Modern Criminality. tHK FORCE AND VIOLENCE OF OTHER PAYS HAS CHANGED TO FRAUD AND ASTUTENESS. There are two forms of criminality, the atavic and evolutional. Atavic criminality is the return of certain in dividuals, whose physiological and etiological constitutions is morbid, psy tn such means of the struggle for cx jstencc as civilization has suppressed, nich as murder, robbery, etc Now the natural forces which formerly im pelled men to battle in this sanguin ary manner have not entirely ceased to act upon humanity i they still act, and excite men to certain antagonisms, which occupy the entire life of almost til human kind, excepting only those who, possessing a superior moral sense, refuse to become entangled in self-interested struggles, even if this course of action costs them some trouble. But the means of the strug gle have changed through the influence of civilization these were formerly force and violence ; they are to day fraud and astuteness. No one can deny that an immense number of thefts are committed every day, of which the law takes no cogni zance; that human cupidity finds means of satisfying itself even if it does not employ the sword and poison, which sometimes makes one wonder, with horror, if all human progress is not menaced with failure. This is the transformation of savage criminality among civilized people. It is to day, unfortunately, a normal condition of existence that this battle of astuteness has replaced the war of the muscles. For, as long as the social conditions last, no human power will be able to prevent men from stealing from each other, just as it is impossible to keep men living in a stale of barbarous anarchy from killing each other. From this point of view all modern humanity is imbued, to some extent, with evolu tional criminality. These, however, who really form that criminality, which I call evolu tional, are the men who, endowed with a greater talent or favored by a too prosperous fortune, push that bat tle of intrigue and deceit to a mon strous excess, which makes it too great a danger to all modern society. These, in reality, only employ to a great extent the means of enriching themselves that all the world uses on a small scale ; but their action, on ac count of the excessive development which they give to the means of the struggle for existence, should be con sidered as abnormal and, therefore punishable; while the same means, applied on a small scale, are entirely normal, and, although our moral sense feels them unworthy, remain unpunish ed ; for law would be powerless and even unjust to injure them. Those who make use of the means that so ciety has given them, without annoy ing the social life more than others, are evidently only using their rights. But, for the great evolutional crimin als, it will not do to trust too much to the effects of the punishment ; they are the product of our customs and will always be found so long as our customs remain unchanged. Guill aume Ferrero, in Revue des Revues. Deafness Cannot be Cored by local applications as they cannot reach the diseased portion of the ear. There is only one way to cure deaf ness, and that is by constitutional remedies. Deafness is caused by an inflamed condition of the mucous lining of the Eustachian Tube. When this tube is inflamed you have a rum bling sound or imperfect hearing, and when it is entirely closed, Deafness is the result, and unless the inflamma tion can be taken out and this tube re stored to its normal condition, hear ing will be destroyed forever; nine cases out of ten are caused by catarrh, which is nothing but an inflamed con dition of the mucous surfaces. We will give One Hundred Dollars for any case of Deafness (caused by catarrh) that cannot be cured by Hall's Catarrh Cure. Send for circulars free. F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, O. "Sold by Druggists, 75 c. im. Iron Bridge Completed. The last span of the iron railroad bridge between Packer's Island and Northumberland was put in place on Sunday. This completes the work for this season, although there is a small span to build on the Northumberland side over the canal. The bridge cost the company about $90,000 and was not built by contract, but was erected by the company itself. The iron work cost $54,000, the stone work $17,000 and the cost of putting it together was $15,000. while the cost of painting it will be $3,000. There are six spans and each span required seven thous and bolts or forty-two thousand bolts in all. A remarkable tact in its erec tion was that every bolt fitted perfect ly, not a ream having to be made for any of them. Next year the bridge from the island to the Sunbury side will be built and then the double track will be laid. Sunbury Daily. Strained Relations. . A. Yon are related to her by mar nage, are you not ? B No ; I'm her brother by refusal. Demoretfi Magazine. The Great Union County Tair. 11ROOK PARK, LEWIRBURO, SEPTEMBER sont, 7TH, a&m and 29111, 1893. Grand parade of live stock and dis play of agricultural products on track, Wednesday and Thursday, Sept. 27th and 28th at 10 o'clock A. M. Large nnd grand displays by organizations. Three good races each day Wed nesday, Thursday and Friday, Sept. 27th, aSth and agth. 53,000 111 premiums for stock and agricultural products. $2,000 in purses for speed. Grand attractions every day. $6,000 in purses for speed at Lewis burg, Milton and Bloomsburg. The successive weeks, 25 milc3 apart. Don't miss Lewisburg Fair. Ayer's Sarsaparilla does what no other blood medicine in existence can do. It searches out all the impurities in the system and expels them harm lessly mrougn tne proper channels. T1.:. ,'. -i c linn 1a wuy nyci s oa.i"illu.l ma is go pre eminently effective as a remedy for rheumatism. Tha Decline of the Grand Army." The twenty-seventh National En campment of the Grand Army of the Republic has nowmssed into history. The veterans have gone or are going their ways homeward from Indiampo lis, and can think over at leisure the events of their meeting. taken altogether, it was a great gathering. More than 20,000 men, it is said, marched in the parade, and there were ten times that number of admiring onlookers. The railroads have remarkable figures of the passen gers they carried to town. The affair was perhaps helped by the opportunity of combining the reunion with a trip to the big Chicago show. It was held, too, at the place of the very first National Encampment, and there were pathetic elements in the reminis cences and in the contrast between 1866 and 1893. Ringing speeches were made, and there was plenty of enthusiasm among the hearers and no abatement in the glow of comrade ship. But there was something more sug gestive at the meeting than all this, For the first time in the history of the Grand Army its roll showed a clear and indisputable falling off. The year before, at the Washington encamp ment, there had been an omen of what has now come. The annual gain in membership, once reckoned in tens of thousands, had fallen to only 1,200 names. With a special anxiety and interest, therefore, the statistics of the present encampment were awaited. When they came it was found that, as had been feared, high water mark had already been passed and the ebb had set in. "After most earnest efforts," said Commander-in-Chief Weissert, in his annual address, "made by beaadua.ters, to increase the mem bership in good standing, a loss from June, 1892, of over 2,000 must be re ported. That this result had not oc cured without a determined attempt to avert it was shown by the fact be tween June and December, 1892, the membership had been increased, in spite of all inroads ; but that gain and more was lost early in the present year. A pardonable effort to explain the decline was made in the sugges tion that it may have been due to "the determination to weed out all mem bers who are practically a dead weight to the order, together with the pressure in financial matters throughout the country." But in another portion of the address it is shown ; that the loss by death alone for the year was more than 7,000, which was the greatest from that source ever known in the history of the order. The decline thus begun may be ex pected to continue from year to year, by slow gradations at first, and then rapidly. Compared with the great membership of 397,a3 in good stand ing, and 443,554 in all, a decrease of 2,000 is small; but its significance is in marking the turn of the tide. The Grand Army need not fear any loss of renown or of national gratitude in its days of decline. Perhaps, as the years go by, it may find itself less ca joled or attacked, and becoming a smaller and smaller factor in politics, but its dwindling reunions will show no falling off in the feeling of com radeship, or of enthusiasm for it in the hearts of the people JV. Y. Sun. Specimen Cases. ' S. C. Clifford, New Cassel Wis., was troubled with Neuralgia and Rheumatism, his Stomach was dis ordered, his Liver was affected to an alarming degree, appetite fell away, and he was terribly reduced in flesh and strength. Three bottles of Elec tric Bitters cured him. Edward Shepherd, Harrisburg, 111., had a running sore on his leg of eight years' standing. Used three bottles of Electric Bitters and seven boxes of Bucklen's Arnica Salve, and his leg is sound and well. John Speaker, Ka tawba, O., had five large Fever sores on his leg, doctors said he was incura ble. One bottle Electric Bitters and one box Bucklen's Arnica Salve cured him entiieiy. Sold by C. A. Kleim's Drug Store. 1 . a Sqyt If you can afford to bs annoyed by sick headache and constipation, don't use DeWitt's Little Early Risers for these little pills' will cure them. W. S. Rishton, Druggist. 10-14-17. j Autumn Tashions for Ladies. I The latest news from the fashionable ' centres indicate t iat jackets with full skirts and vciy large sleeve will i.e. extensively worn during the fall neavm, ! and also that, the princess gown irw newest models of which are verv ele gant will be very popular. As for skirls, the double skirt will be one of the features of the coming styles. For either jackets or waists the pretty "go dels" drapery and the picturesque directoire revers will be universally adopted. The McDowell Magazines, which are the leading fashion publi cations, both in Paris and this coun try, contain many designs of all the newest styles. Moreover thev eive lessons.on practical dressmaking which are of great assistance to professional, as well as to amateur dressmakers. And what is still more advantageous, Messrs. A. McDowell & Co. repro duce any of their illustrations (or in deed, for that matter, any design clip ped from any other fashion journal) in the form of made up paper models with flat patterns besides exactly rep resenting every detail of 'the original. This simplifies dressmaking in a re markable degree, and is especially valuable to those who wish to appear welt dressed on the most economical plan. "LaMode de Paris," "Paris Album of Fashion," "The French Dressmaker," and 'La Mode" are the most popular of these magazines. The former two cost only $3.50 each a year, or 35 cents a copy. "The French Dressmaker" is $3.00 per an num, while "La Mode" costs only $1.50 a year, or 15 cents a copy. If you are unable to procure any of these publications at your newsdealer, do not accept any substitute, but apply directly to Messrs. A. McDowell & Co., 4 West 14th Street, New York. After a sea diet, to prevent boils and assist acc.imation, use Ayer s Sar saparilla. The Last Series of Cheap-Rate Excursions to the Worlds Fair via the Pennsylvania Railroad. ADDITIONAL DATES FOR THE POPULAR . EXPOSITION TRIPS. As the period of the existence of the World's Columbian Exposition draws to a close the demand grows stronger for the economical and satis factory means of reaching Chicago provided heretofore by the Pennsyl vania Railroad Company. Recogniz ing the urgency of this popular need, that company has fixed a few addition al dates on which excursions of the same character as the previous ones will be run. September 23d, 28th, October 2d, nth, 17th, and 21st, are the clays selected from New York, Philadelphia, and points east of Pitts burg and Erie and north of York. The special trains will be composed of the standard coaches for which the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is noted, and the arrival in Chicago at an early hour the following afternoon obviously gives ample opportunity for the securing of accommodations at that place. The trains will leave New York 9.00 A. M., Jersey City 9.13, Newark 9.25, Elizabeth 9.32, New Brunswick 9.53, Trenton 10.23, Philadelphia it. 30, Frazer 12.09 P. M., Dowing town 12.32, Parksburz 12.41, Coates ville t.02, Lancaster 1.25, Conewago 1.57, Harrisbure 3.00 P. M., Lewis- town Junction 4.30, Tyrone 6.00, Al toona 7.00, and Pittsburg 10.40 P. M. The excursion rate, good only on the special train and valid for return with in ten days, is $20 from New York, $18.25 from Philadelphia, and pro portionately low from other stations. Return portions of tickets are good for ten days. These trains will be run on fast schedule, and will be provided with all modern conveniences with the ex ception of Pullman cars. : 1 Many expressions of complete satis faction have been made by people who have availed themselves of this excellent opportunity of visiting the greatest and grandest exhibition the world has ever seen. Summer Weakness And that tired feeling, loss of appetite and nervous prostration are driven away by Hood's Sarsaparilla, like mist before the morning sun. To realize the benefit of this great medidne, give it a trial and you will join the army of enthusiastic admirers of Hood's Sarsaparilla. Sure, efficient, easy Hood's Pills. They should be in every traveller's grip and every family medicine chest. 25c. box. How They Learn. Little Dot I don't see how cows can eat grass. Little Dick I s'pose when they it young the mother cow keeps sayin' to their childrens : . "If you don't eat grass, you sha'n't have any pie." Good ATeioa. DeWitt's Witch Hazel Salve cures piles. DeWitt's Witch Hazel Salve cures burns. DeWitt's Witch Hazel Salve cures sores. DeWitt's Witch Hazel Salve cure ulcers. W. S. Rishton, Druggist, iy S20, $15 and lor 8 New York clothing maker was hard up for cash. Wc bought all his Men's Suits (made to sell for $20, $15 and $12) at a price that enables U3 to offer them at $8.50 per Suit. in We are selling Boys $5.00 Knee Pant Suit for $2.50. Hundreds to pick from. This was another clean-out BROWNING, KING & CO. 910-912 Chestnut Street WARREN A. REED. Opposite Post Office, Philadelphia Girls and Spending-Money. The girl who is earning her money by working says with a sigh, when she buys a hat that is too extravagant or a box of sweets that she doesn't need, "Well, I worked hard enough for this money, I may spend it as I please," writes Ruth Ashmore in a pleasant article on "Girl3 and the Use of Money" in the September Ladies' Home Journal. That sounds reas onable, but she ought to want to spend it in the right way. She ought to think of the days when possibly sickness will come then coes she want to feel sure that she hasn't a dol lar in the world and that she is being taken care of by people on whom she has no claim ? Or there will come a day when everybody else is going for an outing ; will she have to decline be cause she hasn't saved any money ? I know she has earned it ; I know the fine hat, or the fine gown may be very tempting but the mere fact that she has given her strength and her ner vous force to get this money, should make her cautious in taking care of it. "Shall I be mean ?" asks a sensitive girl. No, my dear, but I tell you it is just as well to remember the old proverb about being just, before you are generous. There is no generosity in contributing to a floral piece for some dead comrade and owing a bill to your washerwoman ; there is no generosity in treating all the girls you know to ice cream and having to catch cold because you haven't a inicx nannei petticoat on, tne reason being that you have no money to buv one. The girl who is talked of as generous with money, is. I am sorry to say, too often very foolish with it. She is ready, when she has it, to lend it to whoever asks her, to give to what ever is going on. and when it is gone she either sutlers from its loss in mor tification and tears, or else she be comes a borrower. The wise girl is the one who tempers generosity with sense. I have been a sufferer from catarrh for years. Having tried a number of remedies advertised as "sure cures" without obtaining any relief, I had resolved never to take any other pat ent medicines, when a friend advised me to try Ely's Cream Balm. I did so with ereat reluctance, but can now testify that after using it for six weeks I believe myself cured. It is a most agreeable remedy an invaluable Balm. Joseph Stewart, 624 Grand Avenue Brooklyn. Spared Every Annoyance. , "Why do you cross the street every time you see me comincr ?" asked a gentleman of another. "Are you try ing to avoid the payment of that debt? "Not a bit of it," was the reply. It's merely to save you the annoyance of asking me for the money every time you 6ee me. I know it must be distasteful, and I want to show you every consideration." JV". ' Y. Her ald. Your Painter has often wasted time and material la trying to obtain a shade of color, and as even resorted to the use of ready mixed paints, the Ingredients of which ha knew nothing; about, because of the difficulty in making a shade of color with white lead. This waste can be avoided by the use of National Lead Company's Pure White Lead Tinting Colors These tints are a combination of per fectly pure colors, put up in small can, and prepared so that one pound will tint 35 pounds of Strictly Pure White Lead to the shade shown on the can. By this means you will have the best paint in the world, because made of the best materials Strictly Pure White Lead and pure colors. Insist on having 4 brand of white lead that is standard, manufactured by the " Old Dutch " process, and known to be strictly pure the John X. Lewis & Bros. This brand of Strictly Pur White Lead end National Lead Cos Pur White Lead Tinting Colore are for eal by the moat re liable dealers in paints everywhere. ir you ar going to paint, it will to send to us you tion that may eave you many dollar it wiU lor a book tr eav vou 1 book containing Iniorma- only cost you a postal card. JOHN T. LEWIS & BROS. CO., 4 . Philadelphia. Sr2 Suits 50 Fine PHOTO GRAPHS and CRAYONS at McKillip Bros., Bloomsburg. The best are the cheapest. ratckeater'e EeatUb IHimI UrneS. UriiEfflft for mifhuttft KnaiUh Via mtmd Brand In tied uf Void mtn;t arc, uifi rviuiii. la die, ui im, rsUtjd with bio ribbon. Talcs to ttarapfli tot Mrtlnlut, iMtinonltU to4 Hllar fnr I.MllM."Mi4ir. h -.. UvHM and imitation. Al Lrus1sn. ar awnd !. 7- T CBIraertvrf'aeBUeal VeHMr" a-Ji- iw. PILES AX AStSTS " give Instant renei arm is an iniumme Care for files. 1'rtrcSl. Ily Druggistaorinnil. Samples free. Aikln-M-'AS A k KSIH.' Oox Mid, Now York City. GOT A GBIP on Mother Earth an1 won't let sro till It'a itnrrniir 1 . Wll IVBUH5 VUll A f lit Erath's Patent Hitching Post. Tbe anchor on the bottom resists all attempts at loosening by ani mals or front, Though these posts win ouuiist several of tbecld kind, they cost leas. Built, of wrought auu uiaiiUKUie iron uy O. W, ERATH 03 8. Main. niiHvtgiiriv, rm LY CataprH UiUSAM eALM Cleans the Natal Passages, Allays Pain and Inflammation, Heals the Sores. Restores the Sense of Taste and smell. TBI THE CUBE A particle In applied Into each nostril and Is ajrroeable. 1'rloe 50 cents at rrujKtln: by mall ri-.'iHLera, ou ots. imu i units, ra warren mmm w . . OOPTRIOMT, 'or tnfmattea andfraa Hurt book writ to MUNN k CO, M Bboadwat, Maw You dM barM for Monrlna patanU tn Anir Oldwt Tou. ' uonrini natanta In AauriM. 117 ptDt taken out by 1 brought before imiMie dj uuues itb zraa oi enarga U IM Mifsss emralatlosi of any setanttSe Papsr ra th world. Bpleodldlr llhutraUd. Mo T Intelligent soao should b vUhout It. Wklr. S3.00 a 11' earf $1.60 elk tan the. Adenaa 45?- dIiImhihu. 9 U rodv Xi if York THOMAS GORREY Plans and Estimates on all kinds of buildings. Repairing and carpenter work promptly attended to. klsr is Builder's Supplies. Inside Hrrdwood finishes a specialty. Persons of limited means who desire to build can pay pari and secure balance by mortgage. OUR WLII'S M BEVERAGE. TUo most healthful and popular drluk of tho I'iie proper drink for both table and tlrpNlde now wlihln tun reach of all. Kvery thrliiy liousowlfi' van provide for her home, grape, or. anije, pear, cherry, apple, bunuiia and pim-appin cHterh al the siuull expeuw of lift cm ct-nla per gallon. Keep your hUxbHiidx nud suns ut. lioiu by preparing for them those delightful and Uiirmk'KH drinks: thereby saving the money that mlRlit possibly nnd its way Into the wi loous. Honly takes ten minutes to make any one of these delightful drinks. Enclose 10 mnu for one, or W eenis for seven of the "Krult Older itMLo? co- -lotf. ft it x isr mm ft r x v u, i HAY l'u Jolsstlflo At1Cm Mj T THADB MARKS), The health authorities at Lisbon hare raised the quarantine ngalnst Teasels ar riving from the port of New York, which had been established In consequence of re I orta of tbe appearance of cholera in Jer sey City. THK IIRjiZIMAX HE VOLT. S fragmentary of the Ilombardraent at Kin. Xf w York, Sept 15. A Buenoe Ayres tek'Kiara gives fragmentary now of th Brit.iHan revolt. l'rexMeut, Peixoto stilt controls the telegraph lines. The insurgent sqitiirlrou Is reported to hare bombarded an arsenal town near Rio Janeiro, but which one lls itnpoaslbla aa yet to ascertuln. Tbe Insurgents captured the government gunboat Alauoas, which lay in the harbor, and surrendered with out firing a shot. The forts at tho en trance to the harbor fired on the Insurgent fleet, but without effect. The Insurgents directed their fire upon the arsenals and forts. Tbo govern men t ironclad Banl!, ; which started for 1'nrnuuy river to op-, pose any revolt In the fleet at Matto Gros-1 o, has been ordered to return to the' de fence of Hlo Janeiro. The officers of the government gunboat Tlrudentes, which has been in the liHrlior of Montevideo for several days, expect to tie attacked shortly by the Insurgent transport Itacca nnd they have prepared their ship for action. Of the 4D ollicera in the Uraiilian navy 2tt have Joined the insurgents. American interests in I'.rar.il are abno lutelv unprotected, unless the preseuce of tbe United States Minister at Rio can be considered as a protection to them. It will be frnro four dnys to a week before the cruiser Charleston crni reach Wo from Mon tevideo, for whili the distance Is only 1,0'M miles the vessel will lie obliged to cohI before starting and coaling is Hume thing not easily accomplished at the latter port. Yesterday the naey department was In formed of tbe departure of the Detroit from Hampton Roada for Brazil. The journey to Rio will consume two weeks, so that the vessel cannot ipiu the Charleston until September 2H at the earliest. Another dispatch stutes that the tele graph odice at Rio has been abandoned on, account of the bnmlmrdment. This mar cause additional delay in the transmission of official dispatches. Telegrama sent via Lisbon have passed uninterrupted, but tho Galveston and other lines have experienced much trouble in getting telegraphic mat ter through. TRAIX nOBDERT A8 A TRADE. A Texas liandlt Threatens to Implicate Leading; Itaelnass Man. Sah AitTonro, Tex., Sep. 18. Nathaniel Myers, alias Charles Leakman, who is in jail here charged with being implicated in the Missouri Pacific train robbery- near Lamar, Mo., which took place two year ago, makes some startling disclosures as to the guilt of Marion Hedgepath, who is i jail at St Louis, charged with being the leader of the Glendale train robbers, who secured $40,000. Hedgepath claims to b Meyers' double and says that the latter was the leader of the Glendale robbers and not he. Myers in reply to this says: "I have shielded Hedgepath all along ir the matter but I will now tell all I know.' He got me into the trouble and Is now try ing to put It all on me. I know tha Hedgepath Is one of tbe Glendale train robbers and I can produce four witnesses that can prove that he is. When I am called upou to tell what I know about tha Glendale robbery my statement will impli cate some of the most prominent business men of Kansas City, Mo. It will bs an ' easy matter to prove that Hedgepath ts guilty of the robbery. Mrs. Hedgepath herself said that her husband was on of the robbers and that $40,000 were secured and that the money was divided in her preeenae. ' Four of tbe men received an -equal share of the money. They were Hedgepath. Mrs. Hedgepath's brother, s man named 8 lie, and Dink Wilson." BOLD FRONT. Tfc Amalgamate Aseoelatlra Kara) l Madlry Their Uemaad. - Prrrssvna, Sep. 18. The question of re-' convening the conference committee of the" Amalgamated Association of Iron and1 Steel workers, recently submitted to all of the lodges in the country, has been rated npon and the result of the ballot of , a majority of workmen has been received at Amalgamated Association headquarters tn this city. The object sought in present! nor ths question to the sub-lodges was to - , sure from them authority to modify the de- -mauds made by the committee In their recent conference with the manufacturers, 3 with a Tiew to smooth sway the raush I plaoes on which they failed to agree,, , It was noned ty tne acceptance of a 10 per cent, reduction in tbs bar and guide mill scales that the way would be opened for 1 the mills to bs placed in operation and the1 many thousand, idle workmen given em-i ployment. The result of the ballot, how-' ever, is against the reconvening of the committee or the granting of any further ouoeestons m the wage scale. Anglican ArohMshops In Caaa4a. , Toronto, Ssp. 30. The House of Bish ops of tha Synod of the Chnroh of Eng land in Canada, sleeted Bishop Machray f Ruperts Land Primate of . Canada and Metropolitan of the Province of Ruperts Land. It was decided that both he and Bishep Lewis, the easteru Metropolitan, should be created archbishops, in which decision the lower house concurred. This is the nrst Instance oi the creation of Anglican Archbishops in Canada. Uust Staud Trial at llama. Nsw York, Sep. 20. Justice Cullen, in the Supreme Court, Brooklyn, yesterday decided that ex-Mayor Patrick J. Gleason of Long Island City, should stand trial in Queens county for auditing false bills and conspiring to defraud tbe i:tty. Mr. - Glea son was recently Indicted for selling to the city a Are engine for $2,100 which he pur- cnasea ror sou. tie asxeu lor a cnamie of venue because of the prejudice against him in long isinuQ iity. A Wuiuau EUctnl. Hartford, hep. .0. At a meeting of tha board of education iu Welhemlleld Miss Mary L. Waruer was elected actinr school visitor for the coming year, her du ties to begin at once. Her election is th. first in the State under the now statute. buffering Southerners. Charleston, S. C, Sap. 19. The Rec Cross Association has taken charge of the relief of sufferers from the recent flood and make an appeal tor further aid. Oliver strike Off. rYurtsBURO, Sep. 90. Tha strike at Oliver's South Tenth street mill hsa Urn declared off.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers