®Jtf iiJiujatm
IS PUBLISH kT
KVEKY rum AY morning,
uv
J, K. !>l RBORROW \M> JOJA LITZ,
ON . i
ll IiIANASt.. ppo*iu l!ip Mcugcl House
ISEDI {)HD, PKN'N'A.
TKRSf):
I '.OO a year if paid strictly iu advance.
!' not paid within Mix months |2.50.
il not paid within the year Ha.oo.
yrofeiMShnwt & Caress.
ATTORNEYS AT LAW.
j\o. H. Filler J. T. KRAUT.
CILLEK A KEAGY
1 Have formed a partnership in the practice of
tire law. Attention paid to Pensions, Bounties
and Claims against the Government.
Office on Juliana street, formerly occupied by
lion. A. King. aprU:'6s-*ly._
SOHX I'AI.nKK.
Attorney at latw, Bedford, Pa,.
Will promptly attend to all business entrusted to
his care.
Particular attention paid to the collection
of Military claims. Office on Joi-anus Hi I, nearly
opposite the Meogei House.) june 23, '65.1y
t B. CESSNA
J . ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Office with Jons CESSNA, on Pitt St., opposite the
Bedford Hotel. All business entrusted to his care
will receive faithful and prompt attention. Mili
tary Claims, Pensions, Ac., speedily collected.
Bedford, June 9,18(55.
i. it. in John Mm.
I \UR BORROW A LUTZ,
[ ) .fTTOK.VK l*s JtT tjA If,
BEDFORD, PA.,
Mill attend promptly to all business intrusted to
their care. Collections wado on the shortest no
tiee.
They are. also, regularly licensed Claim Agents
and will give special attention to the prosecution
„f claims against the Government for Pensions,
Back Pay, Bounty, Bounty Lands, Ac.
office on Juliana street, one door tfouth of the
"Mendel House" and ucarly'upposite the Inquirer
office. April 28, 1865:tf
I -.-TV M. A I.SIR.
LU ATTORNEY AT LAW, BEDFORD, PA.,
Will faithfully and promptly attend to all busi
ness entrusted to his care in Bedford and adjoin
iug counties. Military claims, Pensions, back
pay, Bounty, Ac. speedily collected. Office with
Mann A Spang, on Juliana street, 2 doors aoutb
l i tiie Mengel House. *pll> 1864. tf.
M. A. POINTS,
ATTORNEY AT LAW. BEDFORD, PA.
Respectfully tenders bis professional services
tc the public. Office with J. W. Lingenfeltcr,
Kfsti.. on Juliana street, two doors South of the
••Meogle Hou>e." D ec - 1864-tf. :
RIMMELL AND LI.VGENFELTER,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW, BEKFORn. PA.
Have formed a partnership in the practice of
the Law Office on Juliana Street, two doors South
.1' the Mengel House.
.iprl, 1864—-if. ■
FOHN MOWER,
J ATTORNEY AT LAW.
BBOFORK, PA.
April 1, ISS4. —tf.
DEXTISTS.
c. V. HICKOK G. Mission, JR.
DENTISTS, BEDFORD, PA.
QJire in the Bank Building, Juliana Street.
All operations pertaining to Surgical or Me
chanical Dentistry carefully and faithfully per
formed and warranted. TERMS CASH.
janfi'6s-ly. .
TFVENTTSTRY.
I * 1. N. BOWSER, RESIDENT LEFTIST, \\ OOI>-
Binsr, l'A- will spend the second Monday, Tiies
,l,l v. and Wednesday, of each month at Hopewell,
the remaining three days at Bloody Run, attend
ne to the Unties of bis profession. At all other
tines he can be found in his office at Woodbury,
excepting the last Monday and Tuesday of the
same month, which he will spend in Martinsburg,
Blair countv, Penna. Persons desiring operations
should call early, as time is limited. All opera
ions warranted. Aug. 5,1 >4,- ■■
PHYSICIANS.
WM.~*V. JAMISON, M.D.,
\\ BLOODY RES, 1 A.,
Respectfully tenders his professional services to
the people of that place and vicinity. [deeSHyr
P. lE. PKNNSYL, M. D-,
(late Surgeon 50th P. \ . V.)
BLOODY HI N, PA..
Offers his professional services as Physician and
Surgeon to the citizens of Bloody Run and vlcl "~
* aecr.lTr*
Oil £ K. HARRY, '
Respectfully tenders his professional ser
vice* to the citizens of Bedford aud vicinity.
Office and residence on Pitt Street, in the hutiding
formerly occupied !>y hr. J. H. llofius.
April!, 1864 — _
I L. MARBOURR, M D.,
*J . Having permanently located respectfully
tenders hi? pofeseional services to the citizens
of Bedford and vicinity. Office or. Juliana street,
• tit 'site the Bank, one door north oi Hall <fc Pal
mer's office. April 1, 1864—tf.
HOTEU.
BEDFORD HOUSE,
AT HOPEWELL, BEDFORD COL.NTY, 1 A.,
BY IIARKY DROLLINGER.
Every attention given to make guests com fort able,
who stop at this House.
Hopewell, July 29, 1864.
ITS. HOTEL.
I . lIARRISBUKU. PA.
CORNER 81XTH AND MARKET STREETS,
OPPOSITE READING R- R- DEPOT.
r. H. HUTCHINSON, Proprietor.
j in 6:65. . ;
|{A\Kim
FC. W. RL"PP........0. E. SHANNON.......!*. BKNKDIL'T
1)1 PP, SHANNON A '< BANKERS,
IV BEDFORD, PA.
BANK OF DISCOUNT AND DEPOSIT.
COLLECTIONS made for the East, IV est. North
and South, and the general business of Exchange,
transacted. Notes and Accounts Collected and
Remittances promptly made. REAL ESTATE
bought and sold. apr.lS,'64-tf.
JEWELER, &v.
I OHN REIMUK l>.
•I CI.OCK AND WATCHIBAKKK,
in the United State* Teleprapb office,
BEDFORD, PA.
Clock*, watches, and all kinds of jewelry
promptly repaired. All work entrusted to his cure
warranted to give entire satisfaction. [novA-lyr
DANIEL lIORDKR,
PITT STREET, TWO I>OOBS WEST OF THE BEI>
FORD HOTEL, BKBFORP, PA.
WATCHMAKER AND DEALER IN JEWEL
RY. SPECTACLES. AC.
He keeps on hand a stock of tine Gold and Sil
ver Watches, Spectacles of Brilliant Doable Refin
ed Glasses, also Scotch l'ehble Glasses. Gold
Watch Chains, Breast Pins, Finger Rings, best
quality of Gold Pen*. He will supply to order
any thing in his line not on hand,
apr. 28, 1885—7.*.
lOKXIS Kuitnitir for lioiUctn.v Present*.
HENRY HA 1? PER,
530 AKC II Stteel,
Plf lI.AI>KI,I'IIIA.
WATCHES,
FINK JEWKI.RY,
NOMUMLTCK WAKE,
and .Superior MM'EB PIATEII WARE.
Oct. 6.:3ni.
JCSTICES OF TH E PEACE.
JOHN MAJOR,
•> JUSTICE OF THE PEACE, HOI-EWKU,,
P'DFOBO COUNTY, (.'oileutions and all business
rtaining to his office will be attended to prompt
I.' - Will also attend totbr sole or renting of real
1 ate luhtriyi cuts of witting carefully prcpar
<•"> Also settling up partnerships and other ae
cv at*. A pt -81—y.
l"KBORROW Sc LITZ Editors and Proprietors.
ikbforb Inquirer.
BEDFORD, PA., FRIDAY JAY. 18, 1866.
COFFBOTII VS. KOONTZ.
The following legal argument drawn by
Hon. Jeremiah S. Black,and read before the
Committee on Elections in Congress last
week, is exhaustive of the question. It
presents the facts and the law in a manner
that precludes successful controversy, and as
a lesson fof the revdltitfohAry return judges
of several counties of the district, it has pe
culiar value. We subjoin the opinion:
The election laws of Pennsylvania provide
in substance as follows;
Ist. Two inspectors and one judge shall
he chosen to conduct the election in each
district.
2. The inspectors, or in case of their disa
greement, the judge shall "decide on the
qualilicati ons of any person claiming the
right to vote, and the vote shall he received
or rejected, according to such decision.
3. After ballots are received and counted,
and the number cast for each person public
ly declared, a certificate thereof shall be
made and signed by the inspector and judge
which certificate shall he kept by the judge
until the third day after the election, when
he shali produce it at a meeting composed
of'judges from all the districts of the county
assembled at the Court House.
4. The judges from all the districts being
met and organized, by the appointment of a
president and two sworn clerks, the votes
"as thev shall appear by mid certificates in
have been given," must be added together,
and thereupon a return shall be made and
signed by all the judged, and abtfotcd by the
clerks. This return shows the aggregate
u umber of votes in the county given for each
person, with respect to each office, as certi
fied by the inspectors and judges of the sev
eral disti icts.
5. The county board is expressly forbidden
to 1 eject or omit from their computation any
vote which shall appear by the certificate to
have been given, except where the certifi
cate is too defective to be understood, and in
that case an exact copy of the detective pa
per shall be certified and appended to the
return, and the original shall be filed in the
Protbouotary's office.
6. Where two or more counties compose
a congressional district, a certificate of the
votes gives for the several candidates for
Congress shall be made out, signed by all
the judges, and attested by the clerks, which
certificate shall be put in charge of one of
the judges, who shall produce it at a meet
ing of one judge from each county to be as
sembled on the Ttb day after the election at
a place in the district designated by law.
7. By these judges (one from each county
of the district) the votes given in the several
counties shall be added together, the person
hav ing the largest number shall be ascer
tained; duplicate returns duly certified shall
be made, one to the Prothonotary of the
county where the meeting is held, and one
to the Secretary of the Commonwealth.
They are also to sign and send a certificate
of election to the candidate chosen.
The mode of taking, counting and return
ing the soldiers, votes is as uoarly as possi
ble like that prescribed for elections at home
It Was manifestly intended that no differ
ence should exist between the two, except
what was node necessary by the different
circumstances of the cases. The judges (>i
election are to be chosen at the camp or hos
pital where the votes are given, they are to
certify and count the number of votes given
for each person, the certificates are to be
sent by mail directly to the Prothonotary of
the county where the voters belong, and the
county board of return judges must meet a
second time to receive and count them. But
the duty of the returning officers is precisely
the same as it is in respect to votes given at
home. It is declared (Page 99t>, acts of
I8b4) that all the provision of the general
election law not supplied by, inconsistent
with or inapplicable to the system of 1804,
shall apply to elections held under the latter
act. It is also specially provided ( page 994)
that the return judges at their second meet
ing, shall include in their enumeration the
votes no retai ned, ani proceed in all respectn
in like manner, as is provided by law in ca
ses where all the votes shall have been given
at the usual place of election.
It is plain from all this, that the return
ing officers have nothing but a mere minis
terial duty to perform, with respect either
to the home vote or the soldiers' vote. It
is true that, a judge while he is presiding at
in election must hear and decide the <|ues
(ions of law and fact, upon which a citizen's
right to vote may depend. But alter he has
received or rejected all the votes that are of
fered at the proper time and place, his ju
dicial duties arc ended, and his decisions
upon any particular case cannot be reversed
by himself, much less by the judges of oth
erdistricts. His certificate, with thatof the
inspectors (the whole three are called judges
in the act of 1864,) is conclusive upon the
county board. It would be an inexcusable
violation of the written law. for that board
to reject the certificate of the election officers
unless it la: so perfectly senseless that, as
suming it to be true, the number of votes
<-ast for the several candidates cannot be as
certained from it. Even then it is not to
be rejected, but merely omitted from the
count ex necessitate rei, aud sent forward
i for the inspection of others who may lie a
ble to spell it out more successfully. But
1 I have not heard that one ease of an unintel
ligible certificate has ever arisen in the
State.
It may happen, indeed, that judges and
inspectors wili decide erroneously upon the
rights of citizens and soldiers. It is by no
I means impossible that corrupt, fraudulent
and lalse certificates of election may be made
by them. But these ur* wrongs which the
A LOCAL AND GENERAL NEWSPAPER, DEVOTED TO POLITICS, EDUCATION, LITERATURE AND M ORALS.
county board or the district board of elec
tion judges are powerless to remedy. The
jurisdiction to go behind the certificate is
not given to the body whose business it is
merely to count up arid add together. In
the case of a legislative officer, the constitu
tion vests that power in the House to which
he demands admission, and there the law of
the State leaves it. In the case of a county
officer, the statute gives the authority of re
viewing the conduct of the judges and in
vestigating the truth of their certificates to
the courts.
The judges are required not to decide how
many votes were given, at the election, for
one candidate or another, but merely to say
how many are certified to them, not to re
ceive or reject returns, according to tbeir
discretion, but simply to look at all that are
produced, add them together, and sign their
names to a paper which declares the result,
This duty is so perfectly plain, all questions
upon which there might be any difference of
opinion, are so completely excluded from
their cognizance, that the law has made no
provision for the ease of a disagreement a
ruong them. The certificate which they
make must be signed by all the judges. They
must act as a unit. A mere majority has
no more right than a minority to reject a
part of the returns and then certify the bal
ance as being the whole vote of the county.
The certificate of a county heard not signed
by all the judges who composed it, is utter
ly void. Such is the letter of the law, and
such is its obvious intent and meaning. The
argumentum ah inconvenientc, is of no force
against the unequivocal words of a written
statute, and if it were, it might be used both
ways here: for although it he true that reck
less persons, by refusing to sign, may spoil
the proper evidence of an election, it is also
true that if the power existed iua portion of
the judges to establish by their naked cer
tificate what the others declare to be false,
such power would he habitually abused in
times of political excitement. It was wise
in the legislature to require unanimity, and
thus make it impossible for either party to
defraud the other. When the members of
a county borad divide on a question of arth
metic, it is right to reject the statements of
both. There can he no natural presump
tion in favor cf either, for one is as likely to
he true as the other.
But the election is not defeated by spolia
tion of the evidence. Rejecting all partial
certificates as being lawless, and therefore
destitute of any claim to attention, proving
nothing, and disproving nothing, we pass
backwards until we come to document#,
which bear upon their face the legal appear
ance of truth, and out of them arises that
presumption which constitutes a prima fac
ie title to the seat.
This Congressional District is composed
of the counties of Somerset, Bedford. Ful
ton Franklin and Adams, and Mr. Koontz
and Mr. G'offroth were the only persons vo
ted for.
The board of district judges (one from each
county) generally does, and would always, if
properly constituted, furnish sufficient evi
dence of the elections, for its duty is to cast
up all the votes and certify which candidate
has been chosen by the majority of the peo
pie. But in this case there were two district
boards, both of which met at Chambersburg
on the same day. Tli • were both without
authority. In both of them were members
who had been delegated by, and bore certifi
cates from only a part of their county boards.
In oue of them Somerset County was not
represented at all. One judge from Fulton
county was in both boards, and certified the
election of both candidates. The body which
returned Mr. Koontz has the advantage
over the other in this, that it counted all the
votes given in the district of which there
was any evidence. But it must be acknowl
edged that its certificate does not prove that
fact or any other, for this, like the certifi
cate of the opposing party, is of no-effect,
null and void.
A little fu ler statement of the facts seems
necessary here, to show the composition of
the district boards.
In Bedford and Adams, the county boards
divided, signed separate returns, and ap
pointed different persons to the district
hoard.
In Franklin, the county board signed the
return unanimously, and on the first day of
meeting, unanimously, appointed one of
their number to take it up to the district
board; but on the .second day, part of them
determined to appoint another man to rep
resent them at Chambersburg. while the
others adhered to their first choice. So this
board liad one return, but two men to carry
it.
In Fulton , the county hoard was unani
mous in the return, and agreed upon the
member to whom it should be entrusted.
There was no attempt to revoke his appoint
ment. but for some reason not known he
made himself a member of both the bodies
claiming to be district boards.
In Somerset there was no division on any
subject, and the person appointed to take
the return to Chambersburg, went there
with it, and joined the body which he prob
ably thought the legal one. refusing to unite
with the other. The result was that Som
erset had one undisputed and regular re
turn. sent bv one man, who submitted it to
one board. Fulton bad one return, and one
man to take it; but be took it to both pla
ces. Franklin had one return, but two rep
resentatives, who divided and went to differ
ent places. Bedford and Adams county
each had two returns and two representa
tives who joined different bodies at Chain-
Itersburg. The Koontz body (let me call it
so for distinction) had five members and
was a full board, but two of them had re
turns only partially signed, and had tlieir ap
j pointment only from a part of their county
board. One of t,bui had a lull return, butj
it of his county board had revoked (if
4 a pan uouid revoke/ hie authority. The 1
BEDFORD. Pa.. FRIDAY, JANUARY IQ, 1866.
other two were regularly authorized and
produced regular returns.
The Coffroth hoard had but four mem
bers, two of them irregularly appointed,
and bearing partial returns, one with a full
return, but an irregular appointment, tbe
fourth had been entrusted by his whole
county board, with lawful authority, and a
full return, but he had previously delivered
it to the other board. One county was not
represented at all.
Both of these bodies being illegally con
stituted, organized, not only without law,
hut against law, it is not necessary to in
quire which of the two is entitled to the
least respect, for neither is entitled to any
at all. The whole trouble grew out of the
preposterous notion that majorities are om
nipotent everywhere. I maintain that
where the majority of a county election
board transcends its merely ministerial duty
of counting the votes, undertakes to decide
upon the legality of the township returns,
by throwing out a part of them, and so pro
vokes a split with those who cannot eoncur,
the proceeding becomes revolutionary, and
the power of the body to give any certifi
cate at all, is destroyed. I do not doubt
therefore, that the Governor and the Attor
ney General were right in refusing all cre
dence to the certificates given by these dis
trict boards. We are obliged to fall back
upon the other evidence presented.
In three of the counties, Somerset. Fulton
and Franklin there was no division in the
county boards. In each of them all the
judges signed the same certificates, showing
fairly and fully the whole vote in the town
ships, camps and hospitals, for each candi
date. These certificates are without doubt,
good and legal evidence of the result in those
counties. But no certificate from Adams
or Bedford was signed by all the judges,
as the law requires. Therefore we are ob
liged to go back one step further, and sec
if there be any evidence behind that point
which raises a presumption in favor of eith
er party. The certificates of the election
from the judges and inspectors of the sev
eral districts, camps and hospitals must be
examined, and the number of votes for
each candidate ascertained from them. If
these, as returned to the county boards of
Adams and Bedford added to those which
are lawfully certified by the county hoards
of Somerset, Fulton and Frauklin, exhibit
a majority for Mr. Koontz, he is prima
facie entitled to the seat, and if not, not.
I repeat; that the vote should betaken as
certified by the county boards in all those
counties where the boards were unanimous.
In the two counties where the boards divi
ded and failed to make a legal certificate,
the original certificate of the judges and in
spectors must be resorted to. The duty of
the county boards was to send these same
returns up in the convenient form of an ag
gregate certificate, hut that not being done,
a court in the case of a county officer, and
Congress in the case of a member, must
take the return* in their elementary condi
tion.
A certificate, however regular it may be,
whether it comes from the district board, a
county board, or the primary officers of
election, is no more than prima facie evi
dence of the facts certified. It may be con
tradicted by proof but proof for that pur
pose can be heard only in a contest where
the parties confront one another.
The candidate in whose favor a presump
tion is raised by the naked certificates, has
prima facie, a right to the seat, and can law
fully call 011 his adversary to begin the con
test. by proving that the returns are fraud
ulent false, or erroneous.
Receiving the unanimously certified re
turns of Franklin, Fulton and Somerset for
true, rejecting the acts of the county board
in Bedford and Adams as nullities, and
looking at the original certificates for the
vote of the last named counties, Mr. Kootitz
appears to be elected. It Mr. Coffroth can
show that the returns aie false, or the votes
against him illegally east he has a right to
do so, but he can hare no prima facie title
based upon evidence which he has not yet
given, and which is not admissible except
in the course of a regular contest.
What I have said here about the duty of
a county board, a district board, or a com
mittee of Congress to receive the returns a*
they are certified, does not apply to papers,
purporting to be returns, hut known or be
lieved to he mere forgeries, nothing of that
kind is alleged in this case, so far as I know
or have hoard. J. S. BLACK.
AN ACCOMMODATING KING.
Some Englishmen travelling in Swedish
Italy, visited the summer palace of the King
of Stockholm. On entering the grounds,
they saw a man seated on a bench, and asked
whether they might go over the apartments
The man spoke very good English, and said
that he was attached to the palace, and would !
take them over. They then inquired whe- j
ther they might see the private rooms, to
which their guide replied that this was not
usual, but as the king was of a very restless
disposition, they might meet him. The
Englishman then began telling anecdotes of
the King, and demauded if they were true.
The guide, a model of discretion, said so
many stories were iold of his Magesty, some
true, some false, that it was diffiicult to say
exactly what was correct, and that as he was
connected with the royal household, it was
not for him to say. The Englishman begged
pardon for their curiosity, and it was hearti
ly grauted. At last, after they had seen
every thini?, they took leave of their guide,
and thanking him for his courtesy, express
ed their regret that they had not seen Charles
XV. The guide raised his hat, and saluting
them gracefully, said, "I am the King,
and left the Englishmen not a little as
umishyd.
V - '
PROTECTION EXPLAINED.
HY HORACE OREELY.
The purpose of political economy is the
increase at once of individual, national, and
general wealth. Whatever renders human
labor more effective -that is, more produc
tive—ministers to this end. To lure a larg
er and still larger proportion of the human
family from idleness to industry, from squal
or to comfort, such is the aim of the true
economist.
Diversity of pursuits is an inexorable con
dition of our thrift and prosperity. A com
munity exclusively engaged i n lumbering,
mining, fishing, grain-growing, or anything
else, will have no employment for a large pro
portion of its children who will grow np
idle, unskilled and dependent. The child
reared in daily contact with the diversified
and complex operations of a couoty like the
Middlesex of Massachusetts or of Alleghe
ny of Pennsylvania, can hardly fa 1 to be
more efficient in after life than if acquainted
only with the rude cultivation of a sea is
laud, or the silk manufacture of a Spital
fields or Lyons.' Industry is the chief edu
cation of a majority of our race, who rank
higher or lower in the scale of being as its
processes wherewith they are familiar more
or less varied and perfect.
Protection has been prejudiced in the eyes
of thousands by being invoked (at least, its
opponents so say) to a thieve impossibili
ties —to insure the growing of pine-apples
in Greenlaud or the breeding of reindeer at
Timbuctoo. Political economy and common
sense alike condemn such absurdities as the !
attempt to make a business of extracting
sunbeams from cucumbers or boil a tea-ket
tle with the heat latent in snowballs. Show
us that Nature forbids the prosecution of
any pursuit in this or that region—that an
article, staple, or fabric, can only be there
produced at a cost of double or treble the
labor required for its production elsewhere
—said we agree that it is not there a proper
subject for Protection. Rest assured that
we have considered our ground, and are nei
ther madmen nor idiots. None are more
averse than we to superseding good and
cheap articles by rivals at once inferior and
more costly: and none more readily than we
to agree and insist that raw materials and
bulky staples should be gathered from all
quarters and subjected only to light revenue
duties, if to any at all.
Wherein, then, do we differ from our ad
versaries, the so called Free-Traders ? I
answer :
1. We insist that the money price at which
an artiJr is gold affords no absolute criterion
of its cost. For instance: the State of lowa
buys cloth and sells grain. Let us suppose
that, with our factories and workshops in
Europe, the average prices obtained by her
farmers should be fifty cents per bushel for
wheat and twenty-five for Indian corn, while
they bought their fabrics of Europe at pri
oos indicated by the retailing of goods sati
nets at one dollar per yard. Now let us
suppose a protective tariff imposed which
should levy a duty of fifty cents per yard on
imported satinets and thus transfer their
manufacture for our consumption to this
country, and iu part to lowa and its vicinity
thus creating and maintaining an adequate
home market for our breadstuffs, thereby
raising the price of grain in lowa to one
dollar per bushel for wheat and fifty cents
for corn; while the home made satinets are
retailed for one dollar and twenty-five cents
per yard. Is it not plain that the lowa
fanners obtain their fabrics really cheaper,
though nominally dearer than before? that
each fanner's surplus of wheat or corn will
buy him more cloth at the enhanced than it
did at the lower price? And does the cir
cumstance that the former is termed artifi
cial, the iatter natural, make any essential
difference.
But why is the home-made cloth really
cheaper to the farmer than its foreign rival,
though it is possible to sell him the latter at
a lower money price ? I answer —Because
the fabrication of his cloth in Europe neces
sitates the exportation of his grain, and the
consequent graduation of its price by that
ruling in Europe, deducting from his re
turns the cost of the transporting it thither.
Let us suppose that lowa grows mainly
wheat for sale, and must send the larger
portion of her surplus across the Atlantic
to find consumers, selling it in Birmingham
or Sheffield at two dollars per bushel, where
of one dollar and fifty cents is absorbed in
the cost and charges of transmission. Of
course, her farmers can receive, in the av
erage, but fifty cents per bushel. But trans
fer the production of her fabries from Eu
rope to America, and much of it to lowa or
its vicinity, and now the price of grain in j
lowa rises bv a law inexorable as that ef j
gravitation. It is no longer depressed by i
the necessity of finding a market for a good
part of it four thousand miles away, but ris
es to a far higher level. And not only is
wheat dearer to the farmer, though cheaper
to the manufacturer, than it was, but the
fanner now finds a ready market for fruit,
vegetables, hay, etc., which he could scarce
ly sell at any price so long as our people's
productive energies were devoted to agricul
ture alone.
It. What we seek by Protection is to
shorten the distance which separates farm
ers from manufacturers, and thereby dimin
ish the too heavy cost of exchanging their
products respectively. If a thousand farm- !
ers growing grain in lowa and a thousand
manufacturers making wares and fabrics in
England, exchange their products across J
four thousand miles of land and water em
ploying the services and consuming the time
of three thousand forwarders, boatmen,
railroad hands, wsawen, etc., etc., in so do
ing, it is manifest that the whole five thou
sand must be subsisted <>n the products of
the two thousand actual producers. Now
brine the manufacturers so near the farmers
VOLUME sw: ?ro.
that ottf thousand men can easily perform
all the labor required to exchange their pro
ducts. and it is clear that we have liberated
two thousand from various non-productive
employments or functions, and added them
to the number of producers. We have more
grain grown and more doth made, more
wealth created and less capacity absorbed in
pursuits which, however necessary under
certain circumstances, add nothing to the
sum of human comforts.
The Protection we advocate is simply the
saving of human labor. W T e maintain that,
instead of sending wool, grain and meet
from lowa to England, and bringing back
fabrics in return, it is cheaper and better to
bring the fabricaqt, once for all, from Eng
land to lowa or near it, and there feed him
from the products of our generous soil. We
hold that the farmer and the manufacturer
are alike benefitted by this course; and that
it insures to each a fuller reward for his la
bor, and a larger measure of sustenance and
enjoyment.
Protection, then, is not narrow, nor self
ish, nor exclusive. It does not ignore the
brotherhood of man, nor seek special advan
tage at the expense of general good. It
seeks to build up our own country by draw
ing hither the better portion of the popula
tion of Europe, through the proffer of
higher wages, a better position, and greater
comfort, than they enjoy or can expect in
their native land. Why not ?
THE SCENE OE JLEE'S SURRENDER.
The Richmond Enquirer says: "A gen
tleman just from Appomattox court-house
informs us that there is nothing left of the
apple tree under which General Lee surren
dered but a red hole in the ground, and it
is feared that unless the whole is fenced in
that also will be removed by curiosity-seek
ers. It is a subject worthy of notice, too,
that the apple tree alluded to was the lar
gest in the world, being at least forty times
the bulk of the celebrated California oak,
which was about the size of the citadel of
Ham. About nine-hundred and seventeen
cords of this apple tree have already been
distributed over the United States in the
shape of walking canes, fishing poles, um
brella handles, policemen's clubs, work box
es, sewing machines, writing desks, vest
buttons, corks, charms, lead pencils, pen
handles, toddy muddlers, tooth picks, to
bacco pipes, and snuff boxes. The number
of persons felicitating in these heroic relica
is estimated at about twenty-eight million
which is equivalent to the number of reb
els killed, wounded and missing in the late
war, according to the published statements
of northern newspapers from statistics
gathered at the time. In fact this apple
tree enjoys as wide a circulation as any bo
gus medicine in existence; and, but for the
fact that General Lee did not surrender un
der any apple-tree at all, it might be ap
propriately placed, photographically, among
the historic archives of the country, as the
greatest tree in afl history.
"It is useless to attempt, a conTiction of
the truth so long as the stock on hand ot
the great Appomattox apple tree is unex
hausted, and perhaps, even when that sup
ply gives out —for the destruction of apple
trees in New England, when the Maine law
excited a prejudice against brandy, rendera
such an exhaustion probable —history will
claim the original as the rightful possessor
of the fame of the locality, and the surren
der of General Lee under an apple-tree will
be fixed in the national records and the pic
torial reports from the Patent Office on
pomology and agriculture.''
HOW TO BREATHE.
There is no rule to be observed in taking
exercise by walking—the very best form in
which it can be taken by the young and able
bodied of all ages —and that is never to al
low the action of respiration to be carried
on through the mouth. The nasal passa
ges are clearly the medium through which
respiration was designed by our Creator to
be carried on. "God breathed into man's
nostrils the breath of life" previous to his
becoming a living creature. The difference
in the exhaustion of strength by a long
walk with the mouth firmly closed, and res
piration carried on through the nostrils in
stead of through the mouth is inconceiva
ble to those who have never tried the ex
periment, And indeed this mischievous
and really unnatural habit of carrying on
the work of inspiration and expiration
through the mouth instead of through the
nasai passages is the true origin of almost
all the diseases of the throat and lungs, as
bronchitis, congestion, asthma, and even
consumption itself. That excessive perspi
ration to which some individuals are so lia
ble in their sleep, which is so weakening to
the body, is solely the effect of such per
sons sleeping with their mouths unclosed.
And the same unpleasant and exhaustive
results arise to the animal system from walk
ing with the mouth open, instead of, when
not engaged in conversation, preserving the
lips in a state of firm but quiet compression.
As the heat and velocity of the blood through
the lungs depends almost entirely upon the
quantity of the atmospheric air inhaled with
each inspiration, and it is unavoidable that
it should be taken in volume, by the mouth,
while it can only be supplied in moderate
! quantities, and just in sufficient proportion
to serve the purpose of a healthy, respirato
ry action, while supplied through the nos
trils. it is clear that the body must be much
lighter and cooler, and also the breathing
much freer and easier when the'latter course
rather than the former one is adopted.
Children ought never to be allowed to stand
or walk with their mouths open; for beside*
the vacant appearance it give# to the coun
tenance, it is the certain precursor of coughs
1 oolds, and sore throats.
RATES OF ADVERTISING.
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interest and notices of marriages and deaths, ex
ceeding five lines, 10 eta. per line. All legal noti
ons of every kind, and all Orphans' Court and
other Judicial sales, are required by law to be pub
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per line. All Advertising due after first insertion.
A liberal discount made to yearly advertisers.
3 months, t months, 1 year.
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-TSKgilT^^
If the following account is true, London
is no longer the metropolis of our planet*
That distinction belongs to the Japanese
city of Jeddo, which a correspondent of the
Boston Traveler thm describes:
' 'But what shall I say of this greatest and
most singular of all cities? I cannot give
you an idea of it; it is so unique, so unlike
every thing except itself, and so impossible,
aS you will think.
j "It is situated on the western shore of
this charming gulf, twenty miles wide by
twenty-four long. It stretches for twenty
miles or more along a beach of semi-circular
form, with its horns turned outward, and
along which a street extends, crowded with
blocks of stores and houses, and teeming
with moving crowds, while shopkeepers, ar
tisans, women and children seem equally
numerous within doors and at the doors.
Indeed, a dozen or fifteen miles might be
added to the city in this direction, since
there is nothing but an unbroken succession
of towns and villiages for this distance,
which are as populous and well-built as the
city itself.
1 'ln crossing the city from the shore to
the western outskirts, I have walked two
miles and a half, and then proceeded on
horseback for ten miles farther, making
twelve miles and a half, while in other pla
ces it may be wider. According to the low
est estimate, the city covers an area equal to
seven of the New England fanning towns,
which are usually six miles square. And
all is traversed by streets, usually wide, well
constructed, perfectly neat, and crossing each
other at right angles; streets lined with
houses and stoies as compactly as they can
be built, and crowded with moving and sta
tionary masses as thick as in Washington
Street, or New York Broadway, at least for
considerable distances.
"The population is estimated generally at
three millions, which Mr. Harris, our min
ister, thinks is no exaggeration. For my
part, judging from what I have seen when I
have gone into the heart of the city, and
crossed the city from side to side, I should
be willing to add as many millions more; for
the living, moving masses, seen from sun
rise to sunset, and every where the same,
fairly seemed beyond computation.
LABOR IS HONORABLE.
There is no discredit, but honor, in every
right walk of industry whether it be in til
ling the ground, making tools, weaving fab
rics, or selling the products behind a coun
ter. A youth may handle a yard-stick, or
measure a piece of ribbon, and there will be
no discredit in doing so unless he allows his
mind to have no higher range than the stick
and ribbon; to be as short as the one and as
narrow as the other.
"Let ns not blush who have," said Ful
ler, "but those who have not a lawful call
ling." And Bishop Hall said, "Sweet is
the destiny of all trades; whether of the brow
or of the mind." Men who have raised
themselves from an humble calling need not
be ashamed, but rather ought to be proud
of the difficulties they have surmounted.
The laborer on his feet stands higher than
the nobleman on his knees.
An American President when asked what
was his coat-of-arms, remembering that he
had been a hewer of wood in his youth, re
plied, "A pair of shirt-sleaves." Lord Ten
ter den was proud to point out to his son the
shop in which his father had shaved for a
penny. A French doctor once taunted Flech
ier, Bishop of Nismes, who had been a tal
low-chandler in his youth, with the mean
ness of his origin; to which Flechier replied,
"If you had been born in the same condition
that I was, you would still have been but a
maker of candles."
Some small spirits, ashamed of their ori
gin, are always striving to conceal it, and by
the efforts they make to do so, betray them
selves; like that worthy but stupid Yorkshire
dyer, who, having gaiued his money by hon
est chimney-sweeping, and feeling ashamed
of chimneys, built his house without one,
sending all the smoke into the shaft of his
dye-works.
SUPERIORITY OF THE fiUIICATED.
The hand is found to be another hand
when guided by an intelligent mind. Indi
viduals who, without the aid of knowledge,
would have been condemned to perpetual
inferiority of condition, and subjected to all
the evils of want and poverty, rise to com
petence and independence by the uplifting
power of education. In great establishments
and among large bodies of laboring men,
where all services are rated according to
their pecuniary value —where there are no
extrinsic' circumstances to bind a man down
to a fixed position, after he has shown a ca-
pacity to rise above it—where indeed, men
pass by each other, ascending or descending
in their grades of labor just as easily and as
certainly as particles of water of different
degrees of temperature glide by each other
—under such circumstances it is found, as
an almost invariable fact, other things be
ing equal, that those who have been blessed
with a good common school education rise to
a higher and higher point in the kinds of
labor performed, and also in the rate of wa
ges received, while the ignorant sink like
dregs, and are always found at the bottom.
I —Prof. Mayhew.
BOOTS OF HISTOIIY
It is a very curious fact that the three
men in America who form the triumvirate
of apostacy and treason, were all detected by
means of their boots. Benedict Arnold s
treason was hid in Andre 1 s Boots. Aaron
Burr, escaping in a disguise which would
have probably proved successful, was betray
ed by the elegant cut ofhis boot, which was
out of keeping with the homesnun
suit in which he was making his flight Jeff
Davis falls into the same trap, and discovers
himself to his captors by neglecting this or
dinary precaution.
'■'/J" *._ ' .! 4 ' -33K53? -