®Jtf iiJiujatm IS PUBLISH kT KVEKY rum AY morning, uv J, K. !>l RBORROW \M> JOJA LITZ, ON . i ll IiIANASt.. ppo*iu l!ip Mcugcl House ISEDI {)HD, PKN'N'A. TKRSf): I '.OO a year if paid strictly iu advance. !' not paid within Mix months |2.50. il not paid within the year Ha.oo. yrofeiMShnwt & Caress. ATTORNEYS AT LAW. j\o. H. Filler J. T. KRAUT. CILLEK A KEAGY 1 Have formed a partnership in the practice of tire law. Attention paid to Pensions, Bounties and Claims against the Government. Office on Juliana street, formerly occupied by lion. A. King. aprU:'6s-*ly._ SOHX I'AI.nKK. Attorney at latw, Bedford, Pa,. Will promptly attend to all business entrusted to his care. Particular attention paid to the collection of Military claims. Office on Joi-anus Hi I, nearly opposite the Meogei House.) june 23, '65.1y t B. CESSNA J . ATTORNEY AT LAW, Office with Jons CESSNA, on Pitt St., opposite the Bedford Hotel. All business entrusted to his care will receive faithful and prompt attention. Mili tary Claims, Pensions, Ac., speedily collected. Bedford, June 9,18(55. i. it. in John Mm. I \UR BORROW A LUTZ, [ ) .fTTOK.VK l*s JtT tjA If, BEDFORD, PA., Mill attend promptly to all business intrusted to their care. Collections wado on the shortest no tiee. They are. also, regularly licensed Claim Agents and will give special attention to the prosecution „f claims against the Government for Pensions, Back Pay, Bounty, Bounty Lands, Ac. office on Juliana street, one door tfouth of the "Mendel House" and ucarly'upposite the Inquirer office. April 28, 1865:tf I -.-TV M. A I.SIR. LU ATTORNEY AT LAW, BEDFORD, PA., Will faithfully and promptly attend to all busi ness entrusted to his care in Bedford and adjoin iug counties. Military claims, Pensions, back pay, Bounty, Ac. speedily collected. Office with Mann A Spang, on Juliana street, 2 doors aoutb l i tiie Mengel House. *pll> 1864. tf. M. A. POINTS, ATTORNEY AT LAW. BEDFORD, PA. Respectfully tenders bis professional services tc the public. Office with J. W. Lingenfeltcr, Kfsti.. on Juliana street, two doors South of the ••Meogle Hou>e." D ec - 1864-tf. : RIMMELL AND LI.VGENFELTER, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, BEKFORn. PA. Have formed a partnership in the practice of the Law Office on Juliana Street, two doors South .1' the Mengel House. .iprl, 1864—-if. ■ FOHN MOWER, J ATTORNEY AT LAW. BBOFORK, PA. April 1, ISS4. —tf. DEXTISTS. c. V. HICKOK G. Mission, JR. DENTISTS, BEDFORD, PA. QJire in the Bank Building, Juliana Street. All operations pertaining to Surgical or Me chanical Dentistry carefully and faithfully per formed and warranted. TERMS CASH. janfi'6s-ly. . TFVENTTSTRY. I * 1. N. BOWSER, RESIDENT LEFTIST, \\ OOI>- Binsr, l'A- will spend the second Monday, Tiies ,l,l v. and Wednesday, of each month at Hopewell, the remaining three days at Bloody Run, attend ne to the Unties of bis profession. At all other tines he can be found in his office at Woodbury, excepting the last Monday and Tuesday of the same month, which he will spend in Martinsburg, Blair countv, Penna. Persons desiring operations should call early, as time is limited. All opera ions warranted. Aug. 5,1 >4,- ■■ PHYSICIANS. WM.~*V. JAMISON, M.D., \\ BLOODY RES, 1 A., Respectfully tenders his professional services to the people of that place and vicinity. [deeSHyr P. lE. PKNNSYL, M. D-, (late Surgeon 50th P. \ . V.) BLOODY HI N, PA.. Offers his professional services as Physician and Surgeon to the citizens of Bloody Run and vlcl "~ * aecr.lTr* Oil £ K. HARRY, ' Respectfully tenders his professional ser vice* to the citizens of Bedford aud vicinity. Office and residence on Pitt Street, in the hutiding formerly occupied !>y hr. J. H. llofius. April!, 1864 — _ I L. MARBOURR, M D., *J . Having permanently located respectfully tenders hi? pofeseional services to the citizens of Bedford and vicinity. Office or. Juliana street, • tit 'site the Bank, one door north oi Hall . •I CI.OCK AND WATCHIBAKKK, in the United State* Teleprapb office, BEDFORD, PA. Clock*, watches, and all kinds of jewelry promptly repaired. All work entrusted to his cure warranted to give entire satisfaction. [novA-lyr DANIEL lIORDKR, PITT STREET, TWO I>OOBS WEST OF THE BEI> FORD HOTEL, BKBFORP, PA. WATCHMAKER AND DEALER IN JEWEL RY. SPECTACLES. AC. He keeps on hand a stock of tine Gold and Sil ver Watches, Spectacles of Brilliant Doable Refin ed Glasses, also Scotch l'ehble Glasses. Gold Watch Chains, Breast Pins, Finger Rings, best quality of Gold Pen*. He will supply to order any thing in his line not on hand, apr. 28, 1885—7.*. lOKXIS Kuitnitir for lioiUctn.v Present*. HENRY HA 1? PER, 530 AKC II Stteel, Plf lI.AI>KI,I'IIIA. WATCHES, FINK JEWKI.RY, NOMUMLTCK WAKE, and .Superior MM'EB PIATEII WARE. Oct. 6.:3ni. JCSTICES OF TH E PEACE. JOHN MAJOR, •> JUSTICE OF THE PEACE, HOI-EWKU,, P'DFOBO COUNTY, (.'oileutions and all business rtaining to his office will be attended to prompt I.' - Will also attend totbr sole or renting of real 1 ate luhtriyi cuts of witting carefully prcpar <•"> Also settling up partnerships and other ae cv at*. A pt -81—y. l"KBORROW Sc LITZ Editors and Proprietors. ikbforb Inquirer. BEDFORD, PA., FRIDAY JAY. 18, 1866. COFFBOTII VS. KOONTZ. The following legal argument drawn by Hon. Jeremiah S. Black,and read before the Committee on Elections in Congress last week, is exhaustive of the question. It presents the facts and the law in a manner that precludes successful controversy, and as a lesson fof the revdltitfohAry return judges of several counties of the district, it has pe culiar value. We subjoin the opinion: The election laws of Pennsylvania provide in substance as follows; Ist. Two inspectors and one judge shall he chosen to conduct the election in each district. 2. The inspectors, or in case of their disa greement, the judge shall "decide on the qualilicati ons of any person claiming the right to vote, and the vote shall he received or rejected, according to such decision. 3. After ballots are received and counted, and the number cast for each person public ly declared, a certificate thereof shall be made and signed by the inspector and judge which certificate shall he kept by the judge until the third day after the election, when he shali produce it at a meeting composed of'judges from all the districts of the county assembled at the Court House. 4. The judges from all the districts being met and organized, by the appointment of a president and two sworn clerks, the votes "as thev shall appear by mid certificates in have been given," must be added together, and thereupon a return shall be made and signed by all the judged, and abtfotcd by the clerks. This return shows the aggregate u umber of votes in the county given for each person, with respect to each office, as certi fied by the inspectors and judges of the sev eral disti icts. 5. The county board is expressly forbidden to 1 eject or omit from their computation any vote which shall appear by the certificate to have been given, except where the certifi cate is too defective to be understood, and in that case an exact copy of the detective pa per shall be certified and appended to the return, and the original shall be filed in the Protbouotary's office. 6. Where two or more counties compose a congressional district, a certificate of the votes gives for the several candidates for Congress shall be made out, signed by all the judges, and attested by the clerks, which certificate shall be put in charge of one of the judges, who shall produce it at a meet ing of one judge from each county to be as sembled on the Ttb day after the election at a place in the district designated by law. 7. By these judges (one from each county of the district) the votes given in the several counties shall be added together, the person hav ing the largest number shall be ascer tained; duplicate returns duly certified shall be made, one to the Prothonotary of the county where the meeting is held, and one to the Secretary of the Commonwealth. They are also to sign and send a certificate of election to the candidate chosen. The mode of taking, counting and return ing the soldiers, votes is as uoarly as possi ble like that prescribed for elections at home It Was manifestly intended that no differ ence should exist between the two, except what was node necessary by the different circumstances of the cases. The judges (>i election are to be chosen at the camp or hos pital where the votes are given, they are to certify and count the number of votes given for each person, the certificates are to be sent by mail directly to the Prothonotary of the county where the voters belong, and the county board of return judges must meet a second time to receive and count them. But the duty of the returning officers is precisely the same as it is in respect to votes given at home. It is declared (Page 99t>, acts of I8b4) that all the provision of the general election law not supplied by, inconsistent with or inapplicable to the system of 1804, shall apply to elections held under the latter act. It is also specially provided ( page 994) that the return judges at their second meet ing, shall include in their enumeration the votes no retai ned, ani proceed in all respectn in like manner, as is provided by law in ca ses where all the votes shall have been given at the usual place of election. It is plain from all this, that the return ing officers have nothing but a mere minis terial duty to perform, with respect either to the home vote or the soldiers' vote. It is true that, a judge while he is presiding at in election must hear and decide the <|ues (ions of law and fact, upon which a citizen's right to vote may depend. But alter he has received or rejected all the votes that are of fered at the proper time and place, his ju dicial duties arc ended, and his decisions upon any particular case cannot be reversed by himself, much less by the judges of oth erdistricts. His certificate, with thatof the inspectors (the whole three are called judges in the act of 1864,) is conclusive upon the county board. It would be an inexcusable violation of the written law. for that board to reject the certificate of the election officers unless it la: so perfectly senseless that, as suming it to be true, the number of votes <-ast for the several candidates cannot be as certained from it. Even then it is not to be rejected, but merely omitted from the count ex necessitate rei, aud sent forward i for the inspection of others who may lie a ble to spell it out more successfully. But 1 I have not heard that one ease of an unintel ligible certificate has ever arisen in the State. It may happen, indeed, that judges and inspectors wili decide erroneously upon the rights of citizens and soldiers. It is by no I means impossible that corrupt, fraudulent and lalse certificates of election may be made by them. But these ur* wrongs which the A LOCAL AND GENERAL NEWSPAPER, DEVOTED TO POLITICS, EDUCATION, LITERATURE AND M ORALS. county board or the district board of elec tion judges are powerless to remedy. The jurisdiction to go behind the certificate is not given to the body whose business it is merely to count up arid add together. In the case of a legislative officer, the constitu tion vests that power in the House to which he demands admission, and there the law of the State leaves it. In the case of a county officer, the statute gives the authority of re viewing the conduct of the judges and in vestigating the truth of their certificates to the courts. The judges are required not to decide how many votes were given, at the election, for one candidate or another, but merely to say how many are certified to them, not to re ceive or reject returns, according to tbeir discretion, but simply to look at all that are produced, add them together, and sign their names to a paper which declares the result, This duty is so perfectly plain, all questions upon which there might be any difference of opinion, are so completely excluded from their cognizance, that the law has made no provision for the ease of a disagreement a ruong them. The certificate which they make must be signed by all the judges. They must act as a unit. A mere majority has no more right than a minority to reject a part of the returns and then certify the bal ance as being the whole vote of the county. The certificate of a county heard not signed by all the judges who composed it, is utter ly void. Such is the letter of the law, and such is its obvious intent and meaning. The argumentum ah inconvenientc, is of no force against the unequivocal words of a written statute, and if it were, it might be used both ways here: for although it he true that reck less persons, by refusing to sign, may spoil the proper evidence of an election, it is also true that if the power existed iua portion of the judges to establish by their naked cer tificate what the others declare to be false, such power would he habitually abused in times of political excitement. It was wise in the legislature to require unanimity, and thus make it impossible for either party to defraud the other. When the members of a county borad divide on a question of arth metic, it is right to reject the statements of both. There can he no natural presump tion in favor cf either, for one is as likely to he true as the other. But the election is not defeated by spolia tion of the evidence. Rejecting all partial certificates as being lawless, and therefore destitute of any claim to attention, proving nothing, and disproving nothing, we pass backwards until we come to document#, which bear upon their face the legal appear ance of truth, and out of them arises that presumption which constitutes a prima fac ie title to the seat. This Congressional District is composed of the counties of Somerset, Bedford. Ful ton Franklin and Adams, and Mr. Koontz and Mr. G'offroth were the only persons vo ted for. The board of district judges (one from each county) generally does, and would always, if properly constituted, furnish sufficient evi dence of the elections, for its duty is to cast up all the votes and certify which candidate has been chosen by the majority of the peo pie. But in this case there were two district boards, both of which met at Chambersburg on the same day. Tli • were both without authority. In both of them were members who had been delegated by, and bore certifi cates from only a part of their county boards. In oue of them Somerset County was not represented at all. One judge from Fulton county was in both boards, and certified the election of both candidates. The body which returned Mr. Koontz has the advantage over the other in this, that it counted all the votes given in the district of which there was any evidence. But it must be acknowl edged that its certificate does not prove that fact or any other, for this, like the certifi cate of the opposing party, is of no-effect, null and void. A little fu ler statement of the facts seems necessary here, to show the composition of the district boards. In Bedford and Adams, the county boards divided, signed separate returns, and ap pointed different persons to the district hoard. In Franklin, the county board signed the return unanimously, and on the first day of meeting, unanimously, appointed one of their number to take it up to the district board; but on the .second day, part of them determined to appoint another man to rep resent them at Chambersburg. while the others adhered to their first choice. So this board liad one return, but two men to carry it. In Fulton , the county hoard was unani mous in the return, and agreed upon the member to whom it should be entrusted. There was no attempt to revoke his appoint ment. but for some reason not known he made himself a member of both the bodies claiming to be district boards. In Somerset there was no division on any subject, and the person appointed to take the return to Chambersburg, went there with it, and joined the body which he prob ably thought the legal one. refusing to unite with the other. The result was that Som erset had one undisputed and regular re turn. sent bv one man, who submitted it to one board. Fulton bad one return, and one man to take it; but be took it to both pla ces. Franklin had one return, but two rep resentatives, who divided and went to differ ent places. Bedford and Adams county each had two returns and two representa tives who joined different bodies at Chain- Itersburg. The Koontz body (let me call it so for distinction) had five members and was a full board, but two of them had re turns only partially signed, and had tlieir ap j pointment only from a part of their county board. One of t,bui had a lull return, butj it of his county board had revoked (if 4 a pan uouid revoke/ hie authority. The 1 BEDFORD. Pa.. FRIDAY, JANUARY IQ, 1866. other two were regularly authorized and produced regular returns. The Coffroth hoard had but four mem bers, two of them irregularly appointed, and bearing partial returns, one with a full return, but an irregular appointment, tbe fourth had been entrusted by his whole county board, with lawful authority, and a full return, but he had previously delivered it to the other board. One county was not represented at all. Both of these bodies being illegally con stituted, organized, not only without law, hut against law, it is not necessary to in quire which of the two is entitled to the least respect, for neither is entitled to any at all. The whole trouble grew out of the preposterous notion that majorities are om nipotent everywhere. I maintain that where the majority of a county election board transcends its merely ministerial duty of counting the votes, undertakes to decide upon the legality of the township returns, by throwing out a part of them, and so pro vokes a split with those who cannot eoncur, the proceeding becomes revolutionary, and the power of the body to give any certifi cate at all, is destroyed. I do not doubt therefore, that the Governor and the Attor ney General were right in refusing all cre dence to the certificates given by these dis trict boards. We are obliged to fall back upon the other evidence presented. In three of the counties, Somerset. Fulton and Franklin there was no division in the county boards. In each of them all the judges signed the same certificates, showing fairly and fully the whole vote in the town ships, camps and hospitals, for each candi date. These certificates are without doubt, good and legal evidence of the result in those counties. But no certificate from Adams or Bedford was signed by all the judges, as the law requires. Therefore we are ob liged to go back one step further, and sec if there be any evidence behind that point which raises a presumption in favor of eith er party. The certificates of the election from the judges and inspectors of the sev eral districts, camps and hospitals must be examined, and the number of votes for each candidate ascertained from them. If these, as returned to the county boards of Adams and Bedford added to those which are lawfully certified by the county hoards of Somerset, Fulton and Frauklin, exhibit a majority for Mr. Koontz, he is prima facie entitled to the seat, and if not, not. I repeat; that the vote should betaken as certified by the county boards in all those counties where the boards were unanimous. In the two counties where the boards divi ded and failed to make a legal certificate, the original certificate of the judges and in spectors must be resorted to. The duty of the county boards was to send these same returns up in the convenient form of an ag gregate certificate, hut that not being done, a court in the case of a county officer, and Congress in the case of a member, must take the return* in their elementary condi tion. A certificate, however regular it may be, whether it comes from the district board, a county board, or the primary officers of election, is no more than prima facie evi dence of the facts certified. It may be con tradicted by proof but proof for that pur pose can be heard only in a contest where the parties confront one another. The candidate in whose favor a presump tion is raised by the naked certificates, has prima facie, a right to the seat, and can law fully call 011 his adversary to begin the con test. by proving that the returns are fraud ulent false, or erroneous. Receiving the unanimously certified re turns of Franklin, Fulton and Somerset for true, rejecting the acts of the county board in Bedford and Adams as nullities, and looking at the original certificates for the vote of the last named counties, Mr. Kootitz appears to be elected. It Mr. Coffroth can show that the returns aie false, or the votes against him illegally east he has a right to do so, but he can hare no prima facie title based upon evidence which he has not yet given, and which is not admissible except in the course of a regular contest. What I have said here about the duty of a county board, a district board, or a com mittee of Congress to receive the returns a* they are certified, does not apply to papers, purporting to be returns, hut known or be lieved to he mere forgeries, nothing of that kind is alleged in this case, so far as I know or have hoard. J. S. BLACK. AN ACCOMMODATING KING. Some Englishmen travelling in Swedish Italy, visited the summer palace of the King of Stockholm. On entering the grounds, they saw a man seated on a bench, and asked whether they might go over the apartments The man spoke very good English, and said that he was attached to the palace, and would ! take them over. They then inquired whe- j ther they might see the private rooms, to which their guide replied that this was not usual, but as the king was of a very restless disposition, they might meet him. The Englishman then began telling anecdotes of the King, and demauded if they were true. The guide, a model of discretion, said so many stories were iold of his Magesty, some true, some false, that it was diffiicult to say exactly what was correct, and that as he was connected with the royal household, it was not for him to say. The Englishman begged pardon for their curiosity, and it was hearti ly grauted. At last, after they had seen every thini?, they took leave of their guide, and thanking him for his courtesy, express ed their regret that they had not seen Charles XV. The guide raised his hat, and saluting them gracefully, said, "I am the King, and left the Englishmen not a little as umishyd. V - ' PROTECTION EXPLAINED. HY HORACE OREELY. The purpose of political economy is the increase at once of individual, national, and general wealth. Whatever renders human labor more effective -that is, more produc tive—ministers to this end. To lure a larg er and still larger proportion of the human family from idleness to industry, from squal or to comfort, such is the aim of the true economist. Diversity of pursuits is an inexorable con dition of our thrift and prosperity. A com munity exclusively engaged i n lumbering, mining, fishing, grain-growing, or anything else, will have no employment for a large pro portion of its children who will grow np idle, unskilled and dependent. The child reared in daily contact with the diversified and complex operations of a couoty like the Middlesex of Massachusetts or of Alleghe ny of Pennsylvania, can hardly fa 1 to be more efficient in after life than if acquainted only with the rude cultivation of a sea is laud, or the silk manufacture of a Spital fields or Lyons.' Industry is the chief edu cation of a majority of our race, who rank higher or lower in the scale of being as its processes wherewith they are familiar more or less varied and perfect. Protection has been prejudiced in the eyes of thousands by being invoked (at least, its opponents so say) to a thieve impossibili ties —to insure the growing of pine-apples in Greenlaud or the breeding of reindeer at Timbuctoo. Political economy and common sense alike condemn such absurdities as the ! attempt to make a business of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers or boil a tea-ket tle with the heat latent in snowballs. Show us that Nature forbids the prosecution of any pursuit in this or that region—that an article, staple, or fabric, can only be there produced at a cost of double or treble the labor required for its production elsewhere —said we agree that it is not there a proper subject for Protection. Rest assured that we have considered our ground, and are nei ther madmen nor idiots. None are more averse than we to superseding good and cheap articles by rivals at once inferior and more costly: and none more readily than we to agree and insist that raw materials and bulky staples should be gathered from all quarters and subjected only to light revenue duties, if to any at all. Wherein, then, do we differ from our ad versaries, the so called Free-Traders ? I answer : 1. We insist that the money price at which an artiJr is gold affords no absolute criterion of its cost. For instance: the State of lowa buys cloth and sells grain. Let us suppose that, with our factories and workshops in Europe, the average prices obtained by her farmers should be fifty cents per bushel for wheat and twenty-five for Indian corn, while they bought their fabrics of Europe at pri oos indicated by the retailing of goods sati nets at one dollar per yard. Now let us suppose a protective tariff imposed which should levy a duty of fifty cents per yard on imported satinets and thus transfer their manufacture for our consumption to this country, and iu part to lowa and its vicinity thus creating and maintaining an adequate home market for our breadstuffs, thereby raising the price of grain in lowa to one dollar per bushel for wheat and fifty cents for corn; while the home made satinets are retailed for one dollar and twenty-five cents per yard. Is it not plain that the lowa fanners obtain their fabrics really cheaper, though nominally dearer than before? that each fanner's surplus of wheat or corn will buy him more cloth at the enhanced than it did at the lower price? And does the cir cumstance that the former is termed artifi cial, the iatter natural, make any essential difference. But why is the home-made cloth really cheaper to the farmer than its foreign rival, though it is possible to sell him the latter at a lower money price ? I answer —Because the fabrication of his cloth in Europe neces sitates the exportation of his grain, and the consequent graduation of its price by that ruling in Europe, deducting from his re turns the cost of the transporting it thither. Let us suppose that lowa grows mainly wheat for sale, and must send the larger portion of her surplus across the Atlantic to find consumers, selling it in Birmingham or Sheffield at two dollars per bushel, where of one dollar and fifty cents is absorbed in the cost and charges of transmission. Of course, her farmers can receive, in the av erage, but fifty cents per bushel. But trans fer the production of her fabries from Eu rope to America, and much of it to lowa or its vicinity, and now the price of grain in j lowa rises bv a law inexorable as that ef j gravitation. It is no longer depressed by i the necessity of finding a market for a good part of it four thousand miles away, but ris es to a far higher level. And not only is wheat dearer to the farmer, though cheaper to the manufacturer, than it was, but the fanner now finds a ready market for fruit, vegetables, hay, etc., which he could scarce ly sell at any price so long as our people's productive energies were devoted to agricul ture alone. It. What we seek by Protection is to shorten the distance which separates farm ers from manufacturers, and thereby dimin ish the too heavy cost of exchanging their products respectively. If a thousand farm- ! ers growing grain in lowa and a thousand manufacturers making wares and fabrics in England, exchange their products across J four thousand miles of land and water em ploying the services and consuming the time of three thousand forwarders, boatmen, railroad hands, wsawen, etc., etc., in so do ing, it is manifest that the whole five thou sand must be subsisted <>n the products of the two thousand actual producers. Now brine the manufacturers so near the farmers VOLUME sw: ?ro. that ottf thousand men can easily perform all the labor required to exchange their pro ducts. and it is clear that we have liberated two thousand from various non-productive employments or functions, and added them to the number of producers. We have more grain grown and more doth made, more wealth created and less capacity absorbed in pursuits which, however necessary under certain circumstances, add nothing to the sum of human comforts. The Protection we advocate is simply the saving of human labor. W T e maintain that, instead of sending wool, grain and meet from lowa to England, and bringing back fabrics in return, it is cheaper and better to bring the fabricaqt, once for all, from Eng land to lowa or near it, and there feed him from the products of our generous soil. We hold that the farmer and the manufacturer are alike benefitted by this course; and that it insures to each a fuller reward for his la bor, and a larger measure of sustenance and enjoyment. Protection, then, is not narrow, nor self ish, nor exclusive. It does not ignore the brotherhood of man, nor seek special advan tage at the expense of general good. It seeks to build up our own country by draw ing hither the better portion of the popula tion of Europe, through the proffer of higher wages, a better position, and greater comfort, than they enjoy or can expect in their native land. Why not ? THE SCENE OE JLEE'S SURRENDER. The Richmond Enquirer says: "A gen tleman just from Appomattox court-house informs us that there is nothing left of the apple tree under which General Lee surren dered but a red hole in the ground, and it is feared that unless the whole is fenced in that also will be removed by curiosity-seek ers. It is a subject worthy of notice, too, that the apple tree alluded to was the lar gest in the world, being at least forty times the bulk of the celebrated California oak, which was about the size of the citadel of Ham. About nine-hundred and seventeen cords of this apple tree have already been distributed over the United States in the shape of walking canes, fishing poles, um brella handles, policemen's clubs, work box es, sewing machines, writing desks, vest buttons, corks, charms, lead pencils, pen handles, toddy muddlers, tooth picks, to bacco pipes, and snuff boxes. The number of persons felicitating in these heroic relica is estimated at about twenty-eight million which is equivalent to the number of reb els killed, wounded and missing in the late war, according to the published statements of northern newspapers from statistics gathered at the time. In fact this apple tree enjoys as wide a circulation as any bo gus medicine in existence; and, but for the fact that General Lee did not surrender un der any apple-tree at all, it might be ap propriately placed, photographically, among the historic archives of the country, as the greatest tree in afl history. "It is useless to attempt, a conTiction of the truth so long as the stock on hand ot the great Appomattox apple tree is unex hausted, and perhaps, even when that sup ply gives out —for the destruction of apple trees in New England, when the Maine law excited a prejudice against brandy, rendera such an exhaustion probable —history will claim the original as the rightful possessor of the fame of the locality, and the surren der of General Lee under an apple-tree will be fixed in the national records and the pic torial reports from the Patent Office on pomology and agriculture.'' HOW TO BREATHE. There is no rule to be observed in taking exercise by walking—the very best form in which it can be taken by the young and able bodied of all ages —and that is never to al low the action of respiration to be carried on through the mouth. The nasal passa ges are clearly the medium through which respiration was designed by our Creator to be carried on. "God breathed into man's nostrils the breath of life" previous to his becoming a living creature. The difference in the exhaustion of strength by a long walk with the mouth firmly closed, and res piration carried on through the nostrils in stead of through the mouth is inconceiva ble to those who have never tried the ex periment, And indeed this mischievous and really unnatural habit of carrying on the work of inspiration and expiration through the mouth instead of through the nasai passages is the true origin of almost all the diseases of the throat and lungs, as bronchitis, congestion, asthma, and even consumption itself. That excessive perspi ration to which some individuals are so lia ble in their sleep, which is so weakening to the body, is solely the effect of such per sons sleeping with their mouths unclosed. And the same unpleasant and exhaustive results arise to the animal system from walk ing with the mouth open, instead of, when not engaged in conversation, preserving the lips in a state of firm but quiet compression. As the heat and velocity of the blood through the lungs depends almost entirely upon the quantity of the atmospheric air inhaled with each inspiration, and it is unavoidable that it should be taken in volume, by the mouth, while it can only be supplied in moderate ! quantities, and just in sufficient proportion to serve the purpose of a healthy, respirato ry action, while supplied through the nos trils. it is clear that the body must be much lighter and cooler, and also the breathing much freer and easier when the'latter course rather than the former one is adopted. Children ought never to be allowed to stand or walk with their mouths open; for beside* the vacant appearance it give# to the coun tenance, it is the certain precursor of coughs 1 oolds, and sore throats. RATES OF ADVERTISING. All fedrvrtUementg for leu than 3 months 19 cents per line for each insertion. Special notices one half additional. All resolution* of Anwwifc tin, commanicatioas of a limited or individual interest and notices of marriages and deaths, ex ceeding five lines, 10 eta. per line. All legal noti ons of every kind, and all Orphans' Court and other Judicial sales, are required by law to be pub lished in both papers. Editorial Notices 16 cents per line. All Advertising due after first insertion. A liberal discount made to yearly advertisers. 3 months, t months, 1 year. One square. i $ 4.60 $ #.OO $lO.OO Two squares 0,00 0.00 10.00 Three squares 8.00 11.00 30.0# One-fourth column 14.00 20.00 36.00 Half column 18.00 26.00 46.00 One column..., 30.00 45.00 80.00 -TSKgilT^^ If the following account is true, London is no longer the metropolis of our planet* That distinction belongs to the Japanese city of Jeddo, which a correspondent of the Boston Traveler thm describes: ' 'But what shall I say of this greatest and most singular of all cities? I cannot give you an idea of it; it is so unique, so unlike every thing except itself, and so impossible, aS you will think. j "It is situated on the western shore of this charming gulf, twenty miles wide by twenty-four long. It stretches for twenty miles or more along a beach of semi-circular form, with its horns turned outward, and along which a street extends, crowded with blocks of stores and houses, and teeming with moving crowds, while shopkeepers, ar tisans, women and children seem equally numerous within doors and at the doors. Indeed, a dozen or fifteen miles might be added to the city in this direction, since there is nothing but an unbroken succession of towns and villiages for this distance, which are as populous and well-built as the city itself. 1 'ln crossing the city from the shore to the western outskirts, I have walked two miles and a half, and then proceeded on horseback for ten miles farther, making twelve miles and a half, while in other pla ces it may be wider. According to the low est estimate, the city covers an area equal to seven of the New England fanning towns, which are usually six miles square. And all is traversed by streets, usually wide, well constructed, perfectly neat, and crossing each other at right angles; streets lined with houses and stoies as compactly as they can be built, and crowded with moving and sta tionary masses as thick as in Washington Street, or New York Broadway, at least for considerable distances. "The population is estimated generally at three millions, which Mr. Harris, our min ister, thinks is no exaggeration. For my part, judging from what I have seen when I have gone into the heart of the city, and crossed the city from side to side, I should be willing to add as many millions more; for the living, moving masses, seen from sun rise to sunset, and every where the same, fairly seemed beyond computation. LABOR IS HONORABLE. There is no discredit, but honor, in every right walk of industry whether it be in til ling the ground, making tools, weaving fab rics, or selling the products behind a coun ter. A youth may handle a yard-stick, or measure a piece of ribbon, and there will be no discredit in doing so unless he allows his mind to have no higher range than the stick and ribbon; to be as short as the one and as narrow as the other. "Let ns not blush who have," said Ful ler, "but those who have not a lawful call ling." And Bishop Hall said, "Sweet is the destiny of all trades; whether of the brow or of the mind." Men who have raised themselves from an humble calling need not be ashamed, but rather ought to be proud of the difficulties they have surmounted. The laborer on his feet stands higher than the nobleman on his knees. An American President when asked what was his coat-of-arms, remembering that he had been a hewer of wood in his youth, re plied, "A pair of shirt-sleaves." Lord Ten ter den was proud to point out to his son the shop in which his father had shaved for a penny. A French doctor once taunted Flech ier, Bishop of Nismes, who had been a tal low-chandler in his youth, with the mean ness of his origin; to which Flechier replied, "If you had been born in the same condition that I was, you would still have been but a maker of candles." Some small spirits, ashamed of their ori gin, are always striving to conceal it, and by the efforts they make to do so, betray them selves; like that worthy but stupid Yorkshire dyer, who, having gaiued his money by hon est chimney-sweeping, and feeling ashamed of chimneys, built his house without one, sending all the smoke into the shaft of his dye-works. SUPERIORITY OF THE fiUIICATED. The hand is found to be another hand when guided by an intelligent mind. Indi viduals who, without the aid of knowledge, would have been condemned to perpetual inferiority of condition, and subjected to all the evils of want and poverty, rise to com petence and independence by the uplifting power of education. In great establishments and among large bodies of laboring men, where all services are rated according to their pecuniary value —where there are no extrinsic' circumstances to bind a man down to a fixed position, after he has shown a ca- pacity to rise above it—where indeed, men pass by each other, ascending or descending in their grades of labor just as easily and as certainly as particles of water of different degrees of temperature glide by each other —under such circumstances it is found, as an almost invariable fact, other things be ing equal, that those who have been blessed with a good common school education rise to a higher and higher point in the kinds of labor performed, and also in the rate of wa ges received, while the ignorant sink like dregs, and are always found at the bottom. I —Prof. Mayhew. BOOTS OF HISTOIIY It is a very curious fact that the three men in America who form the triumvirate of apostacy and treason, were all detected by means of their boots. Benedict Arnold s treason was hid in Andre 1 s Boots. Aaron Burr, escaping in a disguise which would have probably proved successful, was betray ed by the elegant cut ofhis boot, which was out of keeping with the homesnun suit in which he was making his flight Jeff Davis falls into the same trap, and discovers himself to his captors by neglecting this or dinary precaution. '■'/J" *._ ' .! 4 ' -33K53? -