LIVE QUESTIONS. m at Article Contrlbntod Tkm. Coloinn by Advanced Thinker. Trusts asd Monopolies. The name trnrt flnt came into en tiHr the formation of tbe Standard Oil trout In 1883. It cornea from the fact that trust received and held in trout the fttockg of rarion competing corpora tion. Aa nmd today the word trout moan any capitalistic combination of competitor the object of which ia to ki oreaae profit. Soch combination maj oanit of a loom agreement or "nnder tanding,"or it may mold many cor pftratlona into one or more great corpo ration. It ia emj to (p competition in Xe industries, but difficult to do to in tn. There are two way of increasing pijbftt: Tirat By advancing the prices of fished prod net. Second. By diminishing cost of pro duction. Both of these ends are aimed at by trawU. Restricted production is the osaal BYRON W. HOLT. mean for canning price to advance. Production can be restricted only when there is a complete or partial monopoly of sources of supply or machinery oi production. Monopolies are of two kinds natural and artificial Natural depend upon the limitations of nature ; artificial, upon the limitations or restrictions of legislation. Mines, railroads and tele graphs are natural monopolies. Patents and copyrights produce artificial mo nopolies. Natural monopolies, however, are often strengthened by tariff and oth er trade restricting laws. Cost of production may be lowered : Firt. By reducing the cost of selling a product Second. By mors economic distribu tion. Third. By working only the best 01 most favorably located plants. Fourth. By adoption of the best ma chinery and methods previously in use la any of the plants. Fifth. By a better utilisation of ma terials and the saving of waste products. Sixth. By reducing wages. Seventh. By reducing prices paid foi raw materials. The power of trusts to advance price of products and to reduce wages and coet of raw material is very gTeat. ifhe exercise of such power is considered harmful and is unlawful. The power of trusts to reduce cost of production in any of the first five ways mentioned is also very great, and its exercine is considered beneficial to mankind. Therefore trusts are potentially both good and bad. Is it possible to get rid of the bad and to save the good in them? If not, should we destroy them? In the modern sense of the word trusts first appeared botween 1800 and 1870, though some feeble efforts at com bination were made 200 years before.. They, however, attracted but little at tention until about 1883. Since then their growth has been remarkable. Out of 491 trusts, formed previous to 1804, 7 were formed between 1800 and 1870 (moHtly railroad, telegraph and express pools), 30 between 1870 and 1880, 827 between 1882 and 1890, and 178 between 1890 and 1894. One hundred and twen ty wore formed in 1889 and 1890. This lit is incomplete, eHpecially for later years, but it indicates a rapid growth, and that truHts are usually successful in iaiireasing profits. The nominal capital of the Leather trust is $120,000,000; Beef, 1 100, 000, 000; Standard Oil, $97,000,000; Sugar, $75,000,000; Rubbor, $40,000,000 ; Cot tonseed Oil, $88,000,000; Lead, $30, 000,000. These seven trusts have a nom inal capital of, over $500,000,000. None of tbebe truHts dopeuds mainly upon nat ural monopolies. The Anthracite Coal trust now represents railroad and min ing interests valued at over $1,000,000, 000, and the Joint Traffic association represents railroads with a capitalization of nearly $2,000,000,000. According to the census of 1890, the true value of our stoam and street railways was $3,685, 407,828; mines, quarries, etc., $1,291, 291,679. Other natural monopolies telpgraphs, telephones, gas and electrio light plants, canals, docks, eta will bring this total to about $12,000,000, 000. Fully two-thirds of the capital in vested in these natural monopolies is in pools or some other form of trust. The other third is not actively competing with itself, for there never was nor never will be full competition in any of these industries. Perhaps one-half of the $0, 189,897,785 capital employed in manu factures in 1890 was and is in some farm of trust. It is probable, therefore, that about $15,000,000,000 of our capi tal is not competing with other capita L But this is about half of our total capital employed in productive Industries. Wtarly all of the remaining half, $18, 279,383,649, is employed ia agriculture. In all agricultural industries there is se vere competition. The farmer sells at competitive prices ; ha buys at nouoom p&itive prioes, or prioes fixed by trusts aid monopolies. So literally true is this aQitement that it is difficult to think of avy article sold from store or mill the plce of which is not fixed to some ex tent by some one or more trusts. Often dozen trust are concealed in a single articlo. Suppose he buy a carriage. It may or mar not be a trust product, but its cost of production depends largely upon the cost of its different parts. The bolts, nuts, tacks, slam, hardware, nails. leather, wheels and spring in it were probably made by trusts. The materials for the varnish and paint used wore also trust products. Going a step farther back, we find that the saws, axos, files, hammers, eta, ued in making the car riage and in shaping the raw matorials are trust products. Bis carriage was shipped over a trust railroad made of trust rails, on which run trout locomo tives, the wheels of which are encircled by trust tires. The combined result of all these trust adds $5, or it may be $50, to the price of hi carriage, depend ing upon the kind and quality, where it was made and where it was finally told. Ordinarily the prices of trust articles are not much higher because of trusts. In many cases, however, the trusts in crease prices by 25 to 100 per cent Steel rails sold for about $30 per ton two years ago, when the trust was dis organized and waiting to see that the duty was not all taken off of rails. A duty of $7.84 was left, and fur more than one year prices have bom held firmly at $28 at Pittsburg and $39 at Chicago, though the Illinois Steel com pany is reported to have this year sold 10,000 tons of rails to Japan at $31.26, delivered at seaboard. Prices of struc tural iron and steel fell from $70 to about $80 when the trust temporarily broke in 1892. Prices of tacat were ad vanced from 1890 to 1894 by from 100 to 800 per cent Prices have since been sustained by the trusts. A Cartridge trust was formed in 1883. Since that time the prices of cartridges have aver aged more than 100 per cent above what they were early in 1883. The Pari Green trust, just before the potato bug season in 1893, raised prices from about 10 to 21 cents per pound. Wire nails are selling at $2.40 per keg today ; cut nails at $3.15. Fifteen month ago price were 90 and 85 cent respectively here and over $3 in Canada, where there was a tariff protected trust Our manu facturer "got together" and made the change. A dosen trusts could be named that together extort at least $100,000,000 to $200,000,000 a year from American consumer. Probably $500,000,000 is about the present cost of trusts to us ; $500,000,000 more can be added a our annual tribute to steam and street car, telegraph, telephone, mining, gas and water monopolies. Is it any wonder that we have produced 5,000 million aires since 1860, or that wealth is so un evenly divided? Byrom W. Holt. New York, March, 1896. Mission Reciprocity. Most people are interested in mission of one kind or another, because in it larger sense every enterprise pushed out side of its present limit is a mission. However, mission have not been satis factory in foreign fields and should not be expected to be so, aa mission boards have been slow to adopt modern meth ods. It is interesting to note the idea of reciprocity that seems to be springing up between the great historic religions. This is not the result of an agreement, but one of those providential movements that overreach the limitation of men. Within the last two years Mohammed Webb has opened a Moslem mission in New York and ha received consider able attention. The world's congress of religions was a demonstration of the new method. Since then a Buddhist mission has been opened in New York under the leadership of H. Dharmepala. He represents the Naha-Bohdi society of Calcutta. These movements will be re ceived gladly by all fair minded men as giving us an opportunity to study these religion at first band, as much of our secondhand information is untrust worthy. Another ourioua illustration of the action and reaction in missions is found in one of our largest western cities. Re cently a number of orthodox clergymen organized a Jewish mission and are anxious to convert the ohildren of Abra ham to Christianity. While this move ment was being put on foot the leading rabbi of the same oity was approached by a number of Christians and asked if they could take membership in his church and ou what conditions. He called a meeting of his church board, and after due deliberation they decided to accept all applicants who would ex press a belief in God. At the present time there are more Christians belonging to and joining Jewish churches than Jews joining Christian churohes. This state of affair is . a very interesting study for the stu dent and gives another factor in the vexed problem of comparative religions. Impartial Suffrage In New Zealand. Mrs. Henry Hirst, an Australian au thor, in a recent discussion on the effect of woman's franchise in New Zealand, said : "Men of all shades of political opin ion and at daggers drawn ou other points agree that the granting of the vote to women has been beneficial to the colony. Mr. Seddon, the premier, has aid 'Wo men' influence at the elections aud since has been productive of much good. They are looking well after the interest of the children, the mitigation of the liquor truflio, the alteration of the jail regula tions with regard to having female in spectors for women and other vital af fairs.' The leader of the opposition 'be lieved that the women had done much to purify the house, and that their influ ence would yet be more beuefloial in the same direction. The consensu of colo nial opinion appear to be that the ex press tendeuoy of the female vote is in favor of promoting the solid happiness of the individuals who compose the com munity. Domestic life has not been dis turbed or even ruffled by the female por tion of the household possessing votes, and the women iu the exeroise of their new privileges have shown sound judg ment, great discretion and no small amount of independent thought. " THE COLUMBIAN, Opening of th Penngjlvania Bailroad Company's New Delaware Tuer Bridge. Inauguration of All Bail Train 8ervice to the Seashore. The new Delaware River Bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company will be opened to travel by the inau guration of through passenger train service from Broad Street Station to Atlantic City, commencing Sunday, April 19, 1896. A norning express train will leave Broad Street Station daily at 9.05 A. M., after arrival of the night ex press trains from all portions of the Pennsylvania Railroad system, and arrive at Atlantic City at 10.55 A. M. An afternoon express train will leave Broad Street Station daily at 7.00 P. M., and arrive at Atlantic City at 8.50 P. M. This train will connect with the Day Express and Main Line Express from all points in Pennsylvania and the West and North, and the train leaving Washington at 3.15 P. M. and Baltimore at 4.20 P. M. Returning, a morning train will leave Atlantic City daily at 10.10 A. M., arriving at Broad Street Station at 11.57 A. M., and connecting with the Pennsylvania Limited, and the Fast Line to the West and North, and the u.09 noon train for Balti more and Washington. Another train will leave Atlantic City daily at 4.45 P. M., arriving at Broad Station at 6.40 P. M., and connecting with the 6.55 T. M. train for Baltimore and Washington and the evening trains for all points on the Pennsylvania System. AH of these trains will carry parlor cars. An extra fare of twenty-five cents will be charged in each direction on trains via the Delaware River Bridge, in connection with tickets good via Market Street Ferry. Philadelphia. By the opening of this new all-rail route to the seashore the transfer of passengers and baggage through Philadelphia will be avoided, and, as will be seen by the connections given above, the territory from which pass engers can reach Atlantic City in a daylight journey has been extended in every direction to Pittsburg, Buffalo, Danville, and Norfolk, Va. An exchange savs: On the summit of a hill in central Potter county, Pa., are four springs so near together that a person may carry water in the hol low of his hand from one of them and drop some of it in the other three. In one of these springs the Allegheny river has its source. Another is the fountain head of the Genesee river. In the third the Sinnemahoning creek rises, and the fourth Pine creek. The waters thus started from one spring have their outlet in the Gulf of Mex ico, those of another in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and those of the other two in the Chesapeake Bay. The fact that a Missouri Democrat threw a glass of water in the face of the chairman of the state convention at Sedalia, on Wednesday, shows to what pitch the fight between the gold and silver people down there has worked itself. Had such an act been committed in Kentucky it would have been considered a mortal insult, no doubt. Constipation Causes fully half the sickness In the world. It retains the digested food bra long In the bowels and produces biliousness, torpid Uver, Indl- nloodl's gestlon, bad taste, coated nB H tongue, sick headache, In- I LL) II f omnia, etc. Hood's Pills lf III S euro constipation and all Its results, easily and thoroughly. 25c. All druggists. Prepared by C. I. Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass. The only Pills to take with Hood's Sarsaparilla. PlodW Drives away j pain. IT TOUCHES THE 1 spot Those who once buy SEELIQ'S keep coming back r i- 'tM ' 1 ior 11. tun ad mixture makes the flavor of cof fee delicious. All Grocer. The Leading Conumtory of America, iasi. rLTH, uuractor. louMll UN by '"Jj" wt Send for FrotMetm l .-1 lNS?-,ilni full vivlnv full information. Frank W. Hal, Central Manacer. l II III r oesi Dy 1 adding a lit j tie of Seellj'gj coffee. ac. a packge. I BLOOMSBURG. PA. comes to stay I There is more than one food which will cause the body to increase in weight. A free supply of sugar will do this ; so will tfi- stare hv foods! cream, and some other fats. But to become fleshy, and yet remain in poor health, is not what you want Cod-liver oil increases the weight because it is a , fat-producing food. But it does far more than this. It j alters, or changes, the processes of nutrition, restoring the normal functions of tne various J of Cod-liver Oil with, hypophosphites, is pure cod liver in a I digested condition. So that when a person gains in weight i fmm CAAttl T? ..1 it im .r.n ,, rf ttt-n til Jtl TC First, the oil has acted as a fat-producing food ; and, second, it has restored to the body a healthy condition. Such an improvement is permanent ; it comes to stay. a cU. and $1 a bottle, SCOTT A BOWKE, Ch.mUu, N.w York. ALEXANDER BROTHERS & CO. DEALERS IN Cigars, Tobacco, Candies, Fruits and Huts SOLE AGENTS FOR Henry Mail lard's Fine Candies. Fresli Every Week. I?:Etc27"2- Goods .a. Specialty. SOLR AGENTS FOR F. F. Adams & Co's Fine Cut Chewing Tobacco Sole agents for the following brands of Cigars- Haary Clay, Loadros, Normal, Indian Princess, Samson, Silver As Bloomsburg Pa. Our Spring Styles cf Slices are nearly all in. 25 years experience in shoe buying puts us in the Iront rank of shoe dealers. Comfort, style and durability are combined in our shoes. Co?.:ies Iron and Main Sts. W. H. floore. fVide Iow kid Gcood Worlr. For the finest and best stoves, tinware, roofing, spouting and general job work, go to W. W. Watts, on Iron street! Buildings heated by steam, hot air or hot water in a satisfac tory manner. Sanitary Plumbing a specialty.. I have the exclusive control of the Thatcher steam, hot water and hot air heaters lor this territory, which is acknowl edged to be the best heater on the market. All work guaran- IRON STREET. Revolutionized Prices for Spring, Amazing but Absolutely True Prices just one-half to double the sales. We know it's unusual. We know it's unprofitable. We've gone all over that, and decided, with Spring just beginning, to Break away from cut and dried methods by Selling for Half Price. want rhTet Whatever clott you Ct": WhatVer d0th" Winter buy Finest Overcoats worth $25.00 next October, are $12.50 now. Finest Black Suits worth $30.00, to-day we sell for $15.00. Spring Suits worth $12.00 go for $6.00 ; $8.75 ones $4.38. Spring Overcoats worth $12.00 are $6.00; $7.50 ones $1 7c: Boys' Suits ought to bring $8.00, now $4.ol f $4To onesS$2 00 Men's Trousers by thousands at just half. of Clothing at prices that don't ply JSL " & BrWS SAME AS EVER rSSS . railroad fare on purchases of moderate amount, as usual. Sixth and Market Sts. WANAMAKER & BROWN Twelfth and Market Sts. WM. H. WANAMAKER PHILADELPHIA organs ana tissues. W. W. WATTS, Bloomsburg- Pa. 10-2-.ly Great results demand bold strokes. We must double our sales or cut down the work of thousands who look to us for it. Unless we sell twice as much, we've goods enough for the whole season. That's why mm 3fe IFeet I wet again? You'll die tome day. IlcforeJ long, too, if you don't take care of those feet. Some of the' newest, most desirable tilings. in wet weather shoes are here. ) THE MARKETS. BLOOMSBURG MARKETS. COSMCTID WIIILT. BITAIL fSICIS. Butter per lb $ ,aa Eggs per dozen .12 Lard per lb .10 Ham per pound til Pork, whole, per pound ,00 Beef, quarter, per pound .... .07 Wheat per bushel 80 Oats " " a8 Rye " " So Wheat flour per bbl 4 00 Hay per ton 13 to $14 Potatoes per bushel, .35 Turnips " " 35 Onions " " .40 Sweet potatoes per peck 35 to .30 Tallow per lb 4i Shoulder " " n Side meat " 07 Vinegar, per qt 07 Dried apples per lb .05 Dried cherries, pitted .10 Raspberries ,u Cow Hides per lb .! Steer " " CalfSkin 80 Sheep pelts ,, ,75 Shelled corn per bus .$0 Corn meal, cwt 3.00 Bran, " ,,00 Chop 1 .00 Middlings " 1.00 Chickens per lb new ,i " " "old i3 Turkeys " " 1,1 Geese " " Ducks " " 08 COAL. No. 6, delivered t.40 "4ndS" 3.50 M 6 at yard t.tj " 4 and s at yard. 3.15 Bring the Babies. INSTANTANEOUS PROCESS USED. Strictly first-class guaranteed photographs, crayons and copys at reasonable prices. We use exclusively the Collolion Aristotype pa. pers, thus securing greater beauty of finish and permanency of results. CAPWELL, MARKET SQUARE GALLERY. Ii-22-ly. Over Hart man's Store. 8 Bloomsburg fj Store Co., Ltd. J
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers