Bruna fat Belletonte, Pa., April 6, 1917. SC ENANANANANINANINAN, SUANANTANAN NANI SERRE RRR REE RR E aE, NN Health and Happiness — an & Under these head lines will be contin- % ued a series of articles begun November 7 10. They have been compiled and edit- 7 ed with a view to progressive study and thought on subjects affecting our person: al well-being. 5 Number 16. DIPHTHERIA: ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION. There is probably no disease in which the study of bacteriology has accomplished more and in which have been made greater advances in diag- nosis, prevention and cure. From be- ing the disease most dreaded by par- ents, because of its high mortality, diphtheria can now be regarded with- out fear as there is a specific cure in the early administration of antitox- i N ps a s % » bi NAR, NA ANY NLS IQ WY I 7, IY, PLNPRRANOR NNER n. ; Children who die of diphtheria are victims of the gross neglect or igno- rance of parents, guardians or physi- cians as there need be few if any deaths from it. An early diagnosis followed by prompt administration of antitoxin has proven so efficient that in the Philadelphia City Hospital for Contagious Diseases not one death occurred among many thousands of cases treated during the past ten years, when antitoxin was adminis- tered on the first day of the disease. The fatalities are directly proportion- al to time of delay in administration of the specific treatment. THE CAUSE OF DIPHTHERIA. There are a great many bacteria in the mouth and throat—as many as seventy kinds in healthy persons—so that it might seem no easy matter to isolate the diphtheria bacillus. Strep- tococei are always present and for a long time were thought to be the pri- mal cause in diphtheria but in 1883 Klebs discovered the bacillus in false membrane and in 1884 Loeffler isolat- ed it, hence called Klebs—Loeffler ba- cillus. Five years later two French investigators succeeded in growing the bacilli in broth cultures and with filtrates of these —germ free—pro- duced the disease in lower animals. This bacillus has certain peculiari- ties of form, when examined under a microscope, or when artificially cul- tivated in the laboratory on special media or foods by which it is dis- tinguishable to experienced observers and this fact is taken advantage of in making a diagnosis. The only way to make a sure diagnosis is to find the bacilli in false membranes. This is done in the following way: A sterilized cotton swab is rubbed over the affected spot, and a particle of the material mixed on a cover glass with a little water, dried, stain- ed and examined under a microscope; this is usually sufficient for the ex- pert. In some cases, however, the swab is drawn over the surface of the proper culture medium contained in a test tube, the tube incubated for 12 - to 24 hours and this growth then ex- amined. The diphtheria bacillus is an obli- gate parasite having no vegetative existence outside of the body; is very resistant to drying and may remain virulent in a dried state as when it is contained in pieces of membrane or coughed up in the course of diphthe- ria, or dried on such objects as a child’s building blocks, for from one to five months. Its life in water is short as it disappears from it in a few days to several weeks. It is easily killed by ordinary disinfectant solutions such as a 1:1000 solution of bichloride of mer- cury (two 73 grain tablets to the quart of water) or a 2 per cent. solu- tion (5 teaspoonfulls to the quart of water) of carbolic acid. METHODS OF INFECTION. Diphtheria is preeminently a con- tact disease, passed from ome person to another, chiefly by direct or less frequently, by indirect contact. Ac- cording to Ricketts the sources of in- fection are: 1—From the false membranes, sputum or excretions of the mouth, pharynx, nose, conjunctiva and deep- er respiratory passages of infected individuals. 9 From convalescents and those who have fully recovered. Virulent organisms may persist in the throat or nose of convalescents for weeks and months—as long as twenty-two months after recovery. 3__From the upper air passages of healthy persons who may never have. had diphtheria but who have been in direct or indirect contact with the dis- eased. Virulent bacilli have been obtained from 8 per cent. of the individuals who had been in direct contact with patients and it is estimated that 0.83 per cent. of the people at large carry with them virulent organisms. These are the so-called “diphtheria bacillus carriers” and to whom may be attrib- uted the “spontaneous” origin of diphtheria. 4—From cases of latent diphtheria as represented by chronic pharyngeal diphtheria. It is thus seen that each new case of diphtheria is derived from a pre- vious case or from an apparently well person who harbors the germ in his nose, mouth, or throat. It is spread from the infected to others because the germs lodge on the hands or the mu- cous membranes of such persons. The infection is caused by kissing, by drops of mucus or saliva thrown out by the patient in coughing; by using infected cups, eating utensils, toys, pencils, by bites of candy, apples—in short any way in which there is an exchange of mouth and throat fluids in human beings. With the exception of milk, other modes of infection, such as dust are, perhaps, unimportant. Milk is ‘a good medium for the growth of bacteria and hence an ex- cellent avenue for infection. There are many records of widespread out- breaks of diphtheria caused by infec- ted milk. The germs may get into the milk at the farm or dairy either be- cause of the presence of a case of diphtheria or because some member of the force was a diphtheria bacillus “carrier.” & % | z | The disease is rarely transmitted | from animals to man, although it may | occur from the cat, which occasion- i ally suffers from true diphtheria. The upper air passages, more rare- {ly the conjunctiva, wounds and the vulva are entrance ways of infection. TOXIN PRODUCTION. ' vade the body but is confined to the ! site of infection; only occasionally in | fatal cases have the bacilli been found !in the blood and viscera. The damage {is done by a soluble toxin or poison | secreted by the germ and which be- | | comes generalized through the lym- | phatic circulation doing injury espe- | cially to the heart, blood vessels, | nerves and kidneys. | At the place of infection there is | formed a peculiar grayish membrane { which so often marks the disease clinically. There are different types | of diphtheria, description of which is i not here feasible. So-called mem- | branous croup is a variety of diphthe- ria and there is no reason for sepa- rating the two maladies as both are | caused by diphtheria bacilli." | The period of incubation of diphthe- | ria, i. e., the time between receiving | the infection and the first symptoms i of the disease, is short, from two to five days. Its duration varies from a | few days to weeks or even months or | may be so severe at the outset that | death takes place within 24 hours. t (Continued next week.) Turning Vagrancy to Account. Intimate contact with the class of humanity usually brought before the magistrate led the mayor of Houston, Tex., to believe that the system of | dealing with minor offenders was wrong. In his estimation, a sentence spent in a town jail did not inure to the good of either the prisoner or the community. So he devised ways and means of relieving the city of the burden of supporting nonproducers, and incidentally offered the prisoners an opportunity to learn the elements of successful farming. The Houston city farm embraces 319 acres of land just beyond the out- skirts of the city. In 10 months’ time the city farm has raised crops of cot- ton, corn, potatoes, sorghum, and pea- nuts, valued at approximately $10,- 000; this aside from the products used by the prisoners themselves. An interesting feature of the Hous- ton city farm is the large, well-ven- tilated “bunk house,” used as sleep- ing quarters by the prisoners. Upon his arrival at the farm the prisoner is led into the office of the bunk house, relieved of all his clothing, and intro- duced to a bath of cold, chemically treatd water. The clothing worn by thé prisoner is taken to a building apart from the bunk house, and thor- oughly fumigated. Every vestige of vermin is removed. Garments worn by the prisoner during his sojourn on the farm are furnished by the city. A canning factory, operated as an adjunct of the city farm, provides em- ployment for the female prisoners. Sorghum and sweet potatoes are mar- keted, as well as green peas. Sepa- rate accommodations keep the men and women apart, and there is no so- cial contact whatever. ° Work begins at 5:30, when the pris- oners awake to the notes of a bugle. Ten minutes are set aside for the reg- ulation “setting-up” exercises, and then all hands enjoy a breakfast which invariably includes fresh milk, eggs, and vegetables raised on the farm. Work ceases at 5:30 p. m., and the prisoners spend the evening as they see fit. Ample supplies of read- ing matter are kept on hand, and the morals of the men are always im- proved after a 30 or 60-day visit to the farm. The buildings on the city farm of Houston have been erected at a cost of $15,153.50, and are designed with an idea of permanency. Other equip- ment, including {arm implements, live stock, fencing, teams, etc., brings the total investment, exclusive of land, up to $23,765.91. It is estimated that the average cost of prisoner per month is $18.60, this including gro- ceries, meats, feed for live stock, sal- aries of superintendent, assistants and matrons, and incidentals.—By Louis Mechanics” Magazine. i ep am—— ais Business in the Trenches. There are innumerable stories cur- rent just now, says Mr. West in “Sol- diers of the Czar,” about the behavior of the Russian Jewish soldiers, who comes of a nonmilitant race. One of the stories concerns a colonel who offered a Cross of St. George and two hundred rubles to every soldier in his regiment who captured an ensign from the enemy. A day or two later a Jew came along with one of these trophies, and was duly rewarded. A couple of days he appeared with another; he received another cross and the cash reward, and was told that he was a hero. Two days afterwards he turned up with still another flag. That time the col- onel was inquisitive, and wanted to know how it was done. “Well, sir, you see, I've made an ar- rangement with a German sergeant. We swap flags. I get my cross and two hundred rubles, and he gets promoted. Only, as his colonel doesn’t give him any money, I allow him a commission on my tagings.” Perhaps 1 should add, says Mr. West, that this story was told me by Russian Jews, who have a keen sense of humor, and who are, on the whole, very fond of telling tales against themselves.—Youth’s Companion. — At the battle of Flouris, June 26, 1794, in the French revoluntionary period, the balloon was for the first time in the service of the army. The Austrians, stupefied, saw the captive airship entrepenant above them at a height of 300 meters. This apparition greatly angered the Austrian General Cobourg, who cried out, “Is there any- thing else these scoundrels will not invent ?”’—The Onward. Cause for Pride. “What makes Jinks so proud of his ancestors? I never heard any of them did anything.” “That’s exactly the point. Sc many persons’ ancestors did do things which got them into trouble with the police.” — Richmond Times-Dispatch. This bacillus does not usually in- | J. Hennessey, in the April “Popular | MARY BAKER EDDY MEMORIAL. i The memorial to Mary Baker Eddy, i the discoverer and founder of Chris- | tian Science, erected in Mt. Auburn | cemetery at Cambridge, Mass., was on | Saturday, the 24th, turned over to the | Christian Science Board of Directors | by Elbert S. Barlow, of New York, who had charge of its construction. ! Over a year and a half has been re- | quired to complete it. Christian Sci- { entists throughout the world have | contributed, as expressions of senti- | ment, the entire cost of over $150,000. { The memorial is of Bethel white | granite and consists of an open circu- | Tar collonade of eight columns fifteen | feet in height surmounted by a cornice and cresting. The space inside the collonnade is to be filled with growing flowers. The columns rest on a stylo- bate of three steps, which also rest, at one side, on a broad platform of Pompton pink granite and, at the other, which is about five feet lower, ‘on a double flight of circular steps. These are flanked on each side by a large pylon. The pylons were exhib- ited a short time ago at the American Institute of Architecture in New York, and were pronounced by several experts to be the finest pieces of carved granite ever executed. The detail is elaborate to an extent never before attempted in granite; some of the stems and leaves are practically free-standing, so great is the relief. Interviewed regarding the memo- rial the architect, Mr. Egerton Swart- wout, of New York, said: “The site is singularly pleasing; in fact, I ques- tion whether a finer site could any- where be found. It can be seen from all sides equally well, close at hand from the cemetery road, and from a quarter of a mile away across the lake. Indeed, it is this body of water which forms the chief beauty of the site. There is a drop of approximate- ly ten feet from the level of the road to the level of the lake, there being a natural terrace on the axis of the plot which lends itself admirably to the architectural development of the me- morial. The lake is unusually still, and has a mirror-like quality which reflects admirably the white granite of which the memorial is made. “As to the memorial I think it can be said without contradiction that, leaving aside entirely any artistic ex- cellence, such perfection and delicacy have never been attained before in this unyielding and enduring material. There is certainly nothing in modern times that can approach it nor, as far as I know, in any of the monu- ments of antiquity.” Mr. .Swartwout designed the new Missouri State capitol and the new federal building in Denver, and re- cently won the competition for the new George Washington memorial. All that now remains to be done to complete the memorial to Mrs. Eddy is the planting for the landscape, which is to consist chiefly of some evergreen plants which will preserve their form and leaves throughout the year, and some cedars and rhododen- drons. Sleep With Open Windows. Sleep with the bedroom windows open. The old superstition that night air is unhealthy even for an invalid is entirely false. On the contrary, night air, especially in large cities, is purer and better than day air, because it contains less dust and fewer mi- crobes. To get the best ventilation have the window open at both top and bottom. The average healthy person has little to fear from drafts, but the aged, enfeebled, infants and persons especially susceptible, must be pro- tected from them. —By planting i wild trees and shrubs bearing fruits about the home, the householder can attract birds and THE PARTS OF SPEECH. A noun’s the name of anything, As school, garden, hoop, or swing; Adjectives tell the kind of noun, As great, small, pretty, white or brown; Instead of names the pronoun stands, Her head, his face, your arm, my hand; Verbs tell of something to be done, To read. count, sing, laugh jump or run. How things are done the adverbs tell, As slowly, quickly, ill or well They also mark the when and where, As now, tomorrow, here or there. Conjunctions join the words together, As men and women, wind and weather. The preposition stands before A noun, as in or through the door. The interjection shows surprise, As oh! how pretty; ah! how wise. The whole are called eight parts of speech, Which reading, writing and spelling teach. Ex. Women Lawyers in India. One of the most interesting of the world’s great developments, today in process of evolution, is the steady breakdown of caste and break away from tradition observable in India, says the Christian Science Monitor. What has actually been achieved may appear to be small; but the increasing frequency of these departures, and the steady diminution in the volume of protest they occasion in the ranks of the strictly orthodox, is full of prom- ise for the future. It was just about a year ago that a number of leading Branman priests agreed to take part in the dedication of the temple erect. ed by the Calcutta shoemaker, the “absolutely untouchable” Deno Das. A loud outcry was raised against them by their fellow Brahmans; but they persisted, and not only attended the dedication, but definitely commit- ted themselves to a course of liberal- ism. They challenged their accusers to prove from the sacred writings that it was forbidden to offer salvation to the lower caste, or to hold communi- cation with them. A similar movement towards a greater liberty is being made amongst the women of India, and is showing itself in various ways. Only quite recently, Miss Regina Guha, a bril- liant young Indian Christian, who had taken the degree of bachelor of law a few months before, at the University of Calcutta, applied to the Calcutta High Court for permission to practice in that court as a pleader. Her appli- cation was not granted; but the fact that it was made and refused, as it was, merely on a point of law, is full of significance. Miss Guha will, of course, be free to practice as a lawyer, and, as was pointed out in a recent dispatch to this paper on the subject from Calcutta, there is a great field of uesfulness open to the woman lawyer in India. Women litigants in India are placed at a great disadvant- age owing to the fact that they are, in the vast majority of cases, unable to confer personally with their legal representative. Women lawyers, how- ever, can at once be made “free of the zenana,” and thus surmount the difficulty. Already much good work has been done in this connection by such women lawyers as Miss Cornelia Sorabpji, an Indian Christian of Parsee parentage, who, refused ad- mission to the Indian bar in circum- stances very similar to those which attended Miss Guha’s application, started a consulting practice with re- markable success. Any achievement in this direction cannot fail to have far-reaching effects, and those who desire a greater freedom for the wom- en of India will cordially welcome all additions to the ranks of women law- yers in the country. Symbolic. “Could you suggest some suitable badge for our ‘Don’t Worry Club?” asked the typewriter boarder. “How would a pine-knot do?” asked at the same time protect cultivated | the Cheerful Idiot.—Indianapolis fruits from their ravages. Journal. CASTORIA. CASTORIA. TAA ES CUDA r © ALCOHOL-3 PER GENT | | AVesefable PreparationrAs simifatingtheFood by m— TTL nan oi Bunyrer, | Ahelpful ‘Constipation and Feverishness old : (8 hi ml ll il eg At mon ths 59-20-e.0. Promoting Digestio y GASTORIA For Infants and Children. Mothers Know That Genuine Castoria Always - For Over Thirty Years GASTORIA THE CENTAUR COMPANY, NEW YORK city, ce ————— We might fill this page with glowing descriptions of our splendid assortment of HIGH ART CLOTHES for our new stocks are in and the fresh impressions we have formed, might cause us to exaggerate. We shall resort to the court of public opinion, how- ever, and we invite you to call and review the many styles we are showing. Every type will find a special style, and if you wiil say to us “These are the brightest lot of fashions I have seen this season”’—then we shall feel that our judg- ment in stamping these clothes THE BEST THE MARKET AFFORDS is endorsed. Call now while stocks are complete. FAUBLE'S. Allegheny St. «« BELLEFONTE, PA. EVERYTHING EE ,, —————— HAS NOT GONE UP IN PRICE Fine Celery, Oranges, this time last season. EE TIES MINCE MEAT. Grape Fruit; Apricots, COFFEES, TEAS AND RICE. All the goods we advertise here are selling at prices prevailing We are now.making our MINCE MEAT and keeping it fully up to our usual high standard; nothing cut out or cut short and are selling it at our former price of 15 Cents Per Pound. Peaches, Prunes, Spices, Breakfast Foods, Extracts, Baking Powders, Soda, Cornstarch. The whole line of Washing Powders, Starches, Blueing and many other articles are selling at the usual prices. : On our Fine Coffees at 25¢, 28¢, 30c, 35c and 40c, there has been no change in price on quality of goods and no change in the price of TEAS. Rice has not advanced in price and can be used largely as a substitute for potatoes. All of these goods are costing us more than formerly but we are doing our best to Hold Down the Lid on high prices, hoping for a more favorable market in the near future. . and we will give you good service. SECHLER & CO Bush House Block, . LET US HAVE YOUR ORDER you FINE GROCERIES ' at reasonable prices and give MPANY, | . 57-1 - - - Bellefonte, Pa. In|A Bank Account Use Is the Gibraltar of the Home! If you are a man of family you must have a bank account. A BANE ACCOUNT IS THE BULWARK, THE GIBRALTAR, OF YONR HOME It protects you in time of need. It gives you a feeling of independence. It strengthens you. It Is a Consolation to Your Wife, 6-6 \ ‘to Your Children THE CENTRE COUNTY BANK, BELLEFONTE
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