7[jN INVENTION THAT NAT REVOLUTIONIZE NAVAL WARFARE p|AR!NE ptfNEIRINQ STEADY fIOATIW SIIIL STRVCTVRES mm ?OSSIBIE EY V§l OF llWß mvs Water presjure at a Depth IN THE OCEAN TO PROVIDE STATIC RESISTANCE TO WAVE ACTION NKW YORK —To dot the coast with floating lighthouses that will bo "lamposts of tho sea;" to have floating fortresses and tor pedo stations permanently anchored off all of the coastal cities; to supply harbors with breakwaters of a mobile type; to provide the navy with coaling stations out at sea; to furnish isolated quarantine stations to such ports of entry as have not convenient islands in their harbors; even to establish re lay wireless stations far out in the ocean —these are among the possibil ities of William Edward Murray's in vention of the principle of building what he calls "steady floating steel structures." It is said by marine authorities that Mr. Murray has solved some of the most difficult problems with which mariners and naval engineers have wrestled without success for years. By applying the Murray principle of steady flotation, it is held, harbor ac commodations can be enlarged almost indefinitely at a comparatively low •cost; danger signal lights easily can be placed at points on the coast where heretofore lighthouses have been im possible on account of the absence of rock foundations, and last but not least, cities, shipping harbors, arsenals and dockyards can be guarded abso lutely from bombardment by a large foreign fleet, at the same time allow ing battleships free rein in the con duct of offensive operations instead of keeping them on the defensive close to home. Idea Is Simplicity Itself. In common with every great revolu tionary invention this idea of Murray's is extremely simple. As a rear ad miral of the American navy said to the inventor, after the scheme had been explained to him, "the thing has been siaring us in the face for a hun dred years and yet no one has ever fought of it before. It's as clear as daylight and as certain as doom." But f.he inventor had worked at the prob lem for eight years before he eucceed iii In demonstrating to himself—he is A practical engineer—that his prin ciple was a sound one and capable of -absolute demonstration. And, although 'liis final patents were granted only by our government in July last, his in vention already has attracted the fa vorable attention of engineering au thorities both in this country and in "Canada, in Great Britain, France and Germany. President Roosevelt is said to be greatly interested in it. In a few words, Mr. Murray has dis covered how to keep a floating struc ture steady and unmoved in the ' ' jjj l jjj " T jj " ~ Steel Torpedo Station. ;uiidst of more or less agitated waters. This is a problem which has faced nautical engineers for years and which •hitherto has remained unsolved. He 'has discovered how to utilize a well- Iknown law of nature. All students of sphysks know that the pressure of water in< leases directly in proportion to the water's depth. Simply stated, then, Mr. Murray has designed a, struc ture which reaches to a depth suf ficient for the enormous pressure of the thousands of tons of water above to counteract the force of wave dis turbance at and near the surface of the wr.ter. The simplest application of Mr. Mur • ray's principle provides a buoyant stool caisson which is sunk down into Uio tranquil aroas of ocean depths, far below the comparatively limited portion of wave-disturbed water near the surface. These steel caissons have at their base a wide flange, ex tending all around and heavily weight ed. Upon these flanges the water above rests, pressing down wilh enor mous weight, exerting at 32 feet be low the surface a pressure of 2,1 (JO pounds per square foot, or at a 60- foot depth a pressure of more than two tons per square foot. The inert weight of the structure itself and the weight of the water upon it more than counterbalances the action of the waves above. Imagine an ordinary tin basin turned upside down and sub merged, and you get an idea of the Murray foundation. Upon this steady floating foundation, then, any desired superstructure may bo built —light- house, fortress or living or storage room of any kind. The whole structure, then, in Its steadiness and immobility, might be likened to a floating iceberg. To any one who has ever gone to sea in the winter time one of the wonders of the deep must ever be a sight of a great iceberg floating steadily with the cur rent, no matter how violently the groat waves beat against its sides. Every schoolboy knows that this steadiness of the floating mass of ice is owing to the fact that two-thirds of its bulk is below the level of the sea. And it is partly this principle and partly the additional one of adding to the depth below water the widely pro jecting flange of steel that makes Mur ray's invention so valuable and im portant in the eyes of all marine en gineers. The downward thrust on this flange of the immense weight of stable water is the great secret of the prac ticability of this invention. Only Surface of Sea Agitated. Countless experiments by marine engineers all over the world have demonstrated the fact that the depth to which the wave disturbance of the surface of the sea extends averages 15 feet. A homely proof of this is to be found in the way in which a diver can work on the bed of the ocean without feeling the slightest effect from any motion of the waves over his head. And in many of the long-time sub mersion tests of submarine craft the crews have sunk below the level in a calm and risen to tho surface in a storm without feeling any indications of tho above-surface disturbance. Xot only is the Murray principle ap plicable to lighthouses and lightships and floating fortresses, but to every class of stationary marine structures —such, for instance, as breakwaters and piers; bridges across arms of the sea or detached areas of water; sub merged torpedo stations whose steadi ness will give hidden gunners deadly aim; floating coaling stations, pro vision and oil storage depots and even hospitals and temporary hotels. Applied commercially, the Murray invention may revolutionize breakwa ter construction. Millions of dollars have been spent in the building of breakwaters in tho creating of a good harbor or the construction of a large railroad and shipping terminal, and in a number of cases these breakwa ters, after much time, money and ef fort had been expended, have been de clared insufficient and unsatisfactory. These breakwaters have been built up from the bottom of harbors by the dumping in of enormous quantities of rock at huge cost. The Murray sys tem, It is declared, will do away with this expensive construction entirely. The Murray breakwater is built in sec tions, each section resembling an in verted vessel, the upturned keel doing the work of breaking the force of the inrolling waves and the great project ing bulk underneath held steadily by ! the pressure of the water. Of Value for Lightshii*. One of Mr. Murray's chief claims of the value of his invention, however, lies in its application to another, and more picturesque, marine structure— tho lightship. As lightships now are constructed, it is impossible for them to carry a light at a greater height than 20 feet above their decks. In ad dition, they must always be anchored close to the reef or shoal over which they stand guard, since it is not poa- Bible for their crews to handle anchors or cables that would enable them to lie in positions further off shore. Be sides this, a lightship not infrequently goes adrift in the buffetings of win ter's gales, and so long as the ship is missing or until a relief vessel can take its place the dangerous spot must remain unguarded. The modern lightship built by the government costs rtbout $115,000, while they are expensive vessels to maintain. It is the contention of the inventor of this new type of floating structure that all of the points oi' weakness in the present type of light ship would be done away with through the introduction of his model. A cir cular structure with a flange around its base could be anchored anywhere along the coast and not directly over the reef or shoal to be guarded, but out beyond it, since once anchored there would be no fear of its going adrift in a storm. Heavier anchors and chains than an old-type lightship could carry or handle would make this certain, for one thing, and the prin ciple on which it is constructed would do the rest. Then these floating lights could be built with 80-foot lanterns, in stead of the present standard, and crews would be unnecessary, since some of the water ballast compart ments, which are used to help in sinking the structures, could be filled with illuminating oil and the lamp fed automatically. Filled in the summer time these tanks and lights would need no attention until the next year ramc around. With such a structure in use the problem of guarding with a warning light a spot like the Diamond shoals, off Hatteras, would be speedily solved. There would be none of the difficulty commonly experienced in building a lighthouse on an almost in accessible point, as the lightships could be built in harbor and then towed to the point where needed. It is computed that one of these "steady floating" lightships could be built com plete for about SIO,OOO. Its Advantage Commercially. While it is declared the Murray idea can be used to enormous advantage commercially, it is its protective fea tures, as applied to coast defense, that nave aroused most interest in other quarters. War and navy department officials have been interested especial ly in the steady floating fortresses and torpedo stations designed by Mr. Mur ray. On the great steel caisson sub merged in the quiet depths of the ocean is built a special annular revolv ing deck, fully equipped with guns. Now the turret of a battleship is necessarily limited by the size of the ship's deck and its arc of fire is re stricted, but on the Murray fortress there need be no restriction as to size or the number of guns. Again battle ship gunners are more or less ham pered by the rolling and tossing of the vessel, which makes good aim an un certain proposition, but on a steady floating structure guns could be point ed with mathematical accuracy. No enemy's attacking fleet would have chance against an array of these im mobile fortresses. While their gun ners were waiting for their vessels to roll so as to bring their guns to bear, they would be withered by a fire of deadly aim from a deck as solid as if mounted upon a rock. A fleet running up against these floating fortresses placed several miles outside a city would be destroyed before it got even within striking distance of the city it self. In addition, a fleet of battleships before a line of these steady floating fortresses would be like so many eggs pitted against a solid cannon ball. The armor plating on the fortresses can be made of indefinite thickness, and its domed surface would deflect a strik ing shell off into the harmless air. Impregnable Defense. Then, too, upon the solid steel float ing foundations torpedo stations could be placed, submerged and totally iu Jc/zrmj M ANNULAR*. &VQLVM fIITTCFn visible, and the steady platform from which the torpedoes were fired would make the aim of the men behind cer tain and true. These fortresses and torpedo stations could be protected from torpedo boats and even subma rine boats by heavy barriers of steel netting surrounding each. Then, with fields of mines laid between, the utter destruction of any attacking fleet would be certain. Any coast, too, lined with these steady floating fortresses could con sider itself amply protected, and would need no fleet of battleships tied close to home. All ocean-going vessels of war could be permitted to roam about and enter upon offensive operations wherever desired. The floating fort resses would have little machinery or other mechanism to bother with, and only enough men to serve the guns would be required. If Mr. Murray's inventions are adopted by the government, the prob- lem of providing a large number of battleships for the defense of the coast and the protection of outlying islands belonging to Uncle Sain will become less pressing. The island possessions of the United States will be consid ered safe, guarded by a cordon of floating fortresses, and the general adoption of them alftng the American coast, is apt to change the European viewpoint to a considerable extent. No foreign nation will be eager to rush (luxMYjTfwr-TioflTmlmmusz into a fight with so well protected a country as the United States. The inventor of this new system of marine construction is an American engineer, a Californian by birth, and of Scotch descent. It. is asserted by marine authorities that his discovery moans a definite step forward in the world's progress and that his inven tions are the most momentous since the substitution of steel for wood in naval construction. CHINAMAN MADE IT CLEAR. And Without the Use of Any "Pigeon English," at That. Numberless are the tricks which newspaper reporters play upon one another to relieve the somber "grind" of their calling. Two young men, em ployed on a morning paper in a large American city, were detailed one day to call upon the resident Chinamen and "interview" them respecting some immigration measure then pending in congress. One of the two reporters was a beginner, and the other, an ex perienced man, naturally assumed the management of the matter. "Billings," he said, after they had invaded several laundries without any important result, "here is a tea store. I wish you would go in and talk with the proprietor. I want to know what he thinks about Chinamen voting. I'll goon and have an interview with the man who runs this cigar shop next door. Remember to use the very simplest English at your command." The young reporter went inside the tea store, look out his note book and thus addressed the proprietor, who happened to be alone at the moment: "John, how?MMme —me —Telegraph, John! Newspape—savvy, John? News pape—print things. Un'stan'? Me want know what John think about China man vote, see? What John think— Chinaman —vote —all same Melican man? Savvy, John? Vote? What tnink?" The Chinaman listened to him with profound gravity until he had finished and replied: "The question of granting the right of suffrage to Chinese citizens who have come to the United States with the avowed intention of making this country their permanent homo is one that has occupied the attention of thoughtful men of all parties for years, and it may become in time one of paramount importance. At present, however, it seems to me there is no exigency requiring an expression of opinion from me upon this subject. You will please excuse me." The young reporter went outside and leaned against a lamp-post to re cover from a sudden faintness that had seized him. His comrade had pur posely "steered him against" one of the best educated Chinamen in the United States. —London Tit-Bits. A Successful Life. A successful life is rather hard to define, for the definition varies at different times and under different conditions, and yet in the midst of this material age there has dwelt a successful woman. She has not large means, she is dependent upon her own labor, and she lives a simple, retired life; she is totally blind, and yet we question whether there are many who in present peace of mind, and exalted vision of faith, have at tained unto all that is desirable in life so nearly as Fanny Crosby, the hymn writer, who at 88 years of age reigns queen of human , happiness.— Universalist Leader. Owns Much British La*id. The marquis of Stafford, who is in his twentieth year, is heir to the most extensive domain, if not the largest rent roll, enjoyed by any subject of King Edward. More than 1,000,000 acres in England and Scotland are un der the lordship of his father, the duke of Sutherland, while the marquis of Breadalbane, who is probably the next largest proprietor in tho kingdom, does not own half that amount ot land. IgsWOM^"*S|f ROSE PINK LINEN ONE OF THE DAINTIEST OF SEA SON'S PARASOLS. 1 Sunshade Is Second to Nothing a3 a Telling Accessory of the Cos tume—Smart Gown to Go with It. In the hands of a clover woman a parasol becomes something more than a mere sunshade, a protection to the eyes and the complexion. Handled skilfully it is » telling accessory of the costume, and when choseu carefully, ~ , I Parasol of Rose Linen. giving due thought to its color effect with the gown, the hair and the com plexion, the parasol has all the power of making or marring the tout en semble. The parasol shown here is of a rose pink linen, heavy, but with a mesh which does not defy the strong rays of the sun. To make it daintier and still more becoming there is a thin TO MAKE MUSTARD PASTE. Prepare It as Is Done in Large New York Hospital. At the Presbyterian hospital, Man hattan, mustard paste is made accord ing to these accurate instructions: Mix one part mustard with three to six of flour for an adult (ten to twelve for a child), crushing all lumps. Add sufficient tepid water to make the mix ture thin enough to spread on gauze or cheesecloth. When the patient's skin is tender it is advisable to add either white of egg, oil or vaseline also, since either of these will lessen the irritating action of the mustard without detracting from its strength. Large poultices are best spread on muslin and covered with gauze or cheesecloth. Small poultices can bo spread on thinner material, folding over the face one thickness of gauze and over the back three or four thick nesses. A poultice should always be covered with a protector of oiled muslin or old flannel, in order to keep in the heat, and held firmly in place with a band age. A poultice for the chest should always be shaped to fit around the neck and armpits. ' Gathering Ruffles. A quick way to gather a ruffle, which Is superior, so they say, to the old way of using the gatherer: Thread the machine, using coarse thread on the bobbin, make the stitch long. Xow stitch the ruffle, leaving as much heading as you desire. Then using tho under thread as a gathering thread, draw it up as full as desired. In Ibis way the fullness is more easily i distributed. The coarse thread on the | bottom is stronger than an ordinary j thread would be and is lets liable to | break. It rests you in sowing to change | your position frequently. A walk to j the window will often prevent the needle from sticking and the cotton from snarling and prevent those weary backaches. Too frequent wearing of rubbers and rubber overshoes is a frequent source of tender feet. Stout shoes with heavy soles are the best for out-of door use. Careful eating is the surest road to eunniness of disposition. It is not so much what one eats as how it is eat en that count in dyspepsia breeding. Every gulped bite means an ultimate gloomy thought, while irregular food- j taking insures a cloud-swept mental j horizon. To soften, whiten and remove stains from the hands use glycerin and lem on. Put into a bottle two ounces of glycerin, two ounces of water, four 112 silk lining of Ihe same shade of pink, ' Oil the edge of the parasol a fringe ol pink silk supplies a fashionable finish, while a space above the edge is :« ■ band of pink silk embroidery the widtii of the fringe trimming. The parasol is an adjunct of a plain yet smart gown of pink linen crash , and peacock blue panne velvet, a dai ing color combination, it must be ad mitted, but one that shows Parisian chic. New Treatment for Blouses. 1 When all is said and done, nothing 1 can be of more interest to the femi ! nine mind than the every-present and I always-worn blouse. Any suggestion ! for this important part of the toilet . is always eagerly received, and no de tail about trimming could be unwel come to womankind. The jabot is always pretty and in style wherever it may be introduced, and many of the new waists are being made with a single frill down the front, either of several colored hand kerchiefs sewn together or a plaited rulfle of the material itself. Other blouses are arranged so that a pane! down the front opens and extends over the shoulders, leaving a place for a col lar of insertion, while the outer edge of the panel is trimmed with a frill of the material. Cultivating Pink Cheeks. ■ IT you are one of the girls who have longed for pink cheeks while your own have remained white and pale, cheer up! All you need is to take a little rouge internally. Now, don't be alarmed, for it really is simple and harmless. This rouge cannot be pro cured at the drug store, but must b« bought at the grocery store. No, do not telephone, Miss Stay-at-home, for • the fresh air and the walk will do you ' good, and when you get there ask for some carrots. You must be a nature girl and eat the carrots raw. Three ' or four carrots each day for several months will bring excellent results, i I and before you know it. you will be the | happy possessor of a pair of rosy cheeks. COVERS THE HOT WATER JUG. Simple Cosy That Will Aid in Keeping the Contents Warm. It is quite as necessary to keep tho hot. water warm that has occasionally to be added to the teapot as it is to keep the tea itself warm. It is. there fore, a good plan to make a cosy of a similar nature to the ordinary tea cosy, but, of course, differing in shape, to fit the hot water jug. A simple cosy of this kind is shown in our sketch, with the picture of a hot water jug embroidered on one side. It is edged with a stout cord, with three loops at the top to form a handle by which it may be lifted when required. A cover of linen or cambric that can be removed is nice, as it can then be frequently washed. A wadded foun dation covered with sateen should be made, then the cover should be a trifle larger so as to slip on easily, and button at the lower edge to but tons 011 the foundation. tablespoonfuls of lemon juice and a few drops of carbolic acid. Shake well. After washing and wiping the hands, rub a little of this mixture into them. Have a pair of men's buckskin gloves a size too large for the hands to uso when sweeping and some other kinds of housework. They will slip on anjl off readily and protect the hands. Uses of Burlap. Next to leather itself, nothing is more useful for covering shirt-waist and other utility boxes than burlap. Then, too, if the color selected har monizes with the color scheme of the room, it combines beauty with useful ness. The edges of the box should bo finished off with linen braid of the col or of the burlap and held in place by button tacks, itoth the braid and the tacks may be bought of any uphol sterer or in the drapery department of any general furnishing store. Burlap can be used with splendid effect for portieres where an inex pensive, yet attractive, material is de sired. A running stenciled design around the bottom and up the sides would give the needed decoration. Embroidered Doilies. For those who still like embroidered doilies there are a few beautiful onea done in colors on sale in one shop for $1.25 each. They are hand em broidered and come in botl. Slower ajjd fruit patterns.
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