserve our national defenses and yet would relleve the backs of those who toll from gigantie expenditures and the world from the hate and fear which flows from the rivalry in building war- ships.” . Dealing with the troubles that may confront the five-power, conference, the London Dally Telegraph says: “It is from France and Italy, rather than from Japan, that the greatest difficulties are feared. These two powers may draw together tempo- rarily for the purpose of objecting to holding the conference in London and of weaving causes for delay, but they have been engaged since 1020 In a naval race of a very strenuous and severe character with one another. “It Is not generally appreciated that France has been working on a bulld- ing scheme which does not reach its maturity until 1042 and which com- prises 18 cruisers, 90 destroyers, 67 ocean-going submarines and 48 coastal submarines. Italy's bullding program + wns further Increased only last year by the addition of 13 ships to cost an additional $45,000,000, but its princi. pal strength lies in its fast destroyers and motor torpedo craft,” onp ROBERT CECIL presented to the disarmament committee of the League of Nations the British plan calling for reopening of the question of trained army reserves in any scheme for world disarmament, and was supported by the German delega. tion, The French, Itallans and Jap. anese argued that this question had been definitely lald aside last spring and that the present time was inop- portune for reopening it, Since the great powers in the League of Nations have rejected France's pro- posal for an International standing army, and Great Britain refused to help form an International navy, the league Is now thinking of forming an international alr force to help in com- pelling the world to be peaceful. Col, Clifford Harmon of America, president of the International League of Avi- ators, suggested the scheme last De- cember and was sharply rebuked by Lord Cushendun of England; but he did not give up, and seems to have gained some support from Premier Briand of France and other diplomats. Last week both the French and the Germans Introduced before the dis- armament committee resolutions defin- ing the juridical status of the planes of such an International force over various countries. The French meas. ure sald that the International com- mission for nerial navigation is pre paring plans and urges the freedom of flying over all states, granted that they are the league's machines, The German resolution sald that, having learned that the international commission for nerial navigation is studying the legal position of league aircraft, the question must give rise to an important issue that the vari- ous governments will require an op portunity to study after they have re ceived complete information on the project, Count von Bernstorff for Germany thought the French viewpoint could not be accepted. Harmon's plan provides for u fleet of bombing plancs to attack and break up mobilization in an aggressive country by smashing bridges, tunnels, rallways, and other lines of transportation in order to pre vent the attacker from invading a neighbor country, The league assembly shelved until next year a proposal to assist nations threatened by war with international loans guaranteed by all powers in the league, One of its committees also carried toward completion plans for lowering of customs barriers and re ductions of economic Impediments to trade, an essential preliminary being a world tariff truce of three or four years, RITISH and Belgian troops quietly hegan the evacuation of the Rhine land, and some of the French troops were withdrawn, though it is expected France will maintain a rather large force there up to the last minute, Wiesbaden Is to be made the head- quarters of the interallied Khineland commission, whose staff will bb great. ly reduced, — HINA says it is getting tired of the Soviet Russian raids on Man- churian border towns and that unless they cease the Nationalist government will drop its defensive tactics and adopt other measures, confident that it will receive the support of world opinion, The Chinese troops are en- raged by the tales of atrocities prac. ticed by the Russians, as brought to Harbin by fugitive Chinese merchants from the border regions and cannot be restrained much longer. Foreign Min- ister C. T. Wang has protested through the German government against the internment by the Russians of Chinese who are not Communists or members of Russian trade unions and demanded thelr immediate re- lease. While gathering large bodies of troops and quantities of munitions on the Manchurian frontiers, the Chinese are collecting a mass of evidence to prove to the world that Russia has been violating the Kellogg pact. Be. nials of this by Moscow do not have great weight with those who are awpre of the Russian propensity to misrepresent-—to put it mildly, OON after Col. Il. W. Stewart was ousted by the Rockefellers from the chairmanship of the Standard Ol Company of Indiana there were ru- mors that he was going to form a combine to fight the American oll kings. These have been revived now, for the colonel sailed for Europe last week and it was admitted he would visit Sir Henri Deterding, oll magnate of Europe and director general of the Royal Dutch Shell company whose products already are sold all over America. If a combine of Standard’s competitors does result, It may bring cations, the Sinclair companies, the Prairie Oll and Gas and subsidiary pipe line company and the Conti nental Oil company all under a uni- fied control. Rumors in American fi- nancial circles were that Stewart had enlisted the Morgan interests. It looks as If a merry oll war were in the offing. : Harry M. Blackmer, the American oll magnate who fled to France to avold testifying In the Teapot Dome cases and is still over there, was fined $60,000 for contempt of court by Jus tice Siddons of the District of Co lumbia Supreme court. His lawyer gave notice of appeal, and Blackmer's $100,000 in Liberty bonds, seized some time ago, remains In the custody of the federal marshal In Washington. APT. JOHN M'LEOD brought his motor vessel Shawnee of Nova | in its hull, and declared these were caused by two of four shells fired nt close range by the U, 8. coast guard cutter No. 145 when the Shawnee was 26 miles off New York, bound from Jermuda to Halifax In ballast. He said the No, 145 had all its lights doused and that after the firing It called the coast guard Gresham. which later was relleved by another vessel, and that he finally outdistanced his convoy. Mcleod sald he would The Shawnee is alleged to have been engaged in rum running. OWN in the Carolinas the inhabl- tants apparently are determined not to have Communists from other regions Interfering with their labor troubles. The radicals from New York who went down there to aid the striking textile workers are hav. ing a rough time, what with kidnap ers and whippers, and in a mob at- tack on persons on the way to a strikers’ rally at Gastonia, N. C., one woman was shot to death. For this murder and for various floggings nuy- merous arrests have been made, and the state authorities seem to be doing all In their power to restore order: but the Carolinians are in an ugly mood and further bloodshed is ex- pected, RESIDENT HOOVER'S appoint. ment of Henry F. Guggenheim as ambassador to Cuba to succeed Noble B. Judah, resigned, meets with general approval. of the leading figures in American aviation, being president of the Gug- genheim fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. During the war served In the naval aviation forces in both France and Italy and rose to the rank of lieutenant commander. RIG. GEN. LYTLE BROWN, one of the greatest of American engi. neers, was appointed chief of army WHY WE BEHAVE | LIKE HUMAN BEINGS By GEORGE DORSEY, Ph. D., LL.D, “Bone-Heads” Really Exist N UPRIGHT galt, balanced skull, and arms free at the sides of the body, we differ most from the only animals that ape us. This upright galt is mmintained by action of muscle on hone, We hung on a bony skeleton, largely levers, We move hy setting those levers In motion. To put us across a hundred yards In ten sec onds, the skeleton must be mature, If our bones were cartilage we would he wonderful contortionists, but our upright galt would collapse, Our ancestors went on all fours. In acquiring the upright gait, the axis of the body changed from horizontal to perpendicular. This necessitated changes In every bone and muscle in the body and a complete overhauling of everything iInside—lungs, circula- tion, abdominal viscera—everything. Our pelvie girdle is a broad, shal low basin; it supports the viscera, The keystone of the girdle is the sacrum. It supports the backbone and locks the arch behind. The dog's sacrum is long and narrow; ours, broader than It is long. The sacrum at birth varies from four to seven vertebrae. unite into one bone: but the first, nnd sometimes second, never unites with the others. Above the sacrum Is the vertebral column proper; seven neck or cervieal, twelve thoracle, and five lumbar ver tebrae—twenty-four in all. But there the bar. at tirth, most of us have twelve pairs of ribs; some. only eleven ; some, thirteen. Seven palrs of ribs join our sternom, or breastbone; there may be only six, there may be eight, The first pair are sometimes mere rudiments. Our float. ing ribs are not so Important as when formerly: It little bones than Two importanrt lowest mammals, iy adjusted, so slender, or so balanced our spine, fits sigmoid, or “S" curve, gives elasticity to our body nr jar and shock. curve in the The infant cannot lumbar back. the our straight quired a siand-up-straight backbone, stand i ! to succeed Major General Jadwin, re. tired, and simultaneously with making known this selection, President Hoover announced plans for the reorganiza. tion of the office Brown takes. High ranking officers will be placed In en. tire charge of important projects ahd held definitely responsible for the suc- cessful completion of these special as- signments, General Brown is fifty-seven years old and was born at Nashville, Tenn. NZ" YORK is to have a lively mayoralty campaign with five candidates. Congressman F. H. La- Guardia, extreme wet, won the Ile- publican nomination, but the dry Re. publicans began laying plans to put up a dry candidate. The Democrats renominated Jimmy Walker, and Rich. ard Enright, former police commis. gloner, was put up by the Square Deal party, attacking Tammany control of the police department. The fifth can. didate 1s Norman Thomas, running as a Socialist, and he Is expected to be stronger than his party because of dissatisfaction with both LaGuardia and Walker. ERGER of two of New York's biggest banks, the National City and approved by the directors. The consolidation brings together totnl re sources of $2.880000,401, making It the largest bank In the world, (5. 1929, Western Newspaper Union.) assumes ie when it The upper-arm bone also hegins to twist, as does the femur side of the body. Human man's foot, as our hands and going changes. The big toe is the strongest and is more powerful In man than In any ape; it jut most of it comes after baby's big toe is a poor affair. little toe is going. In one out of every three it has lost a joint. but our foot is as human heredity ; the third bone of the little were never shod, Our skull is no more pelvis, It is shorter in front, longer at the back, better balanced on the spine; adaptations to an upright gait, Man has a flat face and a sizable and change the countenance. In fetal life we have a pair of In. termaxillaries between the upper jaw as skull joints .re called, between them can barely be seen; by maturity, not at of the lower jaw, has nothing to do | with “mentality.” It is a human trait, “strong” chins, some next to no chin at all, We have two nasal bones. But in some men and all monkeys they be. come one: no real bridge then to the nose. Sometimes the bones are small and flat; no bridge at all. The brain can grow only as long | as the three big sutures of the skull remain open. They begin to close at the age of forty; the one at the back first; the fore part of the brain can keep on growing. In animals the su- | tures close eariler than in man, the front ones first, They may close early in man; they may persist tiil old age. When one or another skuli suture closes prematurely, curiously shaped heads result. The “boat-shaped” head is due to premature closing of the parietal suture. When all the sutures close prematurely, the skull becomes solid as though a single bone. The brain ean grow no more. Idiocy re sults—the “Aztec” people of the circus, ® by George A. Dorsey.) Chrysolite Highly Valued The Egyptians, who found the chrys olite in their own domain, wore mag: nificent specimens as talismans for victory; the Romans believed It had the sun.given power to induce cheer fulness, while during the Middie nges when large quantities of the finest peridots were brought from the East by soldiers of the Crusades, it was called the “gem of divine inspiration.” SAFETY FIRST AIM OF “D0 X” BUILDER Why Dornier Constructed Huge German Plane. Jerlin—*“Safety First"—this typl- eally American slogan prompted the Dornier company to bulld the gigantic est airplane, “Do X" was designed and con- structed by Dr. Claudius Dornler, it wns declared, principally ta demon- strate that safety in the alr can be substantially increased, and secondar- fly to prove that airplanes can be made to pay for themselves, Asked “What Is today the cause of most aviation accidents?’ Dornier officials listed them as follows: Causes of Accidents. “The pliots have too much to do. They are almost always overworked. They must steer the aireraft, keep an eye on a multitude of instruments and nt the same time navigate the ship. Moreover, they are rarely protected against weather changes, “The motors are almost always overstrained. They must run con- under full power. Stopping or repairing them in the air ond are and oll steering “Gasoline of the feedpipes apparatus gency landings can be traced to dif ficulties arising In this connection. Such landings often result in serious accidents, “Fire forms a tragic chapter in the history of aviation. The majority of these fires have been due to gasoline leaking from tanks standing close to overheated motors.” Making Flying Safer. Explaining how some, If not all, of these drawbacks to safe flying have been overcome, the Dornler officials sald: “Aboard the alrplane ‘Do X' the pilot can devote his attention solely to the task of plioting the craft. He need not be omnipotent or be a pilot, engineer, navigator and commander all in The technical work will be handied by an engineer who will one, The commander will be just that: he will command the ship and the erew, to be followed will be over 10 determine the forth, No one worked. Fach will be his undivided attention to his special task. “Nor will the motors be overtaxed. They sufficient surplus power possible reduce their power hy 40 per immediately after the start “Up until now, hidden parts on alr planes have been almost inaccessible. for the ‘Do X.' provisions have been made to develop to the utmost facilities for repairing the motors and The possibility of making repairs does not alone depend on ac also on the ability to disconnect damaged parts without in- terrupting the flight of the airplane. “The danger of fire has been met by placing the fuel tanks as far as course able give have fio cent Argentina Is Ideal Washington. ~ Argentina is an ideal country for flying, almost the whole country being a natural landing field, according to the information section the aeronautics branch, Depart The country is largely level and the It has been de- veloping natural resources rapidly and the public and government are keenly interested in the development of com- mercial aviation, These conditions, prevailing In a country heretofore lacking adequate potential development of the industry, There are, according to recent dis. patches, approximately 20 regularly equipped airports In the country. Shows Bullet’s Route New York.—In outward appearance, shape and weight, an exact duplicate fighting planes, a recently devised mo- tion picture camera enables military aviators to practice all the evolutions bullets. Iustead of firing bullets, the gun cameras take small photographs showing exactly where bullets would hare struck. The exact time of the exposure also is registered, so that aviators practic. ing “dogfights” can determine which would have been shot down if the fights had been actual. Texas Youth Only 18 Gets Pilot's License Fort Worth, Texas Homer Truax, elghteen-yearold Fort Worth flyer, may be the young est aviator In the country to possess a transport pilot's 1i- cense, Veteran flyers eall the boy “just a natural born pilot.” He won the highest rating granted by the Department of Com merce after a year and a half of experience. Most of his les sons were taken plecemeal, Truax Is employed as a pilot by Fort Worth oll men and air. JUMPS FROM PLANE NOT FOR PRISONER ——————— He Didn’t Try to Escape on Flight to Colorado. Denver, Colo, — Prisoners of the law who think nothing ef jumping from speeding trains as a method of escaping, would doubtless give the mat- ter a second thought before taking this route to freedom while being transported in an airplane, At least a Colorado sheriff who was returning a prisoner to Lamar, Colo,, from Chicago recently, found no trou- ble keeping his man aboard the ship, according to Pllot J. €. Ingram, of Universal Air lines, who flew the Fok- ker trimotor on which the two were passengers and thus probably became the first pilot to serve the law in this manner, The sheriff was 1. E. Alderman, of Lamar, and his prisoner was a sus- pect in the robbery of the Lamar bank in May, 1928 which resulted In the killing of the bank president and his son and the subsequent murder of a kidnaped teller and of a doctor who dressed the wounds of ene of the ban- dit gang. The two were traveling by plane because Sheriff Alderman want- ed to get his man to Colorado before he changed his mind about walving extradition, “The air was bumpy,” In. gram, “and the prisoner got very air- sick. Jt was his first flight and he seemed 10 get a great kick out of it up to the time when he began to no- tice the bumpiness, “He wore handcuffs, altheugh they were not fastened to the sherifl's wrist, and all the other passengers knew that they had a suspected mur- derer in the cabin with them.” It has been thought that eriminals have made good their disappearance from scenes of their crimes by board- ing air liners, but this is the first time one of the fraternity bas been re- turned via alr. relates Thomas L. Hill, war fiyer and presi- dent of the American Society for Pro- motion of Aviation, who is leading = movement to have congress appropri- ate $40,000,000 to provide airplanes free of charge to civilian flying clubs organized throughout the United States. Under this plan, according te the society, 250,000 trained fiyers would be available for any national emergency within a period of five years. Plane With Pontoons Lands Well in Field Montreal.—Giuseppe M. Bellanca now has a new precept for pilots fly- ing his planes with pontoon landing gears—if you can't make the water make a hay field! Harold P. Ayers, Montreal flyer, found out about it re. cently while returning from a fishing trip_in the Laurentian lake region. A water-clogged fuel line betrayed the faith in Wright motors that lured him out over twenty miles of land, but the “fast” landing he executed didn’t even open the seams in his metal pontoons. When the gas line had been cleaned the oplané was rolled on beaching wheels to the nearest water and launched again, Flyers Learn to Avoid Sensation of Falling San Antonio, Texas ~The sensa- tion of faliing may be an optical illu. sion, after all, Two lieutenants at Brooks field, Robert J. Smith and Frederick K. Sauer, have discovered that no falling sensation Is felt if neither the earth nor the starting point of descent is visible to a parachute jumper, With eight men, none of whom had made a parachute jump before, they left planes simultaneously. Under di- rections they did not look at the craft or the ground below, None reported that they felt the sensation of falling. Capital's Big Airport Construction of a thousand-acre ale port in Washington, D. C, is under way, The field will give the National Capital adequate commercial airport facilities. It may be reached from the center of Washington In less than ten minutes. ‘ “
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers