AMMTED! President McKinley Is Shot Twice by an Anarchist. "WOUNDS ABE NOT FATAL One Bullet Entered the Stom ach ancl Probes Failed to Locate It. The Other Bullet Struck the Breast Bone and was Soon Extracted. The Crime was Committed in the Temple of Music, at the Fan-American Exposition. The Criminal was Soon Over powered and Arrested. The Assassin's Name Is LeonCzoU gosz and He Is About 28 Years of Age. lie Makes a Long 1 Confession, Stating that He Is an Anarchist. Tlie Criminal Driile* flavins Any < onlPilrrutr und Kay* lit* Brrumo nn Aiiarclilnl by Llmi'iilnj to tlir llaraimui'K Delivered by Kniiiiu (.oliliuau. "Buffalo, X. Y., Sept. 7. —President "McKinley was shot and seriously wounded by a would-be assassin while holding a reception in the Temple of Music at the Pan-American exposition Friday afternoon. One shot took ef fect in the right breast, the other in ■the abdomen. The first is not of a •serious nature *nd the bullet lias been extracted. The latter pierced the ab dominal wall and has not been locat ed. Standing l in the midst of crowds numbering thousands, surrounded by -every evidence of good will, pressed by a motley tnrong of people, show •ered with expressions of love and loy alty. besieged by multitudes all eager to clasp liis hand, amid these sur roundings, plaudits of an admiring •army of sightseers ringing in his ears, +he blow i■ 112 the assassin fell and in an .instant pleasure gave way to pain, ad miration to agony and pandemonium followed. I t was just after the dally organ re cital in the splendid Teniole of Mu sic that the dastardly attempt was .made. The president, though well guard ed by United States secret service de tectives, was fully exposed to such an attack :is occurred. He stood at the edge of the raised dais upon which s-tands the great pipe organ at the east side of the magnificent structure. "Throngs of people crowded in at the various entrances, to gaze upon their ■executive, perchance to clasp his hand. '1 he president was in a cheer ful mood and was enjoying to the full the hearty evidence of good will -which everywhere met his gaze. Upon his right stood .John (i. Milburn, presi dent of the Pan-American exposition, ehatting with the president and intro ducing to him persons ,;f note who approached. Upon the president's left stood Mr. Cortelyou. It was shortly after 4 p. m. when one of the throng which surrounded the presidential party, a medium sized man of ordinary appearance and plainly dressed in black, approached -is if to greet the president. I'.oth 'Secretary Cortelyou and President .Milburn noticed that the man's hand was swathed in a bandage or hand kerchief. Reports of bystanders dif fer as to which hand. lie worked Ifls way amid the stream of people up to the edge of the dais until he was ■within two feet of the president. President McKinley smiled, bowed and extended his hand in the spirit of geniality so well known when the sharp crack of a revolver rang out loud and clear above the hum of voices, the shuffling of myriad feet 3111,1 vibrating waves of applause that swept here and there over the as semblage. There was an instant of almost complete silence. The president stood .still, a look of hesitancy,almost of be wilderment on his face. Then he re treated a step while a pallor began •to spread over his features. The multitude, only partially aware that something serious had happened, paused in surprise, while necks were craned and all eyes turned toward the rostrum. Then came a commotion. Three men sprung toward the would-be as sassin. Two of them were United States secret service men who were on the lookout and whose duty it was to guard ngainwt just such a calamity as had here befallen the president and the nation. The third was a by stander, a negro, wuo had only an in stant previously grasped in his dusky palm the hand of the president. As one man the trio hurled themselves upon the president's assailant. In a twinkling he was borne to the ground, his weapon was wrested from his grasp and strong, arms pinioned him down. The crowdis that a moment before "had stood motionless as in bewildered ignorance of the enormity of the •thing, now surged forward toward tlie stage, wmle a iioarse cry PRESIDENT McKlNtriT. welled up from a thousand throats and a thousand men charged forward to lay hands upon the perpetrator of the dastardly crime. For a moment the confusion was terrible. Men shouted and fought, women screamed and children cried. Some of those nearest the doors fled from the edifice in fear of a stam pede, while hundreds of others from the outside struggled blindly forward in the effort to penetrate the crowd ed building and solve the mystery. Hut of the throng which witnessed or bore a part in the scene of turmoil and turbulence there was but one mind which seemed to retain its equi librium, one hand which remained steady, one eve which gazed with un flinching calmness and one voice which retained its even tenor and faltered not at the most critical juncture. They were the mind, the hand, the eye and the voice of President McKin ley. After the first shock of the assas sin's shots, lie retreated a step; then as the detectives leaped upon his as sailant he turned, walked steadily to u chair and seated himself, at the •same time removing his hat and bow ing his head in his hands. In an instant Secretary Cortelyou and President Milburn were at his side. His waistcoat was hurriedly opened, the president meanwhile ad monishing them to remain calm and •telling them not to lie alarmed. "Hut you are wounded," cried his secretary, "let me examine." "No. 1 think not," answered the president. "1 am not badly hurt, I assure you.' Nevertheless 'his outer garments were hastily loosened and when a stream of crimson was seen to wind its way down his breast, spreading its telltale stain over the white linen, their worst fears were confirmed. The president's assailant in the meantime had been hustled to the rear of the building by exposition guards, where lie was held while the building was cleared, and later he was turned over to Superintendent Hull, of the Huffalo police depart ment, who took the prisoner to police station No. K1 and afterwards to po lice headquarters. As soon as the crowd in the Temple of Music had been dispersed sufficiently the presi dent was removed in the automobile ambulance and taken to the exposi tion hospital, where an examination was made. The best medical skill was summoned and within a brief period several of Buffalo's best known doctors were at the patient's side. The president retained the full ex ercise of his faculties until placed on the operating table and subjected to an anesthetic. Under the first exam ination it was ascertained that one bullet had taken ••il'ect in the right breast, just below the nipple, causing n comparatively harmless wound. The other took effect in the abdo men, about four inches below the left nipple, four inches to the left of the navel and about on a level with it. Upon arrival at the exposition hos pital the second bullet wound was probed for. The walls of the abdo men were opened, but the ball was not located. The incision was closed •and after a consultation it was decid ed to rcmov#tbe patient to the home ot' President Milburn. This was done .the automobile am bulance being used for the purpose. Arriving at the Milburn residence all persons outside the medical attend ants, nurses and the officials immedi ately concerned were excluded and the task of probing for the bullet which had lodged in the abdomen was begun by Dr. Uoswell Parke When the news of the crime was tele phoned to the home of President Mil burn. where Mrs. McKinley was rest ing, immediately steps were taken to spare her the shock of a premature statement of the occurrence before the true condition of the president should be ascertained. Guards were stationed and no one was permitted to approach the house. When it was decided to remove the president from the exposition to the Milburn residence the news was gent ly broken to Mrs. McKinley by mem bers of the .\filburn family. She bore the shock remarkably well and displayed the utmost fortitude. Secretary Cortelyou said that a telegraph office would be established at tlie Milburn residence and the pub lic would be given the fullest informa tion possible. Tek'grains poured in by the hundreds and Secretary Cortel you was kept busy replying to them. While the wounded president was being borne from the exposition to the Milburn residence between rows of onlookers with bared heads, a far different spectacle was being wit- CAMERON COUNTY PRESS, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1901. nessed along the route of his assail ant's journey from the scene of his crime to police headquarters. The trip was made so quickly that the prisoner was safely landed within the police station before anyone was aware of his presence. The news of the attempted assassi nation had in the meanwhile been spread broadcast by the newspapers. Like wildfire it spread from mouth to mouth. Then bulletins began to ap pear on the boards along Newspaper IJow and when the announcement was made that the prisoner had been taken to police headquarters, only two blocks distant from the newspa per section, the crowds surged down toward the Terrace, eager to gaze at the prisoner. At police headquarters they were met by a strong cordon of police, which was drawn across the pavement on Pearl street and admit tance was denied to any but officials authorized to take part in the exam ination of the prisoner. In a few minutes the crowd had grown from tens to hundreds and these in turn quickly swelled to thousands until the street was completely blocked with a mass of humanity. It was at this juncture that some one raised the cry of "Lynch him." Like a flash tlie cry was taken up and the whole crowd as if ignited by the single match thus applied re echoed the cry: "Lynch him," "Hang him." The situation was becoming critical when suddenly the big doors were flung open and a squad of re serves advanced, drove the crowd back from the curb to across the street and gradually succeeded in dis persing them from about the entrance to the station. By this time there were probably 50,000 people assembled in the vicin ity. The crowd was so great that it became necessary to rope off the en tire street in front of police head quarters. The prisoner at first proved quite communicative, so much so in fact that little dependence could be placed on what he said. He first gave his name as Fred Nieman, said his home was in Detroit, and that he had been in liuffalo a week. Lately he had been boarding at a place on Broad way. Later this place was located as .John Nowak's saloon, a Kaines law hotel. No. 1078 Broadway. Nowak, the proprietor, says he knew very lit tle about his guest. He arrived here last Saturday, sav ing he had come to see the Pan-Amer ican and that his home was iu To ledo. In his room was found a small traveling bag. It contained tin empty cartridge box and a few clothes. With these facts in hand the police went at the prisoner with the utmost vigor to secure a full confession or a straight story as to his identification. He ad mitted that he was an anarchist in sympathy at least, but denied strenu ously that the attempt on the life of •the president was a result of a plot on the part of any anarchist society. At times he was defiant and again indif ferent. But at no time did he be tray the remotest sign of remorse. After long questioning it was an nounced at police headquarters that the prisoner had made a partial con fession, which he had signed. As near as can be learnen the facts contained in the confession are as follows: The man's name is Leon Czolgosz. He is of Polish-German extraction. His home is in Cleveland, where he has several brothers and sisters. He is an avowed anarchist and an ardent disciple of Emma Gold man, whose teachings, he alleges, are responsible for the attack on the president. 11c is about 28 years old. He denies steadfastly that he is the instrument of any body of anarchists or the tool of any coterie of plotters, lie declares that he did not even have a confederate. His only reason for the deed, he declares, is that he be lieved the present form of govern ment in the United States was unjust and he concluded the most effective way to remove it was to kill the presi dent. These conclusions, he declares, he reached through the teachings of Km ma Goldman. At :i a. m.the following bulletin was issued: "The president continues to rest well. Temperature 101.0; pulse 110; respiration :i4." !TIII*I Walt lor MVPIIMOII. Washington, Sept. 7.—Owing to the fact, that Mr. Swenson, our minister to Denmark, is at present on a leave of absence from bis post, at his home in Minnesota, it has not been possible for the governments of the United States and Denmark to make final ar rangements fo" the transfer of the Danish West Indian islands to the United States, btl*. when he returns to Copenhagen, a treaty will be drafted. WON THE PALMA TROPHY. Canadian ■tltlemen Krore a Victory Over tlin American Team In the •'latch «t Sea <;irt, N. J. New York, Sept. 6.—The Canadian and American riflemen held a long session Thursday on the state ritie ratine at Sea Girt, X. J., in the eon test for the American centennial Pal ma trophy, emblematic of the world's championship, and the Canadians won by it margin of 28 points. The ut most good fellowship prevailed during the match, which was very close up to the last stage. Two of the members of the Ulster Kifle association, of Bel fast, Ireland—W. T. Braithwaite and Thomas Robertson—acted as coaches for the Dominion representatives and the Americans had Gen. B. VV. Spencer with some of his officers attending them in a similar capacity. The con ditions of the contest called for the use of the national arm of the coun try represented by the team, so that if was practically a duel between the American Krag and the English .Lee- Enfield weapons. The shooting done by at least one of the American team was a revelation to their opponents. Many of the Ul ster men who saw it had nothing but the highest praise for the exhibition given by Lieut. Lei/ear, of Washing ton, who made the highest collective and best individual score in the match, which was shot, in three stages, 800, {>oo and 1,000 yards. Each of the teams of eight men had 15 shots at each of these distances, beginning on the shortest range. In the first stage the visiting team led by a margin of seven points, their scores aggregating 532 as against, 52.') for the home team. On the 900 yards ranges each team made 519 points, the Canadians still leading by seven points as they went back to the 1,000 yard marks. it was nearly dusk when the final scores—Canadian 1522, America 1494 — were put on the blackboard, and then Gen. Spencer, gathering his men about him, cheered the winners heart ily. Maj. Mason, captain of the Cana dian team, and his men responded with "three times three." The next contest for the Palma trophy will take place in Canada, in accordance with the rules governing the disposi tion of the prize. The carbine team match was won by the men from the First troop of the national guard of Xew Jersey, which is known as the Essex troop. The special challenge match at 800. 000 and 1,000 yards between teams of eight men each for the Ulster Rifle association, of Belfast, Ireland, and the Xew Jersey Rifle association will be the big attraction to-day. PUNISHED THE NATIVES. Crew of u (ierman Warahlp Slaugh tered the Murderer* of a Farty of Sciential*. Victoria, H. C., Sept <S.—.lnforma tion regarding the operations of the German warship Cormorant, which was recently sent to the Matthias islands to punish the natives for the massacre of Her? Mencker and three or four others forming a party of German scientists, is received from Brisbane through the arrival of the steamer Miowera. The massacre of the little party occurred some six or seven months ago, particulars of the cruel manner in which they were killed being published soon after. The Cormorant when sent to inves tigate the affair met with strong op position. Her crew was compelled to fight a pitched battle and the re sult was most disastrous, the natives susaining a loss of 80 killed and 17 captured after they had been tho roughly subdued the captured were taken to Ilerbertsho, German Xew Guinea. The Miowera brings news of a seri ous accident- occurring at Quirinda. The Imperial hotel balcony of that city collapsed with 150 people on it. It is estimated that IS persons sus tained broken legs and 49 were seri ously injured, while a large number suffered from minor injuries. BURNED LIKE TINDER. The Steamer »iold Iluat 1* IJcatroyed by I'lre. Louisville, Ky., Sept. 6.—Forty members of the crew and 15 passen gers from the steamer Gold Dust, that burned at Cartey's Landing, four miles below Alton, Ind„ Wednesday afternoon, arrived in Louisville yes terday. Joe Parish, the pilot, said: "There was absolutely no chance of saving the boat. I was in the pilot house •about 4:30 o'clock when the cry of 'fire' coming from the deck below startled everybody. The stove in the laundry room had broken and this caused the blaze. The boat was driv en to the Indiana shore, as quickly as possible. So fa.it did the flames spread that in a few minutes it was absolutely impossible to get into the cabin. Sot a man had to swim, how ever, and all got off in safety." A Tailor Started tt»- Klaze. Chicago, Sept. o.—The ffre which on Tuesday night threatened to destroy the building in which the Orpheon theater is located was started by- Anton J. Kalkus, proprietor of a tailor shop in the building. Kalkus has made a confession that he set the building on tire to defraud the Agri cultural Insurance Co., of Watertown, X. Y., out of insurance which he car ried. According to the officers to whom the confession was made, Kal kus hoped to take advantage of a legal fight over possession of the the ater to ward off suspicion from him self. Ketiador'a Warlike Itlovf. Washington, Sept. 6.—A cablegram was received here Thursday from an authoritative source in. I'ali, Colom bia, near the Ecuadoran border, stat ing that Ecuador had intervened against Colombia with flu army well equipped artd with vessels of war. The cablegram states that it will be neces sary to meet the move of Ecuador by having Colombian war vessels in Pa cific waters near the Colombian-Ecua dor frontier. The information in the cablegram is considered clear evi dence of Ecuador's intention to join forces with the rebellious element on tho isthmus of I'anam^. A FIGHT IN A JAIL. Jnme* Howard Aaaaulta Caleb Poiver* With an Iran Inkatand. Frankfort, Ky., Sept. s.—James IHoward and ex-Secretary of State Caleb Powers, convicted as Goebel murder conspirators, quarrelled in jail here yesterday. Howard threw a heavy inkstand at. Powers, striking him in the head. Powers was knocked down and bled profusely. Howard's new trial will begin here next Mon day. Powers was unconscious for 35 min utes, and it was at first thought his skull had been fractured, but Dr. i)e mare said late last night that he could find no evidence of a fracture. He remained with the patient till a late hour. Symptoms of concussion developed and a slight paralysis of the left arm and side appeared. Dr. Demare would not state 'how serious he thought the wound might prove, but intimated that he considered his condition serious. Col. .1. K. Dixon, assistant adjutant general under the administration of ex-Gov Taylor, who had just returned from eastern Kentucky, where he collected considerable money for the defense of both Powers and Howard, was in the room with the men at the time of the trouble. A controversy between the two men arose as to a division of the money, lioth grew angry and Howard seized an iron inkstand and hurled it at, Powers with terrific force. Powers was struck on the side of the head. A branch of the temple artery was severed and a gash of four inches laid open. Both men have been in jail more than a year and apparently have been the best of friends. Howard, in talk ing to Col. Dixon afterward, ex pressed deep regret that the affair had occurred. RECIPROCITY. .Tlanufaeturera Association Will Call a Convention to Olacua* the (lucatlon. Philadelphia, Sept. s.—The execu tive committee of the National Asso ciation of Manufacturers, after a ses sion lasting nearly five hours, on Wed nesday decided to hold a reciprocity convention at. a date to be later named. In pursuance of this decis ion, the committee adopted the fol lowing resolution: "Resolved, For purposes of clear comprehension and expression of public sentiment respecting the recip rocal and trade relations with foreign powers; "That this committee deems it ex pedient that there be held under the auspices of the National Association of Manufacturers a national confer ence on reciprocity." The trade relations with Cuba were also discussed and the date for the next convention of the National Asso ciation of Manufacturers fixed for the third week in April, at Indianapolis. The question of calling a national reciprocity convention was referred to this committee at the conven t-ion of the Xational Associ ation of Manufacturers held in Detroit last June. It. is probable that some western city will be cho sen as the place of meeting of the reciprocity convention. AN AMERICAN DESERTER. He wan I,eadln£ Inaiirgenta and la to bn Court-.tlariluled. Manila, Sept. s.—Lieut, llazzard, of the Third cavalry, has brought in Ar thur Jloward, the American deserter who was recently captured by the lieutenant while in command of Maea bebe scouts in the island of Mindoro. He was placed in jail and will shortly be court-martialed. Howard denies that he was ever an American soldier. He claims he was born in Spain, that his father was English and his moth er Spanish, but that he espoused the cause of the Filipinos. In 1890, after peace was declared, he says, he went to Hong Kong and returned in 1896, as Aguinaldo's chief of artillery. He east his lot with Aguinaldo at the time of the rupture with the Americans and he says that he brought in 1(1 American prisoners, un der a flag of truce, at Angeles, in September, 1899. Howard denies that lie commanded the force at San Ma teo, which killed Gen. Law ton. He speaks like an educated Englishman. Lieut. llazzard says he saw Howard at Angeles in 1899. Two former Cali fornia volunteers lmve identified How ard as a deserter from their regi ment, named \ Valley, of Company A, who deserted in 1899. ATE HUMBLE PIE. Prince Chun Apologize* to the Kalaer lor the Murder ot Von hetieter. Potsdam, Sept. s.—Emperor William received Prince .Chun yesterday in the presence ot the royal princes, Baron Von Rifhthofen, the foreign secretary, the principal ministers and generals and the court dignitaries. The prince read a letter, written in yellow ink. to the emperor. The Chinese emperor's letter to Em peror William confessed "penitence and shame" for the crime (the mur der of Baron Von Ketteler, the Ger man minister at Pekm), which he had been unable to prevent. Emperor William's reply was that while he was ready to believe that the emperor of China stood aloof from the murder, all the heavier guilt rest ing on his advisers and the govern ment, the latter must not delude themselves with the belief that they are able to obtain pardon for their guilt by the expiatory mission alone, but will be judged by their future conduct, in accordance with the laws of nations. Clark Will Ituy a illit I'nrni. Butte, Mont., Sept. 5. —The an nouncement is made that Senator W. A. Clark is about to tbecome the own er of tin- Hitter Root stock farm, founded by the late Marcus Daly. Mrs. Daly is anxious to dispose of the property and Senator Clark has sent a representative to examine the prop erty. The ranch is famous as having been the former home of such noted horses as Hamburg, Tammany and Montana. It consists of 123,000 acrea. Mr. Daly spent millions in irnprov ■meats upon the property. Senator Clark's intention is to cultivate sugar beds on the rancn HUGE COAL TRUST. Will Embrace the Soft Coal Minea in Six States. The J. P. Klorean Syndicate la Said to Plan a Combine that Will he the Kqual or the United Mutes Steel Corporation In Polut of Magnitude. Pittsburg, Sept. 4.—The Post says:i All the bituminous coal mining com panies of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indi ana, Illinois, West Virginia and Ken tucky are to be consolidated into one great corporation l>y the J. P. Mor gan syndicate. The enormous pro portions of this corporation can hard ly be realized. The fact that the Pittsburg Coal Co., with its capital of $64,000,000, and the Monongahela Itiv er Consolidated Coal and Coke Co.. with its capital of $:i0,000,000, are to be included in the greater consolida tion brings the matter strongly be fore Pittsburg coal operators. The railroads are taking a keen in terest in the project and owing to the Morgan interests predominating in that field, the consolidation is looked upon >as being unusually strong. The Pennsylvania Kail road Co., the Balti more & Ohio Kailroad Co. and west ern roads under the Morgan influ ence are associated, it is said, in the great movement which promises to rival in its importance the recent or ganization of the United States Steel Corporation. The Indiana fields and those in Illi nois are in form for the final move. In Kentucky the; plan is still in an embryotic state, but a company has been planned with a capital of $lO,- 000,000 tj> take up all the coal mines, there. The \vest Virginia fields are perhaps the most difficult to handle, owing to their location and varied ownerships. tl is said that the pro moters have practically abandoned the plan of including the Pocahontas field in the general plan for the great er trust. Mr. Bacon, one of t.he partners of Mr. Morgan, has been spending sev eral weeks in West Virginia during the past summer and early last, spring, getting options on much coal property, and included in this was much undeveloped coal land in that state. The total holdings in that state are said to be very large, and aside from the Pocahontas fields and that portion in the Flat Top region embrace about all the available lands and much that will be held in reserve for years. The completion of this great pro ject will mean the consolidation of from $200,000,000 to $300,000,000 of invested capital. This will represent not only the undeveloped properties in the six states, but also the actual coal properties under development. There are millions of acres of coal lands that the trust will hold in re serve for future use, while its present working properties will be sufficient for a vast increase in the development of the coal trade, not only in this country but in South American coun tries and in Europe. KILLED AT A CROSSING. Two Women, One tbe Wife of a Con. IxreMwinuii, are Struck by a Train. Milwaukee, Wis., Sept. 4.—Mrs. S. S. Barney, of West Bend, wife of Con gressman S. S. Barney, of the Fifth district, and Mrs. W. H. Ramsey, sr., of Port Washington, wife of a former state bank comptroller, were killed by a Northwestern train yesterday, one mile south of Port Washington station. They were driving across the track anil the train struck them. For over two hours the remains laid at the station at Port Washing ton .where they were taken by tho train which struck them, no one being able to identify them. Their identification provvd a tragic affair. After many had viewed the remains, W. H. Itamsey, jr., who was about to take a train from Port Washington, was asked to see if he could recognize the bodies. Mr. Itamsey picked up the covering upon the body of Mrs. Barney but. the remains were so mangled he could not make out the features, lie lifted the cover from the other body and fell back trembling with blanched face. lie had looked upon the dead face of his mother. Will l ie Electricity Instead of Steam. New York, Sept. 2. —President .T. J. Hill, of the Great Northern railroad, it is said has ordered that steam loco motives be superseded by electric mo tors on the Cascade division of the Great Northern. It is understood that if this change works satisfac torily, electric motors will be intro duced on the other divisions of the road. Struck Nine i;u>lier> In One Week. Beaumont, Tex., Sept. 2.—During the week just closed nine gushers were brought in. This is the big gest week in the history of the field. During August 19 spouting wells were completed. The bringing in of wells does not constitute all the develop ment, however, lor sereral miles of pipe line have been laid, a dozen largo storage tanks completed and several more begun. Slave Traders Defeated. Brussels, Sept. s.—Advices from Katanaga, Central Africa, report a pitched battle between 25 troops oi the Congo Free State and 200 slave traders, well armed, resulting in the defeat of the slave traders and th capture of l."> 0 rifles and an immens. quantity of merchandise. HcKlnley Oilers to Intervene. Washington, Sept. 4. —It is ascer tained that on August 24. during Sec retary Hay's recent visit to Washing ton. a message was sent to the min isters at Caracas and Bogota, direct ing them to inform the foreign secre taries of Venezuela and Colombia ol the distress with which President Mc kinley bad heard of the likelihood ol a disturbance of ttve relations be tween those two republics and offer ing them the good offices of this gov ernment in trying t») settle the points in dispute. The reply ol Venezuela is friendly, but rather cva» sive. 3
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers