Benoa cpa.
Bellefonte, Pa hbpelt 19, 1912.
The Aading of
the Older Nations.
“To Knowledge” Cry Which Progres-
sive Party in Turkey Placards High.
ways—Governments Seek to En.
hance Own Prestige by Schools.
By WILLIAM T. ELLIS.
Beirut.—If a visitor in this city has
sufficient curiosity to inquire the
meaning of the Arabic inscriptions
which he sees emblazed upon the
walls, he will be told that they are
a motto of the Progressive Party—
“To knowledge” and “Juryman, seek
knowledge! Ignorance is shame.”
That points straight to the underly-
ing problem of awakened Turkey.
However, farcical the present consti:
tutional government may now appear,
it must ultimately rest upon the edu-
cation of the people. Not at the Sub-
lime Porte and in the inner offices of
the administration, but in the schools
of the Empire, the destiny of Turkey
is to be worked out. A constitutional
government is simply impossible with-
out popular education.
The prevailing idea of education in
old Turkey was the memorizing of the
Koran in fcur tones. The Koran is in
Arabic and so even where memorized,
utterly unintelligible to most of those
who study it. These mosque schools
were little else than hot-beds of bigo
try and hatred of Christians. They ef-
fected no change in the economic con-
ditions, nor did they broaden the in-
tellectual horizon of their students.
Traditions concerning the Prophet
were of little help to the peasant in
raising a living from the {ll-treated
soil of his land. One of the hopeful
signs of the new day is that everybody
seems to realize that education must
have the right of way.
Religious Schools the Rule,
When the constitutional era was
proclaimed there was at once a great
flocking of children to existing schools,
especially to those kept by foreigners.
“There has been some reaction in this
respect, as the Moslems and Greeks
and Armenians have, by means of
threats and other pressure, compelled
the parents to send childrea to their
own schools however inferior these
may be. The latter have been forced
to improve their standing -erceptibly,
even at the cost of taking Christian
teachers from the foreign schools.
One office of the educational institu.
tions maintained by foreigners in Tur-
key is to stimulate the native schools
To emulation.
While the Young Turk leaders have
designed a scheme of non-religious
schools, yet practically the religious
schools are the prevailing ones. The
people here have such varying reiig-
fous beliefs, and religious ideas hold
such a supreme place in their thought,
that nobody is satisfied with non-re-
ligious schools. The result is that the
youth of Turkey is largely being edu-
cated in schools which put the church
above the state. The empire is di-
vided into great national groupings
which are also religious classifications,
Educationally, the result is chaos.
The government is trying to find itself
in this matter and to adapt itself to
the educaticnal conditions of the new
order.
Diplomacy and Education.
In the great game for the possession
of New Turkey, the school is freely
used by foreign governments. France
has heartily supported and championed
the Jesuit colleges and primary schools
for they teach the French language
and French history and inculate the
French view point. They are visible
reminder of French nationality and
naturally enhance the prestige of that
government which has strongly sup-
ported the rights of these schools with
diplomatic representatives. These
French schools maintained by the Jes-
uits are enormously successful.
Germany has tried, but with poorer
success, to give the German language
the right of way in Turkey, but the
German tongue does not succeed in
corresponding ratio with the other
German triumphs here. So, along the
Bagdad railway, the Germans are
obliged to use the French language.
Great Britain has belatedly come to
realize the advantages of the educa-
tional agency in promoting her pres-
tige. In Constantinople an English
High School for Boys has been
opened with a fine staff of teachers
out from England. The education giv-
en is in the English language and
along English lines. The teachers
avow that they are promoting the Brit-
ish type of education as a matter of
imperial policy. On this basis they
are supported by the British press and
British oficials, and they look forward
to a grant from the British govern-
ment, just as an appropriation would
be made for the maintenance of a Con-
sulate,
Where America Leads.
It is only of recent years that the
American government seems to have
awakened to what may be called the
diplomatic significance of the Ameri-
can schools in the Levant. Broadly
speaking, America has been kept from
being a negligible factor in the Turk-
ish empire by the schools maintained
here by the foreign missionary socie-
ties of the United States. These
schools are admittedly the foremost
in the land. As a result, of all the
nationalities to be found in Turkey,
America is the most popular. Three
out of four emigrants seok the shores
of America.
The entire cause of the Eagli-s
She has a staff of upwards of a dozen
American women teachers. The grad-
uates, who from many nations, fre
quently go into teaching work. The
college is an influential center of the
new educational movement, and Mos-
lem teachers are on close terms of
friendliness and co-operation with the
American faculty. It is no small mat-
ter that in this cosmopolitan institution
Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Bulgarian,
Syrian, Koordish and girls of other
nationalities are learning American
{deals of life. The international col-
lege for boys, the American school for
girls, at Smyrna, and other notable
institutions.
More than twenty-five of these
American schools are maintained by
missions in different part of the em-
pire. Their teachers are American
and an exceptionally large percentage
of their pupils become in turn teach-
ers of local schools or engage in re-
ligious work. There are many parts
of Turkey that are honeycombed with
the influence of these mission schools.
The Printing Press Lever.
A study of the forces responsible for
the wonderful awakening of Turkey
leads investigators into many inter-
esting fields. Here [ have run across
the significant fact that within four
years the Presbyterian Mission press
at Beirut has issued at a nominal price |
a large stock of d’Aubigne’s ' History |
of the Reformation.” This was done |
originally to get rid of a surplus of!
speaking people has been profoundly |
benefited by these institutions, estab-
iished with no thought of statecraft.
In all parts of the Levant one may
find English speaking graduates of
these schools, to whom American his-
tory and American ideals have been
made familiar. There is doubtless
warrant for the statement that the
American schools in the Levant have
done more to honor the American
name and flag in these parts than all '
the embassies at Constantinople. |
Some Remarxab : Resuits. |
It is a curious and anomalous situa- |
tion that the greatest educational in- |
stitutions in the Ottoman empire
should fly the flag of another nation. !
This is unquestionably the case. It is |
a source of immense pride to travel-
ing Americans that the Syrian Pro-
testant college at Beirut and Robert
college of Constantinople and the
American College for Girls in Constan-
tinople, are the educational moun-
tain peaks in Turkey. None of these |
is, strictly, speaking, missionary, but
all are entirely American being sup-
ported by American money and con-
ducted by American teachers.
The potency of all this is difficult to
make clear to persons who do not un-
derstand oriental conditions. The fin-
est buildings, the largest institution,
and the most celebrated in all Beirut,
is the Syrian Protestant college, which
has a magnificent site on the Mediter-
ranean with the purple Lebanon
mountains in the distance. This is
i
books. The demand for this work,
which has in it the seeds of both po-
litical and religious revolution, grew
amazingly and still continues. Re.
membering how comparatively small
the number of educated readers in
Turkey has been, it does not seem an
impossible task to touch the majority
of them with some such influential
book as this.
Similarly the newspapers and books
issued from this historic press, de-
scattering the seeds of new thought
widely over the empire. Here more
truly than in any other part of the
printing press has been a lever of
Archimides to overturn tue old order.
The primary output has been the Bible
in Arabic. The entire Arabic-speak-
ing world has been supplied with
Bibles from this press more than a
million and a half copies of the Bible
in whole or in part, having been is-
sued up to date. Even the Georgian
churches have accepted the translation
of the Bible into arabic which has
come from this press. The Russian
schools within the Ottoman empire,
have takeu their book supply from the
Mission Press, and ®he Russian gov-
ernment is at present the largest sin-
gle customer of the Press.
Modern maps have been a valuable
output, for in the skillful war with
tutors and a nine from the crew of
the “Scorpion.” So high is the reputa.
send their sons to it. It has got out
of the acute financial difficulties which
beset most of these altruistic educa- |
tional institutions in the Levant,
American Women in New Turkey.
Thanks to gifts from the Rockefel-
ler and Sage funds, the American Col
lege for Girls in Scrutari is enabled to
move to more commodious quarters
on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus |
not far from Robert college. The site
is a beautiful one, and the building
will be worthy of a great educational
institution.
Temporarily, a part of the college is
Loused in an old palace on the Bos-
phorus, The head of this institution
Is Miss Patrick, a noted educator, who
has elected to give her life to Turkey.
spite the censor's vigilance, has been |
world of which [ have knowledge, the
ebrated by a baseball game between
tion of Robert college that cabinet
ministers and other leading Turks
through the receipt of the Kennedy |
bequest of nearly two million dollars. |
School for Boys of the Presbyterian Mission.
sald to be the finest college campus
and prospect in all the world. There
are from 700 to 900 students yearly,
of many colors and races and the grad-
uates may be found in influe®ial pla-
ces in all parts of the empire. Espe-
cially numerous are they in the Brit
ish service In the Sudan. The gos-
mopolitanism of this college and Rob-
ert college is shown by the way its
students scatter over the entire world.
This great American college was
born within the missionary circle and
its teachers have been drawn hither
by the missionary impulse, yet it re-
celves no aid from any missionary so-
clety, but is managed directly by a
board of gentlemen in New York.
Recently the issue as to religion was
raised by the Moslems, who objected
to attendance upon chapel services.
There was no little discussion, but the
end was at no time in doubt because
the American public, whatever its re-
liglous belief, would not care to sup-
port an institution that simply made
Islam more potent. The present con-
dition is that the students are obliged
to attend chapel daily.
Robert college on the Bosphorus, to
which many have assigned a large part
of the credit for the new order of
things in Turkey, has some 400 stu-
dents. It laid the corner stone of a
new dormitory recently, and instead of
a lot of speeches, the occasion was cel-
Citizens of Old Philadelphia and American Missionary.
Islam which Christianity is waging,
modern geography, modern history
- and the physical sciences are powerful
weapons against the teaching of the
Brophet. The entire Moslem world
has no printing outfit to match this
| one, A better style of Arabic is used
. than in the Mohammedan books. By
| the scholarly works that have come
out a spirit of higher criticism has
been created within the circle of Islam
| and this is a more insidious foe to the
| latter than the frontal attacks of Chris.
! tianity.
| The Mission Press makes its own
type, and when each letter may have
i four vowellings and twenty-five differ-
ent forms making one hundred i» all,
it is not a small matter to run a print.
ing establishment in Arabic. Never-
theless, the missionaries count it well
worth while for this institution is cut.
ting away the foundations of the old
order. As Turkey goes to knowledge,
it goes to a new life in reality.
B
ing SPS Fav It gives
her strength, with it confidence
courage. It practically does away with
the pain which usually attends the baby’s
advent. The little one comes into the
world like a sunbeam, healthful and beau-
——
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CURTIS Y, WAGNER
BROCKERHOFF MILLS,
BELLEFONTE, PA.
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J. M. KEICHLINE. |
Attorney-at-Law,
sadder.
Bellefonte. Pa.
seman,
»
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THE REGISTRAR,
State College, Centre County, Pa.
flavor
Bush House Block,
imestone and Lime for all purposes.
55-4-6m
(Copyright, 1911, by Joseph B. Bowles.)
SER SRR
57-1
COFFEE
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This is a GENUINE BARGAIN.
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:
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The Pennsylvania State College
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