x 2 | OLD SERIES XU, NEW SERIES XXI FRED KURTZ oe. Editor. Philsdelphia had a 1} million fire, night ef 23. The Gazette's only tariff article, was that of afew lines, saying Cleveland's message had shut'down the Scotia mines. There's an idiot there as editor. I TIT Jack Greist having lefta surplus in the county treasnry the Gazette hasal- ready gone for it up to its armpits. We want a “ring” torun out the plunderer, Whew ! A ——————————————————————————————— The Lochiel Iron Works, near Harris- burg, have been compelled to shut down, owing to the scarcity of coal, Thisis a direct effect of the strike in the coal re- gions. It makes mighty little difference whether chairman Kispsr is a Scott nan, a Wallace man or a Randall man, since we know his election is entirely satis. factory to Demeccrats everywhere. Judge Ermentrout, of Berks, rendered an important decision, the practical ef- fect of which is that the city of Reading will be debarred from collecting the cost of grading streets from abatting property owners under the act of May 28, 1874 In free irade Great Britain, which is the wo-l market for all countries, there were, in 1885, 330 sheep to the square mile. In the United States (excluding from this area the territory of Alaska) thers were, in 1885, 16 sheep to thesquare mile. In Pennsylvariathere were, in 1885, 33 sheep to the square mile, and in Ohio 116. Bo it would appear that sheep husbandry flourishes better without pro teztion than with it. We think Lather Suaffer ought to guit writing letters. We think, also, that it is io bad teste for some newspapers on the Westbranch to be avgravating the imprisoned man by trying his case over again, and making statrments, as it w auld seem. for the simple purpose of getting counter stat- ments from Si affer to feed morbid appetities of ti eir readers, Lather Staffer will soonanpear before t e infallible judge, ~let him alone, and don’t divert his thonghts from the be- youd, by uncalled for newspaper gossip A ——————————————— The condensed record of the opera: tion of high license ia the West is as fol. lows: Ia lilinois it has redaced the number of saloons 25 per cent and in creased the revenues $4,800,000; in Ne- braska there bas beea a reduction of 50 per cent in the number of saloons, an almost equal increase in revenues and a grea’ decline in drankenness; Mianeso- ta’s new law is pronounced “an unmixed good,” and Missoari reports in similar terms, while Ohio has 2088 fewer sa loons thar she had before the Dow law took effect. The Republican journals are still in great trepidation over Cleveland's tariff message, and the geveral spprobation it has wet with all over the land. They cannot tackle the message on any single paragraph aud refute the presidentszea- the scare-crow in the cornpateh, butit's all in the wiv, and the Republican press that favors a monopoly tariff will not find the American people to be scared by their sham !ike a set of crows, when it comes to voting, A tariff that is fair all around, is the brosd Democratic idea, and the people are fast getting on the platform, and thas what causes the chatter and tariff gib- berish from the Republican organs jast now And as for its effect upon the thinking masses, it only solidifies the public mind in favor of the President's views, The cry of free-trade in Centre county will be of litt'e avail, and as neeless elso- where, ~the v oter heard thst too often and he is as tired of it as of the worn, out bloudy shirt prose EE eiissNHDDW6hL\hL}.).. The commission sppointed by Gov: ernor Hill, of New York, io 1886, to in- vestigate thé diff-rent methods of inflict- ing capital punishment has just made a report to the Legislature of that state It is an elaborate and exhaostive piper, and will furnish the opponents of the present system with many strong argu- ments. The methods of execution now in vogue, as the guitlotine, the sword, the gallows, the moasket, the axe and the girote, ure all reviewed and condemned, and the use of electricity recommended in their place. The opposition to the longer use of the gallows has become de- cided. It is revolting and bro alizing and the scenes which often attend is application are shocking whe «cour ring in @ civilized country. The use of electricity, the report asserts, is certain, painless and ins antancous, and atten. CENTRE MR. CORBIN'S STATEMENT. READING'S PRESIDENT PRESENTS HIS BIDE OF THE TROUBLE. President Corbin has prepared a state- ment “of facts connected with the strikes” of railroaders and miners. He reviews the history of the strike, commencing with the refusal of the crews at Port Richmond to handle merchandise for the Philadelphia grain elevator company, the subsequent discharge and ordering “on strike’ of all the emaployes of the Phila. delphia and Reeding railroad company, and the subsequent strike of the miners, substantially as has been published. In regard to the railroad strike he says: “The trouble on the railroad is ended and will never be opened up again.” Re- ferring to the mine:s’ strike and the memorandum of the agreement made at Pottsville, September 14, President Cor- bin says: ‘Notwithstanding the terms of the agreement the miners refused to continue at work after January 1, I am ‘iaformed, for two reasons—first, because we would not reinstate the men who were discharged on the railroad; and second, because we would not continue the eight per cent. advance which we bad noder this agreement paid for four months, and we are informed that they would on no basis of wages Lave been willing to return to work unless we had first reinstated the railroad men or arbi- trated the question. As I have stated, that question is ended and no matter con- nected with that strike will ever be sub witied to arbitration. As to the question of wages to be paid to the miners, we have always been willing to pay as high wages for mining coal 88 any of the larg. companies which are selling coil in the market in competition with this one. Ti pay more than our competitors for the wining of our coal would practically drive as out of the competitive market We regret the action of our employes, bat there is no other a:ternative for this com- pany that I can see except to inwist upon, firs, the right 10 manage its own proper ty; and second, the right to employ lator in the mining »f its coal «0 that it wil have at least an equal cha ce with its neighbors in every competitive market established by the company in liversl one for the miners snd even st the lower price of coal thas obtained daring this mouth their wages wou's #1] have been in excess of those pai’ in other localities. Mr. Corbin concludes: For the past twelve years we have dis tributed throughout the coantry 51,000, 000 tons of our coal. The wivers have received every dollar of the net money we obtained for it, and we lost in the operations, $12 270,000 besides, and du- ring all these twelve years the stockhold- ers of the company which transported this coal, who have paid up forty mil- lions of money for their stock, have not received one cent by way of dividends and they have jost been called npon with sa portion of the jusior securities to pay in by way of assessments, twelve mil. lions of fresh money to make good the losses of the companies. In view of these resulls it is not the time now, ac cording to my judgment, to undertake to pay more money for the same class of i#bor than is paid by the other compan- les. asm SI —— WHERE THE SHOE PINCHES, Tbe resolution adopted by the Demo- cratic State Committee at its recent meet ing in this city says the Harrisburg Pa friot, endorsed the tariff reform policy of President Cleveland as affording the sar- est guaranty of thet genuine proteciion to labor #0 long pretended bot never vouchsafed by the so-called republican party. This is where the shoe pinches the foot of the average republican politi can. The present tariff is the work of the Republican party, Does it afford geno ine protection to labor ? Nay, does it protect labor at all 7 If it gives rel pro- tection to labor why are production and trade interrupted and retarded by the most gigantic labor strik sever known io this country ? Does it protect un skilled labor which does not average more than 75 cents a day 7 Does it pro- tect the sewing women who make shirts at 30 centsa day and find the thread which pays a high tariff duty ? Doesit protect the carpel-weavers who are ou of employment because the tariff con. fines their employers to the home mar- ket 7 Does it protect the ore miners dey? Does it protect the American workingman io any inde try who does twice the amount of work performed by the English workingman in the same space of time and is taxed by the tariff on everything he consumes or uses 7 No! If the tarifc protects any one it 8 the capitalist, But even he, as i» shown by the prosperity of the leather aud shoe trade, (with raw hides free and a low duty on manufactures of leather) ded by none of the offensive features ment bounty whch is wrung from him s use, but especially the employee, are victims of the “reciprocal rapacity” of a monopo- ly tariff, An iotelligent, thinking people cannot! fail to perceive and understsnd these things, and the resolution of the state committee points to them with unerring certainty. Hence these Republican tears. AN IMMENSE TELEGRAPH CIR CUIT. Vancouver, B. C, on 22, held tele- graphic conversation with London over the Canadian Pacific Postal lines and the Mackey and Bennet cable, Vancouver and New York being in direct communi- cation miles apart. Messages were exchanged and answers were received in four five minutes. Afterward San Francisco was attached to the circuit and exchan- ged greetings with London, the total distauce between the cities being 8,100 miles by land lines and cable. The ob ject of the experiment was to demon strate the feasibility of the route first mentioned in connection with the pro posed cable from British Columbia to Australia, or ANOTHER CASHIER GONE TO CANADA. Auburn, N. Y,, Jan, 23 -Cashier Char- les O'Brien. of the First National bank of Auburn, has absconded and the bank STORM’S AWFUI, WORK. JUDGE KINNEY, AGENT OF THE YANKTON BIOUX INDIANS AGENCY PLACES THE NUM. BER AT 1.000, Nebraska City, Jan. 22.—J. F. Kinney, agent of the Yunkton Bioux Indisn Agency, in Dakots, arrived here yester day, afier being vine days on the road, Five days were necessary for the party t. travel thirty milvs. The thermometer during that 1ime registered forty degrees below z-ro. The Judge says the loss of life '1n Dakota has bren greatly under. vétimated, a8 the Dakota papers have tried to cover it np. He described the scene which took place on board the cars, The passengers were crowded into one car trying to keep warm. The coal was ranning low. Two babies perished, I'he men discarded all the outer gar ments they conld spareand gave them tw the ladies und children Finding that | init 2oough, they brought mail sacks! (from the postal car and wrapped the children up in them. While at one sta- | {tion in Bon Homme county, the Judge! | rays, nine'een frozen bodies were brought | {iuto the depot in one day. i | Io Ben Homme county the list of dead | will reach fu ly 160. The esticiates as made at Yankton yesterday of the loss of | life throughout the Territory figure up| over 1 000. Tie counties where the loss {of life is the greatest are: Bou Homme, 1169; Hutchinson, 14; Lincoln, 13; Beadle, 25; Spink, 12; Hand, 10; Ward, 15, The! {northern aud central parts of the Terri- {tory have not beep heard from fully. {Mr Kinney named a number of curious {incidents relativetot e wanderings of {those who went out in the storm. Mrs. | Browning of Turner county went from {her house to the stable, a distance of 100 ifect, and her body was recovered on {Sunday seven miles from home, Charles has closed its doors. Bank Examiner|Dollinger, a farmer, of Turner county, Clark is in charge of the books and noth.|Perisbed seven feet from his house. A | ‘defini I be kn woman, name unknown of the same ng « efinite will hg Enown for sev eralic unty, weat ont to ears for her chickens days. A direetorisreported as saying|«nd was found two miles from her house. | that thed- fi-iency would amount to two R ads from the sgency to Yankton are ! JR, an. ] hundred thousand dollars. It is said his ied with dead cattle, many formes) . , losing all they had. One man lost cver firsr dowoward course was ssa partici-| 160 i pant in the Boberman oats swindle, ex | P L, pecting to rake in large profits at thel® minty Were driving toward Yankton iwi x Fain - bank in paper of innoce pt vats victims ¥1*0 the hiizzard struck them. The {horses refused 10 go on, and were turned floosa. Mr. Clark took a strap, fa-tened one end to his wife and the other to him-! (self, and toroing their backs to the) Clark and wife, of Yankton! - TROUBLE OVER A FEE YOR COL LECTION Down in Snvder coun’y they are hav. ing alittle excitement A Middiebar dispatch says: he H. H Ginn fee of $710 for the en lection of mony overpaid to the State able, t ‘ment at Harrisburg «how a cr-dit to this -- missioners of last year, Moin and Han. ser, entered into an agreement with H H. Ginn to collect this money, which daly belongs to the county, for 40 per cent of the amount. The aunditors jected to the bill,and Mobo and Hanser will be held for the payment of $600, thus allowing 8100 for Giun's services. missioners for the amount, - The Auburn bank cashier who went to Canada, leaving the bank short $200, 000, no doubt passed as smart among his neighbors, THE NEXT ECLIPSE OF THE MOON. A total eclipse of the moon occurs on the 28th of this month and is visible in this part of the world. At 6:35p m.on that day the moon is fall. The total pha-e o the eciipse begive at 531 and ends at 7:00. If the Weather Bareasu will kind'y see to it that no clouds ob- actire the sky at that time the public will have an opportunity to witness an inter esting phenomenon under most favorable astronomical conditions. The readers of the Reroxrer should not fail to witness this interesting eclipse. - oe. THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY'S FLORIDA TOURS, No opportunity of making a delightful trip to the Bouth hes ever presented itself in so attractive a shape as that which the Pennsyivania Railroad Com- pany’s personally conducted pleasure tours to Florida offer to the people of this section. The tours have been ar- ranged by the Tourist Buarean of the Passenger department, and will be con- ducted under the personal supervision of the Tourist Agent and Chaperon., A special train of Puodmas Palace Sieeping Cars will convey the party through to Jacksonville vn the fastest schedule ever made on a similar oceasion. The train will leave New York on the mornings of Jun, 26th and February Sth, Philadelphia about noon, and arrive in Ja ksonvilie for supper the next evening ing Lor meals at conv. nient points on the route, round trip tickets, wil inclu te meals, sleeping ear accomo- dadous going and returning, and one day's board a: the Hotel Everest, Jack- sonvilie, will allow a stay of abont two weeks in the flowery 8 ® rate from Now York is La, and from ‘mdeiphia and al ats south there or $45,000, Tickets at correspondingly low rates will be sold trom ail principal stations on the Penosylvania railrosd system, } This is not only far the cheapes Bo Eh te tne ti Sh desira lo, Bouthern tour ever presented “ Hat too, are well timed, as they cover i es: ation, a1, thi Florida sen Ww Junta the Sb eal Exp ion Pe an w howls at St Avg random. They burrowing into) In the mornivg Clack crawled out and went to a | He was obliged to erawl on his wn! knees ss his clothing was He reached the house and | winds, wandered at ame 10 8 haystack and (Clark she was dead when fonnd, Wm. | Tripp, wer» found frozen to death with. in afew feet of tre stable, 10 which they hd gone ty care for the stock. Joshna Taylor and two sons, near {Seotland, started 10 water their stock be {fore the storm came np. Their bodies {have not yet been found. Mr. Kinney {has received word from the agency, and the save while a large nomber of Indians were out hunting snd hauling wood nove lare missing. He was acoompanied ali the scenes of suffering by his through {life. Both hands and feet slightly fro. - “ E OF GIRLS PRACTICAL»! LY ENDED. Newark, Jan. 24. Thirty-three girls and two men, who were among the strik- turned to work in sccordance with the! terms proposed by the representatives! of the Clark Company. All the strikers who spphed for work were taken back without question and sent to their for mer places in the card and frame rooms. | Avout 140 of the strikers have not yet ap plied for work. The company promises to investigate any fature complaints, aad states that there is uo intention of redn- cing wages, - THE CITY COUNCIL MAY BE IN. DICTED, Williamsprrt, Pa, Jan. 22-Judge Cammin bas filed an opinion in the case against the Mayor and Councils of this city who were arrested and put under bail some weeks ago for failing to keep East Third street in proper repair. The! court decides that the lawmakers, the Mayor and Consnci's are responsible for the condition of the streets and rules that the defendants are liable to indiet- ment for having neglected their public duty. The opinion is fortified by no- merous Supreme Court decisions, A — Scupxer’s Macazixg for Fe is rich in illustrated articles, which are also of unusual interest in their text. The leading article, entitled “Mendelssohn's Letters to Moscheles” is the first of two which have been made from a remarka [ble collection of manuscripts which has been for nearly baliea century in the possesion of Felix, the son of Ignaz Mos Shales, the emine:t composer and most trusted friend of Mendelssohn The notable artice on “The Msn at Armes ” beguo in Jonuery, by E. H. and E W field, is concluded in this nomber, with a full description of the history of armor from the middle of the fifteenth century to the disuse of armor, two centuries later, Another handsomely illastrated arti is Professor N. 8, Shaler pager on Vols canoes,” which is written in that atirac- tive and popular style which bas made his previow articles on “The surface of the Earth” in this Macazixe #0 enter cn Sarit ve. 4 Louis. 94 " y evens ron's pipers is entitied “The Lantern Bearers” This coarming essay will deepen the unu-ual imp: assion made by “A Chapter on Dreams Professor Willis ate Bsa y entitled ¥ niftrent new limit 8 of an which is an uncon nial problem 1888, A AsO ATTACKING THE KNIGHTS. New Brunswick's Dissenters Get Clear of the Sples and Hold a Session. New Brurswick, N. J., Jan. 22. When the meeting of the Improved Order of Knights of Labor, which was held at this place a week ago Bunday, was adjourned it was with the understanding that it was to assemble again yesterday, but the leaders in the new order learned during the week that spies would be present yesterday from the Excecutive Board of the Knights of Labor, so the meeting was held Saturday night in order to avoid these people. About three hundred members were pres- ent and it was after midnight when the meeting adjourned. A delegate from Rah- way, who had been appointed a committees to investigate into the character and system of the Executive Board of the Knights of Labor, made a very lengthy report in which he exposed some of its alleged deals and showed up its workings, making very damaging statements as to the manner in which it was conducted. A red hot discussion followed the report, which was turned overto a committes, and which will probably be made public later on It has been whispered about that If this report becomes public property it will ere- ale a widespread sensation, but at present the contents are not known. Several reso lutions condemning the Reading Railroad Company for starving its employes were others oon demnatory of the actions of different branches of the Knights of Labor. A pri Yale announcement conveyed by some so- cret sign will be issued to make known the time and place of the next meeting. The sign will be intelligible only to those who are members of the new order. Terrific Explosions In Amoy. Waisminorox, Jan, 20. The Becretary of Btate has received s report from Consul | Crowell, at Amoy, China, in regard to the | explosion Nov. 19 in Amoy of a magazine | containing about four hundred tous of | powder and other explosives, by which | over two hundred lives were lost and | several hundrsd dwellings destroyed. The | oreign settlement | on the Island of Kulangsoo in Amoy Harbor | was badly shaken np Over s hundred panes of glass and several doors in the United States Consulate building ware broken, but otherwise no damage was done. No lives were lost, nor were any personal injuries sustained by few American residents of Amoy. They contributed $164 to the relief of the sufferers, for which the Governor and the Admiral of Fo 1 Pro vince made suitable acknowledgments the foe Yachts Racing On the Shrewsbury. Rep Baxg, N. J, Jan 23 -A race for second-class yachts only was sailed over | the regular twelve-mile course of the North | Bhrewsbury los Yacht Club Saturday, | Handsome prizes of silver were offered to the yachts finishing first and second. James B. Weaver's Kitty won in twenty minutes, besting ex Sheriff Allen's Bilis eard forty seconds. The Glide and Georgiles, which finished third and fourth in the mast interest to the race. They were to gether all through the race and finished with Glide about thres feet iu the lead Female Breadwianers Orgauize. Bosrox, Jan. 24. The Women's National Industrial League organized yesterday. In & circular an appeal is made to join the cru. breadwinners. The members say they be lieve too much sectarianism shows itself in churches; Loo mavy palaces are dedicated to God's worship; 00 many souls of women are annually sent to bell according to mod. ern Christisn methods. The organization has a house of its own. John MeCullough's Widow Dies. PeiLanouriia, Jan. 3B--Mrs. McCullough widow of John McCullough, the tragedian, died yesterday morning at her residence in married to the dead actor when in her seventeenth year, and leaves one son, her second son William, having died some months ago. Bhe is 10 be buried on Thurs. day. Her estate, valued at $50,000, goes to her counsel, William F. Johnson, in trist The President's Gift to the Pope. Bavrimone, Md, Jan. 23 Cardinal Gib bons Saturday evening received from Rome a cablegram signed by Dr. O'Connall, Recter of the American College at Rome, saying that the copy of the Constitution of the United States, sent by President Cieve land, was with solemnity presented by a committee of American Bishops and other American residents in Rome, to the Pope, who received it with profound gratitude. A Contest Abandoned. Wasmuwerox, Jan. 21. Representative Arnold, of Rhode Island, has received no tice that Judge Bradiey has abandoned the contest which he had begun for Mr. Arnold's seat. The reply of the latter to the swoep- ing charges of fraud brought by Judge Bradley was served oh the latter on the 18 Yesterday Judge Bradley threw up his case, Frozen, and Eaten by Rats. Prysourn, Mass, Jan 22 -Nathan Churchill, the original of the “Umbrella Man’ of Mrs, Abbey Morton Diaz's book, “Polly " was found doad in his room here last night. The body was frosen and the face terribly disfigured by rats, He was 74 years old A A Eu . 2 nn » TINY NEWS OF THE WEEK. A——— Fire Sunday destroyed the Central Bap. tist Church, of Middleboro, Mass. Loss, $18,000, A negronamed Nicholls choked his wifs to death on Baturday night in Dover, Del The murderer is in custody, One fireman was killed and four others injured at the burning of Crone’ furniture slore at Manistee, Mich., on Baturday night, Black Bart, poet and stage robber, was releasod from state prison at Ban Quentin, Cal, Sunday, after four years’ imprison- ment, The Knowlton Manufacturing Company of Rockford, 111, has decided 10 retire from the business of ricultural instrument making. Nearly all the liquor licenses in Lancas ter, Pa, expired Bunday, and cannot be re newed until April 1, when a new law goes into effect. Beven bodies of the fourteen woodmen burned during the boarding house fire at Tower, Minn., on Saturday morning, have been recovered from the ruins. J. L. Vincent, & saloonkeeper, was shot and killed in ary Guy's house by John Bailey, a private detective, who succeeded in eluding the police at Birmingham, Ala. The dead body of Michael Tierney, a silverplater, was found beside the track about a mile from Meriden. He bad been severely injured on the track in some way and crawled to the spot where he died A sneak thief has bees operating in “hicago dwellings on pretence of repairin electric appliances, Sunday, meeting a gir =n the stairs of BE. W. Waldron's residsnce he choked her into insensibility and then escapod. TO BOYCOTT CLARK'S COTTON. The Strikers Will Appeal to the Ladies Throughout the Unlon. Newang, Jan. 22 Saturday afternoon the striking mi! hands met at Elberon Hall and listened 0 the report of Davie with re to his visit to the company Friday. Jissppointment was visible on every face when the result of the interview had been made known. It had been hoped that Mr. Clark would be inclined to listen to the complaints of the operators who had been 80 many years in his employ. Some one proposed that 8 boycott should be ordered against the cotton, and a chorus of female voices heartily seconded the motion It was finally determined to issue a proclama- tion to the indies of the United Biates ask ing their assistance in lessening the sale of the product of Clark's mills. The strikers will not suffer frog want thongh the war bo contiuued for a year. From various parts of the country numerous letiers from ing financial aid, and the benefit 0 be given at Miner's Theatre next wees will piace several thousand dollars at their dis- posal A committee from the New York Work- ing Women's Bociety bas been deputized 0 visit the strikers and to make inquiry into the merits of their case. Ifitis found to be worthy of support the society will oon- tribute largely. A large sum of money was devoted to the strikers by the Spinners’ Assozation last night. Although the strikers are very much dis- couraged, still they seem to hope thai they will soon be back to the mill, and that Mr. Walmsley will be left out in the cold To Reduce Postage on State Documents. Bosrox, Mass, Jan. %0.—-The expense of mailing the documents placed in the hands of members of the legislature to their con. plituents is enormous. To alleviate this and reduce the expenses of State Governments, Benator Howland, of Bristol County, is pisaniog 10 secure a reduction of postage on this class of matter. He has communi eated with several Congressmen and received much encouragement. The matter has been placed in the hands of W. R Davis, who will present to Congress 8 bill providing for a rate of postage on docu- tents and reports printed by order of State Governments and mailed from the office of the document clerk, at ten cents a pound; a reduction of fifteen cents a pound from the Lockp aris Pride Hurt. Locxronr, N. ¥Y., Jan 190. —Lockport's gitisens are aroused and justly indignant ever the report made by the Factory In- spoctor in regard to the manufactories here pad the number of help employed. He cited hdusta industries, some inferior, while in he city there are between thirty and forty manufacturing firms, emvoloying be tween 3,00 and 4.000 hands. The report said that 1.500 hands, n° "a women, girls and boys, were employed. This tends to im- press the outside world with the import. ance of Lockport as a manufacturing city, while on the contrary its water power can. not be equaled and its industries sre mul. plying yearly. Josie Holmes Will Not Be Tried Crwcrnxary, Jan. 20.-The trial of Miss Josie Holmes, the exchange clerk of the Fidelity Bank, who was arrested for aiding Harper in wrecking the bank, has been set for Feb. 17, but it will never take place, District-Attorney Burnett has stated that be intends to have the case nolled. In this be expects to have the hacking of the de partment at Washington. a Agent Ridley Charged wit h Forgery, & very serious character manded for trial. A New Civil Service Rule. Wasmixorox, Jan, 21.-0t Isr when the new civil services rules mulgated it will be found that Wik mot be enorced a. the : L 1,Jen 35.-The Repub County have or or The Alena Covert
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