Bellefonte, Pa., Feb. 2, 1906. THE MAKING OF ARTIFICIAL MEMBERS OF THE HUMAN BODY. Wooden Legs Have Been Found That Probably Date Back to the Pre Christian Era—The Genius of Pare In the Sixteenth Century. Belzoni and others found in an an- elent sarcophagus artificial teeth made of sycamore wood. A set of artificial teeth on the bridge work system was nlso found in an Etruscan skull of about 200 A. D. Plaster restorations of the nose, ears and lips are clearly de- scribed in Susruta about 300 B. C. But the earliest representation of an artifi- cial limb is that of a satyr who is de- pleted with a wooden leg on a Greco- Roman vase in a collection at the Louvre in Paris. In a Greco-Roman mosaic there is also a sportsman repre- sented with a wooden leg. Both of these are probably of the pre-Christian period. The oldest artificial leg still in exist- ence was found in a tomb at Capua, Italy, and is now preserved in the mu- seum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, where it is thus described in the catalogue: Roman artificial leg. The artificial limb accurately represents the form of the leg. It is made with pieces of thin bronze, fastened by bronze nails to a wooden core. Two iron bars, having holes at their free ends, are attached to the upper extremity of the bronze. A quadrilateral piece of iron found near the portion of the foot is thought to have given strength to it. There is no trace of the foot, and the wooden core had nearly crumbled away. The skele- ton had its waist surrounded by a belt of sheet bronze edged with small rivets, probably used to fasten a leather lining. Three painted vases (red figures on a black ground) lay at the feet of the skeleton. The vases belong to a rather advanced period in the decline of art (about 300 years B. C.). We learn from Herodotus that an ‘Efean captured by Spartans and con- fined in stocks as a torture preliminary to the infliction of death amputated his own imprisoned foot, escaped and later procured a wooden foot. Pliny records that Sergius, 167 B. C,, wore an arti- ficial hand and fought with it. A well authenticated prosthesis was the iron hand made in 1504 for Goetz von Ber- lichingen, a knight of Nuremberg. It was a clumsy structure, but an Ingen- fous one. By means of buttons and le- vers it accomplished certain finger move- ments, Half a century later Ambroise Pare described an iron prosthesis that had been devised for a Huguenot cap- walin whose arm had been lost in the siege of Fontenoy. Jt was at that time—viz, in the six- teenth century, when & w=" ° THE RACKET DISSOLUTION SALE The partnership existing between E. P. and L. C. Irvin will be dissolved by mutual con- sent in the near future. The business will be centinued by E. P. Irvin. We must reduce our stock and in order to do this we will sacrifice our profits and for a short time will offer OUR ENTIRE STOCK AT ABOUT COST Don’t fail to take advantage of this great offer. We mean exactly what we say. EVERY ARTICLE IN OUR LARGE STOCK AT ABOUT WHOLESALE PRICES This will positively be the greatest bargain sale ever held in Bellefonte. DON'T MISS IT, COME EARLY. SALE OPENS FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 2nd, '06 No Dish Tickets during sale was given to surgery by the genius or Pare—that efforts were made to sup- ply substitutes for missing legs that would be more than mere supports. It is not unreasonable to suppose that Pare’s application of the ligature to amputations in place of boiling oil, de- creasing the agonies of the operation and increasing the number of recover- fies, had much to do with the interest given to the manufacture of artificial limbs. Pare himself devised an apparatus with a knee joint which, while usually fixed, could be moved by means of a thong running to the hip. Leather and paper and glue were soon employed instead of iron. The prostheses were made by mechanics of all sorts, but a few of them acquired celebrity by their skill, notably Lorrain, a French lock- smith whose work was largely direct- ed by the great Pare. Father Sebas- tian, a Carmelite monk, later produced of sheet tin a clumsy arm which by means of sundry springs was capable ‘of certain articulations. Bailiff, a me- ‘chanic, also made movable arms, pat- terned largely after those of Father Sebastian. It Is recorded that the ‘Duke Christian von Braunschweig wore an artificial hand in 1622. Peter Lowe In his “Discourses of the Whole Art of ‘Chirurgery,” 1634, shows several forms of artificial legs that were used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, ‘and many others are found in the works of Ambroise Pare. These legs ‘were made of wood and attached by straps. In the works of Ambroise Pare there is a chapter dealing with “the means and manner to repair or supply natural or accidental defects or wants in man’s body.” He describes the use of artifi- cial eyes and also artificial noses. He mentions a method for making an arti- ficial tongue to help those who cannot speak by reason of its loss and also ‘gives a drawing of this instrument and a full description of how it should be fixed in the mouth, He also gives an account of making an artificial palate from a plate of gold or silver, which, he states, should be little bigger than the cavity itself. Falcinelli, a surgeon of Florence in 1649, mentions the use of “artificial ‘eyes of silver and of gold and of crys- tal painted in various colors” and also artificial ears made of the same metals, which were painted the color of flesh and fixed by means of strings to the head or sewed into the skin by means of gold or silver wire. Silver noses, ete., were made even earlier than that. . The Dutch surgeon Verdya (1696) constructed an artificial leg consisting of a wooden foot and a hollow copper cylinder lined with chamois and strengthened with steel splints. There was a hinge joint at the knee. The ap- paratus was attached to the thigh by ‘means of a broad band. About the same time (1602) Lamz swveerde constructed a leather hand fir {which a pen could be held. In 1755 H. Ravaton constructed ar + artificial limb by means of which a cay- wil (OPEN EVENINGS) RACKET STORE CO. alryman was able to continue his ne; service, : In 1761 Laurent supplied a man wil a pair of artificial arms. Gavin Wilson of Edinburgh toward the end of the eighteenth century constructed a hand in which a knife or fork could be held and on the first and second fingers of which an apparatus was gttached for holding a pen. He also made legs for amputations above and below the knee, modeled on the apparatus of Ravaton. They were fastened to the body by a strap running over the shoulder of the opposite side. Only the knee joint was movable, Addison, London, made a wooden foot with toe joints as well as ankle joint. Professor J. H. Brunninghausen (1796) constructed an apparatus adapt- able to amputations either above or be- low the knee. The ghile joint was fixed, but by means: of springs motion was secured both at Chopart's joint and in the toe joints.—Medical News. THE WILY HERON. Clever Tricks That Protect the Bird From Its Enemies, : Nature seems to have provided some animals with wonderful mimetic adap- tations to protect them from their ene- mies. A naturalist cites an example of this. He had fired at a South American heron which was stealing through some rushes, but on coming to the place could see nothing of the bird. He was on the point of turning away when a strange sight met his eyes. This is how he describes the scene: There stood my heron on a reed n more than eight inches from my knees and on a level with them. The bod was erect, and the point of the tal touched the reed grasped by his feet. The long, tapering neck was held stiff, straight and vertical, and the head and beak, instead of being carried oblique- ly, were also pointing up. From his feet to the tip of his beak there was not a perceptible curve or inequality, but whole was the figure—the exact coun- terpart—of a straight, tapering rush, the loose plumage being arranged to fill all inequalities. The wings, pressed in- to the hollow sides, made it impossible to see where the body ended and the neck began or to distinguish head from neck or beak from head. This was a front view, and the entire under sur- face of the bird was thus displayed, all of a uniform dull yellow. Not a move- ment did the bird make. I placed my hand on the point of his beak and forced the head down till it touched the back. When I withdrew my haad up flew the head like a steel spring to its first position. I repected the experi- ment several times, with the same re- sult, the very eyes of the bird appear- ing all the time perfectly immovable, But how chanced it that while walk- ing round the bird through the rushes I had not seen his striped back and broad colored sides? Thinking thus, I stepped round to get a side view, when all I could see was the rushlike front of the bird. Tis motions on the perch e -t | a8 he taried Slowly or quickry rouna, | 8till keeping the edge of the bladelike : body hefore me, corresponded so exact- ly with my own that I almost;doubted if I had moved at all. After watching the bird thus for some {ime I took him forcibly from the rush and perched him on my hand, when he flew away to some dry grass fifty or sixty yards distant. Here he again practiced his mimetic tricks so ably that I groped about for a quarter of an hour before finding him. I was amazed that a crea- ture apparently so frail should be able to keep the body rigid so long. Breeches, Pantaloons and Trousers. “Breeches,” in the strict meaning of that term, were worn by the semicivi- lized men of the east long ages before a single page of the New Testament was written, having been quite com- .mon among the Medes and Persians, the Phrygians, the Gauls and the Teu- tons. Breeches were very “brief” ar- ticles of apparel, scarcely covering the CHEAPER LIGHT nips m the majority of instances ana never reaching nearer than six inches of the knee. “Pantaloons” were exaggerated forms of stockings reaching from the hips to the ankles and as tight fitting as a pair of knit drawers. They were usually of three different colors—black at the hips, red from hip to knee and blue to the termination at the ankle. They came in vogue during the first half of the fifteenth century at Venice and were worn by the devotees of the patron saint, Pantaloon. Such gar- ments were always called pantalini by the Italians, “Trousers,” the only proper word to express the existing styles in “pants,” followed closely after the “knee breeches” of the Revolutionary period, being first worn in England at Oxford and Cambridge in 1812. Even the lion has to defend himself against flies.—German Proverb. Light Heat and Power. This machine, which is "in this wonderfu) invention. sable. lars of this Is now assared through the medium of the Lawrence Portable Gas Machine, invented and patented hy Mr. F. 8S. Lawrence, of Chicago. THE MARVEL OF THE CENTURY Will reduce the cost of three of the greatest human necessites to less thau ove-third their former crt 21d bax se lved the great LIGHT, HEAT AND POWER This machine saves the consumer from 75 to 80 per cent. in the cost of gas used for power purposes, and generates gas for illuminating par- poses at a cost of leas than 25 cents per thousand feet, as againsta present average oost{o! $1.80}per 1,000 cubic feet. a home, factory, business houe=, church, school, hall or farm house will want one of these machines. The company now has orders for over three hundred of its machines. LET ME INTEREST YOU NATIONAL LIGHT, HEAT AND POWER C0. which is the parent company, at $1 per share, full paid and non-asses. All stockholders are on an equal footing in this company. There is no preferred stock and no bonds, of stock you now buy at §1 will he worth $10 within six months. Write me today for hooklet and other literature giving fall particn- MOST WONDERFUL INVENTION OF MODERN TIMES, Dou’t put it off —write today. To-morrow may be too late, as the subsoription list is liable to he closed at any time. WILLIAM B. MOORE, Fiscal agent. National Light, Heat & Power Co., 36 La Salle 8t., Chicago, III. Every owner of I am now offering stock in the I believe that each share Williams’ Wall Paper Store Yo INTEND BEAUTIFYING HOME RR S—— IN THE SPRING Certainly you do and we wish to call your atten Jeara tention to the size and quality wn WALL PAPE A It consists of 50,000 rolls of the beautiful and selected. stock of Wall Paper ever brought Nex TO BELLEFONTE. Sssrensanses Are to put on the pat on. avo thom Aad are. apianould be House Decorating, Sign Writing, Ete. od «TRY US AND BE CONVINCED......... 8. H. WILLIAMS, High street, BELLEFONTE, PA
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers