Mf emoreau. GRAY MEEK. BY P. Ink Slings. —*Plow boy”’ ELKIN understands now what the machine was made for. —1Its out of the hands of the machine manipulators and up to the people now. — About the only thing that ‘‘ripper’”’ legislation seems to have busted up badly is the machine that ground it ont. —It might not be much that WATRES did as a reformer, but as a MONKEY for the machine he sized np amazingly well. —1It was the same thing twelve years ago. Mr. Quay made the nominee and the people ‘made the other fellow the Gov- ernor. —1It isa good deal of a hind end fore- most arrangement that makes the ending of a college year its commencement pro- ceedings. —If some one will kindly locate Mr. FunsToN for us we will be better prepared $0 express an opinion as to the exact loca- tion of the volcanic eruption. —The ending of the Republican state convention on Wednesday marked the commencement of the cussin’ season which promises to be both long and strenuous. —There are a great many honest Repub- licans in Pennsylvania but they are not among the fellows who are throwing up their hats for *‘me and cousin SAMUEL.” —We must give the Republican leaders credit for trying to tell the truth once. It was when they were calling each other liars at Harrisburg on Wednesday. —1It must be a delightful sensation for the Philadelphia Press to waken up and find itself in bed with the machine boss and the Philadelphia ballot box-stuffer. —The Nicarauguan volcanos are prov- ing a terrible nightmare to Senator HAN- NA. Possibly because he dreads a fore- taste of what he may expect in the future. ——The lynching of a white murderer in Missouri a few days ago shows to the world that every time they stretch hemp down there they are not drawing the color line. : —It was a great day for the SAM SAL- TERS of the Republican party. What glory the ballot box-stuffers didn’t get out of that convention wasn’t worth gathering up. —The building of the Central American canal seems to be boiling down to the very pleasant question of which we could boss the easiest a Nicarauguan volcano or the Panama cholera. —Some one said it was Republican weather during the days of their State convention. Come to think of the wind, dust and drought that prevailed we rather guess that fellow knew what he was talk- ing about. —1It will be remembered through the en- tire campaign that Mr. QUAY's cousin did not carry a single county in the State where the Republican people were allowed a voice in the instructions to delegates. But all the same he is the nominee. ——1If the two factions in Tioga actually did spend $50,000 in the recent contest for the delegates from that county there is the best of proof that a real lively Re- publican scrap heats half a dozen indus- tries in distributing wealth. —Talk about expansion now if you please, why the gobbling of the Philip- pines, Guam and Porto Rico isn’t in ita minute compared with the broadening smile that is to be seen on the faces of Democrats since the Harrisburg convention did the job for the Republican machine on Wednesday. —The fellow who lies about eating on- ions don’t fool anybody but himself. He thinks he deceives others but he doesn’t. Its about the same with the independent Re- publican who would pretend that the rot- ten ol d state machine didn’t get the nomi- nee at Harrisburg. The smell is entirely too distinct to fool anybody on this ques- tion. —At the Harrisburg convention the miners marched with a banner inscribed “to hell with the strike—we want ELK- IN”? and the convention responded ‘‘to hell with the miners we'll follow Quay.’”’ To the unprejudiced observer it looks as if the entire congregation had struck the same road that the strike and the miners were directed to take. —It wasn't Mr. ELKIN'S record that was turned down at Harrisburg. His rec- ord was the record of the machine. That still exists in triumph. It was his man- liness that got the blow. He had the cour- age to be a candidate against the will of the boss. He made his appeal to the peo- ple and as the people don’t run Republican conventions he lost. It was this fact and not his record that lost him the nomina- tion. —— People are not apt to forget a great wrong. The Republican papers are just now commending a recent act of Congress designed to prevent aparchy and punish assassins of Presidents. This bill is right, buat until the Republican party, that has now the absolute control of every depart- ment of the general and most of the state governments of this country requires of the Republican Governor of Indiana and the Republican anthorities of Ohio, the deliver- ing up to the Commonwealth of Kentucky, for trial, the political assassins they have been hiding and protecting for the past four years little attention will be given any law passed on this subject, and little re- spect shown for any effort that party makes to prevent future crimes of similar char- acter. =I ® Ss )emacratic | . STATE RIGHTS AN D FEDERAL UNION. VOL. 47 BELLEFONTE, PA., JUNE 13, 1902. NO. 24. Anti=Anarchy Legislation. The House of Representatives in Wash- ington has at last tardily passed a bill to provide for the punishment of persons who attempt to or succeed in assassinating the President. The bill passed isn’t the best that was introduced on the subject and probably not the worst. We didn’t take either the time or trouble to read all of them, for during the first few days of the present session there was a perfect deluge of them. But it has some merit and it was proper that some measure should be passed on the subject for the laws in some sections of the country were inadequate for the purpose. That is to say in the States where capital punish- ment is forbidden the assassin of the Pres- ident or a man who would attempt to as- sassinate him would escape the death pen- alty. The measure in question extends the jurisdiction of the federal courts so as to cover the trial of men charged with killing or attempting to kill the President of the United States or any officer of the govern- ment who is in the line of succession to the office of President. Fifty years ago such a proposition would have been inter- preted as a dangerous encroachment on the rights of the States. But such a construct- ion would hardly have been justfied. From the beginning of the government the viola- tion of the postal laws and counterfeiting the currency of the country have been triable in the federal courts and it is not easy to discover a dangerous difference be- tween the two. In their words if the pre- rogatives of the state courts may he usurp- ed in one class of crimes against the feder- al government no greater harm can follow the same line of policy with respect to an- other class. There is great danger to the tranquility and prosperity of the country in the assas- sination of a President. In the three exper- iences which we have had the evil conse- quences have been avoided to a marvelous extent. But that was more a matter of good fortune than anything else. Candi- dates for Vice President are not always chosen with a nice regard for their fitness to succeed to the higher officer. For that reason every possible precaution ought to be taken to prevent such national calami- ties and there is no surer remedy than ade- quate penal legislation which is oniform throughout the country and we hope the Senate will promptly concur in the House measure unless there is a better one which can be substituted for it. A Dangerous Tendency. As an evidence of the drift toward mili- tarism in this country it may be noted that ab a recent meeting of the school board of Harrisburg a resolution was introduced providing for the organization of a corps of cadets in the High school and the addition of a course of military training and tactics to the curriculum of the public schools of that city. Harrisburg being the capital of the State all the people of the Common- wealth are concerned in her domestic af- fairs, and we think every one of them will protest against this exhibition of snobbery in a new aud particularly dangerous and offensive form in that city. The High schools of most cities of the size of Harrishurg have athletic associations which though not in any respect a charge on the public or an encroachment on the time of the schools, give the pupils all the strenuous life they want. Daring the sum- mer there are base ball, sprinting contests, bicycle meets, and similar diversions and in the fall foot ball takes all the time and energy which the pupils can afford to ex- pend in such matters. These are rational sports, which if indulged in moderation not only improve tbe health but increase the power of endurance of the pupil and are, therefore, to be commended. But the cadet corps in the school and military tactics as a feature of the curricu- lum can have no other effect than to culti- vate the military spirit in the minds of the youths of the country and no greater evil could be perpetrated. This country has nothing to gain from such a course. We can attribute none of our greatness to such influences. Our victories have heen those of peace, our triumphs in the arts and in- dustries and commerce. If we depart from the lessons of the fathers which were for fraternity rather than strife and take up the teachings of European military satrapies our children will suffer though we may es- cape. ——Locusts and cyclones, and potato hugs and droughts are said to be afflicting the people of nearly all the surrounding States. Well what if they are? Haven't we a state machine that in the matter of impoverishing and aunoying the people can beat all of these combined. When it comes to having anything that’s real bad and worth complaining about Pennsylvania, with its Republican machine, can discount any pest of locusts, or lice, or bugs or cat- erpillars or cyclones or things of that sort, that have ever annoyed or eaten up the sub- stance of any people. In this line it should be distinctly understood that the Keystone State wili yield the belt to no one. Compounding a Felony. It appears that RATHBONE and NEELY, the perpetrators of the postal frauds in Cuba a couple of years ago, are to go free. NEELY has been in prison for a few months in Havana and RATHBONE escapes paun- ishment altogether, except in so far as the trial and conviction caused him mental an- guish. As soon as his conviction was an- nounced Senator HANNA intervened under the pretense of applying for a new trial and kept him out of prison pending the de- cision of the question. A few weeks ago President ROOSEVELT grauted the motion for a new trial. Now it has been arranged that the Congress of Cuba will pass an act providing for general amnesty for Ameri- can prisoners confined in Cuban prisons. The crimes of which those men were convicted were against the government of the United States. They consisted of a series of robberies from the mails of the American government in Cuba. If the same offenses had been perpetrated in the same manner in Pennsylvania the penal- ties would bave been from ten to twenty years in solitary confinement at hard labor, provided, of course, that they were with- out strong influence. But for the reason that they have Senator HANNA behind them and the crimes were committed in’ Cuba one gets a few months in comfortable seclusion and the other gets no punish- ment at all. RATHBONE was HANNA'S financial agent in the Ohio senatorial elec- tion and NEELY was the friend of PERRY HEATH. Thus the new Cuban Republic begins business by compounding a felony with MARK HANNA. The amnesty is a put up job to secure them immunity, just as the alibi set up in defense of SALTER in Phil- adelphia was a concocted scheme to shield him from the consequences of his crime, The only difference is that in the case in point the President and Senator HANNA are the contracting parties, while in Phila- delphia the responsibility was on the small-fry politicians who depend upon the bounty of the machine. The SALTER case was bad enough, but the RATHBONE and NEELY case is infinitely worse. It reveals the corrupting influence of machine politics in its worst phase. The Wounds of Party War. The contest for the Republican guberna- torial nomination has developed some in- tensely bitter animosities. Whether they will be healed before the ides of November is a matter of conjecture. But in any event there will be scars and heartaches left and the methods employed by QUAY will plague him as long as he lives. Men who have been life long friends are incens- ed and it is not a transient indignation that fills them either. It is a deep seated and enduring feeling of reprobation. They may appear to be reconciled but it will only be a pretense. For example, according to newspaper re- ports of the incidents in Harrisburg during last Monday, Governor STONE called on Senators QUAY and PENROSE at their tem- porary residence in Harrishurg and remon- strated against QUAY’S methods of convert- ing delegates. ,Confine yourselves to legit- imate processed of defeating ELKIN, he said, or else I will reveal all the facts with respect to the last Legislature and show that whatever is scandalous in relation to the record of that body is attributable to you, gentlemen, and not to ELKIN. The legislation of which the public complains was enacted at your request and for your benefit, he added, and unless you alter your methods I will expose the fact. This was no idle threat on the part of the Governor. It was the earnest purpose of a deeply injured man expressed in solemn earnestness. We have little sympathy for WILLIAM A. STONE and no regrets for his misfortune. But he is an injured man. “I have sacrificed all my hopes and ambitions to serve you, he said to Senator QUAY, and now you are employing disreputable and even criminal methods to further discredit my administration.” that he speaks earnestly and feels deeply under the circumstances and such wounds will not he easily healed. Another Trust Forming. Even the ship builders have gotten tired waiting for the promised subsidy and are now following the example set by the ship owners and are forming a trust. Ever since MARK HANNA broke into politics with the presidential election of 1896 there has been a constant thumping on the doors of the treasury for an immense subsidy to be divided equally or nearly so between the ship builders and the ship owners. Final- ly Mr. MORGAN got tired waiting and los- ing vast profits and he organized a colossal trust. Now Mr. CRAMP and the other ship builders who were concerned in the scheme have set about forming a builder’s trust. There is really little to complain of in either of these trusts. They do not pur- pose to deal in the necessaries of life and will not operate to the detriment of the earners of the country. The builders will It is small wonder probably pluck the owners to some extent and the owners will reimburse themselves by adding. something to the fare of the snobs who go to Europe every year to bow down to royalty and spend their vacations “away from the maddening crowd?’ of their own countrymen. The public can bear that with a considerable measure of com- placency and if the combinations promote the business of building and operating ships let them enjoy the fruits of their enterprise. Bat the trusts which operate to subvert the interests of the people should not be permitted tp get off so easy. That is to say the meat trust, which bas been grinding the poor to the verge of starvation,and the coal trust, which is not only oppressing labor beyond endurance but is robbing tbe pub- lic shamelessly, ought to be brought to a reckoning in the courts. The beef trust has already made some concession to the law and taken off a twist or two in its oper- ations, but the coal trust still flies in the face of public opinion and declares that it will persevere to the bitter end in its op- pression and spoliation. The Philippine Bill. HERBERT WELSH, the able editor of City and State a weekly paper published in the interest of civic improvement and munici- pal reform, has taken much interestin urg- ing Philippine legislation that will be *‘in the interest of fair dealing to the natives and common honesty as between those of our people who wish to conduct industrial enterprises on the Izlands.”” Mr. WELSH’S purpose is both aimable and patriotic. It is a manifest duty to so frame legislation for the government of the Philippines as will secure fair dealings to the natives and full and exact justice to everybody. But we have grave doubts of the accomplish- ment of Mr. WELSH’S purposes. In the first place the purpose of hold- ing and governing the Philippines is not tu give the natives fair dealing or anyhody common honesty. It is to create a new field for spoliation by the favorites of the party in power. As one of the Senators said in discussing the subject some days ago the purpose is to turn over the vast and we are told fertile territory to the exploita- tion of ‘‘carpet-baggers, scoundrels and bunco steeres.’’ If there was no more in it for them than to secure fair dealing for the natives and common honesty for others, the Islands could go to the dogs or into the sea or anywhere else,so faras they are con- cerned. It is something more substantial they want. The bill has been drawn with great care to promote the interest of those who are waiting to swoop down on the islands as soon as the measure gets through. It is safe to say that it will be passed just in the form that has been agreed upon. The Senate has already done its work and the House will expedite it. It is one of the principal grabs of the present session. It is shame and dishonor to the flag but the pirates in control don’t mind that. ROOSEVELT needs the patronage to help him in the coming national convention aud MORGAN, who bought corner lots in Honolulu before the voting for the annexation of that disease laden spot, is, nodoubt, ready for more in- vestments of the same kind. : The Miners’ Strike. The strike in the anthracite coal region continues with no prospect of settlement. A large proportion, but not all, of the en- gineers and pumpmen are out and probably others will follow. But thus far there is little indication of a danger of flooding the pits or of any great damage to property in any other way. The men are quiet and orderly and though large numbers of what are called coal and iron police are being sworn in, there is talk of calling out the militia. What this would be for no one knows. As long as good order is maintain- ed there is more than an even chance that the men will win. At this distance from the theatre of the troubles 1t is impossible to know all that is going on, but it is safe to conjecture that the interests of the miners would be sub- served if MARK HANNA, of Ohio, would keep his “‘fingers out of the pudding.” In other words it looks very much as if Mr. HANNA were using the labor troubles in that and other sections to promote his own political estate. We don’t believe that there would have .een a strike at all if he had kept out of it. Io fact hisinterference looks as if he promoted the strike in order to earn the gratitude of the miners by set- tling it. In the fall of 1900 HANNA settled the strike in the same region on a political bas- is in the interest of McKINLEY and QUAY. He not only secured a vast increase of the Republican vote for presidential electors in the coal region but got a good many mem- bers of the Legislature of that political complexion elected who otherwise would have been defeated. This year he has no McKINLEY to look after and he doesn’t care for QUAY. But he wants votes for himeelf in the coming national convention and be is working the laborers in the min- ing regions to promote hie interests. The Real Commencement. From the Philadelphia Times. #We are again at the period of commence- ment, which at nearly all educational insti- tutions are appropriately held in the prom- ise of nature's generous fruition. Custom plays strange freaks of contradiction with a good many things. The series of execises and ceremonies connected with entrance to college, advancement in class and gradua- tion were formerly supposed to take place at the beginning, not the end of the college year. Hence the name. But it retains its greater appropriateness, inasmuch as it marks for the student who receives his degree the crossing of the thres- hold of the more serious and larger life. There is happily in the college and uni- versity training of to-day less of the ten- dency to create a spirit of self-sufficiency among men bearing degrees than there for- merly was; and the college or university course is more regarded as the mere prep- aration for the broader education of ex- perience, for such it must be to every man for whom life is an intellectual journey. That this practice post-graduate education shall be both elevated and profound de- pends upon the individual. If he is true to his alma mater, keeps alive the impulse for progress that she has given him,he will be always a student, and what he shall gain learning after he leaves her will great- ly exceed all that she has imparted to him. No small part of the value of the best edu- cation is to enable one to gauge his own relatively small intellectual importance and to realize how little, after all, he knows. Intellectual humility has characterized some of the greatest of men. It has been the secret of the very patience of their en- deavors and hence of their wonderful at- tainments. We find no mental arrogance, no dogmatic pride, in such giants of science as Newton and Darwin, in Tyndall and Agassiz, or in abstract philosophefs like Descartes and Locke, whose influence has been felt by all modern thinkers. Every college man, fresh from the halls of learning, with his’ immaculate diploma in his hand, should remember that there have been very great geniuses and marvel- ously equipped scholars before him, and that his training for life’s contests has real- ly only begun; that it is indeed a com- mencement that he had just celebrated, and that if there is to be an intellectual fruition that shall be worthy of note he must not stop at that, but must continne the habit of study, cultivate a modest re- ceptivity of mind and keep keenly alive a zestfal passion for good and sound knowl- edge. If heis not to do this, then a col- lege education was bardly worth the while. Flesh of One and Fish of Another. From the Commoner. At the unveiling of the Rochambgzan monument Mr. Roosevelt said : ‘‘I am sare, my fellow citizens, that you welcome the chance which brings it about that this em- bassy of the French people should come to our shores at the very time when we, in our turn, have done our part in starting on the path of independence a sister repub- lic—the republic of Cuba.’”” And yet at the same time one cannot escape a feeling of regret that this ‘‘embassy of the French people should come to our shores at the very time’’ when we are exerting our ef- forts to prevent the people of the Philip- pine islands from obtaining their inde- vendence—when we are doing our utmost to make it impossible for the erection of a republic upon the ruins of a monarch’s au- thority. To Offset a Country Cyclone. From the Pittston Post. The work of preparation for polling an enormous fraudulent vote in Philadelphia is making progress in the registration by the precinct assessors. The object of every machine assessor is to keep the voting list of his precinet as large as possible. The returns of the May assessment in Philadel- phia, just completed, show a total registra- tion in the city footing up 347,152. The additions go on from year to year, with no attempt to purge the list. The registra- tion is now above any reasonable estimate of the number of qualified voters. It is getting ready—the Quay-Daurham machine —to poll its allowance of 60,000 illegal votes. Ours is an Age of Commercialism. From the Harrisburg Star-Independent. The bestowal of the degree of LL. D. on Senator Hanna, of Ohio, by Dickinson col- lege, Carlisle, confirms the i impression, rap- idly spreading, that political service rather than intellectual achievement is the factor which wins favor in that institution. Sena-- tor Hanna is not a scholar in the best sense and so far as the records reveal, is not en- titled to the highest-eonsideration either of the college or the church for which it stands. He may show a generous appreciation of the honor conferred by liberal contributions in the future, but basing such compliments on commercial expectations is hard ly to be commended. Not the Business of a Republican Congress. From the Washington Post. It is not harsh or uncharitable to assert that no feature of the business of the last Congress or the Congress next preceding it was more carefully and successfully at- tended to than advoidance of anti-trust legislation of any description. As to the Congress now in session, has it not heen equally careful to keep off the toes of any and ‘‘all combinations that stifle competi- tion, control prices, limit production and unduly increase profits of values ?”’ Our Tuconsistency. From the Freeport, 1Il., Bul Bulletin. What we have done in Cuba pleads pow- erfully against what we are doing in the Philippines. Has’nt Caught on Yet. From the Buffalo Express. Cuba is a long way from being Amer- icanized yet. General Gomez has refused a pension. Spawls from the Keystone. —Having won, Reading’s striking planing mill men returned to work Monday. —Employes of the Spring Grove paper mill have been granted a 10 per cent. increase in wages. —The annual convention of the Harris- burg district of the Epworth League is being held in Hanover this week. —Two thousand mine mules that are rest- ing because of the strike are being pastured by Lancaster and Chester county farmers. —Daniel F. Bowlby, who was missing from his home at Reynoldsville, has been found at Driftwood, to which place he had walked. —The farmers of Nippenose Valley, is Limestone township, Lycoming Co., are pray- ing for rain as all the springs and streams have run dry. —Arrested on suspicion of having mur- dered Mary Quinn at Scranton, John Mor- gan was discharged Saturday, there being no evidence against him. —A good market for tobacco and sugar would probably go far to restrain wrevolution in Cuba. Industry and prosperity are good to discourage discontent. —The new Y. M. C. A. building, at Du- Bois, erected at a cost of $32,000, was ded- icated Friday night, Secretary S. M. Bard, of Harrisburg, delivering the address. —Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Cochran, who were in Europe when the latter's father, former Attorney General McCormick, died arrived at their home in Williamsport on Monday. —Major William P. Duvall, artillery corps, has been detailed to attend the encampment of the National Guard of the State of Penn- sylvania at Gettysburg, from July 12th to 19th. —Fire broke out Tuesday in the lumber yard of the L. Rouskauff company, between Carrolltown and Patton, and before it was subdued consumed about $5,000 worth of lumber, —John Watson, of Lamar, Clinton county is the first farmer so far as heard from in this section to begin hay making. He is cutting his clover, which is very short owing to the drouth. —Cbarles Wilcox, while working on Root brothers’ job, near Keating, a few days ago, was struck by a falling tree. He was in- Jjured so badly that he expired in a short time. He was 40 years old. —The Jersey Shore Vidette was burned out last week, but undismayed by its loss, it has gathered its remnants together and publish- ed this week as usual. Enterprise like this insures the success of that bright weekly. —The crews of track layers employed by the New York Central railroad company on the West Branch valley railroad, between Keating and Clearfield, put down 10,250 feet of track on Friday, making an unusual record. —Because Charles Albert and Robert Thomas persisted in working at the Cameron colliery, near Shamokin, a crowd of men, women and children assembled in front of the two union men’s homes and burned them in effigy. ~—The Schuylkill plush mills, at Pottsville, which has been working full-handed for the past year and has been making a struggle to keep running during the coal famine,brough® about byithe strike, was obliged to shut down Sunday night until the strike ends. —While they conversed on their front porch with neighbors, shortly after 7 o'clock Sunday evening, Mr. and Mrs. Jas. Cowankis, of Shenandoah, were robbed of $700 by thieves who entered their home through a back win- dow, broke open a bureau drawer in the din- ing room and escaped. —Joseph W. Beauperland, a young man of Williamsport, was run down by a freight train a short distance below Montoursville. early Saturday morning. His leg from the knee down was crushed, necessitating am- putation at the hospital. The young man had been drinking and was asleep on the track. —Edward A. Niven, one of the best-known journalists of Northeastern Pennsylvania, died at his home in Wilkesbarre on Sunday of pneumonia. He was 61 years old. He was one of the founders of the Wilkesbarre Daily Leader, and in early life was employed. on newspapers in New York, Chicago and San Francisco. —Eight-year-old Earl Toler, a youngster of New Castle, Lawrence county, chased a pug dog all the way from that place to Youngstown on Monday, a distance of twen- ty miles. He started immediately after by the crying youngster. —R. Smedley Hall, a contractor, 24 years old, whose home is in West Chester, and who was seriously ill in Pittshurg arose from a sick bed on Sunday, while temporarily in- sane, and cut his throat, after attempting to kill hisnurse, Della Cochrane. He imagined he had murdered two men and that Miss Cochrane was a witness to the crime. —The strike in the anthracite regions has coal. For the week ending May 3lst, the coal and coke shipped on the lines east of Pittsburg and Erie were : Anthracite, 6,696 tons ; bituminous, 562,561 ; coke, 293,537. As compared with the previous week this is a decrease of 59 tons in anthracite shipments, and an increase of 76,161 tons in bituminous and 1,857 in coke. —For the thirteenth time Zion Lutheran church at Manheim, on Sunday, paid the an- nual rent of one red rose to an heir of Baron Stiegel, founder of the town, who donated the ground on which the edifice now stands, This was the only stipulation in the deed, and was twice demanded by Stiegel and paid to him. The payment of the rent has been made the occasion of a feast of roses, and thousands gather each year to witness the poetic ceremony. Nearly five thousand peo- ple were present Sunday. —Mrs. Dennis O'Rourke, of DuBois, is 104 years old. She was a witness to the opening and the closing of the 19th’ century. She has never known what it is to be sick, has never used glasses.and has always made her own clothing. She was born in County Kilkenny and married Dennis O'Rourke, a miner. The couple came to America and set- tled in the anthracite coal region, going to DuBois twenty-two years ago. Dennis O’Rourke, her husband. who was six months younger than his wife, died two years ago. breakfast, when the dog began to run away. - The dog ran all the way, and was followed - caused a boom in the shipment of bituminous °
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers