Belletonte, Pa., April 13, 1917. NAN A AS NIN AN AN AN AN AN IN IN ANININ IN INANANINA, PAI OROIO IOI II LIAS ROTO FOIVIO SOO FO% >, N >, " INGA SAIS NEN ealth and Happiness A Under these head lines will be contin. ued a series of articles begun November Js 10. They have been compiled and edit: is ed with a view to progressive study and J§ thought on subjects affecting our person- J5 al well-being. Py Number 16. DIPHTHERIA: ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION. (Continued from last week.) SRS ah PA Z wi IMMUNITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY. “By immunity we understand that condition in which an individual or a species of animals exhibits unusual or complete resistance to an infection for which other individuals or other spe- cies show a greater or less degree of susceptibility. Immune is from the Latin immunis, meaning exempt from tribute or free. Immunity may be: (1) acquired, as when an attack of an infectious disease brings about some kind of change in the patient’s tissues which protects him or renders him immune against further attacks of the same disease. (2) natural, when resistance has occurred naturally, and not through having the disease; this is for the most part, an inherited condition. (1)—Acquired immunity may be of two varieties: - (a) active, which re- sults from an infection and is due to the production through an active pro- cess on the part of the one injected, of immunizing substances. (b) pas- sive, which is established in an indi- vidual through the introduction of ready-made immunizing substances (such as diphtheria antitoxin.)” IMMUNITY TO DIPHTHERIA. Very young children are resistant to diphtheria. This may be due to substances transmitted through the milk of the mother and which may disappear after the period of nursing. From the second to the eighth or ninth year children usually are very susceptible after which susceptibility grows less, the greatest percentage of deaths occurring under five years old. After the fifteenth year the disease is relatively rare. Why one person may have diphthe- ria and another, under the same con- ditions, escape is not definitely known. The presence of bacilli of low viru- lence in the throats of the latter may cause the development of antitoxin sufficient to protect, or it may be that in: the former there is a lowered state of resistance to disease. It is also probable that the germs must be pres- ent in sufficient numbers before the disease is caused. Diseased conditions of the nose and throat such as adenoids and enlarged tonsils appear to be predisposing causes in children. Spontaneous re- covery (active immunity) is due to the formation of the specific antitoxin by the tissues of the patient. The du- ration of active immunity varies. Usu- ally an individual has diphtheria but once yet second and even third attacks are known. Temporary immunity may be given by an injection of diphtheria antitox- in. The immunity given in this way cannot be relied upon to last longer .than three weeks after the injection. It is useful to prevent attacks after exposure to the disease: DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN. Animals injected with slowly in- creasing doses of diphtheria poison or toxin gradually become immune to its effects so that they stand without harm what would be a many times fa- tal dose when first injected. This is due to the fact that the body of the animal produces an antitoxin which neutralizes the introduced toxin mak- ing it harmless. Diphtheria antitoxin is made from the blood serum of horses, because the horse has a high degree of natural immunity to diphtheria toxin, reacts to this toxin by producing a very large amount of antitoxin in its blood and can be bled in large amounts without permanent injury. A healthy horse is treated to small doses of toxin. The treatment goes on for six months or longer and when tested the serum of the horse is found to have a large amount of antitoxin; a gallon or more of blood is drawn from the jugular vein under the most rigid asepsis, allowed to clot and the serum bottled aseptically and pre- served in a dark, cool place. This serum when injected into another ani- mal or human being will protect it from the effects of diphtheria. The antitoxin is standardized so that dosage may be controlled accu- rately. Its curative power or poten- cy is measured in “antitoxin units” and is essentially the power of a cer- tain amount of a standard diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize diphtheria tox- in. A strong diphtheria antitoxin should contain from 800 to 1200 of these units to each cubic centimetre (1 cubic centimetre equals 15 drops _ approximately.) The efficiency of diphtheria antitoxin is so well known that there should be no prejudice against its administration. It has caused a reduction of more than 50 per cent. in the mortality of the dis- ease. That the fatality is not still further reduced is due either to the fact that not every case of diphtheria receives the antitoxin treatment, or that it is not employed soon enough, or that the dose has been insufficient. For protecting persons who have been exposed to diphtheria infection 500— 1000 units is the average dose recom- mended. For curative purposes the amount actually required depends on the vir- ulence of the infection and the dura- tion of the disease; 3000 units is the average dose recommended but 50,000 to 100,000 units have been given in grave cases with resulting recovery. The United States Public Health Serv- ice advises that the first curative dose be not less than 10,000 units. The physician, however, must be guided by the conditions in the individual case. Antitoxin is usuaily adminis- tered by an injection under the skin (subcutaneous) but about eight hours in time may be saved if it is injected directly into a vein (intravenous.) In- jection into the muscles, instead of under the skin, is also a time saver. There are occasional accidents from administration of antitoxin, i. e., a child occasionally dies after inocula- tion but this is due to the fact that it is in the last stages of the disease, #5 | heart weak, ete., and the shock due to inoculation may have only hastened death a few minutes or hours. In oth- er cases, a patient may show the same idiosyncrasies tc antitoxin that occasional patients do to ether or chloroform resulting in death. Some deaths are directly at- tributable to the fact that the serum of the horse is fatal to certain types of patients. The belief that antitoxin favors the development of diphtheria paralysis is no longer held; on the contrary liberal doses of antitoxin given early in the illness influence fa- vorably the subsequent paralysis. Se- vere cases of diphtheria are likely to be followed by some paralysis in spite of even large doses of antitoxin. As has before been said, the time element in the antitoxin treatment cannot be too strongly emphasized. No time is so precious as that lost at the outset, in the treatment of diphtheria. If conditions are such that a positive di- agnosis cannot be made early enough and diphtheria is suspected antitoxin should be administered anyway, for, no harm has been done, should it not be diphtheria while, if the illness is diphtheria, time and possibly a life has been saved. It is not to be forgotten that anti- toxin does not destroy the bacilli but acts only on the toxin and its use jus- tifies no relaxation in protective measures such as isolation of the dis- eased, quarantine and disinfection. The communicability of diphtheria and the fact that “carriers” of the germ result from contact with per- sons sick of the disease makes imper- ative the strict isolation of the pa- tient. * A patient should not be considered harmless until his mouth, nose and throat are free from bacilli, a condi- tion for which repeated bacteriologic examinations are necessary. A sec- ond, sometimes a third, negative ex- amination is required by the Board of Health in certain places before the pa- tient may be released from quaran- tine. If it were possible to diagnose ear- ly every case of diphtheria, and to se- cure the strict isolation until throat cultures are negative, the number of “carriers” in a community would be greatly reduced. To accomplish this the co-operation of each individual is necessary and that no one may be ig- norant of specific measures, rules is- sued by the United States Public Health Service will be published in the next issue of the “Watchman,” April 20. Business and Amity in South America. A high Brazilian official, speaking means of fostering cordial relations between Brazil.and the United States, i said that the will and spirit of a peo- ple were quite as important to under- stand as their methods of buying steel and shoes, remarks an editorial writer in the Christian Science Mon- itor. The student of South American conditions and people becomes con- scious of an important racial quality lying below commercial and econom- ic appearances. This quality is per- vaded with sentiment and a regard for friendship. While it is true that the milries and the peso “talk” in the southern countries often quite as plainly as does the dollar in the Unit- ed States, it is also true that feeling and the regard for friends bulk much larger in business than they do in the North American Republic. Having a “friend at court” is almost equivalent to a certainty of securing what one desires, and in no part of the world is friendliness more to be lamented. Things go largely by favor, and one succeeds becouse he is liked quite as often for his friendly and cordial man- ner as for efficiency, or because of the quality of his merchandise. An editor of a large newspaper said that for years he had received invitations to buy paper in the United States; he had refused because he had been sat- isfied with the paper he had bought in Europe, wihch was suited to his French presses. Last year a son of an old friend entered the paper busi- ness in New York and asked him for his order. “Of course,” said the pub- lisher, “I could not refuse the son of an old friend. I am using his paper, though with considerable inconven- ience and additional expense.” A South American business man, who was in need of a certain machine, ex- amined machines from two importers. One was ostensibly superior, and also cheaper, but, much to the surprise of the importer of United States ma- chinery, he bought the inferior and more expensive article. When asked the reason for this decision he frank- ly admitted the excellence of the goods from the United States, but added, “The agent of the French house is a friend of mine. I like that man, and the agent of the other com- pany is not ‘simpatico.”” Nt one would advocate sentiment rather than achievement as a motto to be written on our banners of indus- try. Yet there is something humanly attractive about the South American’s loyalty te friends as this loyalty is re- vealed in business affairs. If he loses in effectiveness he certainly gains in those elements of agreeableness which the Northern temperament sacrifices. The traveler in the Southern countries is prone to wish for these people greater attention to utilitarian and practical arts, but he dislikes to think of their losing entirely those qualities of sentiment which are so en- gaging and that gentleness which so often goes to make men great. A Good Match. A portly colored man entered the drugstore and looked around uncer- tainly. . “Young man,” he said to the clerk confidentially, “has you got any letter- paper and envelopes with flesh-colored borders?” “Was it mourning-paper you wished for, sir?” inquired the clever clerk. “You’s struck it disackly! But I disremembered the name. Gib me a box of it, if you please, sah.”—Every- body’s. to administration of" recently in Rio de Janeiro of the’ | Another metnoa is to use a large | wooden vat or trough, into which the | potatoes in sacks are lowered by a FARM NOTES. The question of where the potato is indigenous and where introduced by man has never been strictly answered. | It seems sure, however, that the pota- | rope and pulley and later hauled out, drained, and dried on slatted racks. Seed potatoes may be treated sev- to is a native of the mountainous dis- | eral weeks before planting, provided tricts of tropical and subtropical | America, from Chile to Mexico and! even as far north as the southern part | of Colorado. Data concerning the known use of | the potato for food is not very defi- | nite. It probably was first taken to, Europe from Peru by Spaniards early | in the sixteenth wentury and spread ! from Spain to Holland, Burgundy and Italy, though cultivated only as a curiosity in a few gardens and little | known or thought of. In “The Com- plete Gardener,” published in 1719, it! is not mentioned. | As a food it was first used for pigs | and cattle. Then, on account if its great yield, it was suggested that it might be useful for the poor and pre- vent famine, due to the failure of the grain crops. As early as 1663 the Royal Society of London adopted measures to en- courage its cultivation in England. It spread quickly in Ireland, but not until the middle of the eighteenth century did it acquire any real impor- tance on the Continent of Europe. Of its first cultivation as a crop in North America even less is known.—New York Times. —Treat Seed Potatoes.—The disin- | fection of seed potatoes by soaking in corrosive sublimate or in formalde- hyde is recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture as a measure that will tend to improve the germination and lessen the danger of scab. ? Such treatment is, on the whole, profitable, but has several limi. ations which should be clearly reeognized to prevent disappointment. The object of disinfecting seed potatoes is to destroy the germs of seab and other surface parasites which might other- wise be planted with the seed and in- fect the new crop. Only surface in- fections are reached by this method. It is only effective against deep pits of common scab. Neither corrosive sublimate nor formaldehyde, as ordi- narily used, will destroy silver scurf. Either one kill surface infections of black leg, but neither will reach the internal infections common in tubers from blackleg hills. Neither Fusarium wilt nor late blight infection in potato tubers can be reached by any seed treatment, nor can any of the non- parasitic diseases of potatoes, such as mosaic, leaf roll, and curly dwarf, thus be prevented. Clearly, therefore, the most import- ant precaution against these diseases is to select clean, disease-free seed potatoes from healthy, vigorous plants, as determined by field inspec- tion during the growing season and at harvest. Seed treatment should then be applied as an additional precaution. It will not be effective, however, if the soil where the potatoes are to be planted is already full of disease. Soil conditions have an important relation to potato tuber diseases, and many of these are widely spread throughout the country, and perhaps native to some soils. Common scab is favored by a neutral or slightly alka- line soil, and seldom gives trouble in acid soils. It, therefore, is increased by liming and by fresh stable manure, wood ashes, and alkaline fertilizers, such as nitrate of soda and ground bone, while acid phosphate and sul- phate of ammonia tend to diminish scab. Rhizactonia occurs to some extent in nearly all soils, but appears to attack potatoes most when conditions are un- favorable to the best development of the potato plant. Bring the land to an ideal state of tilth to minimize loss from Rhizoctonia. Powdery scab is worst on cold, wet, or poorly drained soils. Blackleg, on the other hand, is carried by infective seed. No potatoes showing a deep brown discoloration. at the stem end should be planted. Sulphur tends to prevent common scab. It is not a substitute for corro- sive sublimate or formaldehyde, but is a good dryer for cut seed. Applied to scab-infected soils at the rate of 500 pounds per acre, it reduces the scab, but such heavy applications can not generally be recommended as profitable. Preliminary experimental trials are advised. It is considered better to treat pota- toes before they are cut into seed, es- pecially if the cut seed is to be very small. Put into the solution all the potatoes it will cover and keep the batch covered by the solution for the period named under the treatment being used. The formaldehyde treatment con- sists in soaking the potatoes, before cutting, for two hours in a solution made by adding 1 pint of formalde- hyde to 30 gallons of water. The so- lution can be used repeatedly. The gas treatment is no longer recom- mended. The corrosive-sublimate treatment is more effective than formaldehyde, particularly against , Rhizoctonia, or russet scab, and powdery scab. Cor- rosive sublimate is used at the rate of 1-1,000 for one dnd one-half to two hours. Dissolve 2 ounces of the salt in hot water and dilute to 15 gallons. This is a deadly poison. Use with great care. It must be kept in wood, porcelain, or glass vessels, as it at- tacks metal. Seed so treated must not be used in the household or left where animals can reach it. In using the corrosive-sublimate dip, it has been found that the solu- tion becomes weaker each time it is used. The degree to which the dis- infectant is taken out of the solution varies according to the amount of dirt on the potatoes, the character of the water, and the kind of container. For practical purposes it will be sufficient to add 1 ounce of dissolved corrosive sublimate to each 30 gallons of solu- tion after each batch of potatoes has been treated. When this has been done four times throw away the old solu- tion and prepare new solution. To treat large quantities of pota- toes set several barrels on a slightly elevated platform. Fit plug in a hole in the bottom of each barrel, fill with potatoes, cover with solution, let stand two hours, draw off solution, and pour into another barrel. In- crease the number of barrels in pro- portion to the quantity to be treated. they are not reinfected by storing in old containers or storage bins. Sprouted potatoes are injured by treatment, but will throw out new sprouts. In general, however, pota- toes will not be injured by following the above directions. Many growers believe germination is improved by treatment. FOR AND ABOUT WOMEN. DAILY THOUGHT Make it an invariable law to yourself never to mention your own mental dis- eases. When you talk of them it is plain that you want either praise or pity; for praise there is no room, and pity will do you no good.—Johnson. No feature of household decoration can do more to render a room attrac- tive than the use of flowers. But the proper arrangement of flowers is an art, demanding study. The Japanese spend years in acquiring this art; but the average person gives to the ar- rangement of cut flowers no more thought than is given to the most un- esthetic of household tasks. In the first place, most people err in the matter of vases. A vase should be considered always in connection with flowers—not as an object of art by itself. Vases of distinctive colors should be used carefully; a neutral tint, green or glass vases are safest. If you have vases of very positive shades, use them only for flowers with which they will harmonize. Yel- low pottery, for example, is lovely if filled with yellow flowers or with a combination of blue and yellow flow- ers. Low yellow or purple bowls fill- ed with pansies are a delight to the eye. Do not hesitate to dispense with or- nate vases and substitute for them the most inexpensive of flower hold- ers. A gray ginger jar filled with dusty miller and sweet alyssum is a thing of beauty; the white of the blos- soms harmonize perfectly with the soft gray jar. On the other hand, the most expensive of vases, in itself beautiful, may have its beauty nulli- fied by an inharmonious arrangement of flowers. Chianti bottles, ginger jars and gold fish globes make excellent vases. They are simple and good in their lines and furnish an attractive setting for al- most any flower. : Another common mistake in ar- ranging flowers is to overcrowd the vase. Never bunch flowers. Each should be put in the water separately to insure a good effect. A long strip of lead coiled to fit the bottom of the vases is the best device for keeping the flowers upright. It is not so ex- pensive as the china or wire arrange- ments that can be purchased for the same purpose, and it has the further advantage of being malleable and eas- ily squeezed into a vase of any size. A pretty device for flowers is the Aaron’s rod to hang on the wsall. This is merely a stick of bamboo with holes cut between the joints. Water is poured into each opening, and the flowers then set in. Trailing vines— clematis, honeysuckle, etc.—are ex- ceedingly pretty in an Aaron’s rod. Hanging vases for the windows and corners of the room are very attrac- tive, and are to be had in good colors and lines at small cost. When mother makes her sugar cakes She lets me play at baking, to. I roll the dough so smooth and nice, Then cut it nearly through and through With my own cutter—Ilike a star : Five little points, so sharp and straight, I think them mos’ too good to eat. —Evelyn Cary Williams. Many a good cook admits herself a failure when it comes to making an omelet. This simple dish is exceed- ingly difficult to make successfully, and unless one knows just how to pro- ceed the omelet, instead of being light and fluffy, will be flat, heavy and un- appetizing. To make an omelet you must keep the pan for this purpose only. Do not wash it, but clean it out well with paper after use. If you need to make omelets of varying size keep a smal: and a large pan. It is more difficult to make a small omelet nicely in a large than in a small pan. . Have a fairly hot fire ready, melt some fat in the pan, just enough to greas 1t all «ver dr)» m re ana break the eggs one by one into a cup to be sure they are fresh; then place in a bowl and whip well. The mix- ing must be thorough or the white will set in streaks and not mingle with the yolk as it should do. The whites should be beaten separately, as is the custom of many cooks. This is only needed when making an ome- let souffle. Add salt and pepper, and if liked a little chopped parsley, and should a taste of onion be liked a half tea- | spoonful (to two eggs) of onion juice. Now pour the mixture into the hot pan. It should cover jt thinly. Shake about well over the fire. An experi- enced omelet cook will not need to use a fork, but will turn the omelet one half over the other by means of a shoving forward sort of shake of the pan. The side of the egg mixture which touches the pan will cook quicker than the other, but when folded the inner heat will cook it still more in the few seconds which elapse between ‘the cooking and serving of the dish. Place on a hot dish and serve immedi- ately. Some cooks roll the omelet into pancake form by means of shaking the pan; others merely fold it. The omelet should be flaky and moist in- side and just set—mnot in the least hard on the outside. As a rule the fault of the making lies in inefficient mixing of the egg and over cooking. When a fancy omelet is needed dice of ham may be stirred in or ‘mince, spinach puree, stewed mushrooms or kindeys, or cooked asparagus tops placed on one half and the second half folded over. Miss Edith Benham, social secreta- ry 7 the White House, is a born diplo- mat. Up To You We might fill this page with glowing descriptions of our splendid assortment of HiGH ART CLOTHES for our new stocks are in and the fresh impressions we have formed, might cause us to exaggerate. We shall resort to the court of public opinion, how- ever, and we invite you to call and review the many styles we are showing. Every type will find a special style, and if you will say ‘to us “These are the brightest lot of fashions I have seen this season”’—then we shall feel that our judg- ment in stamping these clothes THE BEST THE MARKET AFFORDS is endorsed. Call now while stocks are complete. FAUBLE’S. Allegheny St. s« BELLEFONTE, PA. Bo TE ET OL HAS NOT GONE UP IN PRICE ; EVERYTHING All the goods we advertise here are selling at prices prevailing this time last season. \ MINCE MEAT. We are now making our MINCE MEAT and keeping it fully up to our usual high standard; nothing cut out or cut short and are selling it at our former price of 15 Cents Per Pound. Apricots, Peaches, Prunes, Spices, Soda, Cornstarch. The whole Fine Celery, Oranges, Grape Fruit, Breakfast Foods, Extracts, Baking Powders, line of Washing Powders, Starches, Blueing and many selling at the usual prices. COFFEES, TEAS AND RICE. On our Fine Coffees at 25¢, 28¢, 30c, 35c and 40c, there has been no change in price on quality of goods and no change in the price of TEAS. Rice has not advanced in price and can be used largely as a substitute for potatoes. All of these goods are costing us more than formerly but we are doing our best to Hold Down the Lid on high prices, market in the near future. other articles are hoping for a more favorable LET US HAVE YOUR ORDER and we will give you FINE GROCERIES at reasonable prices and give you good service. SECHLER & COMPANY, 57-1" . = - Bellefonte, Pa. Bush House Block, . ee —————————————— f————————————————— A —————— et A BANK ACCOUNT FAR OF YOUR HOME A Bank Account Is the Gibraltar of the Home! If you are a man of family you must have a bank account. A BANE ACCOUNT IS THE BULWARK, THE GIBRALTAR, OF YOUR HOME It protects you in time of need. It gives you a feeling of independence. It strengthens you. It Is a Consolation to Your Wife, to Your Children THE CENTRE COUNTY BANK, 66 BELLEFONTE
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