si y ; y. M|; ! 'iji f' 112 -id»iß#larolA « Iy|fe.K . ,; -•■/--- | ' "-- ■" ' .', ': V ■• ' *^JJ~F'/E ■HI IA—IIII ■IM pspj A two hours' walk from the capital of Corfu, in a southerly direction, through a very dingy suburb called Hail Rocco, and past the little village of Gasturi, brings the dust-covered tourist within sight of one of the most glorious architectural creations in ex istence. Thickly surrounded by clumps of grayish-green olive-trees and ver dant orchards, the Achilleion, the fairy castle of that restless, unfor tunate empress who was to die under a murderer's steel, emerges like a white phantom of the past. The beau ty of its outward form —a clever imi tation of the Pompeian style—is only matched by its lavish and highly arti ficial innner decoration, 011 which Empress Elizabeth is said to have spent $1,250,000, and by the magnifi cent views it commands. The Achil leion was recently inhabited by the German einperor, his consort, daugh ter, and a full staff of courtiers; and the affiliations thereby created with conceptions of Prussian soberness, cor rectness, common sense, and other un romantic Brandenburgian attributes, greatly take away from that castle's bewitching poetry. A thousand pities! The Achilleion, then, is the forty ninth addition to the residences of the German emperor. In ordinary German parlance, every one of these 49 struc tures, or estates, is called a "Kaiser liches Schloss," an imperial castle; but the truth is that only a few of them (amongst them the well-known and much-depicted residences in Ber lin and Potsdam) are real castles in an architectural sense of the word, and still fewer in a historic sense. For merly built as strongholds, perched upon peaks, or squatted in the middle of marshes, in order to make them im pregnable and to render all approach difficult, the castles gradually gave way to ambitious modern residences. The historical situation in respect to castles and royal manors is not analogous in Germany to that in other countries. The royal seats in Ger many are not national. For this rea son, the restoration of time-worn castles does not goon according to a large, liberal insight as to what is of the first importance; it goes on un systematically, according to a dynastic feeling of what may conduce to the dynasty's distinction. A comparative ly uninteresting castle, like the Hoh konigsburg—to quote one example out of many—is therefore restored, as the outcome of an imperial whim, at an enormous expense, while seats of over whelming historic importance, as for instance Konigs-Wusterhausen, are al lowed to rot. They are too "unpre tentious." One consequence of this system, or rather lack of system, is that many of these historically, or otherwise, interesting places are al most unknown outside of Germany, Only the most conscientious or Eng lish tourists will acquire a more than superficial knowledge of those quiet nooks, many of which were, in former centuries, centers of political or cultur al importance. The German emperor's residences are mostly plain country seats or mere shooting-boxes, so that, the startling total, 49, loses much of its sensational character when properly scrutinized. Among his various Berlin And Potsdam palaces the Royal Castle on the Spree is one of the largest, city-residence buildings, of a compact mass, in the whole of Germany. Quite remarkable for beautiful sur roundings is Bruhl castle, near Cologne, which has not been inhabited for over 100 years. If is a handsome building, erected in 1728, with a very fine marble staircase and excellent fresco paintings by Carlioni. Marshal Da voust resided in it several years, and it was afterwards assigned to the fourth cohort of the French Legion of Honer. Napoleon 1. dwelt there for a day In September, 1804. For many years it was abandoned to decay, then restored in 1842; but even after this the beautiful palace looked barren and deserted. Like Bruhl, many royal residences are being ignored and neg lected by their owners. One of the favorite 'esorts of Em peror William and his famiiy seems to be his domain of Cadinen, near Elbing, situated In a most charming forest landscape. It has become wide- Cf.TY CASri-E, PQ7VOWI I KSJiIG6B£KG CAiIZE • « * ly known through the emperor's successful experiment as a manufac turer and exporter; the handsome majolicas produced at Cadinen and publicly sold all over the world are highly valued by connoisseurs. Wil liam 11. is also the owner of a steam brick factory and alcohol distillery at the same place, and he attends to the details of his business with the cir cumspection of a trained merchant. The Taunus district, between the Rhine and Maine, famous for its ex cellent wine, healthful mineral waters, beautiful scenery, and wealth of his torical reminiscences, is fairly studded with castles and burghs of the most ancient types. The most interesting of the historical memories of this re gion are the traces of the ancient Roman palisaded moat, or fortified boundary of the empire, which stretched from the Rhine below Cob lenz along the summit of the Taupus to the Maine, and was carried onto the Danube. On the southern side this fortified lino was backed by sever -J. castles, one of which, the Saalburg, survives in part, and, after being re stored to its original appearance, was in 1901 converted into a national museum, one of the most instructive historical memorials of ancient Roman life to be found north of the Alps. Im mediately north of the Taunus resort of Cronberg is Schloss Friedrichshof, built for Empress Frederick in 1889- 1897, the place where she died in 1901. Some of the royal estates have been turned into public institutions, as, for instance, Oranienburg, which has be come a seminary for female teachers, and Nieder-Schoenhausen, which was given over to the public as a park and resort for recreation. Both are in the vicinity of Berlin. Oranienburg was founded in ICSI by the wife of the Great Elector, who also established an orphans' asylum near by. But all the emperor's landed posses sions outside of the capital, be they proud castles or modest villas, shrink back into the second rank, as far as historical importance is concerned, when compared with one small, in significant—if not shabby—looking cottage situated at half an hour's dis tance, by rail, from Berlin. It was the favorite summer resort of Fred erick William 1., the second king of Prussia 11713-1740), who spent a few months every year at *his unattrac tive place, togather with his family, including his eldest son Frederick, whom history afterwards was to adorn with the glorious cognomen The Great. The famous Grunewald, a cultivated forest in the immediate neighborhood of Berlin, contains a much-used shoot ing lodge, or "Jagdschloss," which was founded some 400 years ago by Elector Joachim 11., and stands to-day nearly in the same shape as in 1550. Popular superstition, which clings to several Hohenzollern castles—the "White Lady" of the Berlin palace enjoys in ternational reputation—has also caught hold of this innocent sporting abode. Joachim had a mistress, Anna Sydow, the wife of a bell-founder, of fascinat ing beauty, popularly called "the fair foundress." The relations between the elector and the scheming, rapa cious woman became so scandalous that Joachim's son, Johann George, immediately after the former's death, had Anna brought to Spandau and locked up in the fortress, where she died, after four years' imprisonment, in 1575. a A. BRATTER. FUTURE REMEDIES DAY OF TREATMENT OF DISEASE BY SERUM IS COMING. So Declares Prof. Wright, Distin guished English Advocate of Germ Theory—Even White Plague Will Be Conquered. That our children will live to see (he drug store as it is known today disap pear and its place taken by dispensers of animal serums which will be inject ed into the veins of the patient, is the opinion of a distinguished advocate of the germ theory, Prof. Wright of Eng land. In explanation of his theory, Prof. Wright further says:"The present system of medication will be relegated 'o the limbo which has swallowed up the cupper and leeeher. We have con quered diphtheria with the anti-diph theritic serum. With other serums we will conquer the great white plague— consumption. We will conquer the dis ease that keeps pace with it—pneu monia. We will conquer typhoid and cholera and yellow fever without ad ministering drugs through the stom ach. The hypodermic syringe will take the place of the teaspoon. The laboratory of the future will not be a building for the blending of chemical agents. It will be a vast biologic sta ble, housing hundreds of horses, with thousands of pens for guinea pigs and thousands of hutches for rabbits as an adjunct. These animate creatures will take the place of our retorts, our kettles, our drying pans and the other paraphernalia of our present day medicinal workshop." Advanced practitioners in medicine agree that the prophecy is not chim erical. Dr. Rogers, of Cornell, looks forward to a change in treatment as diametrically opposite to existing ! methods as present methods are oppo | site to the empiricism of the middle | ages. The movement is already well j under way in Europe, and in America j the middle west has taken the furth j est step forward in the establishment | of the new way and the abandonment of the old. The city of Detroit now leads the world in the production of these several serums that are to bat- I tie with disease through the circula j tion, and within the last three months ; the announcement has been made of ' the discovery of a serum that will dc t stroy the germ of pneumonia—a task 1 patiently pursued for years without I success by Pasteur and Koch. It has j passed the experimental stage, but the | claim is not yet made that it ranks BACK TO LAMARCK BATTLE ROYAL OVER THEORY OF ORIGIN OF SPECIES. Modern Scientists More Eagerly De fending the Frenchman's Opinions Against Darwin's Than Ever Before. To most people the fact that there is a lively controversy between rival theorists as to the origin of species may come as a sort of revelation, but such there is, and a battle royal is Jean Lamarck, the Great Rival of Darwin. being waged by those who hold to the Darwinian theory on the one hand and those who hold to the Lamarck theory on the other, with perhaps the odds in favor of the latter. When Charles Darwin nearly half a century ago published his epoch-making book on "Natural Selection," his theory was violently opposed. Yet, many scientific men rallied to its support, and after two or three decades of discussion, public opinion settled down into resigned acceptance of the new views. Though a few cautious experts, like Huxley, with held their complete assent, the con troversy over the Darwinian theory seemed at an end. In all problems of natural history, "Darwinism" became the word to conjure with. "Natural selection" had completely superseded the necessity for "anything like de sign in nature." It looked as if the "origin of species" by "the survival of the fittest" had triumphed all along the line. Some went so far in their enthusiasm as to regard the famous English naturalist as the founder of the doctrine of evolution. But tffia attitude has undergone a startling change. No sooner, it has teen said, does a theory obtain com plete possession of the h**aau mind with the anti diphtheritic serum in ef ficacy, for the cure of what Osier says is the most fatal of all the acute dis eases known to mankind. The biologic stable in Detroit has been called "a palace for horses." It has accommodations for 100 animals and is a model of sanitary excellence. The mangers are of steel, the floors hard cement, and a system of flushing with water impregnated with an anti septic preparation is maintained, which insures absolute medical clean liness. The horses are not old "plugs," but sound and healthy specimens. The average age is six years, and the av erage cost of each horse is S3OO. The guinea pig department has 3,000 of the pudgy little creatures that Macbeth called "a rat without a tail." They live Guinea Pig Quarters Adjoining Serum Laboratory—Horse from Which Se rum Is Being Extracted. in 300 hutches, and scores of them are offered up every day as a vicarious sacrifice for the benefit of humanity. Every guinea pig in the herd dies sooner or later of disease —consump tion, diphtheria, scarlet fever, lockjaw yellow fever, cholera or pneumonia— and they are bred for the precise fate which overtakes them. Long experi mentation lias proved them to be a better medium for "standardizing" or testing the strength of the anti-toxins to be used on human beings, than the rat or rabbit. In the early days of ex perimentation in serum therapy many kindly disposed women made vehe ment protest against what they said was refined cruelty in compelling the helpless little creatures to become vic tims of tuberculosis or diphtheria. The objection for a time was almost as vehement as it was against vivisec tion, but it finally was overcome, and now thousands of these animals, worthless for food or any other known purpose, die every year that thousands of children may live. than the successor is already tread ing close upon its heels. This has been well shown in the case of the nebular hypothesis, and now Darwinism in its turn is sustaining, as best it may, the assaults of keen-witted men of science, who re-examine its facts only to dis pute its conclusions. Nor is it prema ture to say that while some form of it will remain, the theory cannot survive. How has the change been brought about? It came as the result of two decades of fruitful work in the field of natural history, and especially through resuscitation of the views of a naturalist whom the world had al most forgotten. Twenty years ago, students of bot any remembered that a Frenchman, born at Bazentin in Picardy, had con tributed some questionable opinions on the origin of species; to-day Jean Lamarck is the great rival of Darwin, with a reputation and fame at least equal to those of his distinguished successor. As most American naturalists side with Lamarck, it is interesting to re call the fact that some precious exam ples of the French naturalist's writing and sketches are now in the posses sion of Harvard university. They were presented to that institution by A. Agassiz, who obtained them at Paris in 190 G. What did Lamarck teach regarding the "origin of species?" The problem was to account for the multiplicity of forms which make up the realms of plant and animal life. The influence of surroundings, the close adaptation of each species to its particular environ ment, had already been recognized. Lamarck took a step in advance. He conceived the idea of explaining dif ferences of species by referring them to the different conditions under which species have to exist. A given environment compels the animal living in it to be active in a particular way, and this special appli cation of its body and of its organs to the environment causes them to be specially adapted to the work they have to do. "It is not," says Lamarck, "the form either of the body or of its parts which has given rise to the habits and to the mode of life of animals; but, on the contrary, it is the habits, the mode of life, and all the other influential circumstances which have with time produced the form of the bodies and organs of animals." Here is the principle of natural se lection. But the selection in the one case is for the purpose of man; in the other it is for the conditions of life. In artificial breeding the selector is an intelligent being; in the Darwinian theory the selector is an unintelligent process. Country Board. Since thoughts of home-grown produota thrilled Our hearts 'mid summer plans, Why Is the farmer's bark yard flllad With old tomato cans? —Washington Stab f^pMERICAN |Sw£ni"fc HOME j|l| ? r 2A - RADFORD EDITOR - •-. . Mr. William A. Radford will answer Questions and give advice FREE OF COST on all subjects pertaining to the subject of building for tlir. readers of this paper. On account of his wide expe rience as Editor, Author and Manufac turer, he is, without doubt, the highest authority on all these subjects. Address all inquiries to William A. Radford, No. 11)4 Fifth Ave., Chicago, 111., and only enclose two-cent stamp for reply. This is a two-flat, building of six rooms each, and it represents a style that is popular at the present time in some of the larger cities. Such buildings are generally built and owned by men who live in the lower flat and rent the upper. In case the building is fitted with a steam heating plant the owner manages the boiler and the hot water heater, thus supplying steam and hot water for he whole building It costs very little mons to heat two Tats than one when steam is em iloyed; so It. is a matter of economy o have one heating apparatus, and as or hot water the same rule applies. Che hot water heaters in flat buildings ire little round stoves, either with vater jackets or lined with coils of ipe through which the water circu ates. Sometimes in winter the water s heated from a coil of water pipe aside the furhace boiler, but for the tetter buildings the hot water heater 4 entirely separate from the steam leating plant. A six-room flat like this on a good treet in the city of Chicago will rent it from S4O to SGO per month, aecord ng to the size of the rooms, cost of ho building, and the janitor service hat goes with it. In the better resi leut sections a great deal of work is ' • "• J* * : , 112 put on the lawn, in washing the front and back steps, front hallway, cleaning the plate glass and a thousand little things that cannot well be enumerated but which goto make up the proper appearance of a well-kept building. All deliveries of groceries and par cels of all kinds are required to be made at the rear entrance. There is a heavy galvanized iron garbage can on the back porch at the outside of each kitchen door; this is emptied by the janitor every morning. In the summer time usually the porches are washed down with a hose either morning or evening and the grass is y ■ CHAM&e* U H \jreN*L Frj H I First Floor Plan sprinkled either in the front, or at the back, or both. Such careful atten lion gives a building of this character an air of thrift and a tone of superior ity which commands respect enough to secure good rents. One flat in such buildings often rents for enough to pay the interest iind taxes on the whole investment, so i hat the owner can figure his own rent only costs him the janitor service, re pairs, etc. A two-flat brick building the size of this one, which is 27 feet in width and 49 feet in length, is gen erally valued in the residence sections of Chicago at from $6,000 to SIO,OOO, according to the size of the lot, loca tion, style of finish and general con dition. In designing flats architects try to avoid long hallways. There is gen erally not much objection to passing throuvi a dining room, as it is not J used much except at meal lime, so the dining room may be counted as part of the hall and save that much space. It is considered a great advantage to have windows on both sides of such a building. Too many resident fiat buildings are placed l-ight up against each other so the windows at the sides get no light except from the so-called light rc»eg !| L/fiX-'Kr- Second Floor Plan areas. When the buildings are long and narrow, as most of them are, the middle rooms are quite dark even when the sun is shining. On gloomy days a good many high-priced flats are so dark that artificial light is necessary all day long. Flat life is objectionable enough at best; however, if a man owns a building like this on a corner lot he may consider himself in luck. The lower flat is always smaller than the upper one, because the front stairway generally spoils one room, but in this plan a reception hall is se cured which may be used as an ad junct to the parlor on the first floor. It is always important to have one bathroom over the other, so the plumbing pipes may be as short as possible and grouped so as to include both bathrooms and both kitchens. Flat buildings have undergone con siderable evolution during late years. The new ones are a noticeable im provement over older buildings, from the fact that most of the more preten tious new flat buildings have good porches both in front and at the back, they have large windows, ventilating shafts, light hallways and wide easy stairs, they have heavy hardwood out side doors, generally with a largo panel of plate glass in front. The porches are toeavy, with cement floors, especially In front, and I notice that more attention is being paid to back porches every year. Families living in flats like to get outside at every opportunity, usually one porch or the other is sheltered from the sun or the wind so that it is possible to get outside in one direction or the other. Builders are learning that it pays to cater to the wishes of renters and they are paying more attention to such accessories. Germany Leads Again. Probably the most perfect institu tlon in the world for the care of emi grants is the Auswanderer Hallen, erected Vithln the last few years at the Veddel, a suburb of Hamburg. It is the shell of a miniature city equip ped to satisfy every desire, whether physical, aesthetic or spiritual, of 4,000 souls. Its two-score or more neat buildings, its green plats and flower r beds, occupy an inclosed area more than twice as large as Madison square, New York city, or above 14 acres, and cost approximately $500,000. It is an illustration of the scientific method of supplying the needs of life. In this odd city, whose population changes on an average every three days, the in habitants are lodged in large, light, well-ventilated dormitories, equipped with neat galvanized bedsteads, and fed in common dining rooms with food cooked in large kitchens in a most sci entific and cleanly style.—OuUcok.
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